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Journal articles on the topic 'Millimeter wave design'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 15 February 2025

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1

Doan, C. H., S. Emami, A. M. Niknejad, and R. W. Brodersen. "Millimeter-wave CMOS design." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 40, no. 1 (January 2005): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2004.837251.

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2

Zhao, Shuang, and Le Le Zhang. "Design of Millimeter-Wave Emission Component." Advanced Materials Research 1046 (October 2014): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1046.301.

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In recent years, with the development of millimeter-wave MMIC chip, millimeter wave technology has been widely used. The millimeter-wave transmitter front-end is designed in this paper. By using second harmonic mixers, we reduce the operating frequency of the oscillator. By using the side exit microstrip - waveguide structure, we strengthen the compact structure. Test results show that the transmitter front-end transmission power is 33dB and its transmission band is 35.5-36GHz.

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3

Shigematsu, H., T. Hirose, F. Brewer, and M. Rodwell. "Millimeter-wave CMOS circuit design." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 53, no. 2 (February 2005): 472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2004.840758.

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4

Labadie, Iris. "Advanced Ceramic Structures and Materials for High-Reliability Millimeter-Wave Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, CICMT (September 1, 2011): 000182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2011-wa22.

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Semiconductor device speeds and circuit operating frequencies have increased substantially over the past decade. Although millimeter-wave technology has been around for over 100 years, it is only within the past 5–10 years that increased demand for millimeter-wave commercial products and services has driven the development of new electronic package designs, low-loss materials, and the transformation of passive components to integrated and smaller geometries. High-reliability applications have employed millimeter-waves for several decades, but typically utilized heavy materials and distributed architectures. The transition of high-reliability millimeter-wave applications to new materials such as low-temperature co-fired ceramics requires innovative package designs to achieve comparable or better electrical performance in a much smaller form factor. Ceramic packaging technology continues to meet or exceed the performance requirements of high-reliability millimeter-wave applications with a broadened portfolio of material sets and innovative internal circuit components such as filter banks, antennas, and waveguides. Today's ceramic package design techniques and materials for applications within current and future high-reliability millimeter-wave markets will be discussed.

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5

Pramono, Subuh, Muhammad Hamka Ibrahim, Meiyanto Eko Sulistyo, Sutrisno, Faisal Rahutomo, and Joko Hariyono. "Design and Challenges on mmWave Antennas: A Comprehesive Review." E3S Web of Conferences 465 (2023): 02067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346502067.

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Researchers are keen to continue developing and investigating millimeter wave spectrum bands because these bands potentially provide broadband bandwidth for extremely high data transfer rates. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent millimeter wave antenna development, especially for 30-40 GHz, 60 GHz, and 140 GHz, with their characteristics, limitations, and challenges. Several previous millimeter wave antennas are introduced, including their broadband bandwidth, gain, feeding technique, substrate, and beamwidth. Based on their measured performances show that the millimeter wave antenna has great potential to support realizing the extremely high transfer data rate in wireless communication systems.

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6

Fuscaldo, Walter, Santi C. Pavone, Davide Comite, Guido Valerio, Matteo Albani, Mauro Ettorre, and Alessandro Galli. "Design criteria of X-wave launchers for millimeter-wave applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 11, no. 9 (May 27, 2019): 939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871900062x.

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AbstractBessel-beam launchers are promising and established technologies for focusing applications at microwaves. Their use in time-domain leads to the definition of a new class of devices, namely, the X-wave launchers. In this work, we discuss the focusing features of such devices with a specific interest at millimeter waves. The spatial resolutions of such systems are described under a rigorous mathematical framework to derive novel operating conditions for designing X-wave launchers. These criteria might be particularly appealing for specific millimeter-wave applications. In particular, it is shown that an electrically large aperture is not strictly required, as it seemed from previous works. However, the use of an electrically small aperture would demand a considerably wideband capability. The various discussions presented here provide useful information for the design of X-wave launchers. This aspect is finally shown with reference to the practical design of two different X-wave launchers.

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7

Zhao, Shuang, and Dian Ren Chen. "Design of the Millimeter-Wave Receiver." Applied Mechanics and Materials 662 (October 2014): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.662.235.

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The millimeter-wave transceiver front-end as a subsystem of high-frequency component is an important part of the radar, navigation, electronic warfare and communication systems. The millimeter receiver front-end developed herein, using the second harmonic mixer, reduces the frequency of the local oscillator. Using the bottom surface outlet ladder microstrip - waveguide structure, it strengthens the structure. Test results show that the developed front-end receiver has gain of 25dB and the transmit band is 35.5-36GHz.

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8

Shen, Haopeng. "Effect of Rain Attenuation on Millimeter Wave over Polarization." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3815.

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Millimeter wave has been used in radar applications for a long time, and is increasingly used in new fields, among which high data rate telecommunications is the most prominent. Short wavelength and unique propagation characteristics provide challenges and opportunities for design engineers working in these fields. Millimeter wave has become an indispensable part of 5G mobile communication field due to its excellent spectrum characteristics. In order to help the development of millimeter wave equipment, this paper mainly studies the millimeter wave rain attenuation phenomenon through the combination of theory and simulation. The effects of rainfall rate and polarization mode on millimeter wave propagation attenuation are compared and summarized. In addition, the total attenuation of millimeter wave communication path under different polarization rainfall characteristics is compared. Finally, the total loss of different frequency millimeter wave rainfall links is compared and analyzed. It provides a theoretical basis for the follow-up design and practical application of millimeter wave communication system.

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9

Singh, Sohni, Manvinder Sharma, Pankaj Palta, and Anuj Kumar Gupta. "Investigations on Millimeter Wave (mmW) Antenna for 5G Technology: Design Considerations and Applications." CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research 3, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46860/cgcijctr.2020.12.26.149.

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The millimeter wave technology has made its way to the 5G technology as the system of 5G requires larger bandwidth, higher frequency and system capacity. In order to achieve these parameters, the millimeter wave antenna research becomes necessary. The current wireless technologies require huge bandwidth which makes the spectrum of millimeter wave a potential candidate. Microstrip antennas have always been in an increasing demand due to their exceptional performance in the applications of wireless communication. The advantages of microstrip patch antenna led to its popularity among the researchers.The technologies such as MIMO, CMOS and beam forming are used with millimeter wave antenna for improving the mobile phone performance. There are various designs of microstrip patch antenna related to 5G technology and applications in the millimeter wave band which are discussed in the paper.

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10

Singh, Sohni, Manvinder Sharma, Pankaj Palta, and Anuj K. Gupta. "Investigations on Millimeter Wave (mmW) Antenna for 5G Technology: Design Considerations and Applications." CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46860/cgcijctr/2020.12.26.149.

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The millimeter wave technology has made its way to the 5G technology as the system of 5G requires larger bandwidth, higher frequency and system capacity. In order to achieve these parameters, the millimeter wave antenna research becomes necessary. The current wireless technologies require huge bandwidth which makes the spectrum of millimeter wave a potential candidate. Microstrip antennas have always been in an increasing demand due to their exceptional performance in the applications of wireless communication. The advantages of microstrip patch antenna led to its popularity among the researchers.The technologies such as MIMO, CMOS and beam forming are used with millimeter wave antenna for improving the mobile phone performance. There are various designs of microstrip patch antenna related to 5G technology and applications in the millimeter wave band which are discussed in the paper.

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11

Borkar, V. G., V. M. Pandharipande, and R. Ethiraj. "Millimeter wave twist reflector design aspects." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 40, no. 11 (1992): 1423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.202720.

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12

Pozar, D. M., S. D. Targonski, and H. D. Syrigos. "Design of millimeter wave microstrip reflectarrays." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 45, no. 2 (1997): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.560348.

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13

Gu, Qun Jane, Zhiwei Xu, and Jenny Yi-Chun Liu. "Physical design optimization of MOSFETs for millimeter wave and sub-millimeter wave circuits." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 83, no. 1 (February 10, 2015): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-015-0500-8.

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14

Wang Yuanyuan, 王元源, 李春化 Li Chunhua, and 袁晶 Yuan Jing. "Design of millimeter/sub-millimeter wave quasi-optical feed system." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 6 (2013): 1535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20132506.1535.

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15

Mohammad-Taheri, Mahmoud, Mehrdad Fahimnia, Ying Wang, Ming Yu, and Safieddin Safavi-Naeini. "WAVE ANALYSIS FOR INDUCTIVELY MATCHED MILLIMETER WAVE AMPLIFIER DESIGN." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 13 (2010): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc09112508.

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16

Wang, Cao, Chuan Chen, and Yong Fang. "Design of millimeter wave radar amplification module." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1846, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1846/1/012014.

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17

Li, Meng. "Broadband 5G Millimeter Wave Microstrip Antenna Design." International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research 8, no. 8 (August 16, 2019): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7753/ijcatr0808.1003.

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18

Adelman, J., R. Ben-Michael, S. Caspi, and S. Hopfer. "The design of millimeter-wave control components." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 37, no. 2 (1989): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.20057.

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19

Leipold, F., M. Salewski, A. S. Jacobsen, M. Jessen, S. B. Korsholm, P. K. Michelsen, S. K. Nielsen, and M. Stejner. "Polarizer design for millimeter-wave plasma diagnostics." Review of Scientific Instruments 84, no. 8 (August 2013): 084701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4816724.

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20

Levush, B., M. Blank, J. Calame, B. Danly, K. Nguyen, D. Pershing, S. Cooke, P. Latham, J. Petillo, and T. Antonsen. "Modeling and design of millimeter wave gyroklystrons." Physics of Plasmas 6, no. 5 (May 1999): 2233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873476.

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21

Santhakumar, G., and R. Muthukumar. "Design and Development of Dual Band Millimeter Wave Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna Array." Measurement Science Review 24, no. 3 (June 1, 2024): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2024-0014.

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Abstract New communication paradigms have emerged to make better use of the available wireless spectrum due to its scarcity. Millimeter wave high-frequency spectrum could offer a viable solution to the problem of spectrum scarcity. Millimeter wave devices and antennas are becoming increasingly popular and are used in a wide variety of applications and planned Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication networks. In this work, we develop a Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) based antenna array and millimeter-wave feeding network with the aim of achieving optimal performance. A microstrip array antenna is developed for use at millimeter wave frequencies of 28 GHz and 38 GHz. Next, an SIW array antenna will be created. For high-frequency uses, SIW technology excels due to its low loss, easy integration and high quality factor. The two unequal longitudinal slots in a slotted SIW antenna cause the structure to resonate at 28 GHz and 38 GHz. The SIW structure is fabricated by making two parallel rows of metallic vias, carefully determined through sizes to ensure minimal internal losses. A microstrip line that transitions into a SIW feeds into the proposed layout. In this paper, the authors investigate the design and construction of an integrated waveguide antenna array for use at dual millimeter-wave frequencies.

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22

Hunter, Robert I., Duncan A. Robertson, Philippe Goy, and Graham M. Smith. "Design of High-Performance Millimeter Wave and Sub-Millimeter Wave Quasi-Optical Isolators and Circulators." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 55, no. 5 (May 2007): 890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2007.895152.

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23

Tu, Siyu, Jinsong Liu, Tianyi Wang, Zhengang Yang, and Kejia Wang. "Design of a 94 GHz Millimeter-Wave Four-Way Power Combiner Based on Circular Waveguide Structure." Electronics 10, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151795.

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This paper introduces a four-way power combiner operating in the 94 GHz millimeter-wave based on spatial power combining technology. The four millimeter-waves with Gaussian beams are combined in the waveguide, increasing the output power. The combiner is composed of five circular waveguides connected by four long and narrow coupling slots. Four sub-waveguides are separately connected to four input ports and one main waveguide is connected to a common output port. The TE11-mode is used as the input mode, which has two vertical and horizontal polarization directions. Four sub-waveguides are respectively input corresponding to polarization directions TE11-wave with Gaussian beams. The power of TE11-wave is transmitted to the main waveguide by the coupling slots, combined in the main waveguide, and output with the common port. We analyze the combiner and verify the availability of the design structure by numerical stimulation with CST MWS (Microwave Studio) software. The power-combining efficiency can be over 97%, and the output beams remain Gaussian beams with nearly fourfold increased power. The proposed model provides technological approaches for power combiner application in millimeter-wave.

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24

Farooq, Umar, and Ghulam Mohammad Rather. "Millimeter Wave Communication Networks." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 12, no. 3 (May 2021): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2021050108.

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Millimeter wave (MMW) communication is a key technology to support the high data rate requirements of next generation networks and cope up the spectrum scarcity and capacity limitations of current wireless systems and hence enable a plethora of applications. However, this technology is in its initial development stage, and there are various technical challenges in its practical implementation that need to be addressed before its successful deployment. This paper reviews the state of the art in MMW communications and provides in-depth detail of the basic propagation characteristics of MMWs in different operation scenarios. The paper also analyses the various technical challenges of MMW communication networks envisaged in its implementation and highlights the design choices proposed so far to address these challenges. Finally, some of the potential applications of MMW communications that may emerge in the near future are also discussed.

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25

Voicu, Marius, Domenico Pepe, and Domenico Zito. "Performance and Trends in Millimetre-Wave CMOS Oscillators for Emerging Wireless Applications." International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology 2013 (March 28, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/312618.

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This paper reports the latest advances on millimeter-wave CMOS voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs). Current state-of-the-art implementations are reviewed, and their performances are compared in terms of phase noise and figure of merit. Low power and low phase noise LC-VCO and ring oscillator designs are analyzed and discussed. Design and performance trends over the last decade are provided and discussed. The paper shows how for the higher range of millimeter-waves (>60 GHz) the performances of ring oscillators become comparable with those of LC-VCOs.

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26

Sarkar, Mousumi, Sukhendu Bhanja, and Arijit Majumdar. "Computer-aided design of millimeter-wave continuous wave power combiner." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, no. 3 (January 28, 2014): 705–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.28173.

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27

Schossmann, Alexander, Michael Töfferl, Christoph Schmidt, and Alexander Bergmann. "Telemetric angle and position sensing using millimeter-wave metamaterial and a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) chip." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 13, no. 1 (March 8, 2024): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-13-31-2024.

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Abstract. We present a fully telemetric sensor concept for angle and position measurement. It is based on single-layer millimeter-wave metamaterials that exhibit an anisotropic resonant behavior in interaction with incident electromagnetic waves. The angle of rotation is determined from the reflected millimeter waves of the metamaterial target using a millimeter wave chip transceiver. We use a metamaterial geometry exhibiting anisotropic Fano-type resonant behavior. The Fano-type resonance shows a distinct minimum in the reflection spectrum, even with a single layer of metamaterial. The metamaterial target is manufactured on a printed circuit board (PCB) laminate with low-cost standard manufacturing methods. We present an analytical model estimating the resonance frequency of the metamaterial used. The model allows us to assess whether with the Fano-type metamaterial unit cell structure resonance frequencies in the millimeter wave regime are achievable and compliant with standard PCB manufacturing design rules. We performed proof-of-principle experiments with the metamaterial targets and a vector network analyzer, assisted by a detailed analysis of the sensor effect by means of finite-element method calculations. Finally, we implemented a demonstrator setup containing a state-of-the-art frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar chip and a metamaterial target manufactured with standard PCB manufacturing processes.

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28

Tatu, Serioja Ovidiu, and Emilia Moldovan. "Millimeter Wave Multi-Port Interferometric Radar Sensors: Evolution of Fabrication and Characterization Technologies." Sensors 20, no. 19 (September 24, 2020): 5477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195477.

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Recent advances in millimeter wave technologies, both in component and system design, in line with important size and cost reductions, have opened up new applications in ultra-high-speed wireless communications, radar and imaging sensors. The paper presents the evolution of millimeter wave circuit and modules fabrication and characterization technologies in the past decades. Novel planar low-cost fabrication technologies have been successfully developed in this period. In combination with the standard rectangular wave-guide technology, these offer great opportunities for prototyping and testing of future millimeter wave transceivers or front-ends, which integrate antenna arrays, down-converters, modulators, amplifiers, etc., in a compact fixture. The paper uses, as a suggestive example, the evolution of the multi-port interferometric front-ends implementation from millimeter wave bulky components and systems to miniaturized and high-efficient ones. Circuit and system designs are carefully done to avoid (as much as possible) complicated calibration methods or difficult post-processing of baseband data. This requires an increased effort in design and fabrication, but it allows miniaturization, low-power consumption, while keeping very good overall performances. Useful and straightforward laboratory characterization techniques of circuits and systems are described in detail.

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29

Lialios, Dimitrios I., Nikolaos Ntetsikas, Konstantinos D. Paschaloudis, Constantinos L. Zekios, Stavros V. Georgakopoulos, and George A. Kyriacou. "Design of True Time Delay Millimeter Wave Beamformers for 5G Multibeam Phased Arrays." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 1331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081331.

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Millimeter wave (mm-Wave) technology is likely the key enabler of 5G and early 6G wireless systems. The high throughput, high capacity, and low latency that can be achieved, when mm-Waves are utilized, makes them the most promising backhaul as well as fronthaul solutions for the communication between small cells and base stations or between base stations and the gateway. Depending on the channel properties different communication systems (e.g., beamforming and MIMO) can accordingly offer the best solution. In this work, our goal is to design millimeter wave beamformers for switched beam phased arrays as hybrid beamforming stages. Specifically, three different analog beamforming techniques for the frequency range of 27–33 GHz are presented. First, a novel compact multilayer Blass matrix is proposed. Second, a modified dummy-ports free, highly efficient Rotman lens is introduced. Finally, a three-layer true-time-delay tree topology inspired by microwave photonics is presented.

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30

Nadar Akila Mohan, P., and K. Indhumathi. "Sub-millimeter wave nanoantenna-a review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2484, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2484/1/012053.

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Abstract Electromagnetic waves that have a wavelength of less than one millimeter are referred to as sub millimeter waves. In sub millimeter wave-based devices and systems, antennas are critical components that are vital to their operation. Antennas are used in situations when a transition between a directed wave and a free-space wave is needed. Since, electromagnetic characteristics for receiving and transmission of the nano antenna are mutually invertible, the properties of nano antenna are analyzed in sub millimeter wave frequencies and this overcomes the limitations of conventional antenna design. They are very small in size, provide more efficiency, and do not cause health threat. This paper reviews the applications of nano antenna, which operates at sub-millimeter wave frequency, in the field of energy harvesting, space technology, IoT applications, 5G network, smart clothing, bio sensing, communication, etc? Also, the nano antenna fabricated by 3D printing technology is also reviewed. The world’s ever-increasing energy need necessitates the development of alternate energy sources. There is a lot of research and development going on right now to enhance photovoltaic systems so that they can be more efficient, but the constraint is that they can only collect energy from the visible area of the electromagnetic spectrum. As a result, a novel device known as a Nano antenna has been developed to convert heat energy taken from the infrared spectrum into electricity. In the not-too-distant future, it will have an impact on a wide range of fields, such as mobile communication (5G), radar detection, and higher order frequency applications. Space communication, broadband wireless communications, wireless optical communication, and mobile communication will also benefit from its implementation.

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31

Zhang, Bo, Yong-Zhong Xiong, Lei Wang, Sanming Hu, and Joshua Le-Wei Li. "On the De-Embedding Issue of Millimeter-Wave and Sub-Millimeter-Wave Measurement and Circuit Design." IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 2, no. 8 (August 2012): 1361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2012.2200482.

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32

Hou, Chunzhi, Qingliang Li, Jinpeng Zhang, Zhensen Wu, Yushi Zhang, Lixin Guo, Xiuqin Zhu, and Pengbo Du. "A Three-Dimensional Fully Polarized Millimeter-Wave Hybrid Propagation Channel Model for Urban Microcellular Environments." Electronics 13, no. 18 (September 12, 2024): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183629.

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Millimeter-wave channel modeling is the basis of fifth-generation (5G) communication network design and applications. In urban microcellular environments, the roughness of wall surfaces can be comparable to the wavelengths of millimeter waves, resulting in walls that cannot be considered as smooth surfaces. Therefore, channel modeling methods based on only traditional three-dimensional ray tracing (RT) or the three-dimensional parabolic equation (PE) result in the limited computational accuracy of millimeter-wave channel models for urban environments. Based on the scattering theory of a rough surface and the typical scattering characteristics of a millimeter wave, the end field of the three-dimensional vector PE is regarded as the initial field of three-dimensional RT. Moreover, the number of scattered rays and scattering angles are introduced. Finally, a three-dimensional fully polarized millimeter-wave hybrid propagation channel model (3DFPHPCM) is proposed. The proposed model improves the computational accuracy of a single deterministic model. Millimeter-wave channel measurements in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments were carried out to verify and optimize the proposed 3DFPHPCM. The results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the proposed 3DFPHPCM are both minimized when compared to three-dimensional RT or the three-dimensional PE, which indicates that the proposed 3DFPHPCM has higher computational accuracy. Moreover, its runtime is the shortest among the methods. The results presented herein provide technical support for the layout of base stations.

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33

Anooz, Ruaa Shallal Abbas, Ghufran M. Hatem, Iman Hafedh Yaseen Hasnawi, and Mohammed N. Nemah. "Design Apollonian Gasket Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1094, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012038.

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34

Zhao, Shuang, and Dian Ren Chen. "Design of the Millimeter-Wave Microstrip Array Antenna." Applied Mechanics and Materials 662 (October 2014): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.662.239.

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In this paper, a linearly polarized microstrip patch array antenna is analyzed based on the theory of cavity mode. Using the weighted parallel fed method, a 64 element linear polarization microstrip array antenna with a 35.5GHz center frequency is designed. Then we use the simulation software optimize the simulation model of the antenna. The simulation result shows that this antenna has a gain of 22dB, and low sidelobes.

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35

Favreau, M., J. M. Goutoule, R. Orta, P. Savi, and R. Tascone. "Design of a 45° incidence millimeter wave diplexer." Annales Des Télécommunications 47, no. 11-12 (November 1992): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02998318.

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36

Zhang, Jing, Xiaohu Ge, Qiang Li, Mohsen Guizani, and Yanxia Zhang. "5G Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array: Design and Challenges." IEEE Wireless Communications 24, no. 2 (April 2017): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2016.1400374rp.

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37

Kibilda, Jacek, Allen B. MacKenzie, Mohammad J. Abdel-Rahman, Seong Ki Yoo, Lorenzo Galati Giordano, Simon L. Cotton, Nicola Marchetti, et al. "Indoor Millimeter-Wave Systems: Design and Performance Evaluation." Proceedings of the IEEE 108, no. 6 (June 2020): 923–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2020.2989189.

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38

Razavi, Behzad. "Design of Millimeter-Wave CMOS Radios: A Tutorial." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 56, no. 1 (January 2009): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2008.931648.

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39

De Flaviis, F., T. Rozzi, F. Moglie, A. Sgreccia, and A. Panzeri. "Accurate analysis and design of millimeter wave mixers." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 41, no. 5 (May 1993): 870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.234524.

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40

Holzman, E. L. "Transreflector antenna design for millimeter-wave wireless links." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 47, no. 5 (October 2005): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2005.1599162.

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41

Nguyen, Cam. "Graphical design of millimeter-wave finline bandpass filters." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 8, no. 12 (December 1987): 1581–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01012444.

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BAN, Lei, Jieying HE, and Shengwei ZHANG. "System Design of Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Ozone Radiometer." Chinese Journal of Space Science 44, no. 2 (2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11728/cjss2024.02.2023-0053.

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Wang, Yun, and Hongtao Xu. "Millimeter-wave PA design techniques in ISSCC 2024." Journal of Semiconductors 45, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 040205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/45/4/040205.

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Talib, Mushtaq, Norazizah Binti Mohd Aripin, Noor Shamsiah Othman, and Adheed Hasan Sallomi. "Comprehensive Overview on Millimeter Wave Communications for 5G Networks Concentrating on Propagation Models for Different Urban Environments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2322, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2322/1/012095.

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Abstract The global shortage of bandwidth prompted wireless carriers to move towards millimeter wave frequencies (mm-wave), a frequency spectrum that is underutilized by broadband communications networks. Despite the large number of studies and researches on the issue of millimeter wave propagation in outdoor and indoor environments, specifically environments with high population density, the issue of millimeter wave propagation in those environments remains somewhat ambiguous. For the exact purpose of the design and operation of the fifth-generation networks operating within the millimeter frequency spectrum, it has become necessary to obtain information about the wave propagation within those different environments. This paper presents a description of the wave propagation parameters and channel modeling prepared by several international groups, such as line and non-line of-sight (LOS & NLOS) probabilities and different propagation models to understand the mechanism of wave propagation within the millimeter range (0.5–70 GHz). This paper deals with simulating radio wave propagation in favour of different outdoor scenarios, calculating the path loss in several models and determining which models are most appropriate and best for certain environments.

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Luo, Yi, Min Wang, Deteng Zhao, and Chun Liu. "Performance analysis of congestion control protocols over 5G mmWave links." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2221, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2221/1/012006.

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Abstract Millimeter wave technology is an important basic technology in 5G applications. It has higher bandwidth and lower delay. But high dynamics of the channel poses a major challenge to the design of congestion control protocols. Based on ns3, this paper conducts extensive experiments on the TCP congestion control protocols, and analyzes the transmission performance of different protocols over 5G millimeter wave links in detail. It will lay a foundation for further research on congestion control protocols suitable for 5G millimeter wave communications.

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Zhang, Shaoxuan. "A review of planar antennas for millimeter wave 5G network." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (December 27, 2022): 662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3829.

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In order that wide implement of 5G network is realizable in the future, special features in the propagation of millimeter wave is required, which are much different from that of current operating 4G network and still have great potential to explore. As a result, the antennas used in future 5G network will be much more sophisticated in design and will need a lot of frontier technologies. The key factors in 5G millimeter wave antenna design are reconfigurable antennas, beamforming, antenna array, orbital angular momentum antennas, meta-surface antennas and massive MIMO. The purpose of this work is to illustrate some designing idea of planar antennas used in 5G millimeter wave network by presenting some of the contemporary theoretical and practical design idea investigated by this paper. Since currently there is great amount of research ongoing in this field, this paper can serve as a brief guide and introduction for those who are interested in 5G planar antennas to get a picture of the latest theories and technologies used in those designs.

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Hussain, Rifaqat, Mohamed Abou-Khousa, Naveed Iqbal, Abdullah Algarni, Saad I. Alhuwaimel, Azzedine Zerguine, and Mohammad S. Sharawi. "A Multiband Shared Aperture MIMO Antenna for Millimeter-Wave and Sub-6GHz 5G Applications." Sensors 22, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051808.

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A shared aperture 2-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna design for 5G standards is presented in this study, one which uses the same radiating structure to cover both the sub-6GHz and millimeter-wave (millimeter-wave) bands. The proposed antenna comprises four concentric pentagonal slots that are uniformly separated from one another. For the sub-6GHz band, the antenna is excited by a single open-end microstrip transmission-line, while a 1 × 8 power divider (PD) connected via a T-junction structure excites the millimeter-wave band. Both the sub-6GHz and mm-wave antennas operate in a MIMO configuration. The proposed antenna design was fabricated on a 120 × 60 mm2 substrate with an edge-to-edge distance of 49 mm. The proposed sub-6GHz antenna covers the following frequency bands: 4–4.5 GHz, 3.1–3.8 GHz, 2.48–2.9 GHz, 1.82–2.14 GHz, and 1.4–1.58 GHz, while the millimeter-wave antenna operates at 28 GHz with at least 500 MHz of bandwidth. A complete antenna analysis is provided via a step-by-step design procedure, an equivalent circuit diagram showing the operation of the shared aperture antenna, and current density analysis at both millimeter-wave and sub-6GHz bands. The proposed antenna design is also characterized in terms of MIMO performance metrics with a good MIMO operation with maximum envelop correlation coefficient value of 0.113. The maximum measured gain and efficiency values obtained were 91% and 8.5 dBi over the entire band of operation. The antenna is backward compatible with 4G bands and also encompasses the sub-6GHz and 28 GHz bands for future 5G wireless communcation systems.

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Komatineni, Rishitha, Vaishnavi Dasari, Chinta Samson Hruday, Varun Sharma Vutukuru, Pranjalee Mishra, and Kulat K D. "Millimeter wave MPA using Metamaterial-substrate Antenna array for Gain Enhancement." Advances in Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence 5, no. 4 (November 11, 2024): 01–06. https://doi.org/10.33140/amlai.05.04.03.

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This paper presents a Millimeter wave Microstrip Patch antenna(MPA) with a metaplate which consists of Split Ring resonators(SRR) design. The gain and bandwidth of MPA are improved by using 4×3 array unit cells printed on both the sides of the metaplate. Simulation results show that the Gain of the antenna was increased by 4.82 dBi and 4.53 dBi, bandwidth was increased by 2.25% and 6.21% in CST and HFSS softwares respectively using the Metaplate along with the MPA. The center frequency of the proposed antenna is 28.5 GHz. Thus the proposed antenna has a very small size of 18×22 mm2 and is suitable for Millimeter wave applications.

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Ponchak, George E., and Linda P. B. Katehi. "Design of layered ridge dielectric waveguide for millimeter and sub-millimeter wave circuits." International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 18, no. 2 (February 1997): 369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02677926.

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Gerald Chukwudi Eze and Mamilus Aginwa Ahaneku. "Sub-System Architecture for millimeter-wave massive MIMO systems." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 306–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.2.1352.

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In this paper, we study the hybrid beamforming design for millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) systems. The designing of hybrid beamforming for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is tasking since its analog beamforming is shared among all subcarriers. We adopt a two-step technique for designing the analog and digital beamforming separately in order to maximize the average achievable energy and spectral efficiency of frequency-selective mmWave mMIMO-OFDM systems. Firstly, the analog beamforming design is based on the viewpoint of sub-systems (SS) and the goal is to optimize the array gain and radio frequency chains. Secondly, the digital beamforming design is carried out by using the regularized channel diagonalization (RCD) and block diagonalization (BD) solutions. On the other hand, the BD solution is modified for single-user. Thus, we propose the use of SS-RCD for multi-user and SS-BD for single-user hybrid beamforming designs. The solutions provide interference suppression but differ in low-SNR performance when communicating to many mobile users via data streams. Simulation results present that our hybrid beamforming design outperforms several other designs.

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