Journal articles on the topic 'Mineral analyses'
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1
Sun, H., M. Nelson, F. Chen, and J. Husch. "Soil mineral structural water loss during loss on ignition analyses." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 89, no. 5 (November 1, 2009): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09007.
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Water loss from soil minerals has been known to cause errors in the determination of soil organic matter when the loss on ignition (LOI) method is used. Unfortunately, no known published studies reliably quantify the range of structural water in the soil. To do this, 15 common reference minerals were analyzed by LOI to obtain their individual water loss. In addition, 14 upland, loamy soil samples and 3 wetland/hydric soil samples with varied mineral contents were analyzed to collect their X-ray powder diffraction spectra. Based upon X-ray spectra peak intensities, the modal abundance of minerals in each soil sample was determined using the RockJock computer program. The resultant modal weight percentages of all identified minerals in each soil sample were then multiplied by the LOI value for each mineral to obtain the mineral structural water loss (SWL) of that soil sample. For the 17 soil samples analyzed, the range of mineral water loss is 0.56 to 2.45%. Depending on the LOI values of the soil samples, the SWL:LOI ratios range from 0.04 to around 1.00. The SWL:LOI ratios are particularly low for top wetland soil when the LOI value is higher. The ratios are lower for surface soil samples than for subsurface soil samples because of the high LOI values in surface soil samples. Understanding soil mineral water loss and its relation to the LOI patterns from various environments is important for the accurate evaluation of soil organic matter when the LOI method is used. Key words: Mineral, structural water, loss on ignition
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Jeong, G. Y., and E. P. Achterberg. "Chemistry and mineralogy of clay minerals in Asian and Saharan dusts and the implications for iron availability." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 11 (June 17, 2014): 15735–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-15735-2014.
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Abstract. Mineral dust supplied to remote ocean regions stimulates phytoplankton growth through delivery of micronutrients, notably iron (Fe). Although attention is usually paid to Fe (hydr)oxides as major sources of available Fe, Fe-bearing clay minerals are typically the dominant phase in mineral dust. The mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in dust particles, however, are largely unknown. We conducted microscopic identification and chemical analysis of the clay minerals in Asian and Saharan dust particles. Cross-sectional slices of dust particles were prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) techniques and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). TEM images of FIB slices revealed that clay minerals occurred as either nano-thin platelets or relatively thick plates. The nano-thin platelets included illite, smectite, illite–smectite mixed layers and their nanoscale mixtures (illite–smectite series clay minerals, ISCMs) which could not be resolved with an electron microbeam. EDXS chemical analysis of the clay mineral grains revealed that the average Fe content was 5.8% in nano-thin ISCM platelets assuming 14% H2O, while the Fe content of illite and chlorite was 2.8 and 14.8%, respectively. In addition, TEM and EDXS analyses were performed on clay mineral grains dispersed and loaded on microgrids. The average Fe content of clay mineral grains was 6.7 and 5.4% in Asian and Saharan dusts, respectively. A comparative X-ray diffraction analysis of bulk dusts showed that Saharan dust was more enriched in clay minerals than in Asian dust, while Asian dust was more enriched in chlorite. The average Fe / Si, Al / Si and Fe / Al molar ratios of the clay minerals, compared to previously reported chemistries of mineral dusts and leached solutions, indicated that dissolved Fe originated from clay minerals. Clay minerals, in particular nanocrystalline ISCMs and Fe-rich chlorite are important sources of available Fe in remote marine ecosystems. Further detailed analyses of the mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in global aerosols are required to determine the inputs of Fe available to surface ocean microbial communities.
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Jeong, G. Y., and E. P. Achterberg. "Chemistry and mineralogy of clay minerals in Asian and Saharan dusts and the implications for iron supply to the oceans." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 22 (November 27, 2014): 12415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12415-2014.
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Abstract. Mineral dust supplied to remote ocean regions stimulates phytoplankton growth through delivery of micronutrients, notably iron (Fe). Although attention is usually paid to Fe (hydr)oxides as major sources of available Fe, Fe-bearing clay minerals are typically the dominant phase in mineral dust. The mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in dust particles, however, are largely unknown. We conducted microscopic identification and chemical analysis of the clay minerals in Asian and Saharan dust particles. Cross-sectional slices of dust particles were prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) techniques and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). TEM images of FIB slices revealed that clay minerals occurred as either nano-thin platelets or relatively thick plates. Chemical compositions and lattice fringes of the nano-thin platelets suggested that they included illite, smectite, illite–smectite mixed layers, and their nanoscale mixtures (illite–smectite series clay minerals, ISCMs) which could not be resolved with an electron microbeam. EDXS chemical analysis of the clay mineral grains revealed that the average Fe content was 5.8% in nano-thin ISCM platelets assuming 14% H2O, while the Fe content of illite and chlorite was 2.8 and 14.8%, respectively. In addition, TEM and EDXS analyses were performed on clay mineral grains dispersed and loaded on micro-grids. The average Fe content of clay mineral grains was 6.7 and 5.4% in Asian and Saharan dusts, respectively. A comparative X-ray diffraction analysis of bulk dusts showed that Saharan dust was more enriched in clay minerals than Asian dust, while Asian dust was more enriched in chlorite. Clay minerals, in particular nanocrystalline ISCMs and Fe-rich chlorite, are probably important sources of Fe to remote marine ecosystems. Further detailed analyses of the mineralogy and chemistry of clay minerals in global mineral dusts are required to evaluate the inputs of Fe to surface ocean microbial communities.
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Goldstein, J. I., P. G. Kotula, J. R. Michael, and G. R. Huss. "Mineral Analyses of Extraterrestrial Metal." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, S3 (August 2014): 1674–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614010101.
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Sabine, P. A., M. T. Styles, and B. R. Young. "The nature and paragenesis of natural bredigite and associated minerals from Carneal and Scawt Hill, Co. Antrim." Mineralogical Magazine 49, no. 354 (December 1985): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1985.049.354.05.
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AbstractBredigite is a constituent of the very high-temperature, low-pressure, exomorphic suite of Carneal, Co. Antrim. Although this mineral is very rare in nature, it is an important constituent of some slags and cement clinkers but there has been much controversy about its nature, most of the evidence having come from artificial materials. Chemical analysis of the Carneal mineral shows it to be remarkably similar to that from the type locality, Scawt Hill (also analysed here), and that it is an individual mineral species of generalized ionic composition (Ca,Na)14(Mg,Fe2+Fe3+Mn)2(Si,P)8O32. Ba (abundant in the original analysis of the slag mineral) is not a constituent. Accurate X-ray powder data of the natural mineral are given. Bredigite is not Ca2SiO4, nor is it part of a solid solution of variable composition between larnite and merwinite. Analyses are presented for the associated minerals larnite (allowing appraisal of its composition), spurrite, and spinels. The paragenesis is discussed.
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Son, Young-Sun, Byoung-Woon You, Eun-Seok Bang, Seong-Jun Cho, Kwang-Eun Kim, Hyunseob Baik, and Hyeong-Tae Nam. "Mapping Alteration Mineralogy in Eastern Tsogttsetsii, Mongolia, Based on the WorldView-3 and Field Shortwave-Infrared Spectroscopy Analyses." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050914.
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This study produces alteration mineral maps based on WorldView-3 (WV-3) data and field shortwave-infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy. It is supported by conventional analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and electron probe X-ray micro analyzer as an initial step for mineral exploration in eastern Tsogttsetsii, Mongolia, where access is limited. Distributions of advanced argillic minerals (alunite, dickite, and kaolinite), illite/smectite (illite, smectite, and mixed-layered illite-smectite), and ammonium minerals (buddingtonite and NH4-illite) were mapped using the decorrelation stretch, band math, and mixture-tuned-matched filter (MTMF) techniques. The accuracy assessment of the WV-3 MTMF map using field SWIR data showed good WV-3 SWIR data accuracy for spectrally predominant alteration minerals such as alunite, kaolinite, buddingtonite, and NH4-illite. The combination of WV-3 SWIR mineral mapping and a drone photogrammetric-derived digital elevation model contributed to an understanding of the structural development of the hydrothermal system through visualization of the topographic and spatial distribution of surface alteration minerals. Field SWIR spectroscopy provided further detailed information regarding alteration minerals such as chemical variations of alunite, crystallinity of kaolinite, and aluminum abundance of illite that was unavailable in WV-3 SWIR data. Combining WV-3 SWIR data and field SWIR spectroscopy with conventional exploration methods can narrow the selection between deposit models and facilitate mineral exploration.
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Fawcett, T. G., J. R. Blanton, S. N. Kabekkodu, and T. N. Blanton. "Mineral identification by elemental composition: a new tool within PDF-4 databases." Powder Diffraction 33, no. 2 (June 2018): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715618000404.
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The ICDD has developed a microanalysis tool to help scientists identify minerals from their elemental analyses, most typically micro-XRF or a microprobe analysis. Many minerals have characteristic elemental profiles that can often distinguish the mineral from others by their composition differences. In Release 2016 ICDD® PDF-4 databases 20 670 unique compositions have been identified out of 45 497 mineral and mineral-related entries. The application utilizes several common features of PDF® databases to enhance correct identification, most notably those formulas are expressed in weight and atomic percent, data sets are classified by mineral nomenclature and structural classifications, and most minerals have associated atomic and molecular structures. These crystal structures are very useful in determining compositional variants and solid solutions. The ICDD has developed algorithms that are analogous to the search/match processes used for powder diffraction identification. Data can be input as either the element or common oxide. To test the algorithm and graphics interfaces we compared results from the microanalysis module to published data from the Smithsonian Microbeam reference mineral collection. The software correctly identified 24/28 minerals by the highest merit score in the algorithm. In two cases, an isoelemental mineral was identified and in two other cases, the specimens had more elements than the reference standards hindering positive phase identification.
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Ayub, Syifa Afiza, Haylay Tsegab, Omeid Rahmani, and Amin Beiranvand Pour. "Potential for CO2 Mineral Carbonation in the Paleogene Segamat Basalt of Malaysia." Minerals 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121045.
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Geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) requires the host rock to have the capacity to permanently store CO2 with minimum post-storage monitoring. Mineral carbonation in geological formations is one of the most promising approaches to CO2 storage as the captured CO2 is converted into stable carbonated minerals (e.g., calcite and magnesite). In this study, we investigated the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of Segamat basalt in the Central Belt of Malaysia and evaluated its potential for mineral carbonation by using laboratory analyses of X–ray fluorescence (XRF), X–ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and petrographic study. The XRF results showed that Segamat basalt samples contain a number of elements such as Fe (21.81–23.80 wt.%), Ca (15.40–20.83 wt.%), and Mg (3.43–5.36 wt.%) that can react with CO2 to form stable carbonated minerals. The XRD and petrographic results indicated that Segamat basalt contains the reactive mineral groups of pyroxene and olivine, which are suitable for the mineral carbonation process. The results of this study could help to identify the spatial distribution of elements and minerals in the Segamat basalt and to assess its mineral carbonation potential for geological storage in Malaysia.
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Jeen, Sung-Wook. "Sensitivity Analyses for Modeling Evolving Reactivity of Granular Iron for the Treatment of Trichloroethylene." Water 10, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121878.
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To better predict long-term performance of a remediation system, parameters of a numerical model should be constrained with care by calibrating with reliable experimental data. This study conducted sensitivity analyses for model parameters, which were shown to represent reasonably well the observed geochemical behaviors for the column experiments that evaluated evolving reactivity of granular iron for the treatment of trichloroethylene (TCE) resulting from precipitation of secondary minerals. The particular model parameters tested include iron corrosion rate, aragonite and Fe2(OH)2CO3 precipitation rates, and proportionality constants for each mineral. For sensitivity analyses, a specific parameter was systematically changed, while other parameters were fixed at the values for the base case. The ranges of parameters tested were determined based on the previous modeling study. The results showed that the most important and sensitive model parameters were secondary mineral precipitation rates. Also, not only absolute precipitation rate for each mineral but also relative precipitation rates among different minerals were important for system performance. With help of sensitivity analysis, the numerical model can be used as a predictive tool for designing an iron permeable reactive barrier (PRB) and can provide implications for the long-term changes in reactivity and permeability of the system.
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Weng, Yi-Tse, Chun-Chieh Wang, Cheng-Cheng Chiang, Heng Tsai, Yen-Fang Song, Shiuh-Tsuen Huang, and Biqing Liang. "In situ evidence of mineral physical protection and carbon stabilization revealed by nanoscale 3-D tomography." Biogeosciences 15, no. 10 (May 25, 2018): 3133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3133-2018.
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Abstract. An approach for nanoscale 3-D tomography of organic carbon (OC) and associated mineral nanoparticles was developed to illustrate their spatial distribution and boundary interplay, using synchrotron-based transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM). The proposed 3-D tomography technique was first applied to in situ observation of a laboratory-made consortium of black carbon (BC) and nanomineral (TiO2, 15 nm), and its performance was evaluated using dual-scan (absorption contrast and phase contrast) modes. This novel tool was then successfully applied to a natural OC–mineral consortium from mountain soil at a spatial resolution of 60 nm, showing the fine structure and boundary of OC, the distribution of abundant nano-sized minerals, and the 3-D organo-mineral association in situ. The stabilization of 3500-year-old natural OC was mainly attributed to the physical protection of nano-sized iron (Fe)-containing minerals (Fe oxyhydroxides including ferrihydrite, goethite, and lepidocrocite), and the strong organo-mineral complexation. In situ evidence revealed an abundance of mineral nanoparticles, in dense thin layers or nano-aggregates/clusters, instead of crystalline clay-sized minerals on or near OC surfaces. The key working minerals for C stabilization were reactive short-range-order (SRO) mineral nanoparticles and poorly crystalline submicron-sized clay minerals. Spectroscopic analyses demonstrated that the studied OC was not merely in crisscross co-localization with reactive SRO minerals; there could be a significant degree of binding between OC and the minerals. The ubiquity and abundance of mineral nanoparticles on the OC surface, and their heterogeneity in the natural environment may have been severely underestimated by traditional research approaches. Our in situ description of organo-mineral interplay at the nanoscale provides direct evidence to substantiate the importance of mineral physical protection for the long-term stabilization of OC. This high-resolution 3-D tomography approach is a promising tool for generating new insight into the interior 3-D structure of micro-aggregates, the in situ interplay between OC and minerals, and the fate of mineral nanoparticles (including heavy metals) in natural environments.
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Agusdinata, Datu Buyung, Hallie Eakin, and Wenjuan Liu. "Critical minerals for electric vehicles: a telecoupling review." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 013005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4763.
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Abstract The rapid growth of electric vehicles adoption, which plays a crucial role to reduce transportation carbon emissions, is leading to a surge in demand for critical minerals such as cobalt, nickel, lithium, and rare earths. Efforts to systematically address the emerging sustainability issues associated with critical minerals have been challenged by complex mineral supply chains, and the distal and geographically dispersed nature of social-ecological impacts from mineral extraction and processing and eventual use. In this review, we apply a bibliometric analysis of the literature in the 2010–2020 period to analyze the state of research on the issues of critical mineral extraction impacts and the global governance responses. We use the concept of telecoupling to structure our literature search and analysis across four themes: (a) critical minerals global trade and supply chain, (b) sustainability and resource policy and governance, (c) mining corporate social responsibility, and (d) information feedback and public discourse. We find a growing attention to the social-ecological implications of critical mineral extraction, but also fragmentation among thematic domains that could impede progress towards more coordinated system governance. Based on the analyses, the paper concludes with a definition of some research and engagement opportunities around the telecoupling themes.
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Liu, Jie, Yue Xin Han, and Wan Zhong Yin. "Research on Process Mineralogy of Potassium-Rich Shale." Advanced Materials Research 158 (November 2010): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.158.197.
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The process mineralogy of potassium-rich shale from Chaoyang of Liaoning, China, was studied. Research results showed there are much less variety and smaller quantities in mineral compositions. Calculated mineral composition by means of chemical composition analysis combined with XRD, MLA, IR and TG-DSC analyses showed that main minerals with were Potassium-feldspar, muscovite, biotite and illite, and gangue minerals were quartz and small amounts of hematite. Potassium-rich minerals such as potassium-feldspar and muscovite contact smoothly with quartz respectively, and there was the direction arrangement among potassium-feldspar, quartz and muscovite in the shale. And quartz and hematite were main cement in the shale. The influences of the research results on the potassium extraction from potassium-rich shale were distinct.
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CORRÊA, IRAN CARLOS STALLIVIERE, RICARDO NORBERTO AYUP ZOUAIN, JAIR WESCHENFELDER, and LUIZ JOSÉ TOMAZELLI. "Áreas Fontes dos Minerais Pesados e sua Distribuição sobre a Plataforma Continental Sul-brasileira, Uruguaia e Norte-argentina." Pesquisas em Geociências 35, no. 1 (July 1, 2008): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.17899.
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The heavy mineral fraction of sedimentary rocks and sediments can provide important information about provenance in sedimentary basins studies because some minerals or group of minerals can be traced to a source rock or terrain of specific composition. This work is a provenance study based on heavy mineral analyses of samples collected on the Rio Grande do Sul (southern Brazil), Uruguay and north of Argentine continental shelf (between 29º30´ and 37º 30´ south latitude and 48º 30´ and 56º 30´ west longitude). The fine and very fine sand fractions (2-4 Φ) were selected for heavy mineral analysis employing bromoform (S.G.= 2.65). The quantitative analysis was made using a microscope for the mineral identification and the counting of 300 grains from each sample, in a total of 106 samples. Multivariate data analysis was applied for mineralogical analysis, principally the RQmode vector. Four principal assemblages were defined applying this technique revealing the main source as well as the dispersal patterns for the sediments. The first component was dominated by augite indicating a panpean-patagonic source. The second component was dominated by hornblende and hypersthene minerals, indicating a provenance from Precambrian terrains with basaltic influence. The third component was marked by the dominance of tourmaline, staurolite, epidote and kyanite reflecting a source from the Precambrian metamorphic terrains. Finally, the four components with apatite, zircon and sillimanite minerals were dispersed by the Rio de La Plata system.
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Fallahi, Esmaeil, Timothy L. Righetti, and J. Thomas Raese. "Ranking Tissue Mineral Analyses to Identify Mineral Limitations on Quality in Fruit." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 3 (May 1988): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.3.382.
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Abstract A diagnostic procedure was developed to identify mineral limitations on pome fruit quality. Fruit mineral levels were useful only when developed on a ranked or percentile (0 to 100) basis. Therefore, procedures were developed using percentile values for both leaf and fruit mineral concentration. An individual can decide which quality parameters are important and whether minimum, maximum, or intermediate values for these quality parameters are most desirable. Multiple regression is used to predict relative rankings for each qualify parameter. A simple sorting program allows the operator to use these rankings to choose which categories of fruit are undesirable. It is then possible to select from among remaining lots those likely to contain fruit having the poststorage quality factors the operator considers most important. The approach is demonstrated with 2 years of data from a high-density ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’ apple orchard. Selections of fruit with the best poststorage quality were based on mineral content, assuming that maximum firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and yellow color were considered as most desirable. Further ranking evaluations were obtained by evaluating 6 years of data relating quality in ‘d’Anjou’ pears with fruit mineral concentrations. A ranking approach allows meaningful interpretation despite large differences in fruit mineral concentrations reported for different locations and years by a range of analytical laboratories. The procedure is flexible, and fruit could be categorized successfully according to several definitions of optimum quality.
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Toubri, Youssef, Denys Vermette, Isabelle Demers, Nicholas Beier, and Mostafa Benzaazoua. "Incorporating Kinetic Modeling in the Development Stages of Hard Rock Mine Projects." Minerals 11, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121306.
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Weathering cell test, designed specifically to overcome material-limited constraints, yields prompt and efficient experimental assessment during the development stages of mining projects. However, it has barely benefited from geochemical modeling tools despite their ease of use. Accordingly, this paper aims to strengthen the upstream geochemical assessment via parametric analysis that simulates the effect of various mineral assemblages on leachate quality recovered from weathering cells. The main objective is to simulate the pH in presence of silicate neutralizing minerals and Mn release from carbonates based upon minimal characterization data. The public domain code PHREEQC was used for geochemical kinetic modeling of four weathering cells. The kinetic model utilized a water film concept to simulate diffusion of chemical elements from mineral surfaces to the pore water. The obtained results suggest that the presence of the silicate neutralizing minerals slightly affects the Mn release from carbonates. Furthermore, plagioclases could supply a significant neutralization potential when they predominate the mineral assemblage. Finally, coupling weathering cell test and parametric analyses illuminate the pH evolution for various mineral proportion scenarios.
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Greenough, John D., Leanne M. Mallory-Greenough, and James Baker. "Orthopyroxene, augite, and plagioclase compositions in dacite: application to bedrock sourcing of lithic artefacts in southern British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 711–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-012.
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Extremely fine-grained, hypocrystalline, microporphyritic dacite (whole-rock SiO2 = 6570 oxide wt.%), called "glassy basalt" by archaeologists, was commonly used to manufacture lithic artefacts found in the British Columbia (B.C.) Interior. Geochemical fingerprinting of dacite minerals can help identify the geologic source of these artefacts. Multiple (~300) mineral analyses show that mafic orthopyroxene (En6580), plagioclase (An3070), augite (Wo3045, En4045, Fs1015), and olivine (~Fo85) (in that order) represent the most abundant and commonly occurring microphenocrysts. Relative abundances vary among sources. Clustering of averaged mineral data reveals at least five distinct dacite sources for lithic artefacts in the B.C. Interior. Discriminant analysis separates individual mineral analyses according to these five areas with ~ 90% efficiency and provides functions for "sourcing" new artefacts in the future. Two sites represent "quarry" locations and their scope (e.g., geographic area ≥ 4 km2, archaeological stratigraphic depth locally ≥ 2 m at Cache Creek) implies prolonged use and trade. However, fingerprinting suggests that in the B.C. Interior, tools were made from local dacite. Mineral fingerprinting uses small (~0.1 g) samples, which is important when analyzing valuable artefacts. Hypocrystalline, "knappable," microporphyritic dacite is probably common around the Pacific due to Cenozoic subduction. Thus, mineral-based sourcing could have wider application outside of western Canada.
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Nikonow, Wilhelm, and Dieter Rammlmair. "Automated mineralogy based on micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence microscopy (µ-EDXRF) applied to plutonic rock thin sections in comparison to a mineral liberation analyzer." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 2 (October 18, 2017): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-429-2017.
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Abstract. Recent developments in the application of micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry mapping (µ-EDXRF) have opened up new opportunities for fast geoscientific analyses. Acquiring spatially resolved spectral and chemical information non-destructively for large samples of up to 20 cm length provides valuable information for geoscientific interpretation. Using supervised classification of the spectral information, mineral distribution maps can be obtained. In this work, thin sections of plutonic rocks are analyzed by µ-EDXRF and classified using the supervised classification algorithm spectral angle mapper (SAM). Based on the mineral distribution maps, it is possible to obtain quantitative mineral information, i.e., to calculate the modal mineralogy, search and locate minerals of interest, and perform image analysis. The results are compared to automated mineralogy obtained from the mineral liberation analyzer (MLA) of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and show good accordance, revealing variation resulting mostly from the limit of spatial resolution of the µ-EDXRF instrument. Taking into account the little time needed for sample preparation and measurement, this method seems suitable for fast sample overviews with valuable chemical, mineralogical and textural information. Additionally, it enables the researcher to make better and more targeted decisions for subsequent analyses.
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Yumayev, M. M. "Mineral Extraction Tax: Evolution and New Realities." Economics, taxes & law 12, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2019-12-5-142-153.
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The subject of the research is mineral extraction tax evolution as the main rental payment in mineral resources sector.The purposesof the work are to determine the role of the mineral extraction tax in the current taxation system, assessment of its influence on the extracting industries development, studying key problems in taxation methodology and policy, proposals on the development of mineral extraction tax mechanisms submission. The author analyses the tax current state, compliance to the criteria of economic efficiency and principles of taxation, the reforming of the mineral extraction tax and the newest trends in the sphere are assessed.The author emphasizes scientific basis for oil metering perfection, correlation between metrological and economic aspects of this metering, assessment of influence of systemic approach to the raw materials transported by oil-trunk pipelines quality.The author also analyses special tax relieves in mineral extraction taxation and their influence on the budget revenue, considers the unsolved problems of cost of extracted solid minerals and tax incentives for import substitution of some minerals basing on the public statistics, tax statistics, forecasts for social economic development and the main directions of budget, tax and customs policies. The research resulted in arguments for the necessity of transition to specific tax rates for solid mineral extraction taxation that should be adjusted taking into consideration some factors that are used for tax differentiation in taxation of hydrocarbon extraction; also conceptual features of reliable inventory-making for hydrocarbons have been developed; an assessment of special tax relieves in mineral extraction taxation is given. It is concluded that application of the rated method of calculating taxation base in mineral extraction taxation is economically meaningless as the real value of the extracted materials is not taken into account. Taxation base for mineral extraction must be defined not as value, but as the amount of the extracted mineral, and tax rate should be defined according a proposed formular.
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Gavryliv, Liubomyr, Vitalii Ponomar, Marko Bermanec, and Marián Putiš. "The Taxonomy of Mineral Occurrence Rarity and Endemicity." Canadian Mineralogist 60, no. 5 (September 1, 2022): 731–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.2200010.
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ABSTRACT Nearly a half of known IMA-approved minerals (as of November 2021) are reported from four localities or fewer and so may be considered rare mineral species. These minerals form a continuum with more common species (e.g., rock-forming minerals), all of which constitute important constituents of Earth and contributors to its dynamics. To better understand the taxonomy of mineral rarity, evaluations have been made on the basis of k-means clustering and kernel density estimation of one-dimensional data on mineral occurrence metrics. Results from second- and third-degree polynomial regression analyses indicate the presence of a divergence between the observed number of endemic minerals discovered since 2000 and those that are likely to represent “true” endemic species. The symmetry index, calculated using the approach of Urusov for each rarity cluster, reveals a gradual decrease from ubiquitous to endemic from 0.64 to 0.47. A network analysis of element co-occurrences within each rarity cluster suggests the existence of at least three different communities having similar geochemical affinities; the latter may reflect the relative abundance of minerals their elements tend to form. The analysis of element co-occurrence matrices within each group indicates that crustal abundance is not the only factor controlling the total number of minerals each element tends to form. Other significant factors include: (1) the geochemical affinity to the principal element in the group (i.e., sulfur for chalcophile and oxygen for lithophile elements) and (2) dispersion of the principal element through geochemical processes. There is a positive correlation between the lithophile element group's abundance in the Earth's crust and the number of common minerals they tend to form, but a negative correlation with the number of rare species.
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Brownfield, Michael E. "Characterization of feed coals and coal combustion byproducts from the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone, Powder River Basin, Wyoming." Mountain Geologist 57, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 199–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.31582/rmag.mg.57.3.199.
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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) determined the physical and chemical properties of more than 260 feed coal and coal combustion byproducts from two coal-fired power plants. These plants utilized a low-sulfur (0.23-0.47 wt. % S) and low ash (4.9-6.3 wt. % ash) subbituminous coal from the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone in the Tongue River Member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation, Powder River Basin, Wyoming. Fifty-three samples of bituminous coal were collected and analyzed from a Kentucky power plant, which used several sources of bituminous coals from the Appalachian and Illinois Basins. Based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of feed coal samples collected and analyzed from 1996 through the late 2000s, two mineral suites were identified: (1) a primary or detrital suite consisting of quartz (including beta-form grains), biotite, feldspar, and minor zircon; and (2) a secondary authigenic mineral suite containing alumino-phosphates (crandallite and gorceixite), kaolinite, carbonates (calcite and dolomite), quartz, anatase, barite, and pyrite. The detrital mineral suite is interpreted, in part, to be of volcanic origin, whereas the authigenic mineral suite is interpreted, in part, to be the result of the alteration of the volcanic minerals. The mineral suites have contributed to the higher amounts of barium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, strontium, and titanium in the Powder River Basin feed coals in comparison to eastern US coals. XRD analysis indicates that (1) fly ash is mostly aluminate glass, perovskite, lime, gehlenite, quartz, and phosphates with minor amounts of periclase, anhydrite, hematite, and spinel group minerals; and (2) bottom ash is predominantly quartz, plagioclase (albite and anorthite), pyroxene (augite and fassaite), rhodonite, and akermanite, and spinel group minerals. Microprobe and SEM analyses of fly ash samples revealed quartz, zircon, and monazite, euhedral laths of corundum with merrillite, hematite, dendritic spinels/ferrites, wollastonite, and periclase. The abundant calcium and magnesium mineral phases in the fly ash are attributed to the alteration of carbonate, clay, and phosphate minerals in the feed coal during combustion. The calcium- and magnesium-rich and alumino-phosphate mineral phases in the coal combustion byproducts can be attributed to volcanic minerals deposited in peat-forming mires. Dissolution and alteration of these detrital volcanic minerals occurred either in the peat-forming stage or during coalification and diagenesis, resulting in the authigenic mineral suite. The presence of free lime (CaO) in fly ash produced from Wyodak-Anderson coal acts as a self-contained “scrubber” for SO3, where CaO + SO3 form anhydrite either during combustion or in the upper parts of the boiler. Considering the high lime content in the fly ash and the resulting hydration reactions after its contact with water, there is little evidence that major amounts of leachable metals are mobilized in the disposal or utilization of this fly ash.
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Hagedorn, E. M., and W. Boenigk. "The Pliocene and Quaternary sedimentary and fluvial history in the Upper Rhine Graben based on heavy mineral analyses." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 87, no. 1 (March 2008): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001677460002401x.
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AbstractThe Pliocene and Quaternary unconsolidated sediments of the Upper Rhine Graben (URG) were petrographically analysed in numerous high quality drill cores. The heavy mineral composition of the Graben sediments was compared to those from the Graben margins. In addition, the sedimentary lithofacies were investigated. The chronological classification of the sedimentary successions was established by the interpretation of sporadic palaeontological and palaeomagnetic data.Within the Pliocene sediments, two distinguishable heavy mineral assemblages indicate different source areas of the Graben fill. At first, a heavy mineral assemblage of stable minerals (turmaline, zircon and anatase) indicates a contribution of debris supplied from Buntsandstein areas at the Graben margins. Secondly, a mixed association of stable minerals in combination with unstable (garnet, hornblende, less epidote) and distinct rare minerals (e.g. monazite, xenotime) can be traced back to debris derived from the crystalline rocks of the southern Graben margins (Black Forest, Vosges). The distribution of sediments with this mixed heavy mineral assemblage proves the fluvial sediment transport from south to north and therefore the course of the Pliocene proto-Rhine along the Graben.The correlation between the Quaternary sediment successions in the south and the north of the Graben is problematic due to their variable thicknesses as well as their changing lithofacies.In the southern URG, the Quaternary strata could be subdivided into the older Breisgau Formation and the younger Neuenburg Formation based on characteristic lithofacies. Within this succession, the lower part of the Breisgau Formation (lower Breisgau beds) can be distinguished by noticeable lower contents of hornblende, which probably reflects the effects of weathering and solution of these unstable minerals due to repeated discontinuities during the sediment accumulation. The sediments of the upper part of the Breisgau Formation (upper Breisgau beds) and of the Neuenburg Formation contain a heavy mineral assemblage of garnet, epidote and hornblende, which is typical for Rhine deposits with Alpine contribution. This probably unaffected composition indicates a more unvaried and rapid accumulation of predominantly Alpine debris. In the northern URG, the Quaternary strata are subdivided into three aquifers and intercalated fine-grained horizons. Here, the Quaternary sediments can be petrographically classified into Rhine deposits (garnet, epidote and hornblende) and local accumulations contributed from the Graben margins (turmaline, zircon and anatase) without contemporaneous influence of the Rhine. The analytical results obtained from several drill cores in the northern URG provide evidence for the spatial and temporal variability of the course of the Rhine during the Quaternary.
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Mordberg, L. E., C. J. Stanley, and K. Germann. "Mineralogy and geochemistry of trace elements in bauxites: the Devonian Schugorsk deposit, Russia." Mineralogical Magazine 65, no. 1 (February 2001): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646101550145.
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AbstractProcesses of mineral alteration involving the mobilization and deposition of more than 30 chemical elements during bauxite formation and epigenesis have been studied on specimens from the Devonian Schugorsk bauxite deposit, Timan, Russia. Chemical analyses of the minerals were obtained by electron microprobe and element distribution in the minerals was studied by element mapping. Interpretation of these data also utilized high-resolution BSE and SE images.The main rock-forming minerals of the Vendian parent rock are calcite, dolomite, feldspar, aegirine, riebeckite, mica, chlorite and quartz; accessory minerals are pyrite, galena, apatite, ilmenite, monazite, xenotime, zircon, columbite, pyrochlore, chromite, bastnaesite and some others. Typically, the grainsize of the accessory minerals in both parent rock and bauxite is from 1 to 40 µm. However, even within these rather small grains, the processes of crystal growth and alteration during weathering can be determined from the zonal distribution of the elements. The most widespread processes observed are: (1) Decomposition of Ti-bearing minerals such as ilmenite, aegirine and riebeckite with the formation of ‘leucoxene’, which is the main concentrator of Nb, Cr, V and W. Crystal growth can be traced from the zonal distribution of Nb (up to 16 wt.%). Vein-like ‘leucoxene’ is also observed in association with organics. (2) Weathering of columbite and pyrochlore: the source of Nb in ‘leucoxene’ is now strongly weathered columbite, while the alteration of pyrochlore is expressed in the growth of plumbopyrochlore rims around Ca-rich cores. (3) Dissolution of sulphide minerals and apatite and the formation of crandallite group minerals: ‘crandallite’ crystals of up to 40 µm size show a very clear zonation. From the core to the rim of a crystal, the following sequence of elements is observed: Ca → Ba → Ce → Pb → Sr → Nd. Sulphur also shows a zoned but more complicated distribution, while the distribution of Fe is rather variable. A possible source of REE is bastnaesite from the parent rock. More than twelve crandallite type cells can be identified in a single ‘crandallite’ grain. (4) Alteration of stoichiometric zircon and xenotime with the formation of metamict solid solution of zircon and xenotime: altered zircon rims also bear large amounts of Sc (up to 3.5 wt.%), Fe, Ca and Al in the form of as yet unidentified inclusions of 1–2 µm. Monazite seems to be the least altered mineral of the profile.In the parent rock, an unknown mineral of the composition (wt.%): ThO2 – 54.8; FeO – 14.6; Y2O5 – 2.3; CaO – 2.0; REE – 1.8; SiO2 12.2; P2O5 – 2.8; total – 94.2 (average from ten analyses) was determined. In bauxite, another mineral was found, which has the composition (wt.%): ThO2 – 24.9; FeO – 20.5; Y2O5 – 6.7; CaO 2.0; – ZrO – 17.6; SiO2 – 8.8; P2O5 – 5.4; total – 89.3 (F was not analysed; average from nine analyses). Presumably, the second mineral is the result of weathering of the first one. Although the Th content is very high, the mineral is almost free of Pb. However, intergrowths of galena and pyrite are observed around the partially decomposed crystals of the mineral. Another generation of galena is enriched in chalcophile elements such as Cu, Cd, Bi etc., and is related to epigenetic alteration of the profile, as are secondary apatite and muscovite.
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Andrews, John T. "Baffin Bay/Nares Strait surface (seafloor) sediment mineralogy: further investigations and methods to elucidate spatial variations in provenance." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 8 (August 2019): 814–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0207.
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The goal of the paper is to ascertain whether there are significant regional variations in sediment mineral composition that might be used to elucidate ice sheet histories. The weight percentages of nonclay and clay minerals were determined by quantitative X-ray diffraction. Cluster analysis, an unsupervised learning approach, is used to group sediment mineralogy of 263 seafloor/core top samples between ∼80°N and 62°N. The optimum number of clusters, based on 30 indexes, was three for the weight percentage data but varied with data transformations. Maps of the distribution of the three mineral clusters or facies indicate a significant difference in weight percentages between samples from the West Greenland and Baffin Island shelves. However, several indexes support a larger number of clusters and similar analyses of the spatial distribution and defining minerals of nine mineral facies indicated a strong association with the original three clusters and with broad geographic designations (i.e., West Greenland shelf, Baffin Island fiords, etc). Classification Decision Tree analysis indicates that this difference is primarily controlled by the percentages of plagioclase feldspars versus alkali feldspars.
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Lugra, I. Wayan. "HEAVY MINERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SEA FLOOR SURFICIAL SEDIMENT AT EAST BALI WATERS, BALI PROVINCE." BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY 26, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/bomg.26.2.2011.38.
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Analyses result of the heavy minerals that was took from beach sediments and sea floor surficial sediments was founded ten heavy minerals namely hematite, magnetite, limonite and rutile from oxide and hydroxide group, pyroxene, amphibol and zircon from silicate group, biotit from mica group, barite from sulfide group and dolomite from carbonate group. From 10 minerals identified, only magnetit distributes in the whole area, with the highest percentage of 34,15% in the sea and 35,14 % on beaches. Other heavy minerals distribute locally with the percentage of less than 0,01 %. Grain size analyses result of sea floor surficial sediment had identified six units sediment such as sand, sand with few gravel, sandy gravel, gravely sand, gravel and reef. Distribution area of the six units sediment as follows sand and sandy gravel are occupied 25 % respectively of the study area, reef 20%, sand 15 %, gravel 10 % and gravely sand occupied 5%. The best sediment for making art goods is sand sizes which is rich of heavy minerals such as magnetite, hematitre, limonite, zircon, pyroxene and amphibol. If will be exploited of the sand sediment on beach or sea floor surficial sediment, should be considering of the environment sustainable.
Keyword: grain size analyses, heavy mineral, seafloor surficial sediment, besach sediment, Karang Asem
Hasil analisis mineral berat dari sedimen pantai dan permukaan dasar laut dijumpai sepuluh jenis mineral berat yaitu magnetit, hematit, limonit, rutil dari kelompok oksida & hidroksida, piroksen, ampibol, sirkon dari kelompok silikat, biotit dari kelompok mika, barit dari kelompok sulfida dan dolomit dari kelompok karbonat. Dari sepuluh jenis mineral berat yang teridentifikasi hanya magnetit yang sebarannya merata di seluruh daerah penyelidikan baik di laut maupun di pantai dengan persentase tertinggi 34,15 % di laut dan 35,14% di pantai, sedangkan sembilan mineral lainnya sebarannya tidak merata atau setempat-setempat dengan persentase umumnya di bawah 0,01 %. Hasil analisis besar butir sedimen permukaan dasar laut dapat di bedakan menjadi 6 satuan yaitu pasir, pasir sedikit krikilan, pasir krikilan, krikil pasiran, krikil dan terumbu karang. Luas sebaran ke enam jenis sedimen tersebut terhadap luas daerah penelitian adalah pasir sedikit krikilan menempati 25%, pasir krikilan 25%, terumbu karang 20%, pasir 15%, krikil 10% dan menempati pasir krikilan 5%. Jenis sedimen yang baik untuk pembuatan benda seni adalah sedimen berukuran pasir dengan kandungan mineral berat yang tinggi seperti magnetit, hematit, limonit, sirkon, piroksen, dan ampibol. Bila akan dilakukan eksploitasi terhadap sedimen jenis pasir baik di laut maupun di pantai, harus memperhatikan kelestarian lingkungan.
Kata kunci: analisis besar butir, mineral berat, sedimen permukaan dasar laut, sedimen pantai, Karang Asem
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Sarmili, Lili, and Johanes Hutabarat. "INDICATION OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ACTIVITIES BASED ON PETROGRAPHY OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN ABANG KOMBA SUBMARINE VOLCANO, EAST FLORES SEA." BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY 29, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/bomg.29.2.2014.69.
Full textAbstract:
The presence of mineral alteration or secondary processes to rocks on submarine volcano of Abang Komba was caused by an introduction of hydrothermal solutions. Those are indicated by the presence of a resembly of minerals alteration seen in their petrographic analyses. They are characterized by replacement partially surrounding of plagioclase phenocrysts, partially replacing plagioclase by sericite, carbonate and clay minerals. The replacement of pyroxene partly by chlorite, and the presence of albitisation (secondary albite) contained in fine rectangular plagioclase sized. Other fitures occasionally observed by the presence of partial oxidation of ore minerals and the presence of quartz, and epidote as an alteration from plagioclase and pyroxene.
Keywords : alteration, resembly of minerals alteration, oxidation, submarine vulcano of Abang Komba.
Gejala alterasi atau proses-proses sekunder yang terjadi pada batuan di gunung bawah laut Abang Komba adalah disebabkan oleh introduksi larutan hidrotermal. Semua ini ditunjukkan dengan kehadiran kumpulan mineral ubahan yang terlihat dalam sayatan batuan. Kumpulan mineral ini dicirikan dengan adanya penggantian sebagian yang mengelilingi fenokris plagioklas, penggantian sebagian plagioklas oleh serisit, karbonat dan mineral lempung. Penggantian sebagian piroksen oleh klorit, dan adanya gejala albitisasi (albit sekunder) yang terdapat pada plagioklas berbentuk balokan yang berukuran halus. Gejala lainnya yang kadang-kadang teramati adanya oksidasi sebagian dari mineral bijih dan hadirnya kuarsa, serta epidot sebagai hasil ubahan plagioklas dan piroksen. Kata kunci : alterasi, kumpulan mineral ubahan, oksidasi, gunung bawahlaut Abang Komba.
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Straulino, Luisa, Luisa Mainou, Teresa Pi, Sergey Sedov, Aurelio López-Corral, Ramón Santacruz-Cano, and Alonso Gabriel Vicencio-Castellanos. "Approach to the knowledge of preservation of pleistocenic bone: The case of a Gomphothere cranium from the site of Tepeticpac, Tlaxcala, Mexico." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 36, no. 2 (July 28, 2019): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cgeo.20072902e.2019.2.1036.
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An almost complete cranium of a gomphoterium found in Tepeticpac, Tlaxcala, was analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Petrography and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to stablish the transformations of the bone during its burial. The analyses assessed that the bone mineral (bioapatite) had suffered modifications in mineral composition, “crystallinity index”, cell parameters and CO2 content. However, the paleohistological structure of the bone was not significantly affected, although evidence of microbial attack was found in the bone surfaces. The filling minerals of bone macro and micro porosity were also analyzed; its main filling minerals are calcite (micrite and sparite), clays, and minerals of volcanic origin.
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Rifai, Kheireddine, Marie-Chloé Michaud Paradis, Zofia Swierczek, François Doucet, Lütfü Özcan, Alejandro Fayad, Jing Li, and François Vidal. "Emergences of New Technology for Ultrafast Automated Mineral Phase Identification and Quantitative Analysis Using the CORIOSITY Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) System." Minerals 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100918.
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Geochemical and mineralogical characterization studies play an important role in the definition of mineral deposits. Each mineral system has a unique set of minerals with different chemical makeup and physical properties. Platinum-group elements (PGEs), for example, are scarce resources with many applications. The optimization of extraction process efficiency is therefore crucial to prevent resource shortage and increased bulk prices. To improve the mineral liberation process, high throughput sensors must be added alongside the production line as part of fast process analysis implementation. Current analytical methods are either ineffective to assess PGE content, or unusable in the conditions of the processing facilities. This article shows how Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology, developed by ELEMISSION Inc, can circumvent these drawbacks by enabling automated, ultra-fast, and precise quantitative mineral analyses in any working environment. The drill core samples that were used in this study were collected at the Stillwater platinum group element mine in the United States. The data used for the mineralogical database was validated using the TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA) instrument.
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Africa, C. J., Robert P. van Hille, and Susan T. L. Harrison. "Investigation and Visualisation of Microbial Attachment Trends to Sulphide Minerals in a Bioleach Environment." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.345.
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Two novel experimental approaches have been developed to investigate the attachment of microorganisms to sulphide minerals as a function of the mineral and microbial phase in a joint project with BHP Billiton, conceptualised in 2005 and initiated in 2006. In the first approach, selective attachment of pure cultures to minerals was studied in the “particle coated column reactor” using A. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum. The saturated reactor containing glass beads coated with fine mineral concentrates provided a quantifiable surface area of mineral concentrate and maintained good fluid flow. Results are reported for chalcopyrite and pyrite concentrates, a low grade chalcopyrite ore and quartzite. The latter, representing typical gangue material, is used as a control. A. ferrooxidans displayed greater attachment to pyrite, and selective attachment to sulfide minerals over quartz. Similar attachment behaviour trends resulted for Leptospirillum spp. In the second approach, a novel technique was developed to investigate microbial ecology of microbe-mineral attachment, site and mineral specific associations of microorganisms and spatial organisation of microbial communities present. Qualitative assessment and visualisation of microorganisms associated with the mineral surface and subsequent biofilm development was shown in the biofilm reactor, using microscopy techniques and fluorochromes. FISH analyses of A. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum on massive chalcopyrite sections are presented. The consequence of the observed attachment on heap bioleach performance is discussed.
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Gilbert, S. E., L. V. Danyushevsky, K. Goemann, and D. Death. "Fractionation of sulphur relative to iron during laser ablation-ICP-MS analyses of sulphide minerals: implications for quantification." J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 29, no. 6 (2014): 1024–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ja00012a.
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In this study we investigate the effect that the mineral composition has on the quantification of sulphur by Laser Ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) between a range of sulphide minerals: pyrite, pyrrhotite, bornite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pentlandite and tetrahedrite.
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Vasilopanagos, Christos, Cédric Carteret, Stephen Hillier, Anke Neumann, Harry J. L. Brooksbank, and Hugh Christopher Greenwell. "Effect of Structural Fe Reduction on Water Sorption by Swelling and Non-Swelling Clay Minerals." Minerals 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040453.
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Ferruginous clay minerals in saturated soils and within hydrocarbon deposits often exist in a reduced state. Upon introduction of dissolved oxygen, or other oxidants, the clay minerals oxidise and changes in mineral surface charge and sorption capacity occur, resulting in changes in hydration as well as flux of intercalated species. Here we examine the sorption of water to the Fe-containing clay minerals nontronite NAu-2 (23 wt% Fe) and illite IMt-2 (7 wt% Fe) as a function of Fe oxidation state and exchangeable cations by means of water vapour volumetry and N2 surface area analysis. The clay minerals were chemically reduced using sodium dithionite. Sorption isotherms of water vapour and nitrogen, controlled relative humidity diffractograms, and chemical analyses were recorded. The results show that, after reduction using sodium dithionite, increased amounts of water vapour and nitrogen were adsorbed to the high Fe content nontronite, despite decreased interlayer separation. Little change was observed for the non-swelling and low Fe content illite. Sodium from the reducing agent was found to exchange with calcium present in the starting clay minerals, and sodium balanced the additional mineral charge generated during reduction. The findings presented in this study deliver improved understanding of sorption at the surface of the reduced clay minerals, which aid constrain the role of clay mineral interfaces in subsurface environments.
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Dewez, Véronique, and Marie-Anne Geurts. "Analyses minéralogiques multivariées de sédiments du Wisconsinien supérieur au sud-ouest du Yukon." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-005.
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For this study, 84 samples of glacial and juxtaglacial sediments were collected in valleys of the Ruby Range and Aishihik Basin (southwestern Yukon). Analyses were conducted to quantify the heavy minerals in the sand fraction and to assess the petrography of the gravel fraction. A cluster analysis performed on the heavy mineral results showed five groups of deposits, three of which are related to local glaciers inside the Ruby Range, the other two being related to regional ice lobes of Kluane and Aishihik, respectively. The three groups of local sediments correspond to the three lithologies of the Ruby Range, i.e., the granitic batholith, the schists, and the alaskite. The sediments from the regional ice lobes are characterized by highly diversified mineralogy and petrography and the relative abundance of minerals from the Saint Elias Mountains, the main source of the ice lobes. A correspondance factor analysis performed on the heavy mineral results organizes samples and minerals into a triangular cloud, the three vertices corresponding to biotite, carbonate, and titanite–garnet. These are the key elements of local glaciers, Kluane ice lobe, and Aishihik ice lobe, respectively. Finally, the study shows the extension of Kluane lobe in one valley of the Ruby Range, the ice flow pattern in another valley, as well as a transfluence from Kluane lobe inside the Range.
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Maison, Tatiana, Sébastien Potel, Pierre Malié, Rafael Ferreiro Mählmann, Frank Chanier, Geoffroy Mahieux, and Julien Bailleul. "Low-grade evolution of clay minerals and organic matter in fault zones of the Hikurangi prism (New Zealand)." Clay Minerals 53, no. 4 (December 2018): 579–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2018.46.
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ABSTRACTClay minerals and organic matter occur frequently in fault zones. Their structural characteristics and their textural evolution are driven by several formation processes: (1) reaction by metasomatism from circulating fluids; (2)in situevolution by diagenesis; and (3) neoformation due to deformation catalysis. Clay-mineral chemistry and precipitated solid organic matter may be used as indicators of fluid circulation in fault zones and to determine the maximum temperatures in these zones. In the present study, clay-mineral and organic-matter analyses of two major fault zones – the Adams-Tinui and Whakataki faults, Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand – were investigated. The two faults analysed correspond to the soles of large imbricated thrust sheets formed during the onset of subduction beneath the North Island of New Zealand. The mineralogy of both fault zones is composed mainly of quartz, feldspars, calcite, chabazite and clay minerals such as illite-muscovite, kaolinite, chlorite and mixed-layer minerals such as chlorite-smectite and illite-smectite. The diagenesis and very-low-grade metamorphism of the sedimentary rock is determined by gradual changes of clay mineral ‘crystallinity’ (illite, chlorite, kaolinite), the use of a chlorite geothermometer and the reflectance of organic matter. It is concluded here that: (1) the established thermal grade is diagenesis; (2) tectonic strains affect the clay mineral ‘crystallinity’ in the fault zone; (3) there is a strong correlation between temperature determined by chlorite geothermometry and organic-matter reflectance; and (4) the duration and depth of burial as well as the pore-fluid chemistry are important factors affecting clay-mineral formation.
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Zieliński, Tomasz. "Prospects and limitations of heavy mineral analyses to discriminate preglacial/glacial transitions in Pleistocene sedimentary successions." Geologos 24, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logos-2018-0014.
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Abstract The present study revolves around the identification of the stratigraphical boundary between Pleistocene formations that formed prior to the first advance of the Scandinavian ice sheet (Early Pleistocene, i.e., the so-called preglacial) and the overlying, glacially derived deposits (Middle Pleistocene). In particular, it focuses on variation in heavy mineral assemblages, which are an important tool for stratigraphers. The Neogene basement, described here, was most often the source of material that was redeposited by Early Pleistocene rivers. The geological structure and Early Pleistocene palaeogeographical scenarios for various Polish regions are discussed. Moreover, comparisons with other European preglacial formations are carried out. The mineral spectrum of Lower Pleistocene deposits is largely dependent of rocks of the Neogene and Mesozoic basement. If the incision of ancient catchments was into terrigenous rocks, the stratigraphical boundary between preglacial and glacial formations is easily determined with the help of a heavy mineral analysis. As a rule, this coincides with a noticeable change from resistant to non-resistant mineral associations. Such cases are noted for successions in central Poland and eastern England. On the other hand, outcrops of igneous or metamorphic rocks exist within preglacial river catchments in most parts of Europe. They were the local sources of non-resistant heavy minerals long before their glacial supply from the Baltic Shield. In these cases, mineralogical analysis fails in the search for the Early/Middle Pleistocene transition.
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Birk, Dieter. "Quantitative coal mineralogy of the Sydney Coalfield, Nova Scotia, Canada, by scanning electron microscopy, computerized image analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-017.
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Automated image and X-ray analysis, with a scanning electron microscope, has been used to "fingerprint" mineral particles in bituminous coals of the Sydney Coalfield and catalogue their chemical class and size distribution. Four seams (Hub, Harbour, Phalen, and Gardiner) were analyzed quantitatively for some 32 000 mineral particles; these analyses revealed particle-size and weight distributions for 27 chemical classes. Manual searches augmented the computer-automated scans, covering eight seams and recording a total of 35 mineral species, their paragenesis, and sites for 28 elements.Sydney seam mineralogy is dominated by pyrite and kaolinite, but illite, chlorite, siderite, ankerite, and quartz are locally prominent; these are accompanied by a large variety of accessory minerals (zircon, rutile, apatite, barite, gypsum, rare-earth phosphates, and ore minerals) and alteration products (goethite and hydrated sulphates). Individual column benches show geochemical fades with different mineral suites resulting from cyclic sedimentation, hydrologie conditions, and changes in pore-water chemistry during peat accumulation, coalification, and diagenesis. A sulphide facies and a siderite–chlorite facies are recognized within one seam (Harbour); these facies change vertically and laterally within lithotype bands.Stratigraphic correlation is precluded, but quantitative mineralogy can elucidate paleoenvironments and be applied to coal-cleaning technology (beneficiation) or environmental studies.
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Pinskaya, M. R., Yu A. Steshenko, and M. V. Prokaev. "The state's tax risks in the extraction of common commercial minerals." Regional Economics: Theory and Practice 18, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 1961–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.18.10.1961.
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Subject. This article discusses the issues of mining and processing of commonly occurring mineral resources, as well as the Russian and international taxation practices of such resources. Objectives. The article aims to explore the approach to the taxation of these minerals used in practice, and develop proposals to improve the existing tax mechanism. Methods. For the study, we used the comparative, logical, and economics and statistics analyses. Results. The article summarizes official statistics on the mining resources extraction tax, identifies the main problems in this area, and proposes measures to reduce tax risks. Conclusions. The current tax legislation on commonly occurring mineral resources is complex and ambiguous. The proposed measures can help reduce the tax risk of diverging opinions of taxpayers and tax authorities when qualifying minerals for the tax rate applying, as well as expand the integrated processing of mineral resources.
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Vassilev, Stanislav, Christina Vassileva, David Baxter, and Lars Andersen. "Relationships between chemical and mineral composition of coal and their potential applications as genetic indicators. Part 1. Chemical characteristics." Geologica Balcanica 39, no. 3 (December 2010): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.39.3.21.
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The relationships between the chemical and mineral composition of 37 coal samples from Australia, Bulgaria, USA, Japan, Canada, South Africa, China, Spain, and Ukraine, which differ considerably in their geology, rank, age, ash yield, chemistry and mineralogy, have been investigated. For that purpose complete data from chemical (proximate, ultimate and ash analyses) and mineral composition (major and minor minerals) of these samples have been used. The study explains initially some general considerations of the inorganic matter in coal. Then, the work provides and elucidates the statistically significant positive or negative correlations of chemical characteristics of the coals studied. Further, different geochemical indicators for some genetic interpretations of coal formation are also provided and described. The correlations of minerals in coals, as well as the potential applications of relationships among chemical and mineral composition are described in Part 2 of the present work.
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Notesco, Weksler, and Ben-Dor. "Mineral Classification of Soils Using Hyperspectral Longwave Infrared (LWIR) Ground-Based Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 12 (June 16, 2019): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11121429.
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Soil mineralogy is an important factor affecting chemical and physical processes in the soil. Most common minerals in soils—quartz, clay minerals and carbonates—present fundamental spectral features in the longwave infrared (LWIR) region. The current study presents a procedure for determining the soil mineralogy from the surface emissivity spectrum. Ground-based hyperspectral LWIR images of 90 Israeli soil samples were acquired with the Telops Hyper-Cam sensor, and the emissivity spectrum of each sample was calculated. Mineral-related emissivity features were identified and used to create indicants and indices to determine the content of quartz, clay minerals, and carbonates in the soil in a semi-quantitative manner—from more to less abundant minerals. The resultant mineral content was in good agreement with the mineralogy derived from chemical analyses.
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Zurian, Oleg, and A. F. Liashok. "Indicators of reserves and extraction of combustible minerals in Ukraine from 2013 to 2018 from the standpoint of technical analysis." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2019.3.30-39.
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Combustible minerals have a special position among others due to the fact that they are a source of substantial energy. This article outlines details of establishment in Ukraine of minerals nomenclature related to combustible minerals, and provides a list of corresponding State reserves of minerals. The article also defines trends of aposteriory changes of the outlined indicators during the period from 2013 through 2018 (and for extraction – from 2012 through 2017) in order to obtain in the future a possibility of considering the impact of other economic and organizational factors and to detect generalized regularities in the industry’s development in terms of prospects of combustible minerals extraction. This article describes the general basic features of the technical and fundamental analysis with references to works of founders of the American school of the technical and fundamental analysis. The article provides the analysis of dynamic ranks of data on reserves, the number of fields and extraction of combustible minerals during the period from 2013 to 2018 in Ukraine according to generalized information on condition of reserves of minerals laid out on the website “Mineral Resources of Ukraine”. The article also contains specific generalized data of results of analyses which are based on processing of tabular data and graphic charts. We created data tables based on processing of posteriori trends with application of standard tools and Excel calculation techniques. The article describes the main details of analysis tools and mechanisms based on Excel calculations, as well as corresponding applied dependencies, specific details of rows development for data about reserves of combustible mineral varieties and combustible mineral reserves being under exploitation. The article contains tables of source data that were applied for generalization and analysis. In this article we provide conclusions concerning dynamics of changes of indicators of reserves, the number of fields and extraction of combustible minerals.
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Brunhoeber, Olivia M., Dinu Arakkal, Rourou Ji, Marta Miletić, and Lauren E. Beckingham. "Impact of mineral composition and distribution on the mechanical properties of porous media." E3S Web of Conferences 205 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020502006.
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Geological sequestration of CO2 in deep saline formations is a promising means of reducing atmospheric CO2 emissions. Once injected, CO2 dissolves into formation brine, lowering pH and creating conditions favorable for mineral dissolution. Cations released from dissolving minerals may create conditions favorable for secondary mineral precipitation, which can result in the long-term mineralogical trapping of injected CO2. These reactions may alter the natural rock mechanical properties, which can affect the safety and efficiency of geological sequestration. This work aims to investigate the impact of mineral composition and distribution on the mechanical properties of porous media. In this study, the mineralogy, mineral distribution, and mechanical properties of samples from Escambia County, AL, are evaluated. The mechanical properties of the rock samples are evaluated using the unconfined compression and indirect tensile tests in the combination with digital image correlation. The mineral composition and distribution are determined through the analysis of scanning electron microscopy backscattered electron and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy images of thin sections. These analyses showed that the mechanical properties vary with composition, which may have significant practical consequences for geological sequestration of CO2.
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Feng, Lianjun, Hongwei Li, and Tiejun Li. "Potential Reference Materials for Hematite Oxygen Isotope Analysis." Minerals 10, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10110987.
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Hematite is a potential mineral for reconstructing the oxygen isotope composition and paleotemperature of paleowater. A highly accurate analysis of oxygen isotopes is essential. However, relative to other oxygenated minerals, we lack hematite reference materials that allow for internationally comparable analyses between different laboratories. To address this issue, we attempted to perform bulk rock oxygen isotope analysis on five hematite reference materials (GBW07223a, GBW07825, YSBC28740-95, YSBC28756-2008, Harvard 92649). Meanwhile, the oxygen isotope ratios of iron oxides (GBW07223a, GBW07825, YSBC28740-95, YSBC28756-2008) were obtained by mass balance involving other oxygen-bearing minerals such as quartz and silicates. In addition, the oxygen isotope ratios of iron oxides in an oolitic hematite (ca. 1.65 billion years ago) are consistent with the results of previous analyses of this class of minerals.
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Baldassarre, Gabriele, Oliviero Baietto, and Paola Marini. "Comminution Effects on Mineral-Grade Distribution: The Case of an MVT Lead-Zinc Ore Deposit." Minerals 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2020): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100893.
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Every mining operation is followed by a beneficiation process aimed at delivering quality materials to the transformation industry. Mainly, in order to separate valuable minerals from gangue in mineral processing, the crushing and grinding of extracted ore are crucial operations for the following separation steps. Comminution is the most energy-consuming operation in mining, and the quality of the results is strictly related to the characteristic of the material under treatment, the type of equipment used in comminution, and the circuit design adopted. A preliminary study was performed in order to understand the crushing behavior under different comminution forces of a high-grade mixed Zn-Pb sulfide ore sample, collected in a Mississippi-Valley Type (MVT) deposit, and the distribution of the target minerals among the products of the process. Ore samples were examined and characterized through thin section observation and SEM analyses for the determination of grain size and texture features, while X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) quantitative analyses were performed for the definition of target mineral concentrations of comminuted product samples. The selected crushing and grinding circuit comprised lab-scale equipment. For each stage of the process, products below the estimated free-grain size threshold were collected, and particle size analyses were carried out. Comminution products were divided into size distribution classes suitable for further separation operations, and XRPD analyses showed a mineral-grade distribution varying with the dimensions of the products. Characterization of the ore material after crushing and grinding force applications in terms of the distribution of target minerals among different-sized classes was achieved. The important trends highlighted should be considered for further investigation related to an efficient separation.
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Lawrence, J. R., Y. T. J. Kwong, and G. D. W. Swerhone. "Colonization and weathering of natural sulfide mineral assemblages by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-023.
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Selected polished thin sections were used as model substrata to investigate the influence of geochemical and electrochemical factors on bacterial colonization and weathering of mixed sulfide minerals. Naturally occurring sulfide assemblages including combinations of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and pyrrhotite were studied. The distribution of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was mapped using viable negative and positive staining techniques in combination with scanning confocal laser microscopy. The minerals were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analyses. Inter- and intra-granular electrode potentials were monitored using microelectrodes. Results of the experiments indicated that the T. ferrooxidans strain preferentially colonized sulfide minerals that were the most electrochemically active. For example, when pyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite were in combination, bacteria preferentially colonized the pyrrhotite. In each case it was shown that the mineral colonized was also the anode in a galvanic cell and the site of preferential weathering. Microelectrode measurements confirmed the existence of intergranular potentials. In addition, trace and minor element composition appeared to influence the electrochemical property of the mineral, thus its colonization and weathering pattern. Information of this nature should facilitate prediction of the fate of sulfide minerals in natural and mining environments.Key words: image analysis, confocal microscopy, sulfide minerals, microelectrodes, electrode potential.
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Szigeti, Erika, János Kátai, István Komlósi, János Oláh, and Csaba Szabó. "The effect of genotype and the location of sampling on the mineral content of wool." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 69 (March 23, 2016): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/69/1805.
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Mineral supplementation is very important in high producing farm animals. The estimation of exact mineral intake is very difficult in forage eating animals, like sheep. Accessing of long term mineral status seems to be possible using wool mineral analysis. However several factors can affect the results. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the effect of breed and sampling location on the mineral content of sheep wool. 20 Dorper and 20 Tsigai sheep were chosen from the same farm. Samples were obtained from 3 locations (withers, side and quarter) and tested for 8 elements: Ca, Mg, Na, Co, Cu, P, S, Se , Zn. The samples were cleaned with ethyl alcohol from organic contamination, then after adding nitric acid were mineral analized using ultrasonic cleaning unit. The samples were analysed with ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer, Optima 3300 DV). Statistical analyses were carried out by GLM procedure of SAS statistical analyses software. Differences between means were checked with Tukey-test. Significant breed differences were detected in the case of Mg, Na, S, Se in spite of the same feeding regime. The wool mineral content were within the reference range. The sampling location had no effect on the mineral content of wool.
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Kachiguma, Nathan Aliel, Weston Mwase, Moses Maliro, and Alex Damaliphetsa. "Chemical and Mineral Composition of Amaranth (Amaranthus L.) Species Collected From Central Malawi." Journal of Food Research 4, no. 4 (June 11, 2015): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v4n4p92.
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<p>Chemical analysis and mineral composition of twenty accessions of grain and leaf Amaranth (<em>Amaranthus</em> L.) collected from different agro-ecological zones of Central Malawi were conducted according to the standards of Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using least significance difference (P ≤ 0.05) in Gen Stat version 15. The analyses for grain Amaranth showed that moisture content ranges from 10.69 to 12.22% while ash content varied from 4.4 to 8.7%. Elemental analyses in mg/100 grams on dry weight basis indicated that the grain had calcium (78.3 to 1004.6), iron (3.61 to 22.51), magnesium (44.31 to 97.38), potassium (267.8 to 473.6) and zinc (0.53 to 1.20). The mean differences for leaf chemical analyses were highly significant (p < 0.001) with crude protein ranging from 13.37 to 23.27%; ash (14.08 to 19.95%) and Vitamin C (30.3 to 117.79 mg/100 g) while the mean mineral leaf analyses in mg/100 grams ranged from 14.84 to 31.17 for iron, 1.03 to 3.46 for zinc, 1512 to 2381 for calcium, 1320 to 1677 for potassium and 383.4 to 513.9 for magnesium. Generally the accessions from mid altitude area of Lilongwe showed highest values for both grain and leaf mineral analyses while accessions from the high altitude showed lower values. The results of this study provide evidence that local <em>Amaranthus</em> genotypes have appreciable amount of nutrients, minerals and vitamins important to meet dietary requirements of rural and urban communities in Malawi.</p>
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Szigeti, Erika, János Kátai, István Komlósi, János Oláh, and Csaba Szabó. "The effect of wool staple length on the mineral content using the same sheep feeding regime." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 73 (August 29, 2017): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/73/1633.
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The wool of sheep is suitable to test the mineral supply; however, a number of factors could affect the results. The growth rate and length of staple can be very different according to season, physiological state and individual variation. These factors are likely to affect the quantity of minerals accumulated into the wool. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine whether there is a difference between the mineral content of wool nearly reached the full staple length and the freshly grown wool using the same feeding regime.10 Tsigai pregnant sheep have been selected randomly from the same farm. Wool samples were obtained from the withers, side and quarter with bended scissors. Samples were mineralized using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide using ultrasonic cleaning unit. P, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Cu,Se and Zn content were determined by ICP-OES. Statistical analyses were carried out by SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) GLM procedure.Differences between means were tested by Tukey test. Significantly lower Ca, Na, P, Zn values were found in case of intensively grown wool. Sampling location did not affect the mineral content. Herd mineral supply was adequate. Our results suggest that intensively grown wool samples have to be used for mineral analyses.
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Butek, Juraj, Ján Spišiak, and Stanislava Milovská. "Garnet-Vesuvianite Equilibrium in Rodingites from Dobšiná (Western Carpathians)." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020189.
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Intensively metasomatized rocks from serpentinized ultramafic tectonic fragments in Dobšiná, Western Carpathians, consist of typical rodingite mineral association: hydrated garnet, vesuvianite, diopside and clinochlore. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and Micro-Raman analyses of the main minerals evidence complex mineralogical evolution and variable mineral chemistry. Garnet solid solution is dominated by grossular-andradite series, which demonstrates a significant degree of hydration, mainly for grossular rich garnet cores. Garnet is locally enriched in TiO2 (up to 13 wt%), possibly indicating a chemical relic of a Ti-oxide mineral. Younger, andradite-richer garnet rims demonstrate a low degree of hydration, suggesting a harder incorporation of an (OH)− anion into its crystal structure. Garnet chemical variations display an ideal negative correlation between Al and (Fe3+ + Ti). The most recent mineral phase is represented by euhedral vesuvianite (± chlorite), which crystallizes at the expense of the garnet solid solution. This reaction shows a well-equilibrated character and indicates a high extent of rodingitization process. Chlorite thermometry models suggest an average temperature of late rodingite (trans) formation of about 265 °C.
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Judson, G. J., and J. D. McFarlane. "Mineral disorders in grazing livestock and the usefulness of soil and plant analysis in the assessment of these disorders." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 7 (1998): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97145.
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Summary. This paper briefly describes common mineral disorders affecting livestock at pasture in Australia, their mineral requirements, factors affecting these requirements and laboratory methods of assessing the mineral status of the animal. The benefits and limitations of mineral analyses of soil and pasture samples for the purposes of identifying and preventing mineral disorders of the grazing animal are discussed. Mineral analyses of pasture are of particular value in the identification of the causes of copper and magnesium deficiency and of acute calcium deficiency in livestock. Selective grazing, adventitious ingestion of soil and variability in the mineral reserves of the animal, however, limit the usefulness of pasture analyses to identify a mineral disorder in the grazing animal.
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Kargi, Hulusi, Bünyamin Akgül, and Muharrem Akgül. "Precision in Estimating Mineral Proportions from Chemical Analyses." International Geology Review 45, no. 1 (January 2003): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.1.70.
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Campbell, Stephen, and Kristin M. Poduska. "Incorporating Far-Infrared Data into Carbonate Mineral Analyses." Minerals 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10070628.
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Polycrystalline carbonate minerals (including calcite, Mg-calcite, and aragonite) can show distinctive variations in their far-infrared (FIR) spectra. We describe how to identify mixed-phase samples by correlating FIR spectral changes with mid-infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction data, and simple peak overlap simulations. Furthermore, we show how to distinguish portlandite-containing (Ca(OH) 2 ) mixtures that are common in heated calcium carbonate samples. Ultimately, these results could be used for tracking how minerals are formed and how they change during environmental exposure or processing after extraction.
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Bachmann, Kai, Max Frenzel, Joachim Krause, and Jens Gutzmer. "Advanced Identification and Quantification of In-Bearing Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscope-Based Image Analysis." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 3 (May 3, 2017): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617000460.
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AbstractThe identification and accurate characterization of discrete grains of rare minerals in sulfide base-metal ores is usually a cumbersome procedure due to the small grain sizes (typically <10 μm) and complex mineral assemblages in the material. In this article, a new strategy for finding and identifying indium minerals, and quantifying their composition and abundance is presented, making use of mineral liberation analysis (MLA) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The method was successfully applied to polymetallic massive sulfide ores from the Neves-Corvo deposit in Portugal. The presence of roquesite and sakuraiite could be systematically detected, their concentration quantified by MLA measurements, and their identity later confirmed by EPMA analyses. Based on these results, an almost complete indium deportment could be obtained for the studied samples. This validates the approach taken, combining automated mineralogy data with electron microprobe analysis. A similar approach could be used to find minerals of other common minor and trace elements in complex base-metal sulfide ores, for example Se, Ge, Sb, or Ag, thus permitting the targeted development of resource technologies suitable for by-product recovery.