Journal articles: 'Milling conditions'

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Z. Pan, K. S. P. Amaratunga, and J. F. Thompson. "Relationship Between Rice Sample Milling Conditions and Milling Quality." Transactions of the ASABE 50, no. 4 (2007): 1307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23607.

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Pazesh, Samaneh, Johan Gråsjö, Jonas Berggren, and Göran Alderborn. "Comminution-amorphisation relationships during ball milling of lactose at different milling conditions." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 528, no. 1-2 (August 2017): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.043.

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Kminiak, Richard, Mikuláš Siklienka, Rastislav Igaz, Ľuboš Krišťák, Tomáš Gergeľ, Miroslav Němec, Roman Réh, Alena Očkajová, and Martin Kučerka. "Effect of cutting conditions on quality of milled surface of medium-density fibreboards." BioResources 15, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 746–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.746-766.

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The quality of milled surface medium-density fibreboards (MDF) and the effect of the wrong milling direction during the process of automatic milling in real conditions in practice (production machine, production tool, and material) are presented in the paper. Moreover, the effect of the double vs. single bladed milling cutter on the final surface quality with the simultaneous changes in individual parameters of feed rate, thickness of the removed layer, and cutting direction was investigated. The MDF was separated using the strategy “one per pass“ with required cutting direction (climb or conventional) and the required thick strips cutting off (4 mm to 16+ mm) at a constant operation speed of the milling cutter (n = 20000 min−1) and a changing feed rate from vf = 1 m/min−1 to vf = 5 m/min−1. The use of a multi-bladed milling cutter resulted in the higher quality of the milled surface in all cases (change in feed rate, thickness of removed layer, and cutting direction). The effect of the wrong milling direction during automatic milling was observed only for a single-bladed milling cutter used. An increase in surface roughness (Ra) occurred; therefore, using the double-bladed milling cutter, which was not associated with an increase in surface roughness, is recommended.

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Dias, Jeferson Almeida, Vera Lúcia Arantes, Alfeu Saraiva Ramos, Tania Regina Giraldi, Marília Zani Minucci, Mauro F. Toledo, and Sylma Carvalho Maestrelli. "Synthesis and Photocatalytic Evaluation of Nanocrystalline ZnO Obtained by High Energy Milling." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.789.

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Photocatalytic processes have been applied to treatment of organic effluents through the mineralization of these pollutants on a semiconductor surface. Obtaining nanosemiconductors is desirable for the increasing of particle surface area and improvement in photocatalytic efficiency. In this paper, it was evaluated the influence of High Energy Milling (HEM) as a technique to produce nanocrystalline zinc oxide. The photocatalytic activity of the milled powders to degrade Rhodamine-B dye when exposed to ultraviolet and visible radiation also was investigated. The powders were milled during 4 and 10 hours by dry media milling and 10 hours by wet media milling. The results indicated that there were no detectable powder contamination during the millings and the reduction of crystallite size was function of time and media of milling. All of the assessed samples demonstrate high degradation of the dye, which corroborates with the potentiality of this technique to photocatalysts production. The material milled during 10 hours by dry media milling showed the best results under the experimental conditions.

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Hsiao, Te Ching, Chao Yu Huang, and Jiunn Jyh Junz Wang. "Analysis on Milling Stability Performed under the Conditions of Positive and Negative Process Stiffness." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 2408–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2408.

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This paper aims at discussing chatter characteristics performed by a one-dimensional milling system having positive process stiffness and negative process stiffness. In this study, a dynamic model of the milling system is established first. An analytical form showing the critical chatter conditions including axial depth of cut, chatter frequency, critical spindle speed, etc. is formed. The analysis of process function shows that positive process stiffness occurs under most cutting conditions. However, process stiffness becomes negative when a one-dimensional milling system carries out low radial depth of cut in the direction of the feed (down milling) or semi-groove milling in the direction against the feed (up milling). Further analysis is made to explore chatter characteristics performed by the milling systems with positive process stiffness and negative process stiffness respectively. Finally, the prediction equation calculating critical chatter conditions of these two types of milling system, the range of rotation speed with high cutting stability and the range of rotation speed with low cutting stability is proposed.

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Camut, Julia, Ignacio Barber Rodriguez, Hasbuna Kamila, Aidan Cowley, Reinhard Sottong, Eckhard Mueller, and Johannes de Boor. "Insight on the Interplay between Synthesis Conditions and Thermoelectric Properties of α-MgAgSb." Materials 12, no. 11 (June 7, 2019): 1857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111857.

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α-MgAgSb is a very promising thermoelectric material with excellent thermoelectric properties between room temperature and 300 °C, a range where few other thermoelectric materials show good performance. Previous reports rely on a two-step ball-milling process and/or time-consuming annealing. Aiming for a faster and scalable fabrication route, herein, we investigated other potential synthesis routes and their impact on the thermoelectric properties of α-MgAgSb. We started from a gas-atomized MgAg precursor and employed ball-milling only in the final mixing step. Direct comparison of high energy ball-milling and planetary ball-milling revealed that high energy ball milling already induced formation of MgAgSb, while planetary ball milling did not. This had a strong impact on the microstructure and secondary phase fraction, resulting in superior performance of the high energy ball milling route with an attractive average thermoelectric figure of merit of z T avg = 0.9. We also show that the formation of undesired secondary phases cannot be avoided by a modification of the sintering temperature after planetary ball milling, and discuss the influence of commonly observed secondary phases on the carrier mobility and on the thermoelectric properties of α-MgAgSb.

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Kodama, Hiroyuki, Masatoshi Shindou, Toshiki Hirogaki, Eiichi Aoyama, and Keiji Ogawa. "An End-Milling Condition Decision Support System Using Data-Mining for Difficult-to-Cut Materials." Advanced Materials Research 565 (September 2012): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.565.472.

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We proposed the data-mining methods using hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering methods to help engineers decide appropriate end-milling conditions. The aim of our research is to construct a system that uses clustering techniques and tool catalog data to support the decision of end-milling conditions for difficult-to-cut materials. We used variable cluster analysis and the K-means method to find tool shape parameters that had a linear relationship with the end-milling conditions listed in the catalog. We used the response surface method and significant tool shape parameters obtained by clustering to derive end-milling condition. Milling experiments using a square end mill under two sets of end-milling conditions (conditions derived from the end-milling condition decision support system and conditions suggested by expert engineers) for difficult-to-cut materials (austenite stainless steel) showed that catalog mining can be used to derive guidelines for deciding end-milling conditions.

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Xu, Rufeng, Yongxin Zhou, Xun Li, Shenliang Yang, Kangning Han, and Shijun Wang. "The Effect of Milling Cooling Conditions on the Surface Integrity and Fatigue Behavior of the GH4169 Superalloy." Metals 9, no. 11 (October 31, 2019): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9111179.

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The GH4169 superalloy has high strength at high temperatures. Cooling conditions have a major impact on the machined surface integrity, which further affects the fatigue properties of specimens of the GH4169 superalloy. The influence of cooling conditions on the surface integrity of the GH4169 superalloy is first studied during the side milling. Then, the effect of surface integrity under different cooling conditions on the fatigue behavior of specimens of the GH4169 superalloy is investigated by a standard tensile and tensile–mode fatigue testing. The results obtained show that surface roughness and the depth of the plastic deformation layer in wet milling and dry milling makes little difference, the surface microhardness rate in dry milling is slightly lower than that in wet milling, the surface tensile residual stress in dry milling is significantly higher than that in wet milling, and the fatigue behavior in dry milling is only about 50% of that in wet milling. In addition, the crack initiation of specimens of the GH4169 superalloy utilizing wet milling is on the subsurface, while that from dry milling is on the surface. Thus, cooling conditions have an important impact on the fatigue behavior of specimens of the GH4169 superalloy, and micro defects in dry milling are the main factors of decreasing of fatigue behavior of specimens of the GH4169 superalloy.

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Tullberg, Erik, Dan Peters, and Torbjörn Frejd. "The Heck reaction under ball-milling conditions." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 689, no. 23 (November 2004): 3778–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.06.045.

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Budak, Erhan, and Yusuf Altintas. "Peripheral milling conditions for improved dimensional accuracy." International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 34, no. 7 (October 1994): 907–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-6955(94)90024-8.

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Fussell, B. K., and K. Srinivasan. "An Investigation of the End Milling Process Under Varying Machining Conditions." Journal of Engineering for Industry 111, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3188729.

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Varying machining conditions are encountered in adaptively controlled machining situations where operating conditions such as the feedrate and spindle speed are adjusted continuously to achieve desired objectives. Proper design, of constraint-type adaptive control systems in particular, requires models of the milling process mechanics since the milling process is usually part of the feedback loop. The adequacy of available models of milling process mechanics is evaluated here experimentally for many cases of varying machining conditions, including changing axial and radial depths of cut and feedrate. Startup transients in the force as the cutter engages the workpiece are also investigated. The significance of dynamic effects in the milling process and of effects such as runout, for constraint-type adaptive control system design, is then evaluated.

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Cintho, Osvaldo Mitsuyuki, H. I. Tsai, M. Bär, M. de Castro, E. F. Monlevade, and José Deodoro Trani Capochi. "Variation of Tungsten Oxide Reduction Mode Using Different High Energy Milling Conditions." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.206.

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High energy ball milling has been used like alternative route for processing of materials. In the present paper, the reduction of tungsten oxide by aluminum in order to obtain metallic tungsten was studied using a SPEX type high energy mill. A powdered mixture of WO3and metallic aluminum, weighed according to the stoichiometric proportion with an excess 10% Al, was processed with hardened steel utensils using a 1:6 powder-to-ball ratio. The processing was carried out with milling jar temperature measurement in order to detect the reaction type. The temperature evaluation indicated the self-propagating reaction occurrence by fast increase of the jar temperature after a short milling time. The tungsten oxide reduction was verified by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and the milling products were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results were slightly different from the literature due to the mill type and milling parameters used in the work.

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Zhou, Li, Cheng Yong Wang, Wen Hong Li, Bai Xi Zhu, and Yu Jia Zhai. "Influence of Cutting Conditions on Chip Formation in High Speed Milling of Brittle Graphite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.769.

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Graphite chip formation is important for the understanding of high speed milling of brittle graphite. This paper is aimed to reveal the influence of cutting conditions on the graphite chip formation in high speed milling. The relationship between the maximum undeformed chip thickness and cutting parameters was analyzed, and the influence of cutting parameters, tool geometry and milling patterns on the chip formation of brittle graphite was studied. It is concluded that the transitions of graphite chip formations were highly dependent on the undeformed chip thickness which is decided by the combination setting of feed per tooth and radial depth of cut. Big fractured block chip occurs more easily in up milling than down milling. Tool rake angle influences the chip formation according to the maximum undeformed chip thickness.

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Ciocan, Ion, Daniel Datcu, and Marian Gheorghe. "Basic Conditions for 5-Axis Milling of Impeller Specific Surfaces." Applied Mechanics and Materials 760 (May 2015): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.760.367.

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The milling of blade surfaces has been treated in different works, with focus on tool type, process and system conditions, CNC programs, simulation for 3D machining, etc. This paper presents some basic theoretical and practical aspects related to the milling of blades and other associated surfaces of parts like rotors/ impellers, which are found in components of aviation, industrial turbo engines or turbochargers. The relevant analyze has been performed concerning the distinction of specific surfaces of impellers, the distinction, basic relations and determination of critical geometrical parameters associated to impeller and, correspondently, to the milling tool, as well the geometrical parameters for adjusting relative position of certain system parts.

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Prică, Călin Virgiliu, Cristina Daniela Stanciu, Florin Popa, and Ionel Chicinaş. "The Influence of Milling Conditions on the Ni₃Fe Alloyed Powder." Advanced Engineering Forum 13 (June 2015): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.13.75.

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The mechanosynthesis of Ni3Fe intermetallic compound was carried out in a planetary mill. The effects of milling parameters such as balls diameters and ball milling speed defined by the vials rotation speed (ω) and the disk rotation speed (Ω), on morphology, microstructure and particle sizes of Ni3Fe powder were studied. It was found that the impact frequency represented by the number of balls from vials is an important parameter a milling process. The smaller grain sizes and particle was obtained when milling process was performed in high frequency rate of impacts together with high balls velocity, meaning high energy conditions.

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Kodama, Hiroyuki, Toshiki Hirogaki, Eiichi Aoyama, Keiji Ogawa, and Koichi Okuda. "Experimental Verification of End-Milling Condition Decision Support System Using Data-Mining for Difficult-to-Cut Materials." Advanced Materials Research 1017 (September 2014): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1017.334.

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Data-mining methods using hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering are proposed, which could help manufacturing engineers determine guidelines for deciding end-milling conditions. We have constructed a novel system that uses clustering techniques and tool catalog data to support the determination of end-milling conditions for different types of recent difficult-to-cut materials. In the present report, we especially focus on the cutting speed to estimate the performance of this system. A comparison with the conditions recommended by famous tool makers in Japan, reveals that our proposed system can be used to determine the cutting speeds for various difficult-to-cut materials. That is, milling experiments using a square end mill under two sets of end-milling conditions (conditions derived from the end-milling condition decision support system and conditions suggested by expert engineers) for difficult-to-cut materials (austenite stainless steel; JIS SUS310) showed that the catalog mining method is effective for deriving guidelines for deciding end-milling conditions at the beginning of the manufacturing stage.

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Chen, Chun Huan, and Rui Ming Ren. "Appropriate Conditions for Preparation of Nanosized WO₃ through High-Energy-Milling." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.665.

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In order to synthesize WC-Co nanopowders through an integrated mechanical and thermal activation process, WO3-Co2O3-C nanopowders need to be obtained first. It is critical how to obtain the WO3-Co2O3-C nanopowders efficiently. The effect of processing parameters on the grain size during high-energy-milling of WO3-Co2O3-C mixed powders was studied via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the grain size of reactants can be effectively decreased with increasing the milling time, rotation speed, and charge ratio. After a certain time milling, both WO3 and C powders achieve nano-level in grain size and mixed homogeneously. The appropriate milling parameters for fabricating nanosized WO3+C+Co2O3 powders are suggested to be 4 to 8 hours of milling time, 400 RPM of rotation speed, and 40:1 to 60:1 of charge ratio.

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Yoganandan, Mohana, Scott R. Bean, Rebecca Miller-Regan, Hulya Dogan, Manoj Kumar Pulivarthi, and Kaliramesh Siliveru. "Effect of Tempering Conditions on White Sorghum Milling, Flour, and Bread Properties." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 21, 2021): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081947.

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The effects of room temperature water, hot water, and steam tempering methods were investigated on sorghum kernel physical properties, milling, flour, and bread-making properties. Overall tempering condition and tempering moisture content were found to have a significant effect on the physical properties. Milling properties were evaluated using a laboratory-scale roller milling flowsheet consisting of four break rolls and eight reduction rolls. Room temperature tempering (18% moisture for 24 h) led to better separation of bran and endosperm without negatively impacting flour quality characteristics i.e., particle size distribution, flour yield, protein, ash, damaged starch, and moisture content. Bread produced from the flour obtained from milling sorghum kernels tempered with room temperature water (18% m.c for 24 h) and hot water (16% m.c at 60 °C for 18 h) displayed better bread-making properties i.e., high firmness, resilience, volume index, higher number of cells, and thinner cell walls when compared to other tempering conditions. Room temperature water tempering treatment (18% m.c for 24 h) could be a better pretreatment process for milling white sorghum kernels without negatively impacting the flour and bread-making quality characteristics.

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Li, Zhong Qun. "Dynamic Simulation and Cutting Conditions Optimization of Tee Slot Milling Based on CutPro Software." Key Engineering Materials 407-408 (February 2009): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.407-408.589.

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. Based on the dynamic simulation module of CutPro, the dynamic cutting forces and chatter limits for tee slot milling were predicated by setting the geometry of a tee slotting cutter. The chatter stability lobes under a given axial depth of cut are obtained by further programming, which is essential for chatter-free tee slot milling. A methodology of cutting conditions optimization for tee slot milling is presented, in which the minimal cutting time is used as the target function and the stability limits are introduced into the constraint conditions to reflect the vibration characteristics of milling operation. This optimization method has been validated by experimental tests.

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Hamlati, Zineb, A. Guittoum, S. Bergheul, N. Souami, K. Taibi, and M. Azzaz. "Effect of the Milling Conditions on the Formation of Nanostructured Fe–Al Powders." Advanced Materials Research 214 (February 2011): 490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.214.490.

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Nanocrystalline Fe72Al28 alloy samples were prepared by the mechanical alloying process using planetary high-energy ball mill. The alloy formation and different physical properties were investigated as a function of milling time, t, (in the 0-24 h range) by means of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The complete formation of bcc-FeAl solid solution is observed after 4 h of milling. The lattice parameter, a (nm), quickly increases within the first hours of milling and reaches a maximum value of 0.291 nm at 12 h of milling time; then a (nm) decreases to a value of 0.2885 nm for 24 h. The grain size decreases from 55 to 10 nm, while the strain increases from 0.18% to 0.88%. Grain morphologies at different formation stages were observed by SEM. The Mössbauer spectra show different behaviors with the increase of milling time. Indeed, after 4 h, the Mössbauer spectrum shows the presence of a singlet and sextet. The singlet indicates the presence of paramagnetic phase characteristic of A2 disordered structure and the sextet with a mean hyperfine field, , of 21 T is indicative of ordered DO3 structure. After 8 h of milling, the paramagnetic phase disappears leading to the appearance of a sextet, with a mean hyperfine field, Hhf, equal to 24.18 T which is characteristic of DO3’ structure. For the higher milling time i.e. 24 h, the Mössbauer spectrum was analyzed with two components. The first one with equal to 29.9 T is still indicative of ordered DO3, however, the second with a value of 10.25 T is characteristic of the fine domain B2 ordered structure.

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Zheng, Guoxiao, Weifang Sun, Hao Zhang, Yuqing Zhou, and Chen Gao. "Tool wear condition monitoring in milling process based on data fusion enhanced long short-term memory network under different cutting conditions." Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 23, no. 4 (August 23, 2021): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ein.2021.4.3.

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Tool wear condition monitoring (TCM) is essential for milling process to ensure the machining quality, and the long short-term memory network (LSTM) is a good choice for predicting tool wear value. However, the robustness of LSTM- based method is poor when cutting condition changes. A novel method based on data fusion enhanced LSTM is proposed to estimate tool wear value under different cutting conditions. Firstly, vibration time series signal collected from milling process are transformed to feature space through empirical mode decomposition, variational mode decomposition and fourier synchro squeezed transform. And then few feature series are selected by neighborhood component analysis to reduce dimension of the signal features. Finally, these selected feature series are input to train the bidirectional LSTM network and estimate tool wear value. Applications of the proposed method to milling TCM experiments demonstrate it outperforms significantly SVR- based and RNN- based methods under different cutting conditions.

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KHAKBIZ, MEHRDAD, and FARSHAD AKHLAGHI. "EFFECT OF MECHANICAL ALLOYING PROCESS PARAMETERS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF Al-B4C NANOCOMPOSITE-NANOCRYSTLLINE POWDER PARTICLES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 18n19 (July 30, 2008): 2924–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208047766.

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In the present work the effect of milling time (2-16h), milling speed (320 and 420rpm), as-received aluminum particle size (21 and 71 μm), B 4 C size (90, 700 and 1200nm) and its content (5% and 10%) on the characteristics of Al - B 4 C powder particles during milling was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser particle size (LPS) analyzer. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the crystal size and internal strains within the processed aluminum particles at different conditions. It was concluded that powder particles size increased after 4h milling but further milling (up to 16h) resulted in decreased powder particles size. By increasing milling speed from 320rpm to 420rpm, finer aluminum powder particle sizes were obtained in any specific milling time. XRD results confirmed that nanocrystalline structures with the size of 80nm for aluminum powder particles can be achieved in different milling conditions. SEM micrographs and EDX maps of Al - B 4 C mixtures confirmed that milling at optimum conditions breaks the reinforcement particle clusters and a homogenous distribution of B 4 C nanoparticles in Al - B 4 C powder mixture can be achieved after milling.

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Wan, Min, Yi Ting Wang, Wei Hong Zhang, and Jian Wei Dang. "Effect of Cutting Conditions on the Stability Lobes for End Milling Process." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 748–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.748.

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Milling process will be dominated by multiple delays due to the effect of the cutter runout or the pitch angles of the cutter. In this paper, research efforts are focused on the dynamic behavior of milling processes under different cutting condition parameters such as different radial immersions, feed directions, feeds per tooth and helix angles. To improve the prediction accuracy of stability lobe, the combined influences of feed rate and cutter runout on the stability lobes are also taken into account. The basic principle of the method presented in one existing work is applied to examine the asymptotic stability trends for both down milling and up milling. Some new phenomena for certain combinations of cutting parameters are shown and explained in detail. It is found that as cutter runout occurs, feed per tooth, feed direction and cutter helix angle have great effects on the stability lobes.

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Akula, Sneharika, Sadvidya N. Nayak, Gururaj Bolar, and Vishwanath Managuli. "Comparison of conventional drilling and helical milling for hole making in Ti6Al4V titanium alloy under sustainable dry condition." Manufacturing Review 8 (2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2021010.

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Hole drilling in Ti6Al4V titanium alloy is challenging due to its poor machinability resulting from high-temperature strength and low thermal conductivity. Therefore, an evaluation of the helical milling process is carried out by comparing the thrust force, surface roughness, machining temperature, burr size, and hole diametrical accuracy with the conventional drilling process. The results indicate the advantage of the helical milling in terms of the lower magnitude of thrust force. The holes generated using helical milling displayed a superior surface finish at lower axial feed conditions, while higher axial feed conditions result in chatter due to the tool deformation. Also, the absence of a heat-affected zone (HAZ) under dry helical milling conditions indicates the work surface formation without thermal damage. Besides, a significant reduction in the size of the burrs is noted during helical milling due to lower machining temperature. Analysis of the hole diameter reinforces the capability of the helical milling process for processing H7 quality holes. Consequently, helical milling can be considered a sustainable alternative to mechanical drilling, considering its ability to machine quality holes under dry machining conditions.

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Onwubolu, G. C. "Optimization of milling operations for the selection of cutting conditions using Tribes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 219, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440505x32760.

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This paper presents a new methodology involving the use of Tribes for the selection of cutting conditions in single-pass milling operations. The new methodology, which is autonomous because it does not need any parameter tuning, is based on a comprehensive optimization criterion integrating the contributing effects of all major machining performance measures for milling operations. The results of case studies previously considered using genetic algorithms are presented to demonstrate the application of this new methodology for the determination of optimum cutting conditions in face- and end-milling operations. Results obtained show that the new methodology is efficient, effective, and competitive.

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Nowalid, Wan Mohd Azlan, Muhammad Adib Shaharun, and Ahmad Razlan Yusoff. "Effect of Lubrication Conditions to the Cutting Force Coefficients in Machining Process." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.55.

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The cutting force is the main important factor contributing the machined work piece surface and in determining the acceptable cutting parameters for high productivity in metal cutting industries. The prediction of cutting force coefficients of materials were calculated from the average cutting force model contributing to the constants of cutting force coefficients. In this study, experimental investigation is conducted to determine the cutting force coefficients in the average cutting force model, by identifying cutting force coefficients with different lubrication conditions such as dry, flood and minimal lubrication conditions and cutting speeds. A series of slot milling experiments are measured the milling forces by fixing the spindle speeds and radial/axial depths of cutting and linearly varying the feed per tooth. Using linearly fitting the experimental data, the tangential and radial milling force coefficients are then computed. The achieved results showed that the changing of spindle speed and different lubrication conditions affecting the milling force coefficient.

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Puttaswamy, M., Y. Chen, B. Jar, and J. S. Williams. "Investigation of Combustion Reactions under Different Milling Conditions." Materials Science Forum 312-314 (July 1999): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.312-314.79.

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Puttaswamy, M., Y. Chen, B. Jar, and J. S. Williams. "Investigation of Combustion Reactions under Different Milling Conditions." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 2-6 (July 1999): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.2-6.79.

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Belloufi, Abderrahim, Mekki Assas, Mabrouk Hecini, and Imane Rezgui. "Optimization of Cutting Conditions in Multi-Pass Milling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (January 2016): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.525.

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In this paper, a new, optimization strategy is used for the determination of the optimum cutting parameters for multipass milling operations. This strategy is based on the “minimum production time” criterion. The optimum number of passes is determined via dynamic programming, and the optimal values of the cutting conditions are found based on the objective function developed for the typified criterion by using a hybrid genetic algorithm with SQP. GA is the main optimizer of this algorithm, whereas SQP is used to fine-tune the results obtained from the GA. Furthermore, the convergence characteristics and robustness of the proposed method have been explored through comparisons with results reported in literature. The obtained results indicate that the proposed strategy is effective compared to other techniques carried out by different researchers.

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Sekine, Tsutomu. "Theoretical approaches for determining machining conditions affecting a machined surface topography in filleted end milling." International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 12 (2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2021025.

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This study demonstrates theoretical approaches useful for practical determination of machining conditions affecting machined surface topography in filleted end milling. Tool orientation is investigated in particular. There are dominant processing parameters' optimizations from various perspectives, whereas a few comprehensive strategies have been proposed to determine machining conditions in filleted end milling. It is also practically scarce to discover the optimization strategy taking path interval determination as the theoretical fountainhead. In this study, theoretical approaches were described to determine machining conditions affecting machined surface topography in filleted end milling. After geometrical description was arranged to model multi-axis filleted end milling, multi-layer approach and the other computable parameters were proposed to obtain decent surface topography generated in filleted end milling. The analytical example focusing on tool orientation was provided with discussion. As a result, some characteristics of theoretical approaches were revealed with the visual evidences. Finally, optimal tool orientation will be arranged based on the findings.

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GOLOVIN, V. I., and S. Yu RADCHENKO. "TOOL CONDITION MONITORING SYSTEM IN SERIAL PRODUCTION CONDITIONS." Fundamental and Applied Problems of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 2 (2020): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7408-2020-342-4-2-161-168.

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One of the most important tasks of serial and mass production is to maintain the continuity of the technological process in order to reduce equipment downtime and, as a result, the cost of production. One of the systems is the tool condition monitoring system. However, the solutions used today are complex software and hardware systems that are not available for most medium and small productions. The article proposes a system based on a comparative analysis of the applied tool with reference instances. The results of the analysis are sent to the decision-making system, which determines the feasibility of further use of the cutting tool for subsequent machining. An example of an experimental study of milling processing is given. The results obtained show the possibility and rationality of using this model to predict the state of the instrument.

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Kodama, Hiroyuki, Toshiki Hirogaki, Eiichi Aoyama, and Keiji Ogawa. "An Indicative End-Milling Condition Decision Support System Using Data-Mining for Difficult-to-Cut Materials Based on Comparison with Irregular Pitch and Lead End-Mill and General Purpose End-Mill." Advanced Materials Research 797 (September 2013): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.797.177.

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Data-mining methods using hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering are proposed that will help engineers determine appropriate end-milling conditions. We have constructed a system that uses clustering techniques and tool catalog data to support the determination of end-milling conditions for different types of difficult-to-cut materials such as austenitic stainless steel, Ni-base superalloy, and titanium alloy. Variable cluster analysis and the K-means method were used together to identify tool shape parameters that have a linear relationship with the end-milling conditions listed in the catalogs. The response surface method and significant tool shape parameters obtained by clustering were used to derive end-milling condition decision equations, which were used to determine the indicative end-milling conditions for each material. Comparison with the conditions recommended by toolmakers demonstrated that our proposed system can be used to determine the cutting speeds for various difficult-to-cut materials.

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Stoyadinova, Hristina, Zlatina Zlatanova, Maya Spassova, Tony Spassov, and Mikhail Baklanov. "Influence of Milling Conditions on the Hydriding Properties of Mg-C Nanocomposites." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/418585.

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Mg75 at.%, CB25 at.% (CB: carbon black) composites were synthesized at different ball milling conditions (milling energy, milling duration, and environment) and their hydriding properties were characterized by high-pressure DSC. The SEM observations revealed that the samples consist of 5–15 μm Mg particles, surrounded and in some cases coated by carbon particles. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the Mg phase of all as-obtained composite powders is nanocrystalline with average crystallite size in the range 20–30 nm, depending on the milling conditions. The best hydriding properties, expressed in low-temperature hydriding (below 150°C) and improved cycle life, showed the composites milled at dry conditions. This is obviously due mainly to the successful Mg surface protection by the carbon. Additional decrease of the hydriding temperature (<100°C) was achieved applying higher-energy milling, but at the same time the cycling stability deteriorated, due to the extremely fine particles and microstructure achieved under these conditions. The composites milled in the presence of heptane showed rapid capacity decline during cycling as well. The observed difference in the hydriding behavior of the Mg-CB composites is attributed to the different coating efficiency of the carbon milled under different conditions with Mg, which is supposed to protect magnesium from oxidation and plays a catalytic role for the hydriding reaction.

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Balema, Viktor P., Ihor Z. Hlova, Scott L. Carnahan, Mastooreh Seyedi, Oleksandr Dolotko, Aaron J. Rossini, and Igor Luzinov. "Depolymerization of polystyrene under ambient conditions." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 6 (2021): 2935–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj05984f.

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Ball milling of polystyrene under ambient conditions in metal containing vials causes scission of macromolecules, resulting in partial dismantling to styrene. Reactions proceeds via intermediate carbon-based free radicals that are detectable by EPR.

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Branham, Michael Lee, Thomas Moyo, Hafiz M. I. Abdallah, and Patrick Masina. "Tetracycline-ferrite nanocomposites formed via high-energy ball milling and the influence of milling conditions." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 83, no. 2 (February 2013): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.09.017.

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Iwabe, Hiroyasu, and Kazufumi Enta. "Tool Life of Small Diameter Ball End Mill for High Speed Milling of Hardened Steel - Effects of the Machining Method and the Tool Materials -." International Journal of Automation Technology 2, no. 6 (November 5, 2008): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2008.p0425.

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We studied tool life, flank wear, and machined surface roughness in the high-speed milling of hardened steel on a small ball end mill using a high-speed milling machine. We found that: (1) Cutting edge flank wear increases in proportion to cutting length and the flank wear shape gradually has a resembalance to the shape of the actual cutting length. (2) Long tool life depends on stepdown pick-feed and down-milling conditions. (3) Surface roughness increases in proportion to cutting length, but a low surface roughness of 1.4 μm is obtainable for a 3,800 m cutting length in down-milling. (4) CBN tool flank wear is very low -- at least 1/15 th that of carbide tools under down-milling conditions, and a surface roughness of 1.6 μm is obtainable for a 67.2 km cutting length. We verified the effectiveness of CBN tools in high-speed milling of hardened steel under cutting conditions.

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Ibrahim, Mohd Rasidi, Najah Mahadi, Afiff Latif, Zulafif Rahim, Zazuli Mohid, Mohammad Sukri Mustapa, and Saiful Anwar Che Ghani. "Research on Relationship between Cutting Conditions and Chip Formation during End Milling of Aluminium Alloy 6061." Materials Science Forum 909 (November 2017): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.909.56.

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This paper studied chip morphology in end milling of aluminium alloy 6061 by various cutting parameter such as feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut. Slot milling operation were conducted. The analysis consists of chip morphology, chip weight, chip thickness and chip length. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to obtain and examine the chips. Result shows that, end milling with higher cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut generated short, small and light weigh of chips.

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Feng, Yan Xia, Chuan Zhen Huang, Jun Wang, Rong Guo Hou, and X. Y. Lu. "An Experimental Study on Milling Al₂O₃ Ceramics with Abrasive Waterjet." Key Engineering Materials 339 (May 2007): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.339.500.

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The machining performance of Al2O3 ceramics is studied by abrasive waterjet (AWJ) milling experiment. The machined surface characteristics and the effect of process parameters on machined surface quality are analyzed. The results showed that the nozzle traverse speed and traverse feed have a strong effect on the machined surface quality. The effect of process parameters on material volume removal rate and the milling depth is also researched. The results indicated that the material volume removal rate and the milling depth would be increased at the milling conditions of higher water pressure and bigger standoff distance. However, the milling depth will decrease at the milling conditions of higher traverse speed and higher traverse feed, and the material volume removal rate has a complex variation.

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Medvedev, P. N., O. S. Kashapov, and L. P. Reshetilo. "Study of surface layers of VT41 titanium alloy after mechanical treatment." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 1(109) (April 20, 2022): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2022-109-1-54-63.

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The work studies residual stresses in the surface layer, roughness of flat surfaces of titanium alloy VT41 sample, obtained by milling with end mills, as well as conditions for relieving these stresses by means of incomplete annealing. The milling was carried out on a universal vertical milling machine, varying the conditions of the machining allowance in one pass and the cutters.

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Xu, Ying Zhe, Tao Jiang, Hui Yang Gao, and Xiang Xin Xue. "Correlations between Milling Conditions and B₂O₃ Activity of Mechanically Activated Boron Concentrate." Solid State Phenomena 294 (July 2019): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.294.79.

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Facing the current inefficiency of boron extraction from boron concentrate, this paper used mechanical activation as a pretreatment method to improve the extraction of B2O3 from boron concentrate, and researched the influences of milling conditions, including the ball-sample mass ratio, the diameter of milling ball, and filling ratio of chamber, on the B2O3 activity. The changes in the properties of the milled products were investigated to analyze the mechanism of activation. These three milling conditions all affected the B2O3 activity more or less, as evidenced by the changes of B2O3 activity with these milling factors. Under optimized milling conditions, the B2O3 activity could be enhanced from 67.52% of the non-activated boron concentrate to 85.01%. The results also showed that the specific surface area increased and the crystal structure was damaged, which accelerated the reaction between the alkaline leaching solution and boron concentrate samples and enhanced the B2O3 activity of the samples.

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Ghionea, Ionuţ, Adrian Ghionea, Saša Ćuković, and Nicolae Ionescu. "Determination of the Milling Conditions of a Pump Casing Cover Using a Parametric Designed Fixture Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.890.

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This paper presents an applicative methodology of parametric computer aided design using the CATIA v5 software to model and assembly a modular fixture device. The device is then used in the orientation and clamping a part of type casing cover which has a face machined by milling. Having a constructive solution of the fixture device, the next step is to simulate a milling process through a FEM analysis to identify the working conditions: milling tool diameter, number of teeth, cutting forces, required power of the machine tool etc. Some parameters were chosen according to various tools manufacturers catalogues and the cutting force components were determined experimentally in laboratory conditions. The analysis results show that in the FEM simulated milling process, in all the fixture device parts, some tensions cause displacements that have an influence over the casing cover surface roughness.

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Shang, Xuekun, Xitao Wang, and Silian Chen. "Effects of Ball Milling Processing Conditions and Alloy Components on the Synthesis of Cu-Nb and Cu-Mo Alloys." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081224.

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The effects of processing parameters in ball milling and the different behaviors of Cu-Nb and Cu-Mo alloys during milling were investigated. High powder yields can be obtained by changing the BPR value and ball size distribution and no clear dependence of BPR value on powder yield can be found from the experiment results. The addition of oxygen can largely reduce the effect of excessive cold welding during ball milling. A “two-step” ball milling method was introduced to evaluate the different evolution processes and morphologies in different alloys. With 8 h pre-milling, this method considerably benefits the oxidation process of Mo and shows its promising potential in the synthesis of immiscible alloys. Based on the experiment results and analysis, we suggest that the different behaviors of Cu-Nb and Cu-Mo alloys are related to the shear modules and different tendencies to be oxidized.

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Liu, Fei, Cai Xu Yue, Xian Li Liu, Xin Min Feng, and Jing Ma. "Investigation on Milling Force with Tilt Angles in Milling Cr12MoV." Materials Science Forum 800-801 (July 2014): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.134.

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Based on actual working condition, this paper takes the mold materials Cr12MoVwhich is widely used in car cover as research object, and uses the finite element software Deform 3D to establish three-dimensional finite element simulation model of milling hardened steel Cr12MoV process. Reliable material model, chip separation criterion and appropriate boundary conditions are applied. The finite element simulation of milling hardened steel is built with different tilt angles. Milling force of simulation results are verified through experiments.Changes in the milling force with tilt angle are discussed, which can provide certain reference for cutting parameters optimization of milling process and 3D finite element modelling in milling.

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FINKELDEI, Daniel, and Friedrich BLEICHER. "END MILLING OF TI-48AL-2CR-2NB UNDER HIGH-FEED CONDITIONS." Journal of Machine Engineering 19, no. 2 (June 9, 2019): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2224.

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Gamma titanium aluminides are fast developing materials and particularly in use for aerospace and automotive components. Due to the high cutting forces and raised cutting temperatures achieved during milling of this material, tool-wear is a crucial factor. Thus, increasing of the cutting speed leads to a significant rise of the cutting temperature. On the one hand, the implementation of innovative cooling strategies can reduce the heat flux in the cutting tool. On the other hand, analysing of the heat generation during the cutting process can lead to improved machining strategies. Previous research attempts assess microstructural and chip formation, as well as tool-wear in finish milling of this material. However, few have investigated the optimal cutting strategies in roughing and finishing of titanium aluminides. In this study, the milling operation under high feed rate should be investigated and the potential to improve chip removal rate and tool life should be determined.

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Nowakowski, Łukasz, Marian Bartoszuk, Michał Skrzyniarz, Sławomir Błasiak, and Dimka Vasileva. "Influence of the Milling Conditions of Aluminium Alloy 2017A on the Surface Roughness." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 3626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103626.

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The article presents the results and process analysis of the face milling of aluminium alloy 2017A with the CoroMill 490 tool on an AVIA VMC 800 vertical milling centre. The study analysed the effects of the cutting speed, the feed rate, the actual number of teeth involved in the process, the minimum thickness of the cut layer (hmin), and the relative displacement in the tool-workpiece system D(ξ) on the surface roughness parameter Ra. To measure relative displacement, an original bench was used with an XL-80 laser interferometer. The analysis of relative displacement and surface roughness allowed these factors to be correlated with each other. The purpose of this article is to determine the stable operating ranges of the CoroMill 490-050Q22-08M milling head with respect to the value of the generated relative displacement w during the face-milling process and to determine its influence on surface roughness. The research methodology presented in this paper and the cutting tests carried out allowed the determination of the optimum operating parameters of the CoroMill 490-050Q22-08M tool during the face milling of aluminium alloy 2017A, which are vc 300 m/m and fz—0.14 mm/tooth. Working with the defined cutting parameters allows all the cutting inserts in the tool body to be involved in shaping the geometrical structure of the surface, while maintaining a low vibration level D(ξ) > 1 µm, a low value of the parameter hmin > 1.5 µm, and the desired value of the parameter Ra > 0.2 µm

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Feijoo, Iria, Gloria Pena, María Julia Cristóbal, Marta Cabeza, and Pilar Rey. "Effect of Carbon Nanotube Content and Mechanical Milling Conditions on the Manufacture of AA7075/MWCNT Composites." Metals 12, no. 6 (June 16, 2022): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12061020.

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Aluminium matrix composites (AlMCs) of AA7075 aluminium alloy reinforced with 0.5 and 1 wt.% multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were fabricated with powder metallurgy techniques using three different mechanical milling strategies, varying the milling energy and the stage in which the reinforcements were added to the pre-alloyed matrix powders. In this paper, we focus on the influence of these parameters on the dispersion of MWCNTs. Characterization of the obtained composite powders by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy showed that the evolution of the particle size and morphology of the composite powders is influenced by milling conditions and MWCNT content; however, under the conditions tested in this study, there were no significant differences in crystallite size and lattice strain. The best distribution of the reinforcements was obtained after milling 7075 powders and MWCNTs in a high-energy cycle (HEBM), varying the rotation speed between 1200 and 1300 rpm. Raman spectroscopy was used to assess the damage induced by the milling process in the nanotubes, and no reaction products were detected under any of the tested conditions. Nanoindentation tests were performed to measure the elastic modulus and hardness of the composite powders, revealing that the best mechanical behaviour was achieved by the 7075-0.5 wt.% MWCNT composites obtained by the HEBM route.

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Shizuka, Hiroo, Koichi Okuda, Masayuki Nunobiki, and Yasuhito Inada. "Study on Surface Roughness in Micro End Milling of Mold Material." Advanced Materials Research 325 (August 2011): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.325.594.

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The effects of cutting conditions on the surface roughness in a micro-end-milling process of a mold material are described in this paper. Micro-end-milling operations were performed under different cutting conditions such as feed rate and depth of cut, in order to investigate the factors that had the greatest influence on the finished surface during micro-end-milling. It was revealed that the surface roughness begins to deteriorate when the radial depth of the cut exceeds the tool radius. In addition, it was found that this phenomenon is peculiar to micro-end-milling processes.

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Bregiroux, Damien, Fabienne Audubert, and Didier Bernache-Assollant. "The Role of the Milling Step on the Sintering Behaviour of Monazite Powder LaPO₄ - Densification and Resulting Microstructure." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.633.

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Sintering behaviour of monazite powder was investigated as a function of the powder milling conditions. To this aim, two techniques were used: attrition-milling and mixer-milling. We show that it is of prime importance to control all the milling parameters in order to obtain controlled microstructure and to avoid abnormal grain growth or residual large porosity.

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Cakir, M. C., and A. Gurarda. "Optimization of machining conditions for multi-tool milling operations." International Journal of Production Research 38, no. 15 (October 2000): 3537–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002075400422789.

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Dong, Ya-Wei, Guan-Wu Wang, and Lei Wang. "Solvent-free synthesis of naphthopyrans under ball-milling conditions." Tetrahedron 64, no. 44 (October 2008): 10148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.047.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Milling conditions'

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