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Waters, Adele. "Managers reject £500 claim for millennium shift." Nursing Standard 13, no. 30 (April 14, 1999): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.13.30.7.s14.
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Bailey, D. W., R. Andreescu, A. J. Howard, M. G. Macklin, and S. Mills. "Alluvial landscapes in the temperate Balkan Neolithic: transitions to tells." Antiquity 76, no. 292 (June 2002): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00090438.
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This paper focuses on the 5th-millennium BC shift from short-term habitations to permanent tell settlements in southern Romania: from the Criş, Dudeşti and Boian to the Gumelniţa Cultures. Archaeological and geomorphologic data suggest that changes in river stability conditioned shifts in settlement and economies.
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Dorey, Emma. "Bayer's Millennium deal signals shift in R&D." Nature Biotechnology 16, no. 11 (November 1998): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/3449.
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Broddason, Thorbjörn. "Youth and New Media in the New Millennium." Nordicom Review 27, no. 2 (November 1, 2006): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0233.
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Abstract There is general agreement among media and communication scholars that a monumental shift is occurring in the media and communication habits of young people. In the present paper, this shift is discussed within the framework of a long-term study of six samples of Icelandic youths, covering a period of 35 years. A persistent decline in use of the “old” media, such as books, newspapers and radio is demonstrated, while the social role of television is shown to be undergoing a transformation comparable to what happened to book reading centuries earlier. All this is discussed in the light of the onslaught of new technologies and new media of communication.
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Wainer, Ilana, and Peter R. Gent. "Changes in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean estimated from the CESM Last Millennium Ensemble." Antarctic Science 31, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102018000433.
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AbstractThe changes in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current system associated with the Polar, sub-Antarctic and Subtropical Fronts in the Atlantic are examined in a ten-member ensemble using the Community Earth System Model. Results for the ensemble average mean show that the Polar Front at 25°W shifts to the south by 0.8° during 1970–2000 compared to its mean latitude over the period 1050–1950. This shift is significant because it is more than twice the standard deviation of the mean latitude time series during 1050–1950. The shift is caused by a slight southward displacement of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which in turn is caused by a southward shift in the latitude of the maximum zonal wind stress. The sub-Antarctic Front also shows a small southward shift after 1970, with a maximum latitudinal displacement of 0.2°. However, this shift is not significant compared to the standard deviation of the time series during 1050–1950. The Subtropical Front does not change its latitude during 1970–2000 compared to 1050–2000 because there is very little change in the wind-stress curl in the subtropics. Differences in temperature and salinity throughout the water column at 25°W reveal that during 1970–2000 there is freshening of Antarctic Intermediate Water, whereas the Circumpolar Deep Water becomes saltier.
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Bhadari, TR, and G. Dangal. "Maternal Mortality: Paradigm Shift in Nepal." Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 7, no. 2 (September 21, 2014): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11132.
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Achieving Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5 still remains a challenge to Nepal. It is necessary to collect reliable evidence on maternal health for tackling MDG 5 with limited resources. A continuous assessment of maternal mortality is required to assure the progress towards the MDG 5. This study aims to assess the results of the different studies on maternal mortality in Nepal.The results published in PubMed, Lancet, Medline, WHO and Google Scholar web pages from 1990 to 2012 have been utilized to prepare this paper. In spite of the low proportion of births attended by skilled persons and institutional delivery, the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Nepal has declined drastically between the years 1990 and 2011, from 850 to 229 deaths per 100,000 live births. In recent years, Nepal is also reaching progress in different maternal health indicators such as mothers receiving antenatal care from skilled providers (60%- up from 24% in 1996). More than one-third births in the past five years have been assisted by skilled care providers. Nearly, 45% of women received postnatal care for their last birth in the first two days after delivery, 38% of women is aware of abortion which has been legalized since 2003.Though maternal health is a priority agenda of Nepal among the policy makers and the country is likely to achieve Millennium Development Goal 5 by the year 2015, there is still a wide gap between policies and charted targets, and the real accessibility and availability of the quality health services. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i2.11132 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 2 / Issue 14 / July-Dec, 2012 / 3-8
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Bolaño Quintero, Jesús. "POST-POSTMODERN CINEMA AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM: PAUL THOMAS ANDERSON’S MAGNOLIA (1999)." Revista de Estudios Norteamericanos, no. 24 (2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ren.2020.i24.01.
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Starting with an analysis of the significance of the French New Wave for postmodern cinema, this essay sets out to make a study of Paul Thomas Anderson’s Magnolia (1999) as the film that marks the beginning of what could be considered a paradigm shift in American cinema at the end of the 20th century. Building from the muchdebated passing of postmodernism, this study focuses on several key postmodern aspects that take a different slant in this movie. The film points out the value of aspects that had lost their meaning within the fiction typical of postmodernism—such as the absence of causality; sincere honesty as opposed to destructive irony; or the loss of faith in Lyotardian meta-narratives. We shall look at the nature of the paradigm shift to link it to the desire to overcome postmodern values through a recovery of Romantic ideas.
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Normington, Katie. "Meyerhold and the New Millennium." New Theatre Quarterly 21, no. 2 (April 21, 2005): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x05000035.
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In this article, Katie Normington outlines the increasing interest in Meyerhold's work and assesses previous applications of his methods to contemporary production work. She goes on to consider how working as movement director for Red Shift Theatre Company's adaptation of Herman Melville's short story, Bartleby, enabled research into the application of Meyerhold's system of Biomechanics. Rehearsals for Bartleby combined actor-training and text rehearsals so that the Stanislavskian-trained actors gained ownership of biomechanical principles and could apply aspects to their independent exploration. This article analyzes the results of the work, and concludes that Meyerholdian techniques developed a physical architecture for the performance which, even during an arduous tour, maintained the clear shape and rhythm of the production. The use of principles such as rakurs, often neglected within present-day experimentation, proved to be essential in providing actors with a sense of composition and an awareness of their bodies in space. However, aspects such as facial expression and emotional excitability require further investigation. Katie Normington is Senior Lecturer in Drama at Royal Holloway, University of London.
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Hutton, Paul H., David M. Meko, and Sujoy B. Roy. "Supporting Restoration Decisions through Integration of Tree-Ring and Modeling Data: Reconstructing Flow and Salinity in the San Francisco Estuary over the Past Millennium." Water 13, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152139.
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This work presents updated reconstructions of watershed runoff to San Francisco Estuary from tree-ring data to AD 903, coupled with models relating runoff to freshwater flow to the estuary and salinity intrusion. We characterize pre-development freshwater flow and salinity conditions in the estuary over the past millennium and compare this characterization with contemporary conditions to better understand the magnitude and seasonality of changes over this time. This work shows that the instrumented flow record spans the range of runoff patterns over the past millennium (averaged over 5, 10, 20 and 100 years), and thus serves as a reasonable basis for planning-level evaluations of historical hydrologic conditions in the estuary. Over annual timescales we show that, although median freshwater flow to the estuary has not changed significantly, it has been more variable over the past century compared to pre-development flow conditions. We further show that the contemporary period is generally associated with greater spring salinity intrusion and lesser summer–fall salinity intrusion relative to the pre-development period. Thus, salinity intrusion in summer and fall months was a common occurrence under pre-development conditions and has been moderated in the contemporary period due to the operations of upstream reservoirs, which were designed to hold winter and spring runoff for release in summer and fall. This work also confirms a dramatic decadal-scale hydrologic shift in the watershed from very wet to very dry conditions during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; while not unprecedented, these shifts have been seen only a few times in the past millennium. This shift resulted in an increase in salinity intrusion in the first three decades of the 20th century, as documented through early records. Population growth and extensive watershed modification during this period exacerbated this underlying hydrologic shift. Putting this shift in the context of other anthropogenic drivers is important in understanding the historical response of the estuary and in setting salinity targets for estuarine restoration. By characterizing the long-term behavior of San Francisco Estuary, this work supports decision-making in the State of California related to flow and salinity management for restoration of the estuarine ecosystem.
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Divekar, Rajiv Gopalkrishna, Pradnya Vishwas Chitrao, and Pravin Kumar Bhoyar. "Millennium Company Ltd: overcoming tough times." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 4, no. 5 (October 8, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-03-2013-0024.
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Subject area Strategic marketing, Downturn, Optimal utilisation of minimal resources, Consolidating profitability, Focus shift from features to benefits and cost savings. Study level/applicability Management students who have knowledge of basic concepts of management discipline to derive the maximum benefit and understand the applicability; budding entrepreneurs; middle- and senior-level executives in an executive development program; people running family-owned businesses. Case overview In 2008-2009, the Indian manufacturing sector was facing stiff competition from China on account of the latter's ability to provide cheap labour and handle large volumes. The 2008-2009 economic down turn saw consumers cut down on their requirements with manufacturing companies getting fewer orders. Manufacturing companies therefore adopted the principle of optimal utilisation of minimal resources. Millennium Company Ltd (MCL) also succeeded in overcoming the 2008-2009 downturns through a shift in focus during the recession of 2009 from achieving pure revenue to consolidating its profitability. MCL is probably the only company in the world to have extensive expertise in both steam and control instrumentation. The dual expertise allows them to engineer industry-specific systems that focus on energy efficiency and utilities management for sectors as diverse as textiles, food processing, paper, power and chemicals etc. The company shifted its attention from features to benefits, cost savings, and profitability. MCL trained its people as to what to talk to whom. Today, MCL is a leader in India in process efficiency and energy conservation through technology tie-ups and focused investments in manufacturing and research. Expected learning outcomes The purpose of this case is to enable student managers to evaluate effectiveness of corporate strategies; make the student managers understand the resources–businesses–systems framework and the need for focused connection between these three through appropriate coordination and control mechanisms for a corporate strategy to deliver value; encourage students to apply their knowledge of Turnkey Projects, BCG/Porters/SWOT/Mackensys Model; encourage the students to research and find out how other companies in this field fared and what were the strategies adopted by them to overcome the recession and compete with MCL in a highly competitive market like that of India; and encourage student managers to go on field visits with the institute's help to similar organisations within the same city and if possible get live projects. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Grupe, Gisela, and Holger Schutkowski. "Dietary shift during the 2nd millennium BC in Prehistoric Shimal, Oman Peninsula." Paléorient 15, no. 2 (1989): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1989.4510.
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Donald, Betsy. "The Permeable City: Toronto's Spatial Shift at the Turn of the Millennium." Professional Geographer 54, no. 2 (May 2002): 190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00325.
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Clark, Shmuel, Mark Altaweel, and Shai Gordin. "Urbanscape, Land Use Change and Centralization in the Region of Uruk, Southern Mesopotamia from the 2nd to 1st Millennium BCE." Land 11, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 1955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111955.
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We produce results that bridge the gap between physical and textual study of the ancient Mesopotamian landscape in the region south and west of the city of Uruk (Biblical Erech, Modern Warka). A brief survey of gazetteers of Mesopotamia, volumes listing place-names drawn from translated and published cuneiform texts from the 2nd and 1st Millennium BCE, are presented. The various gazetteers were reviewed for relevant place-names, and the results were recorded and analyzed. These are described in detail below, as are their implications. The resulting data are then compared to the results of a recently completed archaeological survey of the same region. The synthesis of textual and archaeological surveys indicates a more exacting methodology to add geographic objectivity to textual results, while connecting physical results to the qualitative detail available within the Uruk textual record. More broadly, we demonstrate how long-term historical records align with archaeological data, delineating state-level and local land use efforts around a major Mesopotamian city. In the 2nd millennium BCE, settlements were generally small but more numerous, but in the 1st Millennium BCE there was a shift towards fewer and larger settlements connected to the city of Uruk. These shifts reflect deliberate central, government policy and local responses.
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Kjær, Anne Mette. "The paradigm shift in Danish development policy." Politica 52, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/politica.v52i2.130808.
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How has Danish development policy evolved, and what are the underlying driving forces of these changes? Drawing on Peter Hall’s framework, this article identifies recent changes in Danish development policy as a gradual shift of policy paradigm during the years in the new millennium. The size of development aid, the use of policy instruments, and the goal hierarchies in development policy all changed. The proportion of aid to GNI has been reduced by more than 30 percent, the composition of aid has changed in that allocations for country programs in the poorest countries have declined. Finally, the overall purpose of aid is no longer solely poverty reduction. In explaining these changes, the article shows that they emerged as a result of a politicization of aid preceded by a shift in the locus of authority.
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Vidra, Zsuzsanna. "Hungary’s punitive turn: The shift from welfare to workfare." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 51, no. 1 (February 13, 2018): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2018.01.008.
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The Hungarian post-communist welfare state was created under the neoliberal influence of international organisations while retaining lots of elements of solidarity. The growing social tensions in the mid-2000s due to a second economic crisis in the new millennium led first the left then the right wing governments to shift the post-communist welfare state into a punitive type of workfare system. The article concludes that the political populism of the mid-2000s leading to an undemocratic governance by the 2010s better explains this paradigm shift than e as many authors argue — the neoliberal influence frame.
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Koljonen, Kari. "The Shift from High to Liquid Ideals." Nordicom Review 34, s1 (March 13, 2020): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nor-2013-0110.
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AbstractBy reading qualitative studies, surveys, organisational histories, and textbooks, one can claim that the ethos of journalists has undergone fundamental changes in recent decades. The “high modern” journalistic ethos of the 1970s and 1980s was committed to the core values of the journalistic profession: objectivity, public service, consensus maintenance, gate-keeping, and recording of the recent past. After the millennium, these central ideals have become more ambivalent and “liquid”: subjectivity, consumer service, the watchdog role, agenda-setting, and forecasting the future seem to be more tempting alternatives than before. This article develops an analytic framework that elaborates the simple narrative from “high modern” to “liquid modern” journalism. Five key elements, namely, (1) knowledge, (2) audience, (3) power, (4) time, and (5) ethics, are discussed and problematized to suggest a more nuanced view of the changing professional ethos of journalism.
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Van Aarde, Andries G. "Kerk en teologie op pad na die derde millennium: 'n Paradigmatiese verskuiwing van middelmatige aard." HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 51, no. 1 (March 31, 1995): 13–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hts.v51i1.5764.
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Church and theology on a mesoparadigmatic shift towards the third millennium This article is written from the assumption that the present-day shift from modernity to postmodernity, which influences both church and theology, might be described as mesoparadigmatic in nature. From a specific angle, postmodern theology is considered a contextualization of dialectical thinking and it should, therefore, not be understood as an absolute alternative to the previous paradigm, including reformational theology which anticipated the modem era in a particular sense. The aim of the article is at focusing on postmodernity's selective departure from modernity by means of debating the opinions which have been held by the author and been responded to by others. The article is concluded with an illumination of the road the author is convinced ought to be taken by the church and in theology heading towards the third millennium, specifically against the background of the changing South African context.
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Izzo, Justin. "Jean-Marie Teno’s Documentary Modernity: From Millennial Anxiety to Cinematic Kinship." African Studies Review 58, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2015.3.
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Abstract:This article examines discourses and cinematic representations of modernity in two documentary films by the Cameroonian director Jean-Marie Teno. In the first of these films,A Trip to the Country(2000), Teno investigates how ideals and aspirations of modernity as a state-sponsored project in Cameroon have their roots in the colonial period, and his film is characterized by a strong sense of anxiety linked to the turn of the millennium. In the second,Sacred Places(2009), modernity is given a different affective resonance and is linked to the pleasure of cinematic consumption in Ouagadougou as Teno situates African cinema in relation to its “brother,” the djembe drum. I argue here that a shift occurs between these two films and their affective engagements with modernity; this is a transition from a sense of millennial anxiety to a thematics of what I call “cinematic kinship.” I ultimately suggest that this shift allows Teno to outline new social roles for the African filmmaker as well as new relationships between African cinema and local publics.
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Fowler, Keirnan, Murray Peel, Margarita Saft, Tim J. Peterson, Andrew Western, Lawrence Band, Cuan Petheram, et al. "Explaining changes in rainfall–runoff relationships during and after Australia's Millennium Drought: a community perspective." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 6073–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6073-2022.
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Abstract. The Millennium Drought lasted more than a decade and is notable for causing persistent shifts in the relationship between rainfall and runoff in many southeastern Australian catchments. Research to date has successfully characterised where and when shifts occurred and explored relationships with potential drivers, but a convincing physical explanation for observed changes in catchment behaviour is still lacking. Originating from a large multi-disciplinary workshop, this paper presents and evaluates a range of hypothesised process explanations of flow response to the Millennium Drought. The hypotheses consider climatic forcing, vegetation, soil moisture dynamics, groundwater, and anthropogenic influence. The hypotheses are assessed against evidence both temporally (e.g. why was the Millennium Drought different to previous droughts?) and spatially (e.g. why did rainfall–runoff relationships shift in some catchments but not in others?). Thus, the strength of this work is a large-scale assessment of hydrologic changes and potential drivers. Of 24 hypotheses, 3 are considered plausible, 10 are considered inconsistent with evidence, and 11 are in a category in between, whereby they are plausible yet with reservations (e.g. applicable in some catchments but not others). The results point to the unprecedented length of the drought as the primary climatic driver, paired with interrelated groundwater processes, including declines in groundwater storage, altered recharge associated with vadose zone expansion, and reduced connection between subsurface and surface water processes. Other causes include increased evaporative demand and harvesting of runoff by small private dams. Finally, we discuss the need for long-term field monitoring, particularly targeting internal catchment processes and subsurface dynamics. We recommend continued investment in the understanding of hydrological shifts, particularly given their relevance to water planning under climate variability and change.
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Xu, Xudong, Jianguo Liu, Yun Huang, Lanlan Zhang, Liang Yi, Shengfa Liu, Yiping Yang, Li Cao, and Long Tan. "An Intertropical Convergence Zone shift controlled the terrestrial material supply on the Ninetyeast Ridge." Climate of the Past 18, no. 6 (June 22, 2022): 1369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1369-2022.
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Abstract. Among various climate drivers, direct evidence for the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) control of sediment supply on the millennial scale is lacking, and the changes in ITCZ migration demonstrated in paleoclimate records need to be better investigated. Here, we use clay minerals and Sr–Nd isotopes obtained from a gravity core on the Ninetyeast Ridge to track the corresponding source variations and analyze the relationship between terrestrial material supply and climatic changes. On the glacial–interglacial scale, chemical weathering weakened during the North Atlantic cold-climate periods and falling sea level hindered the transport of smectite into the study area due to the exposure of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. However, the influence of the South Asian monsoon on the sediment supply was not obvious on the millennial scale. We suggest that the north–south migration of the ITCZ controlled the rainfall in Myanmar and further directly determined the supply of clay minerals on the millennium scale because the transport of smectite was highly connected with the ITCZ location; thus, the regional shift of the ITCZ induced an abnormal increase in the smectite percentage during the late Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in our records. The smectite percentage in the studied core is similar to distinct ITCZ records but different in some periods, revealing that regional changes in the ITCZ were significantly obvious, the ITCZ is not a simple north–south displacement, and closer connections occurred between the Northern–Southern Hemisphere in the eastern Indian Ocean during the late LGM.
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Lazer, William, and Eric H. Shaw. "Executive Insights: Global Marketing Management: At the Dawn of the New Millennium." Journal of International Marketing 8, no. 1 (March 2000): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.8.1.65.19560.
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Dramatic global economic changes are under way at the dawn of the new millennium, such as the new Euro currency, Asian economic downturn, instantaneous flows of capital, new global conglomerates, and the growth of the Internet. These changes will have a profound impact on global marketing management, including increasing risk and uncertainty, real-time information management, and rapid response to global developments. Cross-impact analysis will become a more important tool for dealing with uncertain interactions among complex forces. The managerial mindset will have to grasp the big picture, think outside the box, discount the present to create the future, and move far beyond benchmarking. This will lead to changes in decision-making orientations, including a shift from relatively stable environments and mechanistic management approaches to more turbulent environments and systemic management approaches and a shift from hard facts for solving problems to virtual facts for problem prevention.
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Buchma, Oleh. "Man, society, religion: spiritual transformations at the turn of the millennium." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 8 (December 22, 1998): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/1998.8.170.
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The universal concept, the logical center of understanding the problem of spirituality is man. Awareness of a person of his place in the world, the meaning of his being becomes the core idea of the era. At the same time in the public consciousness there is a significant qualitative shift in the direction of priority of humanistic values, when the priority is the question of moral comprehension of reality.
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Prendergast, Andrew J., Shaffiq Essajee, and Martina Penazzato. "HIV and the Millennium Development Goals." Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, Suppl 1 (January 22, 2015): S48—S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-305548.
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Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6 has two HIV/AIDS commitments: to have halted and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015 and to ensure access to treatment among all those in need by 2010. Given the almost universal lack of access to HIV testing, prevention and treatment for children in high prevalence countries in 2000, the achievements of the past 15 years have been extraordinary, fuelled by massive donor investment, strong political commitment and ambitious global targets; however, MDG 6 is some way from being attained. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services have expanded enormously, with new infections among children falling by 58% between 2002 and 2013. There has been a shift towards initiation of lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for pregnant and breastfeeding women, although low HIV testing rates in pregnancy, suboptimal PMTCT coverage and poor retention in care remain barriers to achieving HIV elimination among children. Early infant diagnosis has expanded substantially but, in 2013, only 44% of all HIV-exposed infants were tested before 2 months of age. Diagnosis of HIV, therefore, frequently occurs late, leading to delays in ART initiation. By the end of 2013, approximately 760 000 children were receiving ART, leading to 40% decline in AIDS-related mortality. However, only 24% of HIV-infected children were receiving ART, compared with 36% of adults, leading to a ‘treatment gap’. In this review, we summarise progress and remaining challenges in reaching MDG 6 and discuss future strategies to achieve the ambitious goals of paediatric HIV elimination and universal access to treatment.
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Skwara, Ewa. "Tłumacz – uczony. Oblicza przekładów literatury antycznej w XXI wieku." Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae 31, no. 1 (October 12, 2021): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sppgl.2021.xxxi.1.17.
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The article is an attempt to outline the tendencies in translations of ancient literature appearing in the new millennium. It introduces answers to the question of who is the new translator of ancient literature, what competences does he/she bring, and what impact this shift has on the selection of translatable texts, strategies of translation and the paratext.
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Walsh, Belinda R. "The psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a paradigm shift or millennium madness?" Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 99 (January 1997): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.1997.1.99.17.
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Schleussner, C. F., and G. Feulner. "A volcanically triggered regime shift in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean as a possible origin of the Little Ice Age." Climate of the Past 9, no. 3 (June 25, 2013): 1321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1321-2013.
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Abstract. Among the climatological events of the last millennium, the Northern Hemisphere Medieval Climate Anomaly succeeded by the Little Ice Age are of exceptional importance. The origin of these regional climate anomalies remains a subject of debate and besides external influences like solar and volcanic activity, internal dynamics of the climate system might have also played a dominant role. Here, we present transient last millennium simulations of the fully coupled model of intermediate complexity Climber 3α forced with stochastically reconstructed wind-stress fields. Our results indicate that short-lived volcanic eruptions might have triggered a cascade of sea ice–ocean feedbacks in the North Atlantic, ultimately leading to a persistent regime shift in the ocean circulation. We find that an increase in the Nordic Sea sea-ice extent on decadal timescales as a consequence of major volcanic eruptions in our model leads to a spin-up of the subpolar gyre and a weakened Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, eventually causing a persistent, basin-wide cooling. These results highlight the importance of regional climate feedbacks such as a regime shift in the subpolar gyre circulation for understanding the dynamics of past and future climate.
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Schleussner, C. F., and G. Feulner. "A volcanically triggered regime shift in the subpolar North Atlantic ocean as a possible origin of the Little Ice Age." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 6 (December 18, 2012): 6199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-6199-2012.
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Abstract. Among the climatological events of the last millennium, the Northern Hemisphere Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), succeeded by the Little Ice Age (LIA) are of exceptional importance. The origin of these regional climate anomalies remains however a subject of debate and besides external influences like solar and volcanic activity, internal dynamics of the climate system might have also played a dominant role. Here, we present transient last millennium simulations of the fully-coupled model Climber 3α forced with stochastically reconstructed wind fields. Our results indicate that short-lived volcanic eruptions might have triggered a cascade of sea-ice – ocean feedbacks in the North Atlantic, ultimately leading to a persistent regime shift in the ocean circulation. We find that an increase in the Nordic Sea sea-ice extent on decadal timescales as a consequence of major volcanic eruptions leads to a spin-up of the subpolar gyre (SPG) and a weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, eventually causing a persistent, basin-wide cooling. These results highlight the importance of regional climate feedbacks such as a regime shift in the subpolar gyre circulation for past and future climate.
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Brite, Elizabeth Baker, Fiona Jane Kidd, Alison Betts, and Michelle Negus Cleary. "Millet cultivation in Central Asia: A response to Miller et al." Holocene 27, no. 9 (January 18, 2017): 1415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616687385.
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In a recent special issue of The Holocene, Miller et al. review the evidence for the spread of millet ( Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica) across Eurasia. Among their arguments, they contend that millet cultivation came to Eurasian regions with hot, dry summers when irrigation was introduced, as part of a region-wide shift toward agricultural intensification in the first millennium BC. This hypothesis seems to align with the pattern of agricultural change observed in the Khorezm oasis, a Central Asian polity of the first millennium BC and first millennium AD. While we wholeheartedly accept this hypothesis for its explanatory value regarding trends across Eurasia, in this paper we nevertheless suggest that the introduction of millet to Central Asia needs further explication. Specifically, we seek to address the underlying assumption that this introduction was predicated upon centrally organized, state-level land development, increased sedentism, and the rise of Mesopotamian-style social complexity. We describe how millet cultivation in Khorezm was preceded by multi-resource strategies that included the cultivation of summer crops, and emphasize that this earlier history mattered significantly to the evolution of Khorezmian society and agriculture in the first millennium BC. In contrast to the imperial systems of West Asia, in Khorezm the introduction of complex irrigation works supported the expansion and greater stratification of pre-existing agropastoral lifeways, and helped to buttress the rise of nomadic elites within an agrarian zone. We believe the example of Khorezm is important because it helps to explain the emergence of integrated mobile-sedentist societies in the first millennium AD in Central Asia as a result of agricultural change. It also provides cultural and historical context to the spread of millet cultivation in the first millennium BC, suggesting that this phenomenon had significantly different implications for societies across Eurasia.
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Bolaño Quintero, Jesús. "Paul Auster’s Transcendentalism: Shifting Postmodern Sensibility in the New Millennium." Journal of English Studies 19 (December 22, 2021): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.4750.
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This article traces Paul Auster’s shift in sensibility after the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. While his earlier novels where paradigmatic of postmodern self-referentiality, several critics have argued that his post-9/11 production turned towards realism. This might be interpreted as subsidiary evidence in favor of the polemic debate around the death of postmodernism. However, the aim of this article is to outline the transformation of the writer and offer explanations as to why that change in sensibility does not respond to a divestiture of postmodernism, but to an intensification of it. I trace Auster’s alternative to postmodern relativism, that is, transcendentalism, to arrive at the conclusion that his stance towards it is the same in his later novels.
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Sánchez-Sesma, J. "Technical Note: Multi-centennial scale analysis and synthesis of an ensemble mean response of ENSO to solar and volcanic forcings." Climate of the Past Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 5, 2010): 2055–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-6-2055-2010.
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Abstract. The response of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to solar and volcanic radiative forcings over the past millennium is reanalyzed and extrapolated based on historical data and numerical experiments employing the Zebiak–Cane (ZC) model of the tropical Pacific coupled ocean–atmosphere system. The results suggest a self-similarity of the centennial scale component of the reconstructed ENSO record with a shift in frequencies around 1700 AD when the frequencies almost double. This shift of regime puts forward the non-linearity of ENSO climate with a possible centennial scale forecast, suggesting an ENSO trend toward La Niña conditions for the next three decades.
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ALI, DAUD. "Verses at the Court of the King: Shifts in the Historical Imagination of the Sanskrit Literary Tradition during the Second Millennium." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 32, no. 1 (October 11, 2021): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135618632100081x.
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AbstractThis essay argues that the rise and circulation of large numbers of Sanskrit literary anthologies as well as story traditions about poets in the second millennium together index important changes in the ‘author-function’ within the Sanskrit literary tradition. While modern ‘empirical authorship’ and external referentiality in Sanskrit has long been deemed ‘elusive'by Western scholarship, the new forms of literary production in the second millennium suggest a distinct new interest in authorship among wider literary communities. This new ‘author-function’ indexed a shift in the perceptions of literary production and the literary tradition itself. Focusing on the famous sixteenth-century work known as the Bhojaprabandha as both an anthology as well as a storybook about poets, this essay further argues that the paradigmatic courts of kings like Vikramāditya and Bhoja (but particularly the latter), placed not in historical time but in an archaic temporality, became the mise en scène for the figure of the poet in the second-millennium literary imagination. They were courts where the finest poets of the tradition appeared and where their virtuosity could be savored and reflected upon by generations of readers.
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García, Rodrigo Villalobos, and Carlos P. Odriozola. "Organizing the Production of Variscite Personal Ornaments in Later Prehistoric Iberia: The Mines of Aliste and the Production Sites of Quiruelas de Vidriales (Zamora, Spain)." European Journal of Archaeology 19, no. 4 (2016): 631–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14619571.2016.1147316.
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Green objects of personal adornment were quite common among Neolithic and Copper Age groups in Western Europe, and variscite was one of the minerals that was most often used for such a purpose. This article presents the results of a series of archaeological campaigns designed to study the mines of Aliste and the ornament production loci of Quiruelas de Vidriales (both in the province of Zamora, Spain). We discovered that initially, during the fourth millennium cal BC, variscite from Aliste was seldom used and the ornaments’ production was dispersed, but that there was a significant shift during the third millennium cal BC: ornament production intensified and became concentrated in the production sites of Quiruelas. We relate this transformation to the socioeconomic processes that developed in the Iberian Peninsula and the growth of supra-regional socio-technical artefact exchange networks.
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Emile-Geay, Julien, Richard Seager, Mark A. Cane, Edward R. Cook, and Gerald H. Haug. "Volcanoes and ENSO over the Past Millennium." Journal of Climate 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2008): 3134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1884.1.
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Abstract The controversial claim that El Niño events might be partially caused by radiative forcing due to volcanic aerosols is reassessed. Building on the work of Mann et al., estimates of volcanic forcing over the past millennium and a climate model of intermediate complexity are used to draw a diagram of El Niño likelihood as a function of the intensity of volcanic forcing. It is shown that in the context of this model, only eruptions larger than that of Mt. Pinatubo (1991, peak dimming of about 3.7 W m−2) can shift the likelihood and amplitude of an El Niño event above the level of the model’s internal variability. Explosive volcanism cannot be said to trigger El Niño events per se, but it is found to raise their likelihood by 50% on average, also favoring higher amplitudes. This reconciles, on one hand, the demonstration by Adams et al. of a statistical relationship between explosive volcanism and El Niño and, on the other hand, the ability to predict El Niño events of the last 148 yr without knowledge of volcanic forcing. The authors then focus on the strongest eruption of the millennium (A.D. 1258), and show that it is likely to have favored the occurrence of a moderate-to-strong El Niño event in the midst of prevailing La Niña–like conditions induced by increased solar activity during the well-documented Medieval Climate Anomaly. Compiling paleoclimate data from a wide array of sources, a number of important hydroclimatic consequences for neighboring areas is documented. The authors propose, in particular, that the event briefly interrupted a solar-induced megadrought in the southwestern United States. Most of the time, however, volcanic eruptions are found to be too small to significantly affect ENSO statistics.
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Myatt, Tony. "Editorial." Organised Sound 4, no. 3 (November 16, 2000): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355771800003010.
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In a society filled with individuals claiming ownership of new ideas, it is surprising to note how modest the reaction was to our ‘call for papers’ for this issue, which was to be primarily based on the theme, ‘Breaking the Boundaries’. Perhaps this has to do with the number of people who believe that the new millennium will commence in January 2001. We have chosen two submissions to include in Volume 4(3) of Organised Sound. Barry Truax presents his thoughts on the current position of the electroacoustic community in the form of a letter to a twenty-five year old electroacoustic composer which highlights paradigm shifts that he sees evolving. Laurie Spiegel's ‘Music as mirror of mind’ describes another paradigm shift towards new musical models based on psychoacoustics, cognitive studies and subjective auditory experience.
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Colose, Christopher M., Allegra N. LeGrande, and Mathias Vuille. "Hemispherically asymmetric volcanic forcing of tropical hydroclimate during the last millennium." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 3 (August 23, 2016): 681–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-681-2016.
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Abstract. Volcanic aerosols exert the most important natural radiative forcing of the last millennium. State-of-the-art paleoclimate simulations of this interval are typically forced with diverse spatial patterns of volcanic forcing, leading to different responses in tropical hydroclimate. Recently, theoretical considerations relating the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) position to the demands of global energy balance have emerged in the literature, allowing for a connection to be made between the paleoclimate simulations and recent developments in the understanding of ITCZ dynamics. These energetic considerations aid in explaining the well-known historical, paleoclimatic, and modeling evidence that the ITCZ migrates away from the hemisphere that is energetically deficient in response to asymmetric forcing.Here we use two separate general circulation model (GCM) suites of experiments for the last millennium to relate the ITCZ position to asymmetries in prescribed volcanic sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere and related asymmetric radiative forcing. We discuss the ITCZ shift in the context of atmospheric energetics and discuss the ramifications of transient ITCZ migrations for other sensitive indicators of changes in the tropical hydrologic cycle, including global streamflow. For the first time, we also offer insight into the large-scale fingerprint of water isotopologues in precipitation (δ18Op) in response to asymmetries in radiative forcing. The ITCZ shifts away from the hemisphere with greater volcanic forcing. Since the isotopic composition of precipitation in the ITCZ is relatively depleted compared to areas outside this zone, this meridional precipitation migration results in a large-scale enrichment (depletion) in the isotopic composition of tropical precipitation in regions the ITCZ moves away from (toward). Our results highlight the need for careful consideration of the spatial structure of volcanic forcing for interpreting volcanic signals in proxy records and therefore in evaluating the skill of Common Era climate model output.
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Soederberg, Susanne. "American empire and ‘excluded states’: the millennium challenge account and the shift to pre-emptive development." Third World Quarterly 25, no. 2 (March 2004): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0143659042000174815.
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Zhang, Peng, Jee-Hoon Jeong, Jin-Ho Yoon, Hyungjun Kim, S. Y. Simon Wang, Hans W. Linderholm, Keyan Fang, Xiuchen Wu, and Deliang Chen. "Abrupt shift to hotter and drier climate over inner East Asia beyond the tipping point." Science 370, no. 6520 (November 26, 2020): 1095–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb3368.
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Unprecedented heatwave-drought concurrences in the past two decades have been reported over inner East Asia. Tree-ring–based reconstructions of heatwaves and soil moisture for the past 260 years reveal an abrupt shift to hotter and drier climate over this region. Enhanced land-atmosphere coupling, associated with persistent soil moisture deficit, appears to intensify surface warming and anticyclonic circulation anomalies, fueling heatwaves that exacerbate soil drying. Our analysis demonstrates that the magnitude of the warm and dry anomalies compounding in the recent two decades is unprecedented over the quarter of a millennium, and this trend clearly exceeds the natural variability range. The “hockey stick”–like change warns that the warming and drying concurrence is potentially irreversible beyond a tipping point in the East Asian climate system.
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Maftoon, Parviz, and Masumeh Taie. "Language Curriculum Planning for the Third Millennium: A Future Perspective." International Journal of English Linguistics 6, no. 4 (July 14, 2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v6n4p41.
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<p>The evolution of language knowledge continues, as does the inquisitive nature of human beings. But the explosive growth of knowledge in the third millennium seems to herald a new era in language teaching. Deepened insights into philosophy have betrayed the poverty of structuralism to account for language learning. The shift from structuralism to poststructuralism has brought about inevitable, though controversial, trends, e.g., the World Englishes and standards movements. Media proliferation of the “mass-age” (McLuhan & Fiore, 2001) of the globalized era has led to a context where appealing terms such as computer-assisted and Internet-assisted language teaching might get blurred sooner in view of more sophisticated advances. Could the future witness virtual reality or expert systems-based language teaching? Language curriculum development in the third millennium should accommodate a recognition of the interdisciplinary knowledge and dynamicity and multimodality of concepts. Starting with the educational philosophy and moving on to related topics, this paper aims at envisaging the putative future of language curriculum development. Each topic in this article has been investigated followed by its effects on its succeeding topic attempting to provide a coherent framework. Glocalization has been introduced as the lost piece of puzzle linking topics coherently.</p>
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Bolaño Quintero, Jesús. "POST-POSTMODERN CHANGE OF SENSIBILITY IN PAUL AUSTER’S SUNSET PARK." ODISEA, no. 22 (December 31, 2021): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/odisea.v0i22.4460.
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At the turn of the millennium, the young writers of the New Sincerity movement tried to create a new realist literature by getting rid of the destructive power of postmodern irony. The consecrated writers of the old postmodern guard, whose Weltanschauung was conformed to the style and the relativistic reality-processing modes of the previous paradigm, saw this change with scepticism. Nevertheless, there was a change in their sensibility when approaching certain themes. This article analyses Paul Auster’s Sunset Park as paradigmatic example of that shift in order to shed some light on its nature.
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Hagge, Julia. "Scratching Beyond the Surface of Literacy: Programming for Early Adolescent Gifted Students." Gifted Child Today 40, no. 3 (June 21, 2017): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076217517707233.
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Digital technology offers new possibilities for children to play, express themselves, learn, and communicate. A recent development in online practice is a shift toward youth engaged in computer programming online communities. Programming is argued to be the new literacy of the millennium. In this article, I examine the use of Scratch, an online programming community, as a means to support digital literacy for early adolescent gifted, talented, and creative students. In addition, I share the experiences of an early adolescent gifted student with Scratch and consider the use of Scratch to promote interdisciplinary curricular concepts.
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Kinahan, John. "Archaeological Evidence of Domestic Sheep in the Namib Desert During the First millennium AD." Journal of African Archaeology 14, no. 1 (November 1, 2016): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10280.
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Bones of domestic sheep dated to the early first millennium AD are described from the Dâures massif in the Namib Desert. The remains confirm earlier investigations which inferred the acquisition of livestock from indirect evidence in the rock art, suggesting a fundamental shift in ritual practice at this time. Dating of the sheep remains is in broad agreement with the dating of other finds in the same area and in southern Africa as a whole. The presence of suspected sheep bone artefacts, possibly used for ritual purposes, draws attention to the importance of livestock as more than a component of diet in the changing economy of hunter-gatherer society.
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Oates, Joan, Augusta McMahon, Philip Karsgaard, Salam Al Quntar, and Jason Ur. "Early Mesopotamian urbanism: a new view from the north." Antiquity 81, no. 313 (September 1, 2007): 585–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00095600.
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For many years, the southern Mesopotamia of Ur and Uruk, ancient Sumer, has been seen as the origin centre of civilisation and cities: ‘The urban implosion of late-fourth- and early-third-millennium Mesopotamia resulted in a massive population shift into large sites’ said Nissen in 1988. ‘These new city-states set the pattern for Mesopotamia as the heartland of cities’ (Adams 1981; Yoffee 1998). And for Stone & Zimansky (2005) ‘Remains of the world's first cities are the most noteworthy feature of the landscape in southern Iraq’. But at Tell Brak Joan Oates and her team are turning this model upside down. A long campaign of study, culminating in the new discoveries from 2006 reported here, show that northern Mesopotamia was far along the road to urbanism, as seen in monumentality, industrialisation and prestige goods, by the late fifth millennium BC. The ‘world's earliest cities’ are as likely to have been in north-eastern Syria as southern Iraq, and the model of a core from the south developing a periphery in the north is now ripe for revision.
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Young, Nicolás E., Avriel D. Schweinsberg, Jason P. Briner, and Joerg M. Schaefer. "Glacier maxima in Baffin Bay during the Medieval Warm Period coeval with Norse settlement." Science Advances 1, no. 11 (December 4, 2015): e1500806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500806.
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The climatic mechanisms driving the shift from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) to the Little Ice Age (LIA) in the North Atlantic region are debated. We use cosmogenic beryllium-10 dating to develop a moraine chronology with century-scale resolution over the last millennium and show that alpine glaciers in Baffin Island and western Greenland were at or near their maximum LIA configurations during the proposed general timing of the MWP. Complimentary paleoclimate proxy data suggest that the western North Atlantic region remained cool, whereas the eastern North Atlantic region was comparatively warmer during the MWP—a dipole pattern compatible with a persistent positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. These results demonstrate that over the last millennium, glaciers approached their eventual LIA maxima before what is considered the classic LIA in the Northern Hemisphere. Furthermore, a relatively cool western North Atlantic region during the MWP has implications for understanding Norse migration patterns during the MWP. Our results, paired with other regional climate records, point to nonclimatic factors as contributing to the Norse exodus from the western North Atlantic region.
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INOGUCHI, Takashi. "Presaging Power Shift of the New Millennium: What Happened during the Fourth Quarter of the Last Century?" TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 19, no. 1 (2014): 1_10–1_13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.19.1_10.
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Marchand, Grégor, and Thomas Perrin. "Why this revolution? Explaining the major technical shift in Southwestern Europe during the 7th millennium cal. BC." Quaternary International 428 (January 2017): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.059.
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Lewis, Rena B. "Musings on Technology and Learning Disabilities on the Occasion of the New Millennium." Journal of Special Education Technology 15, no. 2 (March 2000): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016264340001500201.
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Almost 30 years ago, I bought an IBM Selectric typewriter for about $500. I still use it occasionally and it works perfectly. Almost 20 years ago, I bought my first home microcomputer, an Apple II Plus, for about $5,000. The system included a monochrome Zenith monitor with an amber display, an Apple disk drive, and an Epson dot matrix printer, all state-of-the-art equipment. It also included a shift key modification so that both upper and lowercase letters would appear on the screen. The BASIC programming language was resident in ROM. I had to purchase software to run on the microcomputer, and my first purchase was the Apple Writer II word processor. This computer system is gone from my life; it's too old even to be stored with the “antiques” in the rafters of my garage.
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Herbst, Frikkie. "The influence of communication on an effective relationship marketing strategy for sport unions in the new millennium." Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 18, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v18i2.1842.
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Relationship marketing is a paradigm shift and it is associated with the return ofdirect marketing both in business-to-business and business-to-consumer markets(Seth & Parvatiyar 1995). This paradigm shift in marketing focuses on acquisition andretention in building and ensuring long-term relations with clients and therefor requiresthe integration of proper communication principles. A long-term relationship isrecognised as a very important and basic ingredient of marketing, securing and keepingcustomers and can be regarded as a tool for the new millennium.Many relationship marketing definitions are provided in services marketing, industrialmarketing, bank marketing, advertising and business strategy. To best understandrelationship marketing Morgan and Hunt (1994) propose that “.... relationship marketingrefers to all marketing activities directed toward establishing, developing andmaintaining successful relational exchanges.”A good relationship is characterised by commitment and trust. According to Morganand Hunt (1994), relationship commitment and trust is influenced by relationshiptermination cost, relationship benefits, shared values, communication and opportunisticbehaviour. The application of a successful relationship marketing strategy in practiceis therefor based on the adherence to the principles of effective communication. Infuture, effective communication can be regarded a major contributing factor to themarketing effectiveness of enterprises in general and sport unions as a whole. Throughproper implementation of the communication principles, the relationship marketingpractitioner will in the new millennium, ensure survival in a tremendously competitiveenvironment
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Jiang, Nanxuan, Qing Yan, and Huijun Wang. "Variation of the summer Asian westerly jet over the last millennium based on the PMIP3 simulations." Holocene 30, no. 2 (November 4, 2019): 332–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619883011.
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Investigation of the evolution of summer Asian westerly jet (AWJ) in Earth history may deepen our understanding of the behavior of AWJ in the present and future. Here, the variation of summer westerlies and the associated mechanisms over West and East Asia are examined using the last millennium simulations from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phase III (PMIP3). The multimodel ensemble mean of 11 PMIP3 models reproduces the spatial distribution of modern zonal wind at 200 hPa and captures the location and intensity of the summer AWJ well. The results illustrate that the location of summer westerlies over West and East Asia shows no clear long-term trend over the last millennium, whereas there is an enhancing trend for the intensity, but with significant interannual and multidecadal variability. Summer westerlies over West Asia mainly oscillate within ~25-year band in terms of the location and intensity, while the principal periodicity over East Asia oscillate within ~25- and ~15-year band, respectively. Moreover, summer AWJ broadly moves poleward and weakens during the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ (MCA, AD 1000–1200) relative to the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA, AD 1400–1600), which is attributed to the reduced meridional temperature gradient during the MCA. This poleward shift is consistent with the reconstructed moisture conditions over Central Asia, but the lack of direct proxy for westerlies restricts detailed model–data comparisons. Nevertheless, a possible scenario is presented on the spatiotemporal variation of summer AWJ over the last millennium, which may shed light on the response of the AWJ to natural forcings.
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Sijapati, Bandita. "The Quest for Achieving Universal Social Protection in Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities." Indian Journal of Human Development 11, no. 1 (April 2017): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703017696378.
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With the entry into the new millennium, social protection has emerged as a new priority for developing countries as well as international development institutions. Earlier, social protection programmes were considered unsuitable for developing countries, whereas recent years has seen a shift in the development paradigm with social protection policies now considered a key component of international poverty reduction strategies and a development instrument centred on the rights of the poor. Drawing from the experience of Nepal as a case study, this article seeks to examine the different approaches to social protection in the South Asian region, and also the challenges faced and issues remaining in providing a minimum level of social protection necessary for a decent living. The experience of Nepal is important because it marks a shift from social protection covering government pensioners only to one where the government is implementing a varied portfolio, despite high levels of poverty, political uncertainties, and low growth rates.
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Stepan, Matthias, Enze Han, and Tim Reeskens. "Building the New Socialist Countryside: Tracking Public Policy and Public Opinion Changes in China." China Quarterly 226 (May 13, 2016): 456–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741016000369.
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AbstractEver since the introduction of the national political programme of “Building a new socialist countryside” (BNSC) in the early 2000s, renewed focus has been cast on how the Chinese government manages the gap between its rural and urban areas in the new millennium. Previous research has mostly studied the social and political consequences of the BNSC initiative without paying particular attention to its effects on public opinion. In this article, we present an analysis of the 2002 and 2008 waves of the mainland China subset of the Asian Barometer. Our results show a significant shift in the perceptions of the rural population in respect to how much impact government policies have on daily life. This shift brings rural perceptions more in line with those of the urban population in 2002. The paper concludes with the implications of our findings for the study of the relations between public opinion and public policy in China.