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1
Lee, Yong-Shik. "A Note on Economic Development in North Korea: Call for a Comprehensive Approach." Law and Development Review 12, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2018-0057.
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Abstract North Korea is currently one of the most impoverished countries with a history of famine, but the country has a significant potential for economic development that could lift its population from poverty. Neighbored by some of the largest and most advanced economies in the world (South Korea, Japan, and China) and endowed with abundant mineral resources, industrial experience, and a history of successful economic development in the past, North Korea can embark on the path to rapid economic development, as its southern counterpart (South Korea) did so successfully since the 1960s. Yet, the successful economic development of North Korea requires a comprehensive approach, including obtaining a fund for development; normalizing relations with the West and the neighboring countries; improving its human rights conditions; prioritizing key industrial development; and reforming its political-economic system. This note discusses the comprehensive approach necessary for the successful economic development of North Korea.
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Owen, Thomas C. "The Russian Industrial Society and Tsarist Economic Policy, 1867–1905." Journal of Economic History 45, no. 3 (September 1985): 587–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700034513.
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The Russian Industrial Society, the first national organization of commercial and industrial interests in the empire, attempted to win governmental support for a comprehensive program of economic development. It enjoyed some successes in the fields of tariff protection, factory legislation, and the conquest of Central Asia. The tsarist bureaucracy, however, proved unwilling or unable to implement rational reforms in such key areas as subsoil mineral rights, monopolies, and corporate law. Moreover, policy disagreements among the society's regional branches, especially those in Moscow, Warsaw, and Lodz, weakened the organization from the 1880s onward.
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Ray, G. F. "The Decline of Primary Producer Power." National Institute Economic Review 121 (August 1987): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018712100104.
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The middle years of this decade will go down in economic history as a period when primary products hit rock bottom, whatever method is used to illustrate their real value or purchasing power. There have been hardly any exceptions to this general decline. Petroleum (by far the most important primary product), foodstuffs, agricultural industrial materials, minerals and metals all shared the same fate, though the extent of their losses differed. The only exception has been coffee, owing to unusually adverse weather conditions.
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Dobronravova, E. P. "Industry effects of monetary policy in Russia: Econometric analysis." Journal of the New Economic Association 55, no. 3 (2022): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-3.
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This paper presents the econometric analysis of the heterogenous effects of monetary policy on industrial output and producer prices in manufacturing sector in Russia. The estimation of the differences in the impulce responses to the interest rate shock is conducted using structural VAR-models, the analysis of key industrial characteristics, explaining differences through monetary transmission channes, is based on principal components and correlations. Our findings reveal the strongest response to monetary policy in such industries as manufacture of rubber and plastic products, manufacture of non-metallic mineral products, manufacture of pulp and paper, manufacture of machinery nd equipment, manufacture of electrical, electronic and optical equipment and manufacture of motor vehicles and equipment. Besides, in these industries the response is usually deffered to 2–3 months after the shock. Our findings also show that the impact of monetary shocks on output is particulary strong in industries producing capital goods and supplies for construction but particularly weak in industries with high concentration and high profits. That means that differences in industrial responses to monetary policy can be described by two key channels of monetary transmission — interest rate channel (due to high demand sensitivity to interest rate changes) and bank lending channel (due to important role of bank loans in fi rms’ financing).
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Fang, Chuandi, Jinhua Cheng, Zhe You, Jiahao Chen, and Jing Peng. "A Detailed Examination of China’s Clean Energy Mineral Consumption: Footprints, Trends, and Drivers." Sustainability 15, no. 23 (November 24, 2023): 16255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152316255.
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As the global clean energy transition accelerates, China’s mining industry faces pressing challenges concerning the sustainable consumption of clean energy minerals. This study employed the EE-MRIO model to investigate the consumption trends of clean energy minerals across various provinces and industries in China from 2012 to 2017, specifically focusing on the resource footprints of copper, nickel, molybdenum, zinc, and cobalt. Using the random forest model, we identified the driving factors, with the goal of offering a solid scientific foundation for strategic decision making. Our findings reveal marked disparities in resource footprints among provinces, which are correlated with regional industrialization, urbanization trends, and resource reserves. Beyond the traditional resource-intensive sectors, industries like finance and real estate have significantly impacted the resource footprint. Monte Carlo simulations further validated the reliability of our model. The random forest analysis indicates that population size and energy consumption mainly determine the footprints of copper and zinc. In contrast, the footprints of nickel and cobalt are primarily influenced by technology market turnover, while molybdenum’s footprint is largely driven by population size and total carbon emissions. Drawing from these insights, we suggest several policy recommendations for clean energy mineral extraction. These include fostering inter-provincial resource collaboration, bolstering geological exploration and assessment, promoting technological innovation, advancing environmentally friendly mineral extraction techniques, and enhancing collaboration between urban planning and pivotal industries.
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ROUT, BAIJAYANTI, and JAYA PRAKASH PRADHAN. "Odisha’s Extractive Industries: Present Status and Future Prospects." Productivity 64, no. 1 (July 15, 2023): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/prod.2023.64.01.10.
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Odisha is blessed with an abundance of natural resources, including minerals, forests, marine life, and water. Odisha is one of India’s top producers of valuable minerals such as chromites, nickel ore, coal, bauxite, iron ore, and manganese. In addition to providing habitat and a means of subsistence for the state’s expanding tribal population, around 30 percent of its land is covered with forests, which also serve as the catchment areas of key rivers, home to rich mineral deposits and biodiversity hotspots. This article aims to analyse the current status of several extractive industries as well as their potential for the future. A significant portion of the study is based on secondary data. Simple percentage shares and yearly average growth rate have been used to analyse data and strengthen the argument. The results from the paper demonstrate that mining production and value have grown over time. However, the average yearly growth rate has been declining. The Gross State Value Added (GSVA) of the mining sector in Odisha has hardly increased and still lags behind the manufacturing sub-sector. Furthermore, the state’s exchequer has profited significantly from the mining sector’s performance (in terms of output, value, and income) and from its broad use of mining activities. However, employment statistics indicate that the locals in the mining region have not seen a significant increase in wealth.
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Liu, Xinyu, Juntao Zhao, Yingying She, and Yinshui Liu. "Development history, current situation and prospect of international vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil." E3S Web of Conferences 385 (2023): 04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338504019.
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Vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil is one of the biodegradable lubricants. With the strengthening of environmental awareness, especially in the context of the increasingly serious pollution of the marine environment by mineral oil used in ships, people are increasingly aware that the pollution of mineral oil-based hydraulic oil to the environment is very serious, and many solutions have been proposed. The use of biodegradable plant-based hydraulic oil instead of traditional mineral oil-based hydraulic oil can fundamentally solve the pollution of marine hydraulic oil to the marine environment. The development of vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil in the world is systematically summarized, including its material composition, physical and chemical properties. By analysing its practical prospect and future development direction, it is concluded that vegetable oil-based hydraulic oil is the most environmentally friendly hydraulic oil in the future shipbuilding, industrial manufacturing and other industries, and it is the development trend of “green shipping” in China in the future.
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Jung, Han-Na, and Sang-Kee Kim. "The Impact of Industry 4.0 Technologies on Employment: Focusing on the Finance and Insurance Industries." Korea International Trade Research Institute 19, no. 6 (December 31, 2023): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.6.202312.179.
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Purpose - This study analyzes the effect of industry 4.0 technologies on the employment of entire industries, including the finance and insurance industries, which have most actively attempted to introduce industry 4.0 technologies for ‘Fintech’ business when compared to other industries.
Design/Methodology/Approach - Using the Business Activity Survey of the National Statistical Office from 2017 to 2020, this research analyzes the entire industry as well as the finance and insurance industries, wherein the use of industry 4.0 technologies (big data, mobile, cloud, AI) has been prevalent in South Korea.
Findings - In the pooled least squares method and the random effect model, the result has shown that the use of industry 4.0 technologies increases the employment of entire industries, and also increases the employment of the finance and insurance industries. During the same period, in the finance and insurance industries, the overall employment decreased, while employment related to industry 4.0 technologies increased.
Research Implications - This study analyzed the effect of industry 4.0 technologies on employment within overall industries and the finance and insurance industries. This analysis has shown that the use of industry 4.0 technologies in the overall industry and in the financial and insurance industries increases employment. Thus, this result indicates that industry 4.0 technologies may not be a substitute for labor until now.
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Simon, György. "Market reforms and 'Economic miracle' in Kazakhstan." Ekonomski anali 54, no. 182 (2009): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0982067s.
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Kazakhstan's postcommunist transition is characterized by gradual changes under the conditions of a limited democracy. These changes have embraced extensive price and trade liberalization, and resolutely promoted privatization and the building of market institutions, although structural reforms and the struggle against corruption have made little progress. The country's financial independence was established with the introduction of the tenge in 1993. Transformational recession reached its maximum in 1995, since when only the 1998 Asian and Russian crises have interrupted continuous growth. However, the Kazakh economy is very sensitive to fluctuations in world energy and mineral prices, as the extractive industries, primarily oil and gas, have a crucial role in its development.
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Xie, Wenhao. "Delving into the Security Side of Decentralized Finance Applications." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 7, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/7/20230246.
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This article is a study on the security of decentralized finance. We summarize the background and application of decentralized finance, as well as the development history and latest research of decentralized finance. Moreover, we propose a classification framework for existing various DeFi DApps. We also manually collected attacks against decentralized financial applications and classified them by category. Through some case studies, we give some best practices for practitioners in decentralized finance industries to avoid or defend against attacks.
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Tang, John. "Financial intermediation and late development in Meiji Japan, 1868 to 1912." Financial History Review 20, no. 2 (May 15, 2013): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565013000085.
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Was nineteenth-century Japan an example of finance-led growth? Using a new panel data set of firms from the Meiji period (1868–1912), this article tests whether financial sector development influenced extensive firm activity across industries and locations. Results from a two-stage least squares first difference model suggest that financial intermediation is associated with additional net firm establishment, particularly in light manufacturing sectors like textiles. The overall effect is muted in the latter part of the period and among peripheral regions, which may underscore the respective roles of institutions and agglomeration economies in later stages of development.
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Cortes, Gustavo S., Renato L. Marcondes, and Maria Dolores M. Diaz. "Mortgages for machinery: credit and industrial investment in pre-World War I Brazil." Financial History Review 21, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565014000110.
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How could a primitive credit market finance the early industrialisation of an underdeveloped economy? To answer this question, we use a hand-collected data set of mortgage loans raised by industrial firms in the city of São Paulo during the period 1866-1914. These mortgages were debt obligations collateralised by land, improvements, machinery and equipment. We argue that the mortgage credit market was a key source of funding for early industrial investments in Brazil. We find that industries were mainly funded by non-banking and domestic agents. The empirical evidence suggests that mortgages were an important proxy for industrial investment.
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White, Eugene N. "Competition among the exchanges before the SEC: was the NYSE a natural hegemon?" Financial History Review 20, no. 1 (March 6, 2013): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565013000024.
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Improved information technology and higher volume should drive orders to be concentrated in one market, lowering the costs of transactions. However, the opposite occurred during the bull market of the 1920s when rapid technological change spawned a flood of new issues. This article employs newly recovered data for 1900-33 on the volume and seat prices of regional exchanges to examine how these rivals successfully competed with the NYSE, leading to its relative decline at the zenith of the market. The history of US exchanges reveals that the tendency towards concentration of trading is periodically reversed when new industries, whose technologies are risky and unfamiliar, are more easily accommodated by existing or new rivals to the dominant exchange.
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Dumett, Raymond. "Africa's Strategic Minerals during the Second World War." Journal of African History 26, no. 4 (October 1985): 381–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700028802.
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Unprecedented wartime demands by Britain and the U.S.A for strategic minerals from abroad, coupled with the loss of valuable sources of supply in Eastern Europe and South East Asia to the Axis, greatly enlarged the volume of production and the pace of economic change in the mineral-rich zones of Africa. But the sharpest upsurge in output, which helped rescue a number of African export economies from the slough of depression, coincided with British rearmament several years before the war broke out; and production in most instances reached a crest two or three years before the war ended. In one sense the mineral regions of Africa between 1937 and 1945 provided a supreme example of the old mercantilist credo that colonies existed primarily to buttress the economies of the metropole in time of war. From another perspective, the war strengthened the hold of powerful multinational corporations on African mineral development and accelerated the absorption of new mining areas and labour supplies into the world capitalist system. A wide range of African metallic and non-metallic ores played a vital – and in some cases an indispensable – role in the Allied victory in 1945. But for the African peoples and countries most directly involved, the wartime upsurge had an uneven impact. Wage increases were in no way commensurate with the increased workloads nor with the pay scales for European miners. Except in the Union of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia, where greater agricultural and industrial diversification was already in train, the expansion of the mining industries perpetuated enclave development. The reliance of the industrialized West on African strategic minerals during the war was a prelude to the even greater production boom and dependency of the Cold War period.
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Marx, Karl. "Marx’s Economic Manuscript of 1867–68 (Excerpt)." Historical Materialism 27, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 162–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-27041855.
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Abstract This archive manuscript is an English translation of a 25-page excerpt from Marx’s Manuscript of 1867–68, which was published for the first time in German in 2012 in the MEGA, Volume II/4.3. This excerpt is Marx’s first and only attempt to incorporate unequal turnover times across industries into his theory of the equalisation of the profit rate and prices of production. The excerpt considers three cases: unequal turnover times across industries, unequal compositions of capital across industries, and both of these inequalities together. It also emphasises two concepts of the rate of profit: rate of profit on capital advanced and rate of profit on the cost price (capital consumed).
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Withers, D. M. "Enterprising Women: Independence, Finance and Virago Press, c.1976–93." Twentieth Century British History 31, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 479–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwz044.
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Abstract Virago Press were established in 1972 and became one of the twentieth century’s most enduring publishing brands. As a women-led enterprise, articulations of independence have defined key moments in Virago’s history. This article explores two moments when the company re-structured as independent, in 1976 and 1987. To become successful, Virago had to overcome barriers that have historically hindered women’s participation in business, namely limited social capital and difficulties accessing finance. Virago founder Carmen Callil’s friendship with publisher Paul Hamlyn and printing entrepreneur Robert Gavron embedded Virago in networks of male entrepreneurial knowledge that helped shape the evolution of the company. Such networks were vital to Virago securing investment from Rothschilds Ventures Limited in 1987 who were, at that time, leading figures in the UK’s growing private equity industry. This article contributes to growing historical understanding of the synergies between financial, arts and culture industries in the 1980s. It argues that while this era offered new opportunities for women to participate in business, such participation was tempered by new forms of legal and financial discipline that re-calibrated existing gender inequalities within business cultures. Due to the time periods under consideration, this article also analyses how entrepreneurial practices and opportunities for women changed dramatically with the onset of Thatcher’s ‘Enterprise Culture’.
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Skryl, Tatiana, Evgeniya Shavina, and Elena Dotsenko. "New Industrial Conditions of Sustainable Development of Mineral Resource Dependent Russian Economy in High Volatility Conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 04049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910504049.
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The conditions for the transition to sustainable development and new industrial transformation for resource-dependent countries are closely linked. With the increasing volatility of the world market of raw materials and finance, the innovative modernization of the extractive industries, as the basis of the new industrialization of the economy, is experiencing significant difficulties. The article analyzes the problems of transition of the resource-dependent Russian economy to sustainable development, associated with the slowdown of the process of new industrialization in the context of the world market volatility. The authors assessed the new industrialization of the Russian economy following the 5-year period of sanctions imposed by Western countries. The article provides a theoretical review of the concept of the influence of sanctions on transition to sustainable development. The authors concluded that the mineral resources export-oriented strategy of the Russian economy still gives positive results, although the internal structure of the Russian economy has not changed significantly.
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Chambers, David. "Going public in interwar Britain." Financial History Review 17, no. 1 (February 17, 2010): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565009990163.
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Utilising a new sample of interwar initial public offerings (IPOs), I consider the effectiveness of the interwar stock market for firms going public. Consistent with the pecking order theory, IPO proceeds contributed only modestly to domestic industry's capital expenditure needs. IPOs of capital-hungry new manufacturing industries raised no more finance than did the rest of manufacturing. This was in part attributable to the detrimental effect of weak financial regulation on investor appetite for newer, riskier enterprises. In terms of the quality of firms allowed onto the market, IPO survival rates of the early and late 1920s were shockingly low, just as earlier research has shown. However, survival rates rebounded strongly in the following decade due not only to the economic recovery but also to tougher scrutiny of listing applications by the London Stock Exchange.
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Earle, Timothy. "Wealth Finance in the Inka Empire: Evidence from the Calchaqui Valley, Argentina." American Antiquity 59, no. 3 (July 1994): 443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282457.
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To finance their empire, the Inka empire mobilized and expropriated both staple and sumptuary goods. This paper examines the manufacture and use of wealth-associated objects in the Calchaquí Valley, located on the empire's southern periphery. Recent excavations at the imperial settlement of Potrero de Payogasta and at the local Santamariana settlement of Valdéz recovered extensive manufacturing debris. Craft industries included copper, silver, and gold metallurgy; marine and land-snail shell-, stone-, and bone-bead manufacture; and mica disk cutting. At Potrero de Payogasta, the concentration of production debris in the households of the Inka elite and associated personnel represents attached specialization. Because evidence for several craft industries occurs together in individual households, related technologies were probably performed jointly. The inhabitants of the indigenous settlement, Valdéz, manufactured decorative items using primarily locally available land-snail shell. At Valdéz, the high frequency of ceramic molds, used in the casting of pure (unalloyed) copper, documents only initial stages of manufacture. The scarcity of finished wealth from both sites is noteworthy; although Calchaqui settlements were heavily involved in manufacture, wealth was expropriated for circulation in the Inka wealth-finance system.
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Millward, R. "European governments and the infrastructure industries, c.1840-1914." European Review of Economic History 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1361491604001030.
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Lim, Tee Wern, Arn Keeling, and Terre Satterfield. "“We Thought It Would Last Forever”." Labour / Le Travail 91 (May 25, 2023): 115–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52975/llt.2023v91.008.
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Although mine closures are an inherent feature of extractive industry, they tend to receive less attention in the literature on deindustrialization than the closures of manufacturing and other heavy industries. Until recently, the settler-colonial context of hinterland mineral development and its impact on northern Indigenous lands and communities in Canada have also remained largely unexplored within this literature. Mineral development is historically associated with the introduction of a colonial-capitalist industrial modernity across Canada’s northern regions. Yet the boom-and-bust nature and ultimate ephemerality of mineral development has meant that resource-extractive regions have also been subject to intensive “cyclonic” periods of closure and deindustrialization. This article examines the experience of deindustrialization on the part of the Inuit community of Arctic Bay, who were largely “left behind” by the closure of Nanisivik, Canada’s first High Arctic mine. Through documentary sources and oral history interviews we illustrate how, for Arctic Bay Inuit who were engaged in the cyclonic economies of Nanisivik’s development and closure, there were myriad dimensions of social loss, displacement, and resentment associated with the failure of this industrial enterprise to deliver promised benefits to Inuit, beyond more commonly understood socioeconomic impacts such as job loss.
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Burceva, I. "Resource payments in mining and their role in tax revenues of the region (on the example of the Komi Republic)." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 3 (August 24, 2023): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2023-3-52-58.
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The issues of resource rent extraction on the development of mineral deposits have been important throughout the whole history of natural resources exploitation. Today, they are of special importance as the question on the equitable income distribution comes to the forefront of the economic and political development of the society. The author has identified the main world approaches of tax policy which, with all the existing differences between the countries, indicate the main goal of taxation in the mining industries, i.e. the maximal profit recovery on maintaining the interest of entrepreneurs to continue the high-risk mining works. The paper considers tax revenues generated in the mining sector of the regional economy. The tax revenues have been compared with the main macroeconomic indicators of the Komi Republic and the Russian Federation, as well as with the results on the valuation of mineral and raw material potential.
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Lazhentsev, Vitaly N. "Mineral resources in Northern regions in the context of Russia’s industrialization transformation." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 26, no. 3/2023 (September 27, 2023): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.3.2023.81.001.
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The study explores the relationship between the mineral resources located in the Russian North and the general trends in Russia’s economic development in the context of the evolving geopolitical landscape. The reaction of the energy sector to drastic changes in foreign markets is evident in its pursuit of strategies aimed at optimizing hydrocarbon production, processing, and export volumes. Simultaneously, efforts are made to improve oil and gas extraction from the viewpoint of the production structure and geographic locations while preserving the coal industry’s status as a cornerstone of the national economy. The challenges of sanctions and import substitution necessitate accelerated development within the mining and metallurgical sector, with a focus on Russia's technological sovereignty. This study identifies the fundamental prerequisites for progress in the mining sector considering the unique characteristics of Northern regions, among which are intersectoral planning, scientific and technological innovation, and territorial cooperation. Of particular importance is the recalibration of intersectoral balances for non-ferrous and rare-earth elements, which is necessary to mitigate the current temporal and spatial disparities in the growth rates of geological exploration, mining, and manufacturing industries. Scientific and technological advancements are aimed at solving problems in areas such as multipurpose resource use with the extraction of associated elements, mining safety, and environmental protection. The author's proposal for the formation of territorial production holdings, inclusive of research and development institutes, production facilities, and other enterprises, aligns with the economic and geographical concepts of geosystem and complexity. The study adopts a unified approach, merging mobilization strategies with evolutionary economic practices.
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Taylor, Travis K., and Amanda Montera. "History Re-Written: Misconceptions of U.S. Trade and Industrial Policy and the Influence of Neoliberalism." Review of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2021-0001.
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Abstract A disparity exists between mainstream perception and reality with regard to American economic history. There is widespread belief among the public, media, and even some scholars that the U.S. amassed its wealth and prosperity from the adoption of exclusively free-market principles from the onset of the union. This is far from reality. Since 1980, the U.S. government has adopted policies that largely support the free-market ideology and can be classified as neoliberal. However, As Chang (2002) and Cohen and DeLong (2016) have shown, during the early stages of economic development and critical junctures whilst a middle-income country, the U.S. record is one of active government intervention in targeted industries, the creation of important institutions to complement free-market competition, and the widespread use of trade protection in support of infant industries. This misconception has significant ramifications for present-day developing countries, which are routinely advised to adopt neoliberal policies with insufficient regard for the idiosyncratic stage of economic development. This paper documents the misconceptions by examining the theoretical basis and historical record of U.S. industrial and trade policy. We detail how this misconception became widespread and ultimately entered policymaking by analyzing two contributing factors: the rise of neoliberalism, and the standard economics curriculum.
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Wang, Ruiqian. "How Does ESG Performance Affect Firm Value." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 49, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/49/20230473.
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With an increasing number of companies applying ESG-related activities, many researchers have recently focused on what effects could be brought to the firms value by the firm ESG performance. Researchers have two main views on this relationship. One view is that the ESG performance and disclosure of nonfinancial reports play an important role in improving a firms value and sustainable development. The other view is that ESG performance is not only meaningless for a firms value but also harmful to the firms value, especially for firms in developing countries. But firms they used for testing the relationship may belong to different industrial fields. So the firms used in this article would belong to the technology, energy, and finance fields To avoid the essential distinctions between different firms that belong to different industrial fields. After analyzing the MSCI EGS ratings history data over the last five years or since records began and the stock prices during the corresponding periods for these three industries respectively, the benefits on a firms value brought by the better ESG performance tend to be more obvious in the technology and finance industries than the firms in the energy industries.
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Crafts, Nicholas, and Alexander Klein. "Spatial concentration of manufacturing industries in the United States: re-examination of long-run trends." European Review of Economic History 25, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 223–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa027.
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Abstract We re-examine the long-run geographical development of US manufacturing industries using recent advances in spatial concentration measures. We construct spatially weighted indices of the geographical concentration between 1880 and 2007 taking into account industrial structure and checkerboard problem. New results emerge. Average spatial concentration was much lower in the late 20th than in the late 19th century, and it was the outcome of a continuing reduction over time. Spatial concentration did not increase in the early 20th century but declined, and we find no inverted-U shape pattern of long-run spatial concentration. The persistent tendency to greater spatial dispersion was characteristic of most industries.
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Luzardo-Luna, Ivan. "Labour frictions in interwar Britain: industrial reshuffling and the origin of mass unemployment." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez001.
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Abstract This article estimates the matching function of the British labour market for the period of 1921–1934. Changes in matching efficiency can explain both employment resilience during the Great Depression and the high structural unemployment throughout the interwar period. Early in the 1920s, matching efficiency improved due to the development of the retail industry. However, the econometric results show a structural break in March 1927, related to a major industrial reshuffling that reduced the demand for workers in staple industries. Since these industries were geographically concentrated, there was an increase in the average distance between the unemployed and vacancies, and matching efficiency declined.
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Cortada, James W. "How it makes industries so important." Entreprises et histoire 60, no. 3 (2010): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eh.060.0029.
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Kulkarni, Priyanka S., and Ashadeepa S .N. "History and Growth of Artificial Intelligence." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem26432.
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Artificial intelligence is broadly characterized as the study of computations that allow for perception, reason and action. The goals of artificial intelligence include computer- enhanced learning, reasoning, and perception. AI is being used today across different industries from finance to healthcare. It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, to solve real-world issues, various types of AI such as analytical, functional, interactive, textual, and visual. AI can be applied to enhance the intelligence and capabilities of an application. AI is thus considered a branch of science and engineering that focuses on simulating a wide range of issues and functions in the field of human intellect. This paper presents introduction, definitions of AI, features of artificial Intelligence, growth, history, applications and achievements. Key Words: Artificial intelligence, Machine learning, Intelligent computing, smart systems, NLP (Natural Language processing)
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Izmailova, Mariya Olegovna. "Mineral extraction tax: place and role in the Tax System of the Russian Federation." Налоги и налогообложение, no. 3 (March 2022): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-065x.2022.3.33881.
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Currently, the problems of taxation of mineral extraction in the Russian Federation are very relevant, which is due not only to the formation of the monetary fund of the state, designed to finance the solution of various national tasks, but also to the rational use of natural resources. The mineral extraction tax (MET) is systemically important from the standpoint of the formation of tax revenues of the budget system of the Russian Federation. The industry specifics of the Russian economy, the predominance of extractive industries in GDP, and ensuring the profitability of the activities of extractive companies determine the significant attention of the state, business, and science to the issues of collection, administration, distribution, and reform of the mineral extraction tax. The subject of the study is the MET in the tax system of the Russian Federation. The methodological basis of the research consists of analysis, synthesis, ascent from the abstract to the particular, logical and historical methods, as well as other general scientific methods. The place and role of the MET in the tax system of the Russian Federation are considered, the place of this tax in the system of payments for the use of natural resources levied on the territory of our country is determined. Based on the statistical reports of the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation, it has been established that the receipts of mineral extraction tax are steadily increasing from year to year. This trend is due to an increase in the production of such types of hydrocarbon raw materials as oil, natural gas and gas condensate. It is determined that the contribution of the subjects of the Russian Federation to the formation of the monetary fund of the country is unequal, due to the difference in the mineral resource base in the regions. It is shown that in the coming decades Russia has a powerful potential to increase the tax revenues of the budget system through taxation of hydrocarbon production. The problems of taxation of mineral extraction in Russia are highlighted. The author comes to the conclusion that the budget system of the Russian Federation has a significant tax potential in the field of taxation of natural resources extraction, provided that favorable conditions for doing business are created.
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Zyuzin, A. V., and O. A. Demidova. "Impact of industry clusters on the performance of Russian private companies: Inter-industry analysis." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 90–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-11-90-116.
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This paper discovers the sustainability of agglomeration externalities and robustness issues for Russian private real sector companies between 2011 to 2018. Agglomeration effects are measured with the Ellison—Glaeser index (industry is supposed to be clustered in certain region(s) if the EG value is high). Firms’ sales margin was chosen as the main performance characteristic (dependent variable). The sample was divided into six aggregated groups (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transport, IT, services). For each of them, sustainability and robustness of the concentration effect were checked using OLS estimates obtained for each year. Companies, located in and out of the cluster were studied separately. Strong, sustainable, and positive concentration effects were found for the agricultural, mining and transport industries. Sustainable negative agglomeration effects appear for the manufacturing and service industries. For IT companies located inside the industry cluster the agglomeration effect appeared to be negative and for those outside it — positive.
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Fleming, Anne. "Anti-Competition Regulation." Business History Review 93, no. 4 (2019): 701–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680519001223.
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Looking across the long twentieth century, this article tracks the rise and fall of one form of anti-competition regulation: the certificate of public convenience. Designed to curb “destructive competition” in certain industries, such as transportation and banking, certificate laws prevented firms from entering those industries unless they could convince regulators that they would satisfy an unmet public demand for goods or services. This history highlights how lawmakers used similar techniques in governing infrastructure and finance—two fields that are not often studied together. It also shows that state regulation both prefigured legal change at the federal level and then lagged behind it, suggesting that different dynamics have been in play at each level of governance in devising competition policy over the last century.
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Ruggiero, Vincenzo, and Nigel South. "Toxic State–Corporate Crimes, Neo-liberalism and Green Criminology: The Hazards and Legacies of the Oil, Chemical and Mineral Industries." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 2, no. 2 (November 11, 2013): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v2i2.115.
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This paper uses examples from the history and practices of multi-national and large companies in the oil, chemical and asbestos industries to examine their legal and illegal despoiling and destruction of the environment and impact on human and non-human life. The discussion draws on the literature on green criminology and state-corporate crime and considers measures and arrangements that might mitigate or prevent such damaging acts. This paper is part of ongoing work on green criminology and crimes of the economy. It places these actions and crimes in the context of a global neo-liberal economic system and considers and critiques the distorting impact of the GDP model of ‘economic health’ and its consequences for the environment.
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Roberts, Richard. "French Colonialism, Imported Technology, and the Handicraft Textile Industry in the Western Sudan, 1898–1918." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 2 (June 1987): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700048191.
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European technology, both practical and managerial arts, had an impact on the well-established cotton and handicraft textile industries of the Western Sudan during the first twenty-five years of colonial rule. But French efforts to shape cotton production for export did not always have the intended results. Indigenous historical processes as well as French colonial policy account for the changes in these industries.
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Yuan, Yongke, Yixing Wang, Yuanying Chi, and Feng Jin. "Identification of Key Carbon Emission Sectors and Analysis of Emission Effects in China." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 8673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208673.
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Analysis of sectors’ emission effects is crucial for identifying key emission sectors and reducing carbon. Current literature for calculating sectors’ emission effects in China ignore intermediate demand. This might introduce inaccuracy into the analyzed results. To solve this gap, this paper used an alternative input–output method to analyze sectors’ emission effects in China. Firstly, it identifies the key emission sectors and their emission effect characteristics from 2005 to 2017. Then, the reasons for the changes in these sectors’ emission effects are analyzed. Lastly, emission effects were further decomposed so that the driving relationships of emissions among these sectors can be sorted out. The results show that the overall key emission sectors were metal smelting and processing and nonmetal mineral products. The backward-emission-dominant sectors were construction, chemical products, other services (such as finance, health and education), metal products, and so on. The forward-emission-dominant sectors were production and supply of electricity and heat, transportation, storage, postal, and telecommunications services. In 2017, transportation, storage, postal, and telecommunications services’ own final demand emissions and forward emissions accounted for 41.7% and 58.3%, respectively, of this sector’s direct emissions. Moreover, from 2005 to 2017, the main sector emission paths affecting the growth of China’s emissions shifted from manufacturing and construction industries to service industries. Accordingly, strategies for emission reduction, such as substituting pollution inputs, were proposed and analyzed. The research provides an important reference for the Chinese government to adopt appropriate measures to reduce carbon.
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He, Ping, and Lin Chen. "Clean Energy Contributes to Poverty Alleviation in China." E3S Web of Conferences 441 (2023): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344103011.
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Poverty has long plagued humanity. The main factors affecting the gap between the rich and the poor are natural resources, human resources, information resources and science and technology. Using data from various clean energy industries and historical research methods, this paper shows that the clean energy industry is a new way to reduce poverty in developing countries. In the history of agricultural development, land and water resources are the important sources of wealth growth. In the history of industrial development, mineral resources, coal and oil energy have become the material basis for getting rich. In the 21st century with the great development of artificial intelligence, the importance of power resources is becoming more and more prominent, and clean energy such as solar energy and wind energy has become a new natural resource to create social wealth. Chinese successful practice in the development of clean energy industry shows that the clean energy industry is an effective way to get out of poverty. The results of the cooperation between China and African countries in developing clean energy industries show that the energy industry plays an increasingly important role in helping developing countries out of poverty. Although the development of clean energy industry is still restricted by market competition and monopoly organizations, the development road is still tortuous and long, it has a very bright future.
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Poletaeva, V. M., and A. M. Smulov. "Certain mechanisms of establishing economy of sustainable industrial growth in Russia and problems of their implementation." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 2 (April 22, 2019): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2019-2-44-56.
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The development of Russian economy at the present stage is connected with a number of difficulties hindering its shift from the ineffective raw material export model to the model of sustainable industrial growth. The essential drawback of the raw material export model aimed at extraction and export of mineral resources and import of industrial and consumer goods is a low resistance of economic growth to the impact of different factors, such as the situation on global commodity and finance markets, geo-political and economic circumstances in other countries. In contrast to the raw material export model the foundation of the model of sustainable industrial growth is formed by technologically developed manufacturing industry, the so-called locomotive industries characterized by high labour productivity, which provides a rise in putting out products showing competitiveness both on home and overseas markets. Due to this fact such products will be able to meet a considerable proportion of demand on the part of enterprises and population of the country for industrial goods and consumer goods and at the same time to make up a serious share in the export structure. The article deals with two key groups of mechanisms providing the shift of Russian economy from the ineffective raw material export model to the model of sustainable industrial growth, i.e. finance and non-finance ones. The authors analyzed principle difficulties hindering these mechanisms’ implementation in Russia: inability of non-finance mechanisms to guarantee the rise in quality and competitivenessof home-made goods; disparity of resources’ volume to needs of the national economic system in investment; obvious disproportion in districting funds by types of economic activity; the use of enterprises’ own resources for investment, etc.
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Horrell, Sara. "Home Demand and British Industrialization." Journal of Economic History 56, no. 3 (September 1996): 561–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700016946.
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Household budget studies are used to assess working-class demand for manufactures over industrialization. Contrary to demand-side proponents, increased urbanization, enhanced opportunities for women's and children's work, and a declining subsistence sector all retrenched consumption patterns into demand for the products of traditional industries and decreased demand for the products of new manufacturing industries. However, consideration of national expenditure on necessities shows an increasing surplus available for discretionary expenditure between 1801 and 1841. This reflects an increased purchasing power of the middle and upper classes that may have manifested itself as substantially increased demand for domestic manufactures.
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Seltzer, Andrew J. "The Effects of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 on the Southern Seamless Hosiery and Lumber Industries." Journal of Economic History 57, no. 2 (June 1997): 396–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700018490.
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The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 imposed a binding minimum wage on the southern seamless hosiery and lumber industries. However, the process of adjusting to the new minimum differed across the two industries. Seamless hosiery firms substituted capital for labor and converted or replaced old machinery. Southern lumber firms employed fewer workers relative to northern and western firms, however, changes in their resource base and war-related government purchases prevented an absolute decrease in employment levels. Numerous southern lumber firms continued to pay less than minimum rates by illegally evading the act or taking advantage of the intra-stage exemption.
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Nye, John Vincent. "Firm Size and Economic Backwardness: A New Look at the French Industrialization Debate." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 3 (September 1987): 649–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700049044.
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This article challenges the traditional view of French industry—that small, inefficient family firms retarded France's economic growth—by examining data for the French textile and flour milling industries taken from the industry census of 1861–1865. The evidence suggests that the average size of French firms suited the economic and technological conditions of the day. The industries studied exhibit constant returns to scale over a wide output range. France would not seem likely to have gained much from larger firms. This is consistent with revisionist contentions that French industry was as rational as that of other nations.
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Rose, Jonathan D. "Hoover's Truce: Wage Rigidity in the Onset of the Great Depression." Journal of Economic History 70, no. 4 (December 2010): 843–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050710000744.
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This article analyzes President Herbert Hoover's role in causing wage rigidity during the onset of the Great Depression, through two conferences in which he encouraged business leaders to maintain high wages. New data on the set of firms and trade associations attending these conferences provides evidence that Hoover's conferences delayed the cuts in hourly wages at a small number of large firms, although this result may have been due to characteristics of the particular industries the firms represented. In a cross-section of industries, there is no evidence that industry representation at the December conference affected the timing of wage cuts.
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Magnusson, Lars, and Jan Ottosson. "State Intervention and the Role of History - state and private actors in Swedish network industries." Review of Political Economy 12, no. 2 (April 2000): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095382500406503.
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Alexander, Barbara J. "Failed Cooperation in Heterogeneous Industries Under the National Recovery Administration." Journal of Economic History 57, no. 2 (June 1997): 322–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700018465.
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A case study, a formal model, and an anaLysis of Census of Manufactures data support a conclusion that cost heterogeneity was a major source of the “compliance crisis” affecting a number of National Recovery Administration “codes of fair competition.” Key elements of the argument are assumptions that progressives at the NRA allowed majority coalitions of small, high-cost finns to impose codes in heterogeneous industries, and that these codes were designed by the high-cost firms under an ultimately erroneous belief that they would be enforced by the NRA.
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Semyachkov, A. I., and V. V. Balashenko. "Assessment of Economic and Environmental Conditions for Effective Development of Silicate Nickel Ores from Deposits in the Middle Urals." Economy of regions 20, no. 1 (2024): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2024-1-14.
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Development of nickel deposits in the Ural will be economically beneficial for both Russia and the region. As an important strategic raw material, nickel is used in the nuclear, military, pharmaceutical, petrochemical industries, as well as in the production of portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, etc. Given the current global political situation, Russia has to develop the resource base focusing on domestic deposits, especially those located in industrially developed regions. In order to assess business performance, the paper analyses technical and economic indicators, such as expected income, investment attractiveness, prospects for accelerating development. As a result, the study presents an economic justification for the development of nickel deposits in the Middle Urals and an assessment of the technical and economic feasibility of mining relatively low-grade silicate nickel ores. The development of these deposits implies an increase in expenditures on subsoil management and environmental protection and an improvement of social conditions for the population (increased employment, regular environmental and medical-biological expertise, etc.). The article proposes measures for the rational integrated use of extracted raw materials in the considered deposits, particularly, production of building materials from mineral waste considering environmental and social factors. Economic calculations performed for the Kungur deposit (annual ore production capacity of 396 thousand tonnes), the Parushinsky deposit (273 thousand tonnes) and the Serov deposit (600 thousand tonnes) showed a high profitability of mining operations, including the processing of mineral waste.
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Timonina, Victoria I. "Labor Productivity in Fuel and Energy Industry of Russia." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2022-2-145-150.
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The history of civilization - the history of the invention of new and new methods of energy conversion, development of its new sources and eventually increase of energy consumption. In the modern world, energy is the basis for the development of basic industries that determine the progress of social production. In all industrialized countries, energy development has outpaced other industries. Recent developments in the energy market have shown that with the transition to a market economy, the growth of reserves has really become unable to compensate for the use of fuel, energy and mineral resources. The current situation is therefore subject to threats to economic and defense security, which undoubtedly lead to socio-economic problems. There is no reason to expect that the rate of energy production and consumption will change significantly in the near term (some slowdown in the industrialized countries is offset by an increase in the energy intensity of third world countries) it is therefore important to understand what problems exist in the Russian power system, such as low productivity, and how to solve them. This is the reason for the relevance of this article. The author believes that at the present time the supply of the power industry with a personnel reserve raises questions. Part of the problem is related to the failure of succession between the Soviet and post-Soviet vocational education schools in 1990-2000, which began to resonate a decade later. Many important tasks for economic development require not only financial investment and technical support, but also the availability of professional staff to manage these transformations.
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Witcomb, Andrea, and Alistair Patterson. "Collections without End." Museum Worlds 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/armw.2018.060108.
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The discovery of five photographs in 2018 in the State Library of Western Australia led us to the existence of a forgotten private museum housing the collection of Captain Matthew McVicker Smyth in early-twentieth-century Perth. Captain Smyth was responsible for the selling of Nobel explosives used in the agriculture and mining industries. The museum contained mineral specimens in cases alongside extensive, aesthetically organized displays of Australian Aboriginal artifacts amid a wide variety of ornaments and decorative paintings. The museum reflects a moment in the history of colonialism that reminds us today of forms of dispossession, of how Aboriginal people were categorized in Australia by Western worldviews, and of the ways that collectors operated. Our re-creation brings back into existence a significant Western Australian museum and opens up a new discussion about how such private collections came into existence and indeed, in this instance, about how they eventually end.
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Karak, Anirban. "Pattern of Industrial Growth in West Bengal during 1980–1991." Journal of South Asian Development 12, no. 1 (April 2017): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174117700468.
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Three trends in industrial development contribute to the industrial history of West Bengal during the 1980–1991 period—the continuation of a secular decline in terms of employment and value added in manufacturing industries vis-à-vis other states, an ancillarization and flexibilization of production into small-scale factories with less than 20 workers, and a differential impact of this ancillarization on basic goods and consumer goods industries, with the former performing much better than the latter. Viewed through the theoretical lens of structural demand and agriculture–industry relations, the relatively slower growth of consumer goods industries poses a puzzle when the spectacular growth of agricultural output during the 1980s is considered. In this article, I suggest that tying together three factors—the impact of the ‘Green Revolution’ on West Bengal’s agriculture, the nature and effect of the Left Front’s land reforms, and the role of rural commercial capital—can in turn hold together three outcomes for the period 1980–1991 in a single explanation—high agricultural growth, mass poverty among the rural poor despite land reforms and agricultural growth, and the poor growth of consumer goods industries despite high agricultural growth.
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Okazaki, Tetsuji, Toshihiro Okubo, and Eric Strobl. "Creative Destruction of Industries: Yokohama City in the Great Kanto Earthquake, 1923." Journal of Economic History 79, no. 1 (March 2019): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050718000748.
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The Great Kanto Earthquake occurred on 1 September 1923 and inflicted serious damage on Yokohama City. About 90 percent of the factories in Yokohama City were burnt down or completely destroyed. However, these manufacturing industries appear to have swiftly recovered in the aftermath of the damage. This article investigates the role of creative destruction due to the Great Kanto Earthquake. Using firm-level data on capital (horsepower of motors) before and after the earthquake, we find substantial creative destruction, that is, upgrade of machine technology and/or survival of efficient firms. We find further collaborating evidence of this at the prefecture level.
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Fronc, Maciej, and Michał Jakubczyk. "From business to clinical trials: a systematic review of the literature on fraud detection methods to be used in central statistical monitoring." Przegląd Statystyczny 69, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1165.
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Data-driven decisions can be suboptimal when the data are distorted by fraudulent behaviour. Fraud is a common occurrence in finance or other related industries, where large datasets are handled and motivation for financial gain may be high. In order to detect and prevent fraud, quantitative methods are used. Fraud, however, is also committed in other circumstances, e.g. during clinical trials. The article aims to verify which analytical fraud-detection methods used in finance may be adopted in the field of clinical trials. We systematically reviewed papers published over the last five years in two databases (Scopus and Web of Science) from the field of economics, finance, management and business in general. We considered the broad scope of data mining techniques including artificial intelligence algorithms. As a result, 37 quantitative methods were identified with the potential of being fit for application in clinical trials. The methods were grouped into three categories: pre-processing techniques, supervised learning and unsupervised learning. Our findings may enhance the future use of fraud-detection methods in clinical trials.
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Neumann, Tracy. "Reforging the Steel City: Symbolism and Space in Postindustrial Pittsburgh." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 4 (February 20, 2018): 582–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218759026.
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With an eye to urban branding campaigns in global cities such as New York, in the 1970s and 1980s, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania’s public officials worked with local corporations and media outlets to market “dynamic” Pittsburgh to a national audience. This article examines the relationship between the “imagined space” of boosters’ urban branding campaigns and their decades-long efforts to physically and economically reorganize the region’s “material space” around service and finance industries, and medical and educational institutions. Through urban branding, local elites’ efforts created new mental maps of the region that excluded its mill towns and manufacturing workers and emphasized, instead, the relationship between the city and its well-heeled suburbs.