Academic literature on the topic 'Mineral ion exchanger'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mineral ion exchanger"
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Salinas Rodríguez, Eleazar, Edgar A. Cárdenas-Reyes, Francisco R. Barrientos-Hernández, Javier Flores-Badillo, M. P. Gutiérrez-Amador, Ariadna Sánchez-Castillo, Otilio A. Acevedo-Sandoval, Eduardo Cerecedo-Sáenz, and Juan Hernández-Ávila. "Ce and Nd Extraction by Cationic Exchange, Using Bentonite, Diatomite, and Eggshell—Preliminary Study." Minerals 13, no. 6 (May 29, 2023): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13060735.
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China, Vietnam, Brazil, and Russia have the largest deposits of rare earths. However, in recent works, the occurrence of light rare earth elements has been demonstrated in an exhalative sedimentary type mineral (SEDEX) in Mexico, with adequate Ce and Nd contents. Additionally, it is this mineral that has been used to study the cation exchange capacity of non-metallic minerals and organic materials, such as bentonite, diatomite, and eggshell. To carry out this work, the crushed and ground SEDEX ore was leached using HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3. Subsequently, the liquid containing the Ce and Nd ions extracted from the mineral was put in contact with the respective ion exchangers, evaluating the effect of temperature and pH to determine the cation exchange efficiency of each exchanger tried. It was found that the best leaching results were achieved with the H2SO4, obtaining an extraction of Ce and Nd of 97.6% and 95.7%, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of cation exchange, the best results found for the extraction of Ce and Nd were using diatomite at a temperature of 323 K and a pH of 3, obtaining an extraction of 99.06% Ce and 99.07% Nd.
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Ponomareva, Maria, Olga Cheremisina, Yulia Mashukova, and Elena Lukyantseva. "Increasing the efficiency of rare earth metal recovery from technological solutions during processing of apatite raw materials." Записки Горного института 252 (December 17, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2021.6.13.
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The issues of complex processing of mineral resources are relevant due to the depletion of available raw materials. So, it is necessary to involve technological waste, generated during the processing of raw materials, to obtain valuable components. In the process flow of apatite concentrate treatment using the sulfuric acid method, a large amount of phosphogypsum is produced with an average content of light rare earth metals (REMs) reaching 0.032-0.45 %. When phosphogypsum is treated with sulfuric acid solutions, a part of REMs is transferred to the sulfate solution, from which it can be extracted by means of ion exchange method. The study focuses on sorption recovery of light REMs (praseodymium, neodymium and samarium) in the form of anionic sulfate complexes of the composition [ln(SO4)2]– on polystyrene anion exchanger AN-31. The experiments were performed under static conditions at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 1:1, pH value of 2, temperature of 298 K and initial REM concentration in the solutions ranging from 0.83 to 226.31 mmol/kg. Thermodynamic description of sorption isotherms was carried out by the method based on linearization of the mass action equation, modified for the ion exchange reaction. As a result of performed calculations, the authors obtained the constants of ion exchange equilibrium for Pr, Nd and Sm, as well as the values of the change in the Gibbs energy for the ion exchange of REM sulfate complexes on the AN-31 anion exchanger and the values of total capacity of the anion exchanger. Calculated separation factors indicated low selectivity of AN-31 anionite exchanger for light REMs; however, the anion exchanger is suitable for effective recovery of a sum of light REMs. Based on the average value of ion exchange equilibrium constant for light REMs, parameters of a sorption unit with a fluidized bed of anion exchanger were estimated.
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El-Sweify, Fatma H., Ehab A. A. El-Shazly, and Shreen M. Salama. "Comparison of some organic and inorganic ion exchangers concerning the sorption of Ce(III), Te(IV), Zr(IV), Hf(IV) and Nb(V)." Radiochimica Acta 106, no. 3 (March 28, 2018): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ract-2017-2789.
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AbstractThe sorption behaviors of Ce(III), as a representative of trivalent lanthanide ions, and Te(IV), Zr(IV) and Nb(V) as fission products representatives, as well as Hf(IV), from various aqueous media on some synthesized inorganic exchangers, as well as commercially available organic ion exchangers were studied and compared. Organic cation exchanger Dowex-50WX8 and organic anion exchangers AG-1X8 and AG-2X8 were utilized. Synthesized inorganic ion exchangers were zirconium titanium phosphate (ZrTiP) of different Zr:Ti mole ratios and ceric tungstate (CeW). The sorption was carried out from mineral acid solutions as well as EDTA and DTPA solutions. The radioactive isotopes,95Zr,95Nb,123mTe,141Ce and181Hf were used to trace the sorption behaviors of the corresponding elements, which were studied in mixtures of them. The differences between the sorption behaviors of the studied metal ionic species on both kinds of ion exchangers were interpreted and discussed in this work.
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Aliyah Shahab and Indah Agus Setiorini. "EFEKTIFITAS VOLUME RESIN ION EXCHANGER TERHADAP KAPASITAS PERTUKARAN ION DAN WAKTU JENUH PADA UNIT DEMIN PLANT DI PT PLN (PERSERO) UPDK KERAMASAN." Journal of Innovation Research and Knowledge 2, no. 9 (February 25, 2023): 3791–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.53625/jirk.v2i9.5407.
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Resin penukar ion pada sistem demineralisasi merupakan media yang digunakan dalam proses pengolahan air baku untuk menghasilkan air bebas mineral yang digunakan untuk proses produksi khususnya proses demin plant. Air demineralisasi merupakan air yang telah mengalami proses penghilangan kation anion yang terkandung didalamnya. Kandungan mineral sebagai bentuk kation anion dalam air, prinsip Unit Demin Plant PT PLN (Persero) UPDK Keramasan merupakan unit pengolahan air bersih sehingga didapatkan air demin (demineralized water) yang bebas dari mineral berupa garam–garam terlarut. Proses pertukaran ion Unit Demin Plant yang ada di PT PLN (Persero) UPDK Keramasan adalah pada saat air melewati campuran resin kation dan anion yang terdapat didalam demin plant, maka terjadilah proses ion exchange (pertukaran ion).Perhitungan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebutuhan resin yang digunakan di PT PLN (Persero) UPDK Keramasan, resin yang didapatkan yaitu volume kolom kation pada saat tinggi 90 cm adalah 435,362L dan saat tinggi 120 cm adalah 580,483L, volume kolom anion pada saat tinggi 90 cm 435,362L dan saat tinggi 120 cm adalah 580,483L. Kapasitas Pertukaran Ion kolom kation pada saat tinggi 90 cm adalah 957,796 eq dan pada saat tinggi 120 cm adalah 1277,06 eq, Kapasitas Pertukaran ion kolom anion pada saat tinggi 90cm adalah 478,898 eq dan pada saat tinggi 120 cm adalah 638,531 eq, serta waktu jenuh kolom kation dan anion adalah 33,33 hari.
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De Luca, Pierantonio, Ivano Bernaudo, Rosangela Elliani, Antonio Tagarelli, Jànos B.Nagy, and Anastasia Macario. "Industrial Waste Treatment by ETS-10 Ion Exchanger Material." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2018): 2316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112316.
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The aim of this project was to study the treatment of industrial waste using ETS-10 zeolite. The pollutants that must be removed were metals sourced from zinc ferrite, a processing waste derived from the use of mineral-containing zinc. The first phase of the work involved the characterization of the industrial waste, zinc ferrite, in order to deepen the knowledge regarding its nature and composition. The second phase involved the removal of the metals released by the zinc ferrite in aqueous systems using the ETS-10 phase as an ion exchanger. Different chemical and physical techniques were used: plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, microanalysis, and thermal analyses. A comparison between ETS-10 and commercial zeolite A performance, in the same aqueous systems, was carried out. The results showed that the metal removal efficiency of ETS-10 phase is higher than that obtained by commercial zeolite A, especially towards dangerous heavy metals such as Pb, Zn and Mn.
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Vasil’eva, Vera I., Elmara M. Akberova, Ali M. Saud, and Victor I. Zabolotsky. "Current-Voltage Characteristics of Membranes with Different Cation-Exchanger Content in Mineral Salt—Neutral Amino Acid Solutions under Electrodialysis." Membranes 12, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111092.
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The features of the electrochemical behavior of experimental heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes with different mass fractions of sulfonated cation-exchange resin (from 45 to 65 wt%) have been studied by voltammetry during electrodialysis. Electromembrane systems with 0.01 M NaCl solution and with a mixed 0.01 M NaCl + 0.05 M phenylalanine (Phe) solution have been investigated. A significant influence of the ion-exchanger content on the parameters of current-voltage curves (CVCs) was established for the first time. Electrodialysis of the sodium chloride solution revealed a decrease in the length of the limiting current plateau and in the resistances of the second and third sections of the CVCs with an increase in the resin content in the membrane. The fact of the specific shape of the CVCs of all studied cation-exchange membrane samples in mixed solutions of the mineral salt and the amino acid was established. A specific feature of current-voltage curves is the presence of two plateaus of the limiting current and two values of the limiting current, respectively. This phenomenon in electromembrane systems with neutral amino acids has not been found before. The value of the first limiting current is determined by cations of the mineral salt, which are the main current carriers in the system. The presence of the second plateau and the corresponding second limiting current is due to the appearance of additional carriers due to the ability of phenylalanine as an organic ampholyte to participate in protolytic reactions. In the cation-exchange electromembrane system with the phenylalanine containing solution, two mechanisms of H+/OH− ion generation through water splitting and acid dissociation are shown. The possibility of the generation of H+/OH− ions at the enriched solution/cation-exchange membrane interface during electrodialysis of amino acid containing solutions is shown for the first time. The results of this study can be used to improve the process of electromembrane demineralization of neutral amino acid solutions by both targeted selection or the creation of new membranes and the selection of effective current operating modes.
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Rathore, Sawai Singh, Archana Joshi, Hanuman ., and Vikal Gupta. "Synthesis and environmental application of TTCHEA resin in effluent handling." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2611rjce063067.
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Industrial effluents include significant amounts of heavy metals. The elimination of these ions causes great concern towards the environment. The flora and fauna of the aquatic and terrestrial environments are significantly impacted by rising levels of these metal pollutants in the environment. In order to develop new chelating resin, tamarind kernel powder was employed. TKP derivative of tertiary amine acts as metal ion exchanger cum a janitor for removal of harmful toxic metal ions from effluents of mineral and metallurgical industries. This study describes adsorption process for removal of toxic metal ions from wastewater. In dioxane medium, serine was bound to TKP backbone. The resulting ion exchange resin has been used for treatment of effluents. Interesting data were obtained showing the way in which various metal pollutants were removed throughout the depth of resin bed. FTIR methods have been used to describe the structure of the chelating resin.
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Septiyani, Elda, Yuniati Zevi, and Nur Novilina Arifianingsih. "SUSTAINABLE REGENERATION OF MORDENITE MINERAL AS ION EXCHANGER FOR REMOVAL IRON AND MANGANESE IN GROUNDWATER." MATTER: International Journal of Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2020.61.147160.
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Kubová, J., V. Nevoral, and V. Streško. "Determination of beryllium trace contents in mineral waters after preconcentration on a chelating ion-exchanger." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 348, no. 4 (April 1994): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00324036.
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Zhanabayeva, A. K., G. K. Bishimbayeva, D. S. Zhumabayeva, A. M. Nalibayeva, and Ye N. Abdikalykov. "A technology for producing electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries from Kazakhstan spodumene raw materials." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2022-12-1-141-152.
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This study aims to develop a technology for producing innovative electrode materials for modern lithium batteries. An efficient technology for post-purifying of technical lithium carbonate to reach the level of battery quality (99.95%) was developed. This technology involves causticiziation of technical lithium carbonate, ultrafiltration and ion-exchange sorption of a lithium hydroxide solution, followed by precipitation of lithium carbonate with ammonium carbonate. Cation-exchange resins of the brands Purolite S930Plus, Purolite S940 and Purolite S950 were studied for sorption purification of lithium-containing solutions from calcium and magnesium impurities. Purolite S940 and Purolite S950 can be recommended as the most effective cation exchangers. The kinetic parameters of calcium and magnesium sorption were determined using a Purolite S940 cation exchanger. The bicarbonation mode was set at room temperature and a pressure of 0.3 atm. The synthesized samples of lithium-iron-phosphate studied by the sol-gel method. The structures of the obtained electrode materials corresponding to the standard profile of lithium-iron-phosphate were investigated by X-ray diffraction. The synthesized electrode materials in the structure of lithium half- and button cells confirmed their good electrochemical properties, stable operation of batteries and a high intercalation reversibility of lithium ions in the samples within the potential range of 2.5–4.3 V. The main research results are innovative cathode and anode materials of a new generation for modern lithium-ion batteries with significantly increased capacity and stability of operation, obtained from lithium precursors – battery grade lithium carbonate based on domestic mineral and technogenic raw materials.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mineral ion exchanger"
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Willans, Simon Mark. "Modelling in the analysis of ion exchange between blood and bone." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27052.
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The principal objective of the research was to model the outflow results of multiple tracer outflow dilution (M.T.O.D.) techniques from the canine tibia so as to obtain a more precise understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying mineral exchange in bone. To date, M.T.O.D. techniques have been performed on the tibiae of greyhound dogs but the subsequent outflow results have produced information mainly at the capillary level for the diffusible tracers concerned such as capillary permeability-surface area PSC products from the widely used Crone-Renkin formulation. Back diffusion and heterogeneous capillary flow rates lacking from the formulation, however, have impaired the accuracy of PS(C). Outflow results from two series of previously performed M.T.O.D. experiments were modelled. In the first experimental series, outflow results from the ipsilateral femoral vein concerning l25l-albumin reference and 85Sr (Ca analogue), 86Rb (K analogue) diffusible tracers were used ; the tracers having being injected into the tibial nutrient arteries. In the second experimental series, 125l-albumin and 85Sr outflow results were used from parathyroidectomised dogs in which both tracers had been injected together before and after a dose of 0.0005 mg bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH). The problem of back diffusion was alleviated by optimising a homogeneous flow model to M.T.O.D. data. The model produced informative parameter estimates for 85Sr and 86Rb concerning fluid spaces and associated boundaries in Haversian systems largely comprising the diaphyseal cortex. Exchange was assumed to take place there by virtue of injecting the tracers into the tibial nutrient artery. Blood flow rates, known to be influential in governing the extent of tracer exchange in the diaphysis, were investigated using the microsphere technique. Flow rate heterogeneity was found to be substantial, as adjudged by distributions of relative deposition densities of microspheres in 40 pieces of cortex and 10 marrow samples in 6 tibiae. For the cortex, the distributions were positively skewed with a relative dispersion of around 40%. Additional work involving light microscopy suggested that the distribution of cortical flow rates were not attributable to particular changes in capillary density, which were relatively uniform at 2682 + 510 capillaries/cm2 (4 tibiae ; 240 observations). The findings concerning flow rate heterogeneity, together with the deduction that the cortex and marrow respectively received 65% and 35% of tibial nutrient artery flow, prompted the development of a parallel multicapillary model in which 4 capillary systems were alloted to the cortex and 1 such system to the marrow. Input to the model was a suitable form of the reference tracer outflow profile which describes the large vessel transport behaviour assumed identical for all tracers concerned. Parameter estimates (mean + s.d.) found by optimisation for 85Sr and 86Rb (n=6) were PSC = 0.045 + 0.021 and 0.047 + 0.022 ml/s respectively. Apparent volumes of distribution (n=5) for the interstitial fluid were 0.90 + 0.36 (85Sr) and 0.69 + 0.22 ml of diaphysis (86Rb). Additional studies involving gamma variates showed that model inputs were robust in terms of varying degrees of large vessel dispersion. Furthermore, simulation studies involving the effect of asymmetric transport on the resulting parameter estimates in the context of modelling the PTH data provided speculative evidence for the concept of a bone-lining cell membrane controlling uptake to bone surfaces.
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Milcent, Théo. "Mise en place d'une nouvelle méthodologie d'évaluation d'un échangeur d'ions minéral du point de vue de sa sélectivité : Cas particulier de l'optimisation structurale et microstructurale d'un silicotitanate cristallin (CST), appliqué à la décontamination d'effluents simultanément contaminés en Sr2+ et Cs+." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ENCM0010.
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Les alumino, titano et zircono-silicates zéolithiques sont des matériaux présentant des propriétés intéressantes pour de nombreuses applications dans la pétrochimie, l'agriculture, le médical, le stockage d'énergie ainsi que la décontamination d'effluents. Dans le domaine du traitement des effluents radioactifs, leurs propriété d'échange d'ions font de ces matériaux des extractants de radionucléides efficaces avec de bonnes sélectivités (e.g. césium ou strontium). Leurs compositions (le ratio Al/Si, Ti/Si, Zr/Si… ; la nature et la charge des métaux ; la nature, la charge, la concentration et la taille de l'ion échangeable) ainsi que la structure cristalline (amorphe, 2D lamellaire, 3D cage ou tunnel) vont avoir des effets sur les mécanismes d'échange ionique (cinétique, spécificité, stabilité). Ces paramètres vont aussi influencer la capacité de sorption ainsi que la sélectivité que le matériau a pour un ion. Lors de cette thèse, les relations structure/propriété de différents silicates seront étudiées dans le but d'appréhender les mécanismes de sorption. A cette fin, les synthèses de plusieurs silicates seront menées et optimisées. Par la suite, différentes techniques de caractérisation seront misent en place afin d'analyser les propriétés structurales, morphologiques et la composition des silicates. Enfin, ces matériaux seront mis en œuvre pour le traitement d'effluents modèles et d'effluents réels simulés, afin d'évaluer leurs performances et les mettre en lien avec leurs caractéristiques structurales et texturalesAlumino, titano and zircono-silicates zeolitic materials exhibit good performances in applications such as catalysis, gas separation and confinement. In addition, these kind of materials has been successfully used in different fields like petrochemistry, agriculture, medical, energy storage and nuclear decontamination. Their ion exchange properties make them very selective for radionuclides extraction (e.g. cesium or strontium) from wastewater treatment. Their composition (Al/Si, Ti/Si, Zr/Si ratio; “metal” nature and charge; labile ion nature, charge, size and concentration) and their framework structure (amorphous, 3D cage or tunnel) affect the ion exchange mechanism (i.e. kinetics, specificity, stability). These parameters may also modify the sorption capacity and the ion selectivity. In the present PhD, the relationship between structure and properties of several silicates will be studied in order to better understand their sorption mechanisms. To this end, the synthesis of different silicates will be performed and optimized. Then, their structures, morphologies and compositions will be analyzed by the application of different characterization techniques. Finally, this materials will be implemented to effluent treatments (i.e. model effluent and simulate real effluent) to evaluate their performances and find the connection between the structural and textural properties
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Jaynes, William Frederick. "Characterization and separation of soil clay minerals using ion exchange, lithium charge reduction, and density gradient techniques /." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487592050230268.
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Oyetola, Samuel. "Synthese et etude des composes a**(i)m**(v)p::(2)o::(8) (a = k, rb, cs; m = sb, nb, mo, ta) et des acides echangeurs ioniques hm**(v)(po::(4))::(2),xh::(2)o (m = sb, ta), nouveaux types de luminophores potentiels : les phases (m'**(iii)::(1/2)m**(v)::(1/2))p::(2)o::(7) (m'=sb, bi, ln; m=sb, nb, ta)." Nantes, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NANT2008.
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Premilere partie: la plupart des phases du titre ont une structure en couches voisine de celle de zrp-alpha. Le traitement en milieu acide des phases en couches km**(i)(po::(4))::(2), m=sb, ta permet d'obtenir les acides correspondant hm**(v)(po::(4))::(2)xh::(2)o. Un autre acide, hta(po::(4))::(2) 3d, peut etre obtenu directement par voie seche, description de sa structure tridimensionnelle. Determination de la teneur en eau, de la structure et du comportement thermique de ces differents acides dont la thermolyse conduit a des phases originales qui sont etudiees. Seconde partie: dans la premiere famille, les phases (m'**(iii)::(1/2)m**(v)::(3/2)) (po::(4))::(3) sont de type nasicon ou sc::(2)(no::(4))::(3) ou d'un nouveau type structural, dans la seconde, les phases m'**(iii)::(1/2)m**(v)::(1/2))p::(2)o::(7) presentent des structures voisines de celle de zrp::(2)o::(7)
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Gédéon, Antoine. "Contribution a l'etude par rmn (**(1)h et **(129)xe) des zeolithes my (m = na**(+), ni**(2+), cu**(2+) et co**(2+)) : adsorption d'eau et d'ammoniac." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066390.
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L'application de la rmn **(129)xe permet de suivre l'evolution du libre parcours moyen du xenon adsorbe utilise comme sonde en fonction de la concentration en eau d'une zeolite nay. De plus, l'adsorption de l'ammoniac sur la zeolite y modifiee par echange de cations metalliques, a montre que la rmn-**(1)h permet de suivre la reconstitution des complexes ammoniaques en fonction de la temperature de pretraitement du solide et de la concentration en nh::(3) adsorbe ou desorbe
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El, Make Mahmoud. "Base-cations in relation to weathering of phyllosilicates and forest management in Swedish forest ecosystems /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5899-4.pdf.
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Silva, Francisco das Chagas Beserra da. "Estudo da mistura comercial dolomita-quartzo, dopada com Hg(I), Cd(II) e Cr(III), para adsor??o de H2S." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17715.
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Previous issue date: 2013-07-30The present work was to carry out a study on the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in arrays synthesized from a commercial clay mineral formed by a mixture of dolomite and quartz. To produce the ion exchange matrix were made using aqueous solutions of salts of cobalt II chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O) II cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (Cd (NO3)2.4H2O) I mercuric chloride (HgCl) nitrate and chromium III pentahydrate (Cr (NO3)3.5H2O). The arrays were subjected to hydrogen sulphide gas passage for one hour. To check the amount of gas adsorbed was used gravimetric process. The best result was in the adsorption matrix doped with cadmium and the solution retained for a longer time than the largest amount of H2S was the cobalt matrix. The matrix unmodified exhibited poor adsorption capacity. The characterization of the matrices were used XRD, XRF and IV. Mother with cadmium showed a high capacity in ion exchange, because the percentage of cadmium increased from 0% to 81.38% by replacing atoms of calcium and silicon which increased from 96.54% to 17.56% and 15, 72% to 0.32%, respectively, but also the best performance in adsorption of H2S adsorbing 11.89507 mg per gram of matrix
O presente trabalho teve como finalidade realizar um estudo sobre a capacidade de adsor??o de g?s sulf?drico(H2S) em matrizes sintetizadas a partir de um argilomineral comercial formado por uma mistura de dolomita e quartzo. Para produzir as matrizes foram feitas trocas i?nicas utilizando as solu??es aquosas dos sais: cloreto de cobalto II hexaidratado(CoCl2.6H2O), nitrato de c?dmio II tetraidratado (Cd(NO3)2.4H2O), cloreto de merc?rio I (HgCl) e nitrato de cromo III pentaidratado(Cr(NO3)3.5H2O). As matrizes foram submetidas a passagem de g?s sulf?drico durante uma hora. Para verificar a quantidade de g?s adsorvido foi utilizado o processo de gravimetria. O melhor resultado na adsor??o foi com a matriz dopada com a solu??o de c?dmio e a que reteve por mais tempo a maior quantidade de H2S, foi a matriz com cobalto. A matriz n?o modificada apresentou uma fraca capacidade de adsor??o. Na caracteriza??o das matrizes foram utilizadas an?lises de DRX, FRX e IV. A matriz com c?dmio apresentou uma alta capacidade na troca i?nica, pois a porcentagem de c?dmio passou de 0% para 81,38%, substituindo ?tomos de c?lcio e de sil?cio que passaram de 96,54% para 17,56% e de 15,72% para 0,32%, respectivamente, como tamb?m, o melhor desempenho na adsor??o, adsorvendo 11,89507mg de H2S por grama de matriz
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Iwalewa, Tajudeen. "Coupling source term, mineral reactivity and flow in radionuclide transport." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265633.
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The focus of this work is to investigate the dissolution of MW25, a non-radioactive simulant of UK high-level nuclear waste borosilicate glass, and to predict its performance in the near field of a geological repository. A single-pass flow-through (SPFT) experimental system was used to measure the forward dissolution rates of MW25. Experiments were conducted in two parts. Experiment Part 1 considers the dissolution of the waste glass in deionised water at 40 and 90 oC and circum-neutral pH. Experiment Part 2 considers the dissolution of the waste glass in simulant groundwaters, with similar compositions to groundwaters of Callovo-Oxfordian clay (lower-strength sedimentary rock (LSSR)) and Borrowdale Volcanic Group rocks (higher-strength rock (HSR)), at 40 oC and pH 7. The forward dissolution rate measured in deionised water was found to be approximately one order of magnitude higher at 90 oC than at 40 oC. A similar release was observed for Si, Mg and Al at 40 oC and 90 oC, whereas the B, Cs, Na, Li and Mo showed an order of magnitude increase when the temperature was increased from 40 to 90 oC for low q/S values. The activation energy (Ea) of the reactions shows that the dissolution process is a surface phenomenon. At 90 oC the net effect of the processes governing MW25 dissolution led to the preferential release of boron and alkali metals relative to the release of Si during the transient dissolution stage, accompanied by an increase in the concentration of silicic acid. This suggests that the solution activity of silicic acid at a higher temperature has a weak influence on the release of the mobile elements. The forward dissolution rate measured in LSSR simulant groundwater was found to be slightly higher than that measured in HSR simulant groundwater. The dissolution behaviour of MW25 in both groundwaters is consistent with its behaviour in deionised water at 40 oC, with the dissolution rates of elements increasing as flow rates were increased. However, forward dissolution rates measured in the simulant groundwaters were lower than the forward dissolution rates measured in deionised water under these experimental conditions. This is attributable to the interaction of the components of the simulant groundwaters with the glass, as revealed by post-reaction surface analyses, and a consequential lower alkalinity of the leachates collected in the experiments with simulant groundwater than in deionised water. Reactive chemical transport simulations of waste glass dissolution and radionuclide release in a hypothetical near field were conducted over a time span of a million years with GoldSim. The results showed that enclosing the waste glass in a steel canister covered by a copper canister and emplacing the waste package in a granite host rock is optimal for the long-term isolation of the radionuclides. The waste glass was found to play a significant role in the overall performance of the near field. This study features a new method for estimating the surface area of reacted glass powder more accurately than the geometric surface area estimate, which is the preferred standard method among researchers.
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Ivanaj, Silvester. "Rôle de l'électrochimie au cours de la dissolution sélective des minerais et/ou des concentrés de chalcopyrite." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1995_IVANAJ_S.pdf.
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Les schémas actuels de traitement des minerais et des concentrés de chalcopyrite aboutissent à la formation du SO2 dont le rejet partiel ou complet dans l'atmosphère pose des problèmes pour l'environnement. Suite aux nouvelles réglementations sur l'environnement et à la pression de l'opinion publique, de nombreuses recherches se poursuivent afin de trouver d'autres alternatives qui auraient l'avantage de produire le soufre élémentaire. Dans ce contexte, cette étude porte sur la dissolution électrochimique sélective de la chalcopyrite à partir d'un minerai naturel et d'un concentré de flottation. Différents types de réacteurs électrochimiques et notamment un réacteur à lit granulaire E3P, une cellule à diaphragme poreux et une cellule à membrane échangeuse d'ions ont été testés. Des techniques de caractérisation physico-chimique telles que la DRX, le MEB, la Microscopie Optique, la Spectroscopie Raman, l'Analyse chimique, etc. , ont été utilisées pour caractériser les échantillons initiaux et les produits des réactions chimiques et/ou électrochimiques. L’oxydation du minerai dans le réacteur E3P permet une dissolution préférentielle des composés du fer autres que la chalcopyrite, tandis que la réduction favorise la solubilisation du fer de la chalcopyrite. Cependant, dans les deux cas, la cinétique est lente et le rendement faradique est faible. L’utilisation de la cellule à diaphragme poreux n'a pas sensiblement amélioré les résultats de la dissolution. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus en utilisant la cellule électrochimique à membrane échangeuses d'ions. La dissolution de la chalcopyrite est essentiellement réalisée par les ions ferriques et cuivriques générés électrochimiquement in-situ. Un taux d'extraction de cuivre atteignant 98% a été obtenu. Dans les conditions optimales, les rendements faradiques sont proches de 100%. La chalcopyrite est dissoute sélectivement et la majorité du soufre est obtenue sous forme élémentaire
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Park, Sang-Hoon. "Contribution a l'etude du comportement de materiaux colmatants dans une fissure : experiences en laboratoire avec une montmorillonite sodique dans une fissure simulee." Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENMP0043.
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Etude en laboratoire du comportement de la bentonite green-bond dont on envisage l'usage dans les remblais de forages de sites de stockage de dechets radioactifs. On etudie en particulier le gonflement de l'argile avec de l'eau, son erosion par un ecoulement d'eau demineralisee. On procede a la reconnaissance de l'influence des processus chimiques sur le comportement de l'argile, les phenomenes d'erosion n'apparaissant que pour des forces ioniques faibles et donc des conductivites faibles
Books on the topic "Mineral ion exchanger"
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Chiou, Wen-An, Helmut Coutelle, Andreas Decher, Michael Dörschug, Reiner Dohrmann, Albert Gilg, Stephan Kaufhold, et al. Bentonites -. Edited by Stephan Kaufhold. E. Schweizerbart Science Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/bentonites/9783510968596.
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<p><b>Bentonites</b> are rocks mostly consisting of swelling clay minerals. They were first described from the Cretaceous Benton Shale near Rock River, Wyoming, USA. </p> <p> Because of their useful properties (e.g. highly adsorbent, cation exchanging, swelling), bentonites have many uses, in industry (among them as drilling mud, purification agent, binder, adsorbent, paper production), culture (for e.g. pottery) and medicine/cosmetics/cat litter, civil engineering, and in the future even in the disposal of high-level nuclear waste. </p> <p> Particular chemical characteristics of bentonite clay minerals are rather variable but critically determine their suitability for a particular application. </p> <p> The 15 specialist authors discuss bentonite terminology, classification and genesis and use in eight chapters. Individual chapters deal with the methods bentonites are analysed with, their properties and performance in terms of parameters such as cation exchange capactiy, rheology, coagulation concentraion, water uptake capacity, free swelling, and electrical resistivity (amongst others). </p> <p> A chapter is dedicated to the sources of bentonites, the technology employed to produce them, and how quality control is carried out both in the mine and the laboratory. A further chapter is dedicated to methods of processing the mined material, different activation methods, drying, grinding, and purification. </p> <P> Use cases for bentonites are discussed in a chapter of its own. References, a section on norms and standards, and a list of abbreviations complete the text. </p> <p> The volume addresses students, researchers, and professionals in the mineral industry dealing with bentonite and their clay-mineral constituents, quality assessement and control, and persons that use bentonites in their products. </p>
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Xavier, Constantino. Unbreakable Bond. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.41.
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Anchored in centuries of exchanges across the Western Indian Ocean, India’s relations with Africa have recently entered a new phase. New Delhi’s stakes in the continent now include accessing mineral resources, developing investment and trade potential, the security of East Africa’s sea lines of communication, protecting the Indian diaspora, enlisting diplomatic support for its multilateral stances, and also a competitive dynamic with China and other rising powers. This chapter reviews these various drivers, as well as the domestic debate on an ideal Africa policy. The chapter also discusses six areas where India may develop a long-term comparative advantage over its competitors.
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Solimano, Andres, and Diego Calderón Guajardo. The Copper Sector, Fiscal Rules, and Stabilization Funds in Chile. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0010.
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Historically Chile’s economy has been dominated by mineral products (mainly copper) as a source of exports and fiscal revenues. Copper prices and other commodity prices are often volatile. Since the 1980s the authorities have developed various mechanisms to cope with copper price shocks and dampen their effects on the business cycle. These mechanisms include a fiscal rule and a stabilization fund under a flexible exchange rate and an inflation-targeting regime. Apparently, this macro framework has been associated (causality is another matter) with reasonably good macro outcomes. However, this framework entails more discretion and less flexibility than often portrayed. (i) The mechanisms described include frequent revisions in the target fiscal surplus. (ii) Sovereign wealth funds, while defining rules for accumulating resources in good times, provide no rules for using them in bad times. (iii) They entail a possible bias towards over-accumulation of funds, with an ensuing opportunity cost.
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Gill, Kristina M., Mikael Fauvelle, and Jon M. Erlandson, eds. An Archaeology of Abundance. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056166.001.0001.
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An Archaeology of Abundance focuses on the archaeology and historical ecology of a series of islands located off the Pacific Coast of Alta and Baja California, from the Channel Islands to Cedros Island. Compared to the adjacent mainland, these islands have long been considered marginal habitats for ancient hunter-gatherers, beginning with accounts of early Spanish explorers and by later naturalists, scientists, and government agents, as well as the anthropologists and archaeologists who followed. This perception of marginality has greatly influenced our interpretation of a variety of archaeological issues including the antiquity of first settlement; the productivity of island floras, freshwater, and mineral resources; human population density; and the nature of regional exchange, wealth, and power networks. Recent advances in archaeological and historical ecological research, combined with field observations of recovering ecosystems suggest that the California Islands may not have been the marginal habitats they once appeared to be. Severe overgrazing and overfishing during historic times heavily impacted local ecosystems, which are now recovering under modern management, conservation, and restoration practices. While older models developed through the perspective of island marginality may hold true for certain resources or islands, it is important to reconsider our interpretations of past and present archaeological data, and reevaluate long-held assumptions, given these new insights. Ultimately, a reexamination of the effects of perceived marginality on the history of archaeological interpretations on California's islands may have broad implications for other island archipelagos worldwide.
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Knopf, Thomas, Alexandra David, Dieter Rehfeld, Frank Hillebrandt, Constance von Rüden, Michael Roos, Silviane Scharl, et al. The RITaK Conferences. 2013-2014: Raw Materials, Innovation, Technology of Ancient Cultures - RITaK 1. Edited by Petra Eisenach, Thomas Stöllner, and Arne Windler. Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/dbm.139.
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Globally, raw materials play a central role and are a key factor in determining the economic power and growth of modern states, confederations and coalitions. The extraction and supply of raw materials is a main driving force in global trade today, but has also profoundly influenced human economic and cultural history. In order to elucidate the importance of mineral ores in pre-modern societies, PhD students and staff at the Leibniz graduate school “Raw Materials, Innovation and Technology of Ancient Cultures” [RITaK] – a co-operation between the German Mining Museum [Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, DBM] and the Ruhr-University Bochum [RUB] – were involved in interdisciplinary research. This publication contains the results of the international RITaK end-of-project conference, held from the 27th-29th of September, as well as contributions to the RITaK workshop “Perspectives for an Economic Archaeology”, held on the 22nd and 23rd of November 2013. At a theoretical and model-building level, the first seven articles provide archaeological, sociological and economic perspectives on the diverse economic, cognitive, cultural and social feedback processes set in motion by the appropriation and use of raw materials. The following contributions focus on different archaeological and historical cultures in Europe, Central Asia and the Mediterranean area from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages. Raw material processing and preparation, metal recycling, prehistoric and historic mining, the exchange mechanisms involving raw materials and their products, as well as technology and knowledge transfer, are all covered. Together, the 23 contributions to this volume offer the possibility for intensive engagement with the theme of resources and their influence on and entanglement with human behaviour, mentalities, knowledge acquisition, technological and social developments and even the relationship between people and their environments and the human appropriation of space.
Book chapters on the topic "Mineral ion exchanger"
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Turchkova, Anna G., Igor V. Pekov, Inna S. Lykova, Nikita V. Chukanov, and Vasiliy O. Yapaskurt. "Delhayelite: Ion Leaching and Ion Exchange." In Minerals as Advanced Materials II, 221–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20018-2_22.
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Hudson, M. J. "Extraction of Priority Pollutants Using Inorganic Ion Exchangers." In Mineral Processing and the Environment, 223–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2284-1_11.
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Downey, Donald D. "Ion Exchange Resin—Pilot and Resin Testing." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 2093–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_175.
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Khamizov, Ruslan, Dmitri N. Muraviev, and Abraham Warshawsky. "Recovery of Valuable Mineral Components from Seawater by Ion-Exchange and Sorption Methods." In Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction, 93–148. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208846-3.
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Grigorieva, Arina A., Igor V. Pekov, Natalia V. Zubkova, Anna G. Turchkova, and Dmitry Yu Pushcharovsky. "K- and Rb-Exchanged Forms of Hilairite: Evolution of Crystal-Chemical Characteristics with the Increase of Ion Exchange Temperature." In Minerals as Advanced Materials II, 181–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20018-2_17.
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Maes, A., and A. Cremers. "Highly Selective Ion Exchange in Clay Minerals and Zeolites." In ACS Symposium Series, 254–95. Washington D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0323.ch013.
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Kryst, Katerina, and Phillip (Rocky) Simmons. "Antimony and Bismuth Control in Copper Electrolyte by Ion Exchange." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 2107–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_176.
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Soldenhoff, Karin, James E. Quinn, Tomasz Safinski, Keith Bowes, and Merrill Ford. "Breakthrough in Uranium Recovery from Saline Liquors by Ion Exchange." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 2137–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_179.
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Yoshikawa, N., T. Sumi, S. Mikoshiba, and S. Taniguchi. "Exchange of Cs Ion in Clay Minerals by Microwave Application." In Ceramic Transactions Series, 347–55. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118995433.ch34.
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van Deventer, Johanna, and Yoshinari Mori. "The Use of Ion Exchange to Improve Revenue via the Removal of Impurities." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 2149–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_180.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Mineral ion exchanger"
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Polito, Aure´lie. "Waste Treatment by Selective Mineral Ion Exchanger." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7340.
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STMI, subsidiary company of the AREVA Group with over 40 years in the D&D business, has been continuously innovating and developing new decontamination techniques, with the objectives of achieving more efficient decontaminations on a growing spectrum of media. In the field of liquid waste treatment, STMI manufactures uses and commercialises selective inorganic ion exchangers (RAN). These are hydrated synthetic inorganic compounds prepared from very pure raw materials. Different types of RANs (POLYAN, OXTAIN, Fe-Cu, Fe-CoK, Si-Fe-CoK) can be used to trap a large number of radioactive elements in contaminated effluents. Different implementations could be applied depending on technical conditions. STMI’s offers consist in building global solution and preliminary design of installation either in dispersed form (batch) or in column (cartridge filtration). Those products are used all over the world not only in the nuclear business (Canada, US, Belgium, France…) but also in other fields. Indeed, it provides competitive solutions to many domains of application especially water pollution control, liquid waste treatment in the nuclear business by decreasing the activity level of waste. The following paper will focus on the theoretical principle of the mineral exchanger, its implementation and the feed back collected by STMI.
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Bai, Shixun, Jan Kubelka, and Mohammad Piri. "Toward the Rational Design of Chemical Formulations for EOR from Carbonates: Molecular–Level Understanding of Carbonate Wettability and its Reversal by Surfactants and Ions." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207340-ms.
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Abstract Wettability is a key factor influencing oil production, particularly from the oil-wet carbonate reservoirs where the recoveries are often low. This is a serious problem for the oil industry as significant portion of the world's hydrocarbon reserves resides in carbonate formations. Since the wettability has its roots in the inter-molecular interactions between the oil and the mineral, our objectives are, first, to provide the molecular-level understanding of the carbonate wettability and, second, to apply this understanding to devise effective approaches for wettability alteration. Specifically, we focused on chemical additives such as surfactants and ions, which have demonstrated potential as wettability reversal agents. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used as the primary method to study the wettability properties on newly-developed model calcite and dolomite surfaces that mimic experimentally-known mineral properties. Wettability reversal by cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surfactants, as well as by divalent ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42-) were investigated. A systematic approach for maximizing the surfactant efficiency by tuning the cationic surfactant head-group chemistry was proposed. To validate the MD simulation results, experimental contact angle measurements on dolomite chips were conducted. The MD simulation results demonstrated that, in the absence of asphaltenes, the oil-wetness of the carbonate minerals arises from the electrostatic attraction between the (negatively charged) oil carboxylates and the (positive) surfaces. Due to this electrostatic nature, the wettability could be reversed only by the cationic (positive) surfactants, which screen the oil-surface attraction. Other surfactant types had negligible effect, in agreement with the experimental contact angle measurements. Moreover, the wettability alteration efficiency of the cationic surfactants was directly related to their molecular charge distributions, offering guidelines for the practical design of the most potent wettability-reversing molecules. The simulations of the wettability alteration by Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO42- ions were likewise consistent with the contact angle measurements. The roles of individual ions in the multiple ion exchange (MIE) mechanism were deduced, and the known strong temperature dependence of their wettability alteration effect explained by the stability of the ion hydration shells. Finally, the simulations also exposed differences between the wettability reversal mechanisms on calcite and dolomite minerals, which may have important practical impact. Our results offer a novel perspective on the carbonate wettability and its reversal from the standpoint of atomic-level interactions and molecular mechanisms. New models for the carbonate surfaces were developed for reliable simulations of the wetting properties, which led to new insights into the origins of carbonate oil-wetness and the mechanisms of its reversal in two types of minerals. Lastly, the MD simulations demonstrated their utility as a powerful tool for the practical design and evaluation of potential chemical agents for EOR from carbonate reservoirs.
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Amaya, T., A. Mukunoki, M. Shibuya, and Hiroshi Kodama. "Leaching of Iodide Ion From BiPbO2I Under Reducing Conditions." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1299.
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Abstract Radioactive wastes containing Iodine-129 are to be disposed of in Japan in an underground facility together with TRU wastes. Iodine-129 has a long half-life (1.6 × 107 y) and it is strongly adsorbed in the thyroid gland when it intrudes into the human body. The main chemical formulae of iodine in an alkaline solution are I− and IO3−, and these anion species are absorbed only to a very small extent on silicate minerals. Iodine-129, therefore, is one of the key nuclides to be studied in the geological disposal of radioactive wastes. Recently, a new inorganic ion-exchanger, BiPbO2NO3, has been developed which reacts with iodide ions in a solution by forming BiPbO2I (BPI). The leach resistance of BPI encapsulated in cement (BPIC) was studied in a solution under geological conditions. The leaching experiment was carried out in an inert glove box in which the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide were maintained at less than 1 ppm. Pure water was degassed 12 hours prior to use. Two kinds of solution were prepared: one was low salinity solution (RW), and the other was high salinity solution (SW). Leachants were prepared by adding a reductant (N2H4) to each solution and pH was adjusted to a fixed value. BPIC was mixed with the leachant in a plastic container. The container was shaken continuously at ambient temperature for six months. The concentrations of iodide ions, bismuth ions and lead ions in the leachant were analyzed periodically using ICP-AES. Limited numbers of iodide ions (2%–4%) were released from BPIC in the initial period of leaching, following which no additional release of iodide ion was observed for six months. No significant difference was observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns of BPI in BPIC before and after the experiment. These results indicate that iodine is fixed tightly in BPIC. A mechanism of the leaching resistance is discussed.
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Щербакова, Наталья, Заур Хапцев, Андрей Захаревич, Сергей Вениг, and Виктор Сержантов. "Biotechnological bases of use of natural mineral glauconite in soil-forming processes at development of technogenic massifs and liquidation of enterprises on extraction of minerals." In Mineralogical and technological appraisal of new types of mineral products. Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center of RAS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/tm13_9.
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To initiate the process of soil formation, it is necessary to introduce a culture of microorganisms capable of improving mineral nutrition, plant growth and resistance to adverse factors, regardless of the mineralogical composition of the surface. The advantage of the developed methods is the multifunctionality of the sorbent, which is an abiotic catalyst: the dangerous agent binds physically due to the formed fine-porous structure, and chemically due to the ion exchange processes occurring due to the nature of the layered glauconite silicate. The viability of immobilized glauconite bacterial cells of Agrobacterium radiobacter 204, Rhizobium leguminosarumbiovartrifolii, Flaviobacterium L 30 fulvum, Pseudomonas aureofaciens 1393 BS, amounted to no less than 4 months., while the original biological products are stored no more than 1 month. Key words: glauconite, sorbent, sorption capacity, heavy metals, microorganisms, immobilization on inorganic carriers.
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Hu, Yisheng, Eric Mackay, Oleg Ishkov, and Alistair Strachan. "Predicted and Observed Evolution of Produced Brine Compositions, and Implications for Scale Management." In SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-169765-ms.
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AbstractProduced water was sampled and measured repeatedly during production from an offshore field, and an extensive brine chemistry dataset was developed. Systematic analysis of this dataset enables an in-depth study of brine/brine and brine/rock interactions occurring in the reservoir, with the objective of improving the prediction and management of scale formation, prevention and remediation.A study of the individual ion trends in the produced brine, using the types of plot developed for the Reacting Ions Toolkit (Ishkov et al., 2009), provides insights into what components are involved in in situ geochemical reactions as the brines are displaced through the reservoir, and how the precipitation and dissolution of minerals and the ion exchange reactions occurring within the reservoir can be identified. This information is then used to better evaluate the scale risk at the production wells.A thermodynamic prediction model is used to calculate the risk of scale precipitation in a series of individual produced water samples, thus providing an evaluation of the actual scaling risk in these samples, rather than the usual theoretical estimate based on endpoint formation and injection brine compositions, and the erroneous assumption that no reactions in the reservoir impact the produced water composition. Nonetheless, the usual effects of temperature, pressure and brine composition are accounted for in these calculations using classical thermodynamics. The comparison of theoretical and actual results indicates that geochemical reactions taking place in this given reservoir lead to ion depletion that greatly reduces the severity and potential for scale formation. However, ion exchange reactions are also observed, and these too affect the scale risk, and the effectiveness of scale inhibitors in preventing deposition.Additionally, comprehensive analysis using a geochemical model is used to predict the evolution of the produced brine compositions at the production wells, and to test the assumptions about which in situ reactions are occurring. A good match between the predictions from this geochemical model and the observed produced brine compositions is obtained, suggesting that the key reactions included in the geochemical model are representative of actual field behaviour. This helps to establish confidence that the model can be used as a predictive tool.
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Silveira de Araujo, Isa, and Zoya Heidari. "Quantification of Adsorption of Water on Clay Surfaces and Electrical Double Layer Properties Using Molecular Simulations." In 2022 SPWLA 63rd Annual Symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2022-0005.
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Quantification of adsorption of water on the clay mineral surface at a molecular scale can provide fundamental insights on the properties of electrical double layer (EDL), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and production performance of clay-rich formations. However, there are limited fundamental studies on quantifying the impacts of reservoir temperature/pressure on water adsorption on clay surface, and on the factors controlling the properties of EDL. In this project, we use molecular simulations to (i)investigate water adsorption on clay minerals (ii)quantify the impacts of reservoir temperature onadsorption (iii) investigate the structure of the EDL onclay surface as a function of electrolyte concentrationand pore size and calculate diffusion coefficients. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations are performed to calculate water adsorption. These simulations are performed at 330K at the pressure of 5MPa. Then, an electrolyte (including NaCl) is added to the system and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are performed at temperature range of 330K to 380K. To investigate the impact of electrolyte concentration on the geochemistry of the solid-fluid interface, these simulations are performed at electrolyte concentrations ranging from of 0.7 mol/dm3, 1.4 mol/dm3 and 1.9 mol/dm3. To analyze the effects of confinement on water adsorption, MD simulations performed on 2 and 4 nm-wide illite slit pores. We applied the proposed methods on multiple types of clay minerals including illite and kaolinite. Our results show the formation of two hydration layers on the surface of illite and kaolinite. We found that the position of the adsorbed cations and anions inside the clay nanopore do not change significantly with ionic strength, and that clay geochemistry is the main factor determining the adsorption planes of ions. As temperature increases the mobility of water and ions increase, however when temperature is increased from 360 K to 380 K the increase in mobility is not significant. Results also showed that the diffusion coefficient of molecules across the surface of clay walls is smaller compared to that parallel to the surface. Besides that, we found that as confinement effect increases, spatial distribution of ions does not change, but the van der Waals interactions between clay surface and brine increases. Quantification of water adsorption and characterization of EDL in clay minerals at reservoir conditions cannot be easily assessed experimentally. The proposed method enabled quantifying water adsorption and EDL characterization in different types of clay minerals and elucidating the clay-water interface at such conditions. The outcomes of this work can potentially contribute to development of quantitative models for CEC and wettability assessment as a function of geochemistry of the rock.
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Burlakovs, Juris, Ruta Ozola-Davidane, and Maris Klavins. "INNOVATIVE COMPOSITE SORBENTS FOR ORGANIC AND INORGANIC POLLUTANTS REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS IN LANDFILL LEACHATES." In International Scientific Conference “EcoBalt 2021”. University of Latvia Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/isceb.2021.01.
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The study reveals the development of appropriate innovative sorbents based on clay material for arsenic and p-nitrophenol sorption using iron oxy-hydroxide and surfactant modification. Natural and manufactured clay were chosen for comparison of modification efficiency to obtain the best sorption results for As (V) and p-nitrophenol. Obtained results indicate that modification of clay with iron compounds and various surfactants significantly improve the sorption capacity of newly developed materials used for sorption of inorganic and organic compounds from aqueous solutions in landfill leachates.Natural clay minerals have received a lot of attention as potential sorbents, because of their abundance, cost-effectiveness, high sorption and ion-exchange properties [1]. Clay minerals can be modified using different approaches to obtain innovative materials for application as sorbents in the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from leachates, wastewater, groundwater and soil [2, 3]. Modification with surfactants improves hydrophobization needed if interaction with low polarity organic molecules is necessary, but chemical modification with inorganic species, e.g., hydrated iron supports the physical improvement of sorption and ion exchange process in order to benefit the treatment of media from inorganic pollutants [4]. Materials achieved better properties for specific remedial applications regarding heavy metals and metalloids, prepared organoclays from hydrophilic montmorillonite by intercalating cationic or nonionic surfactants can interact with organic molecules of differing polarity and serve as immobilizers for organic molecules and toxicants, e.g., phenols and NOCs. Further studies will reveal improved properties to benefit landfill leachate treatment, wastewater engineering and environmental remediation industries.
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Andersen, Pål Østebø, Sander Sunde Herlofsen, Reidar Inge Korsnes, and Mona Wetrhus Minde. "Flow-Through Experiments of Reactive Ba-Sr-Mg Brines in Mons Chalk at North Sea Reservoir Temperature at Different Injection Rates." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214367-ms.
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Abstract Chalk reservoirs in the North Sea of Norway contain significant amounts remaining oil and gas, and are potential candidates for enhanced recovery by modifying the injected brine composition. This work investigates how brines with divalent cations Ba, Sr and Mg interact when injected into chalk (CaCO3). Ba and Sr are often associated with mineral precipitation and occur in formation water while Mg is present in seawater, commonly injected in chalk. Relatively clean (>99% calcite) outcrop chalk cores from Mons, Belgium, were flooded at 130 °C in triaxial cells with four brines containing 0.12 mol/L divalent cations: either 0.06 mol/L Sr and Ba, 0.06 mol/L Sr and Mg, or 0.12 mol/L Ba or Sr. Each brine was injected in a separate core, with 100 to 150 pore volumes. The injection rate was varied between 0.5 and 8 pore volumes per day. Produced brine was analyzed continuously and compared with the injected brine composition. After flooding, the cores flooded with only Ba or only Sr were cut into slices and analyzed locally in terms of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), matrix density, specific surface area and X-Ray diffraction. In all experiments, the produced divalent cation concentration was reduced compared to the injected value. The total reduction of injected cation concentration closely equaled the produced Ca concentration (from calcite dissolution). When flooding 0.12 mol/L Sr, the Sr concentration depleted 50%, while when flooding 0.12 mol/L Ba, 10% Ba depleted. When injecting equal concentrations of Ba and Sr, 40% Sr and 7% Ba depleted, while with equal concentrations of Mg and Sr injected, ~50% Sr was retained and almost no Mg depleted. Sr appeared to dominate and suppress other reactions. There was little sensitivity in steady state concentrations with variation in injection rate. The similar modification of the brine regardless of residence time suggests the reactions reached equilibrium. Cutting the cores revealed a visually clear front a few cm from the inlet. The material past the front was indistinguishable from unflooded chalk in terms of density, specific surface area, micro scale structure, porosity and composition (XRD and SEM-EDS). The material near the inlet was clearly altered. Images, XRD, SEM-EDS and geochemical simulations indicated that BaCO3 and SrCO3 formed during BaCl2- and SrCl2-flooding, respectively. The simulations also predicted equal exchange of cations to occur. The matrix densities, porosities and the distance traveled by the front corresponded with these minerals and suggested that the chalk was completely converted to these minerals behind the front. It was demonstrated that Ba-, Sr-, Mg-brines and their mixtures can be highly reactive in chalk without clogging the core after tens of pore volumes. This is because precipitation of minerals bearing these ions associates with simultaneous dissolution of calcite. The Ca-, Ba-, Sr-mineral reactions are effectively in equilibrium. Previous investigations with MgCl2 show rate dependent results and smoother alterations, indicating that Mg-mineral reactions at same conditions have longer time scale.
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Disu, Botelho, Roozbeh Rafati, Amin Sharifi Haddad, and Nabihah Fierus. "Lithium Extraction From North Sea Oilfield Brines Using Ion Exchange Membranes." In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215585-ms.
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Abstract The annual demand for lithium for low-carbon technologies applications has been trading exponentially forward, 965% more in 2050 than the quantity demanded in 2017. In the current chain of demand, there is a necessity for continuous lithium production from both conventional sources (i.e., salt lakes and rock minerals) as well as the incorporation of novel extraction sites from alternative brine resources such as Oilfield and Geothermal. In the present paper, the lithium potentiality of the North Sea is evaluated with fields in the Central-East and Southern-West reaching the highest regional concentration of 40 ppm. Those include oilfields such as Montrose, Arbroath, Ula, Nelson, Brisling, Gyda, Ekofisk and Bream, as well as gas fields such as the Esmond, Anglia, Lemman, Ann, and Viking, with the possibility of brine enrichment extending itself even to shallow waters fields around the Groningen region. To experimentally evaluate the potential extractability of lithium from those oilfield brine resources in the North Sea, ion-sieve adsorbents (Li1.6Mn1.6O4) were prepared from commercially available LiMnO2 and formed into three different ion-exchange membranes. The foam had the best performance out of those structures, displaying a higher and much stabler powder insertion capacity compared to granular and flat sheet membranes, which registered significant material loss. At an optimum polymeric concentration of 10% and MNO/PVA ratio of about 50%, the foam membrane had the highest theoretical extraction capacity of 9.94 mg/g, followed by granular and flat sheet, with 7.36 and 7.24 mg/g, respectively. Those membranes had good selectivity forward lithium ion in the presence of other competing cations when used on synthetic oilfield brine with concentration mimicking that of Buchan field, being able to efficiently recover 18.4% (foam), 17% (granular), and 14.37% (flat sheet) of lithium. However, the recovery capacity was increased up to 50% when non-formed HMO powder was used, with selectivity in the following decreased order of affinity, Li+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > K+. The powder recoverability raises the lithium production prospect from North Sea brine to about 26.2 kg per day with an estimated market value of 1834 USD for the produced quantity.
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Xie, Y. T., X. B. Zheng, L. P. Huang, and C. X. Ding. "In Vitro Cytocompatibility of Plasma-Sprayed Dicalcium Silicate/Zirconia Composite Coatings." In ITSC 2012, edited by R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, A. McDonald, and F. L. Toma. ASM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2012p0699.
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Abstract Dicalcium silicate/zirconia composite coating with 70 wt.% zirconia and 30 wt.% dicalcium silicate was prepared by plasma spraying. In vitro behaviors of human osteoblast cells on the coating were studied. As a result of rapid exchange of Ca and H in the culture media and dissolution of the dicalcium silicate component from the coatings, a large amount of Si-OH functional group was produced on the coating. These OH bonds were favorable to the adhesion of proteins and cells attachment and thus, the good cytocompatibility of the coatings. Honeycomb-like Ca-P minerals were formed on the coating surface after only 1 day incubation in the culture media. The deposition rate of the Ca-P minerals was greatly improved by the existence of proteins. It may be attributed to the increased Ca ion concentration in the culture media resulting from the dissolution of dicalcium silicate and the good protein adhesion properties of the coating.
Reports on the topic "Mineral ion exchanger"
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Avnimelech, Yoram, Richard C. Stehouwer, and Jon Chorover. Use of Composted Waste Materials for Enhanced Ca Migration and Exchange in Sodic Soils and Acidic Minespoils. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575291.bard.
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Restoration of degraded lands and the development of beneficial uses for waste products are important challenges facing our society. In addition there is a need to find useful and environmentally friendly applications for the organic fractions of municipal and other solid waste. Recent studies have shown that composted wastes combined with gypsum or gypsum-containing flue gas desulfurization by-products enhance restoration of sodic soils and acidic minespoils. The mechanism by which this synergistic effect occurs in systems at opposite pH extremes appears to involve enhanced Ca migration and exchange. Our original research objectives were to (1) identify and quantify the active compost components involved in Ca transport, (2) determine the relative affinity of the compost components for Ca and competing metals in the two soil/spoil systems, (3) determine the efficacy of the compost components in Ca transport to subjacent soil and subsequent exchange with native soil cations, and (4) assess the impacts of compost enhanced Ca transport on soil properties and plant growth. Acidic mine spoils: During the course of the project the focus for objective (1) and (2) shifted more towards developing and evaluating methods to appropriately quantify Ca2+ and Al3+ binding to compost derived dissolved organic matter (DOM). It could be shown that calcium complexation by sewage sludge compost derived DOM did not significantly change during the composting process. A method for studying Al3+ binding to DOM was successfully developed and should allow future insight into DOM-Al3+ interactions in general. Laboratory column experiments as well as greenhouse experiments showed that in very acidic mine spoil material mineral dissolution controls solution Al3+ concentration as opposed to exchange with Ca2+. Therefore compost appeared to have no effect on Al3+ and Ca2+ mobility and did not affect subsoil acidity. Sodic alkaline soils: Batch experiments with Na+ saturated cation exchange resins as a model for sodic soils showed that compost home cations exchanged readily with Na+. Unlike filtered compost extracts, unfiltered compost suspensions also significantly increased Ca2+ release from CaCO3. Soil lysimeter experiments demonstrated a clear impact of compost on structural improvement in sodic alkaline soils. Young compost had faster, clearer and longer lasting effects on soil physical and chemical properties than mature compost. Even after 2 growing seasons differences could still be observed. Compost increased Ca2+ concentration in soil solution and solubility of pedogenic CaCO3 that is highly insoluble under alkaline conditions. The solubilized Ca2+ efficiently exchanged Na+ in the compost treated soils and thus greatly improved the soil structure.
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Zavarin, M. M4SF-19LL010301082-Surface Complexation and Ion Exchange Database Development Phase 1: Clay Minerals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1529826.
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Zavarin, M., E. Chang, S. Han, and H. Wainwright. M4SF-23LL010301062-Surface Complexation/Ion Exchange Hybrid Model for Radionuclide Sorption to Clay Minerals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1994028.
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Desbarats, A. J., and J. B. Percival. Hydrogeochemistry of mine tailings from a carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit, Oka, Quebec, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331256.
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Environmental impacts associated with the mining of carbonatite deposits are an emerging concern due to the demand for critical metals. This study investigates the chemistry of tailings seepage at the former Saint Lawrence Columbium mine near Oka, Québec, Canada, which produced pyrochlore concentrate and ferroniobium from a carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit. Its objectives are to characterize the mineralogy of the tailings and their pore water and effluent chemistries. Geochemical mass balance modeling, constrained by aqueous speciation modeling and mineralogy, is then used to identify reactions controlling the chemical evolution of pore water along its flow path through the tailings impoundment. The tailings are composed mainly of REE-enriched calcite (82 wt. %), biotite (12 wt. %) and fluorapatite (4 wt. %). Minor minerals include chlorite, pyrite, sphalerite, molybdenite and unrecovered pyrochlore. Secondary minerals include gypsum, barite and strontianite. Within the unsaturated zone, pore water chemistry is controlled by sulfide oxidation and calcite dissolution with acid neutralization. With increasing depth below the water table, pore water composition reflects gypsum dissolution followed by sulfate reduction and FeS precipitation driven by the oxidation of organic carbon in the tailings. Concomitantly, incongruent dissolution of biotite and chlorite releases K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ba and F, forming kaolinite and Ca-smectite. Cation exchange reactions further remove Ca from solution, increasing concentrations of Na and K. Fluoride concentrations reach 23 mg/L and 8 mg/L in tailings pore water and effluent, respectively. At a pH of 8.3, Mo is highly mobile and reaches an average concentration of 83 µg/L in tailings effluent. Although U also forms mobile complexes, concentrations do not exceed 16 µg/L due to the low solubility of its pyrochlore host. Adsorption and the low solubility of pyrochlore limit concentrations of Nb to less than 49 µg/L. Cerium, from calcite dissolution, is strongly adsorbed although it reaches concentrations (unfiltered) in excess of 1 mg/L and 100 µg/L in pore water and effluent, respectively. Mine tailings from carbonatite deposits are enriched in a variety of incompatible elements with mineral hosts of varying reactivity. Some of these elements, such as F and Mo, may represent contaminants of concern because of their mobility in alkaline tailings waters.
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Mikula, R. J., I. S. Parsons, V. A. Munoz, W. W. Lam, C. Payette, and K. C. McAuley. High-temperature settling of bitumen from Aostra's underground test facility. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331489.
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Several bitumen samples from AOSTRA's Underground Test Facility were obtained (heat exchanger outlet) in order to characterize the emulsion droplet size distribution and to ultimately establish whether or not high temperature settling could successfully be used to separate the bitumen and water phases. Characterization of the dispersed phase was not straightforward since the samples varied. The samples would sometimes be separated into a large bitumen mass and significant free water and sometimes be quite fluid with dispersed bitumen. It was our opinion that sampling contamination, perhaps with residual soaps, lead to some samples remaining as a bitumen in water emulsion without separating. Normally, one would expect that the bitumen would separate from the free water. Preliminary characterization of the solids in the feed was also done since it is known that mineral/solids composition can influence emulsion formation and the stability of rag layers in bitumen/water separation schemes. High temperature settling evaluations proved the feasibility of this type of settling as a method of bitumen separation producing a product of less than 5% water. Good results were achieved with temperatures from 190 to 220 °C and 250 to 1000 ppm demulsifier. Separation without demulsifiers vas not successful. Product samples were examined microscopically to determine the dispersed water size distributions.
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Leece, A., and C. Jiang. A preliminary techno-economic assessment of lithium extraction from flowback and produced water from unconventional shale and tight hydrocarbon operations in Western Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331879.
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In the path towards decarbonization, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are critical for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. To meet the growing demand for this mineral, various sources of lithium are being explored. This study evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of direct lithium extraction (DLE) from flowback and produced waters (FPW) of the Duvernay shale reservoir development near Fox Creek, Alberta and the Montney tight reservoir development in Northeast British Columbia using ion-exchange sorbents. Results indicate that lithium extraction from FPW using DLE technology is a viable option, with fluid pH, temperature, total suspended solids, and organic carbon affecting extraction efficiencies. In the assessment of Duvernay-based FPW fluids processed at a selected centralized facility, approximately 93 tonnes of lithium carbonate, or 105 tonnes of lithium hydroxide monohydrate could be produced annually, based on an average lithium content of 45.1 mg/L and a capacity of approximately 475,000 m3 per year. A discounted cash flow analysis determined the after-tax and royalty internal rate of return of 22% in the production of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), and 38% in the production of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H2O) from the Duvernay development area. Comparatively, in the assessment of Montney brine fluids processed at a modelled centralized facility, approximately 117 tonnes of lithium carbonate or 134 tonnes of lithium hydroxide monohydrate could be produced annually, based on an average lithium content of 57.7 mg/L and a capacity of approximately 475,000 m3 per year. A discounted cash flow analysis determined the after-tax and royalty internal rate of return of 29% in the production of lithium carbonate and 48% in the production of lithium hydroxide monohydrate from the Dawson Creek Montney development area. These findings demonstrate the economic feasibility of extracting and refining lithium into battery-grade products from a novel source based on forecasted commodity prices and the development of a domestic battery supply chain system. Further investigation of DLE technology, a strategic resource sampling and analysis program, and investigation into the minimum scale of lithium extraction development are recommended.