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1
Daniel, Stoffman, and Foot David K, eds. Boom, bust & echo 2000: Profiting from the demographic shift in the new millennium. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 1998.
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2
Functional instability or paradigm shift?: A characteristic study of Indian stock market in the first decade of the new millennium. New Delhi: Springer, 2012.
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3
Balanzategui, Jessica. The Uncanny Child in Transnational Cinema. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986510.
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The Uncanny Child in Transnational Cinema illustrates how global horror film depictions of children re-conceptualised childhood at the turn of the twenty-first century. By analysing an influential body of transnational horror films, largely stemming from Spain, Japan, and the US, Jessica Balanzategui shows how millennial uncanny child characters resist embodying growth and futurity, unravelling concepts to which the child's symbolic function is typically bound. The book proposes that complex cultural and industrial shifts at the turn of the millennium resulted in these potent cinematic renegotiations of the concept of childhood. By demonstrating both the culturally specific and globally resonant properties of these frightening visions of children who refuse to grow up, the book outlines the conceptual and aesthetic mechanisms by which long entrenched ideologies of futurity, national progress, and teleological history started to waver at the turn of the twenty-first century.
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Millennium Children: Tales of the Shift. Rainbows Unlimited, 1997.
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5
Trusts in the new millennium: A paradigm shift in drafting, distributing & investing trusts. [Mechanicsburg, Pa.]: Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 1998.
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6
Stoffman, Daniel, and David K. Foot. Boom Bust & Echo 2000 : Profiting from the Demographic Shift in the New Millennium. Stoddart, 2000.
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7
Stoffman, Daniel, and David K. Foot. Boom Bust & Echo 2000: Profiting from the Demographic Shift in the New Millennium. MacFarlane Walter & Ross, 1999.
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8
Sarkar, Amitava. Functional Instability or Paradigm Shift?: A Characteristic Study of Indian Stock Market in the First Decade of the New Millennium. Springer, 2014.
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9
Sarkar, Amitava. Functional Instability or Paradigm Shift?: A Characteristic Study of Indian Stock Market in the First Decade of the New Millennium. Springer, 2012.
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10
Sarkar, Amitava. Functional Instability or Paradigm Shift?: A Characteristic Study of Indian Stock Market in the First Decade of the New Millennium. Springer London, Limited, 2012.
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11
Birkenholtz, Jessica Vantine. An Unexpected Archive. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199341160.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 presents a literary and linguistic historiography of the Svasthānīvratakathā textual tradition from the earliest extant manuscript of 1573 CE to the present. The chapter maps out major shifts as the text navigates seismic movement in Nepal’s dynamic linguistic and literary landscape when the Sanskrit cosmopolis of South Asia in the first millennium became the stomping ground for the vernacular languages of Newar and later Nepali in the second millennium. It argues that the shift from Sanskrit to Newar to Nepali is not a uniformly linear, downward vernacularization. The chapter further demonstrates the degree to which the textual shifts in the Svasthānīvratakathā both gave expression to and challenged the policies of the ruling elite regarding language, literature, and religious identity for their Newar and high-caste hill subjects alike following the political upheaval of the Gorkha conquest of the historically Newar Nepal Valley in the late eighteenth century.
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Leader-Picone, Cameron. Black and More than Black. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496824516.001.0001.
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This book analyzes twenty-first century African American fiction through the proliferation of post categories that arose in the new millennium. These post categories—post-black, post-racialism, post-Soul—articulate a shift away from the racial aesthetics associated with the Black Arts Movement and argue for the individual agency of Black artists over the meaning of racial identity in their work. Analyzing key works by Colson Whitehead, Alice Randall, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Paul Beatty, Jesmyn Ward, and Kiese Laymon, this book argues that twenty-first century African American fiction highlights the push and pull between claims of post-civil rights progress and the recognition of the entrenchment of structural racism. The book contextualizes this shift through the rise of, and presidency of, Barack Obama and the revision of Du Boisian double consciousness. It examines Obama through an analysis of the discourse surrounding his rise, Obama’s own writings, and his appearance as a character. The book concludes that while the claims of progress associated with Barack Obama’s presidency and the post era categories to which it was connected were overly optimistic, they represent a major shift towards an individualistic conception of racial identity that continues to resist claims of responsibility imposed on Black artists.
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Stevenson, Alice. Predynastic Egyptian Figurines. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.004.
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Anthropomorphic figurines attributed to fourth millennium bc predynastic Egypt are exceptionally rare. This chapter focuses its attention on the even smaller subset of those representations that can be contextualized archaeologically. This more selective treatment is intended to shift the core of the discussion of these artefacts from the usual focus upon visual representation towards consideration of embodiment and the spaces in which these things were made, encountered, and experienced. In particular, it is argued that figurines were affective devices that elicited emotional attention within ritual practice. Attention is also paid to the broader social and material contexts of predynastic development in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of both the presence and the absence of these figurines.
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Da Costa, Dia. When Victims Become Entrepreneurs. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040603.003.0002.
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This chapter historically locates the creative economy global discursive regime in the Indian context whilst challenging the presumed newness of creative economy policy. Tracing Indian policy debates over culture and development since the 1950s, it demystifies the seeming contradictions between disjuncture and continuity in policy by considering the sentiments deployed in India’s planning process. India’s political economic transition from development nationalism to neoliberal capitalism is accompanied by a shift from sentimental nationalism and its pity for artisanal victims of planned industrialization in the 1950s toward sentimental capitalism and its optimism about the poor’s artistic entrepreneurialism in the new millennium. Hindu culturalisms and neoliberal commodification combine to sell pride and optimism as means of reinventing Indian heritage—lending a global discourse traction.
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McDonald, Peter D. Prologue. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725152.003.0005.
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The section introduces Part II, which spans the period 1946 to 2014, by tracing the history of the debates about culture within UNESCO from 1947 to 2009. It considers the central part print literacy played in the early decades, and the gradual emergence of what came to be called ‘intangible heritage’; the political divisions of the Cold War that had a bearing not just on questions of the state and its role as a guardian of culture but on the idea of cultural expression as a commodity; the slow shift away from an exclusively intellectualist definition of culture to a more broadly anthropological one; and the realpolitik surrounding the debates about cultural diversity since the 1990s. The section concludes by showing how at the turn of the new millennium UNESCO caught up with the radical ways in which Tagore and Joyce thought about linguistic and cultural diversity.
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Blokker, Niels. Reconfiguring the Un System of Collective Security. Edited by Marc Weller. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673049.003.0009.
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This chapter examines pacific settlement and collective security as the primary instruments of the United Nations for promoting and underwriting international security. It begins by focusing on the development of newer approaches to UN-centred collective security in the new millennium in response to increased security threats. The chapter discusses economic sanctions, consent-based peacekeeping, robust peace operations, the coercive responsibility to protect (R2P), and nuclear security. In particular, it considers the evolution of peacekeeping side by side with preventive diplomacy, as well as the increase in the number of UN operations after the end of the Cold War to resolve outstanding conflicts. It also evaluates the report prepared by Algerian diplomat Lakhdar Brahimi, chair of a high-level international panel appointed by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan to make recommendations for changes in UN peacekeeping. The chapter concludes by considering the shift from collective security to global governance.
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Collis, Robert, and Natalie Bayer. Initiating the Millennium. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190903374.001.0001.
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This book, the first of its kind in English, examines an initiatic society known by various names—Illuminés d’Avignon, the Avignon Society, the Union, the New Israel Society—that flourished in Berlin, Avignon, Rome, and St. Petersburg, between 1779 and 1807. The founding members of this society forged a group that embraced strands of Western esotericism (particularly alchemy and arithmancy) within an all-pervading millenarian worldview. Whilst the society incorporated aspects of high-degree Freemasonry, it was never merely a para-masonic fraternity. Instead, it offered entry into a religious community of the elect for men, women, and children who anticipated the imminent onset of the millennium. Consecrates were also able to seek divine advice from the so-called Holy Word, partake in alchemical operations to perfect the philosophers’ stone, and invoke guardian angels. As this study demonstrates, the group retained its millenarian worldview and belief in prophetic mediation with Heaven throughout its existence. But it also experienced pronounced doctrinal shifts. Notably, the early espousal of Swedenborgianism was jettisoned in late 1788 and replaced by an embrace of Marianism. This change reflected a contested turn away from a more ecumenical outlook to a more conventional Catholic society. Further, although the society ceased to function in 1807, this study examines the enduring legacy of the group in Russia and its direct influence on Emperor Alexander through the prophetess Madame Bouche, who spent two years at the imperial court (1819 to 1821). It draws on a wealth of archival material from across Europe, which reflects the pan-European composition of the society itself.
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Snyder, David Jerome. Millennial Mind Shift: What Teachers & Professors Don't Teach You in School. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.
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Bar-Yosef, Ofer, Miryam Bar-Matthews, and Avner Ayalon. 12,000–11,700 cal BP. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199329199.003.0002.
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We take up the question of “why” cultivation was adopted by the end of the Younger Dryas by reviewing evidence in the Levant, a sub-region of southwestern Asia, from the Late Glacial Maximum through the first millennium of the Holocene. Based on the evidence, we argue that the demographic increase of foraging societies in the Levant at the Terminal Pleistocene formed the backdrop for the collapse of foraging adaptations, compelling several groups within a particular “core area” of the Fertile Crescent to become fully sedentary and introduce cultivation alongside intensified gathering in the Late Glacial Maximum, ca. 12,000–11,700 cal BP. In addition to traditional hunting and gathering, the adoption of stable food sources became the norm. The systematic cultivation of wild cereals begun in the northern Levant resulted in the emergence of complex societies across the entire Fertile Crescent within several millennia. Results of archaeobotanical and archaeozoological investigations provide a basis for reconstructing economic strategies, spatial organization of sites, labor division, and demographic shifts over the first millennium of the Holocene. We draw our conclusion from two kinds of data from the Levant, a sub-region of southwestern Asia, during the Terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene: climatic fluctuations and the variable human reactions to natural and social calamities. The evidence in the Levant for the Younger Dryas, a widely recognized cold period across the northern hemisphere, is recorded in speleothems and other climatic proxies, such as Dead Sea levels and marine pollen records.
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Roach, Levi. Forgery and Memory at the End of the First Millennium. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181660.001.0001.
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This book takes a fresh look at documentary forgery and historical memory in the Middle Ages. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, religious houses across Europe began falsifying texts to improve local documentary records on an unprecedented scale. As the book illustrates, the resulting wave of forgery signaled major shifts in society and political culture, shifts which would lay the foundations for the European ancien régime. Spanning documentary traditions across France, England, Germany and northern Italy, the book examines five sets of falsified texts to demonstrate how forged records produced in this period gave voice to new collective identities within and beyond the Church. Above all, the book indicates how this fad for falsification points to new attitudes toward past and present — a developing fascination with the signs of antiquity. These conclusions revise traditional master narratives about the development of antiquarianism in the modern era, showing that medieval forgers were every bit as sophisticated as their Renaissance successors. Medieval forgers were simply interested in different subjects — the history of the Church and their local realms, rather than the literary world of classical antiquity. As a comparative history of falsified records at a crucial turning point in the Middle Ages, the book offers valuable insights into how institutions and individuals rewrote and reimagined the past.
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(Editor), E. Ann Kaplan, and Susan Merrill Squier (Editor), eds. Playing Dolly: Technocultural Formations, Fantasies, and Fictions of Assisted Reproduction (Millennial Shifts). Rutgers University Press, 1999.
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(Editor), E. Ann Kaplan, and Susan Merrill Squier (Editor), eds. Playing Dolly: Technocultural Formations, Fantasies, and Fictions of Assisted Reproduction (Millennial Shifts). Rutgers University Press, 1999.
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23
Hanson, Clare. Genetics and the Literary Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813286.001.0001.
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This book explores the impact of genetic and postgenomic science on British literary fiction over the last four decades, focusing on the challenge posed to novelists by gene-centric neo-Darwinism and examining the recent rapprochement between postgenomic perspectives and literary understandings of human nature. It assesses the rise to cultural prominence of neo-Darwinism in the form of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology, thought styles which were predicated on scientific reductionism and genetic determinism. It explores the ways in which the fiction of Doris Lessing, A.S. Byatt, and Ian McEwan critiques neo-Darwinism but also registers the extent to which these writers are persuaded by the neo-Darwinian view of human behaviour as driven by genetic self-interest. It goes on to consider the ‘new biology’ that emerged around the turn of the millennium, as gene-centrism was displaced by a more dynamic and holistic view of the development and function of living organisms. It reads the work of Eva Hoffman, Kazuo Ishiguro, Margaret Drabble, and Jackie Kay as converging with this shift in which the organism is reconfigured as agentic and self-organizing but caught up in complex co-dependencies with other organisms. The archetypal postgenomic science of epigenetics is crucial in facilitating this change, disclosing the ways in which the genome is constantly modified in response to environmental cues and sponsoring a view of identity in terms of plasticity and mutability, a view more congenial to many writers than the concept of genetic predetermination.
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Fernandes, Sujatha. Charting the Storytelling Turn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190618049.003.0002.
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This chapter aims to give an overview of how the storytelling turn occurred in recent decades. It is a chronicle of the broad shifts that led from the more deeply oppositional storytelling tactics of the 1960s and 1970s social movements to the transactional, therapeutic, and then market-based model of storytelling that currently predominates. During the 1980s and 1990s, social movement storytelling was repurposed by states, international agencies, and the culture industries. In truth commissions, courtrooms, and talk shows, stories were abstracted from the goals of building mass movements that confronted power, and they were reoriented toward transaction and negotiation. In the new millennium, with broader shifts from productive capital to finance capital and the intensification of market values in guiding vast spheres of personhood and practices, storytelling has come to be configured more closely on the model of the market. Nonprofit storytelling and advocacy storytelling are increasingly defined by a business model that emphasizes stories as an investment that can increase competition positioning, help to build the organization’s portfolio, and activate target audiences.
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Cash, Jacobi. Get Your Shit Together: Life, How It Works, and How to Deal with It Explained by a Millennial. Independently Published, 2017.
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26
Haldon, John, and Nikos Panou. Tyrannos basileus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199394852.003.0007.
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This chapter shifts the focus to the Eastern empire, examining the evolution of perceptions of tyranny in Byzantium from the late Roman period to the eighth century. The chapter shows that these constitute the inverse of crucial concepts in Byzantine imperial ideology, particularly with regard to issues of religious orthodoxy, moral integrity, military efficiency, and administrative competence. Furthermore, it argues that the nature and scope of these perceptions can be better understood when examined in conjunction with the discourse of tyrannicide and usurpation as deployed in a broad spectrum of historical, hagiographic, and propagandistic works. The discussions commonly surrounding cases of legally precarious coups d’état offer insights into when, how, and why political actors came to be considered as tyrants in the first centuries of the Byzantine millennium.
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Sierra, Sylvia. Millennials Talking Media. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190931117.001.0001.
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This book examines how a group of US Millennial friends in their late twenties embed both old media (books, songs, films, TV shows) and new media (YouTube videos, video games, and internet memes) in their everyday talk for particular interactional purposes. Multiple case studies are presented featuring the recorded talk of Millennial friends to demonstrate how and why these speakers make media references in their conversations. These recorded conversations are supplemented with participant playback interviews, along with ethnographic field notes. The analysis demonstrates how the speakers phonetically signal media references in the speech stream, how they demonstrate appreciation of the references in their listening behaviors, and how they ultimately use media references for epistemic, framing, and identity construction purposes, often (but not always) when faced with epistemic, or knowledge, imbalances as well as interactional dilemmas, or awkward moments in interaction. The analysis shows how such references contribute to epistemic management and frame shifts in conversation, which is ultimately conducive to different forms of Millennial identity construction. Additionally, this book explores the stereotypes embedded in the media that these Millennials quote, and examines the effects of reproducing those stereotypes in everyday social life. This fascinating book explores how the boundaries between screens, online and offline life, language, and identity are porous for Millennials, and weaves together the most current linguistic theories regarding knowledge, framing, and identity work in everyday interaction, illuminating the interplay between these processes.
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Fernández‐Armesto, Felipe, and Benjamin Sacks. The Global Exchange of Food and Drugs. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0007.
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There are few more intriguing problems in the history of consumption than that of how cultural barriers to the transmission of foods and drugs have been traversed or broken. Environmental change is a crucial part of the background of global exchanges of food and drugs. The process we have come to know as ‘the Columbian exchange’ of the last half-millennium made it possible to transplant crops to new climates, by a mixture of adaptation and accident. Shifts of religion can also play a big part. This article discusses the global exchange of food and drugs. After briefly considering imperialism and migration, which are inescapable parts of the background of trade, it focuses on trade itself, which is probably the biggest single influence on the global exchange of commodities such as salt, sugar and spice, psychotropic beverages, and therapeutic and recreational drugs. The article concludes with a discussion on food and drugs in the era of global trade.
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Ferngren, Gary B. Medicine and Spirituality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190272432.003.0019.
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This essay traces the development of professional medicine and medical philanthropy over more than two millennia. It attempts to provide some understanding of how traditional medical care took shape and how religion came to play an essential supporting role in the healing process before it gave way to cultural shifts and scientific and technological advancements that in the last two centuries have largely eliminated spiritual values from medicine. I shall argue that the elimination of religion and the growth of professionalization in all areas of medicine have unintentionally weakened the element of compassion in patient care. As a result the healing process has been transformed in a way that our ancestors of even three or four generations ago would hardly have recognized it.
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Schadee, Hester, and Nikos Panou. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199394852.003.0001.
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This introduction to the volume outlines the broader questions raised and answered through a cross-chronological study of tyranny and bad rule. It argues that, as an inversion of the norm, ‘badness’ illuminates the corresponding positive social and moral values of a community. Simultaneously, political debate reflects historical power structures, authors, and audiences: thus, shifts in the discourse of bad rule are pertinent to political, cultural, and intellectual history. Furthermore, the introduction proposes that the discussions of tyranny in this volume—for all their often radical variations—are sufficiently coherent across two millennia to speak of a premodern Western tradition, which the authors define as the ‘dynamic exchange of ideas’. The common thread is formed by virtue ethics, in their Greek, Roman, and Christian incarnations. In conclusion, the introduction provides a summary of each chapter.
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Anderson, James A. Computing Hardware. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199357789.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 presents a kind of computation currently unfamiliar to most, the analog computer. Fifty years ago, they were considered viable competitors to the newer digital computer. Analog computers compute by the use of physical analogs, using, for example, voltages, currents, or shaft positions to represent numbers. They compute using the device properties, not logic. Examples include the balance, a simple device known for millennia; the “Antikythera mechanism,” a complex astronomical calculator from the first century BC; the slide rule; the US Navy’s Mark I fire control computer used for much of the 20th century to aim naval gunfire; and electronic analog computers built in large numbers after World War II. Analog computers can have advantages in ruggedness, simplicity, and reliability but lack the flexibility of digital computers.
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Gootenberg, Paul, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Global Drug History. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190842642.001.0001.
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Drugs and their illicit use have long fascinated writers and the reading public. Informed by new interdisciplinary perspectives, a growing number of academically trained historians are now approaching drugs as a fresh topic for serious research. This OUP Handbook of Global Drug History is the first major attempt by historians of drugs to take stock of the recent progress and directions of this academic field, utilizing both a global scope and long-term lens. The thirty-five original contributions here simultaneously survey what is known historically about drugs across the world (in Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa) and illustrate their increasingly global interconnections. The ever-changing human relationship with drugs, while going back millennia, became consolidated across the early modern world. These longer drug histories converged globally with the nineteenth-century rise of modern pariah drugs; with the dramatic twentieth-century shift to illicit drugs and global prohibitions; and emerging twenty-first century possibilities for rethinking the social, health, and policy approaches to global drug trafficking and use.
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Cook, Stephen L. Prophecy and Apocalyptic. Edited by Carolyn J. Sharp. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859559.013.5.
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Chapter 5 describes the rise in exilic and post-exilic Israel of a new prophecy about God’s end-time reign. This prophecy (in Third Isaiah, Ezekiel, Joel, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi) exhibited significant shifts in genre and patterns of revelation and intermediation. It envisioned mythic images and archetypes, known from across the ancient Near East, powerfully resurfacing to reveal transcendence interrupting human history and establishing millennial peace incontestably. It forged vibrant, urgent worldviews from allusions to Israel’s emerging corpus of authoritative, sacred writings. Each new apocalyptic imagination reflected the traditions of its originating group, often a priestly sect of Aaronides, Zadokites, or Levites. Thus, Isaiah 26 forges a prophecy of bodily resurrection from images of fecundity found in Isaiah 54. Zechariah 3 and 6 rework Ezekiel 21 and Genesis 49 into expectations of a humble Messiah. And Malachi’s warnings of end-time purgation recapitulate God’s judgment on priests in 1 Samuel 2:27–4:1.
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Noll, Mark A. The Bible and Scriptural Interpretation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0014.
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Evangelicalism was the chief factor moulding the theology of most Protestant Dissenting traditions of the nineteenth century, dictating an emphasis on conversions, the cross, the Bible as the supreme source of teaching, and activism which spread the gospel while also relieving the needy. The chapter concentrates on debates about conversion and the cross. It begins by emphasizing that the Enlightenment and above all its principle of rational inquiry was enduringly important to Dissenters. The Enlightenment led some in the Reformed tradition such as Joseph Priestley to question not only creeds but also doctrines central to Christianity, such as the Trinity, while others, such as the Sandemanians, Scotch Baptists, Alexander Campbell’s Restorationists, or the Universalists, privileged the rational exegesis of Scripture over more emotive understandings of faith. In the Calvinist mainstream, though, the Enlightenment created ‘moderate Calvinism’. Beginning with Jonathan Edwards, it emphasized the moral responsibility of the sinner for rejecting the redemption that God had made available and reconciled predestination with the enlightened principle of liberty. As developed by Edwards’s successors, the New England theology became the norm in America and was widely disseminated among British Congregationalists and Baptists. It entailed a judicial or governmental conception of the atonement, in which a just Father was forced to exact the Son’s death for human sinfulness. The argument that this just sacrifice was sufficient to save all broke with the doctrine of the limited atonement and so pushed some higher Calvinists among the Baptists into schism, while, among Presbyterians, Princeton Seminary retained loyal to the doctrine of penal substitution. New England theology was not just resisted but also developed, with ‘New Haven’ theologians such as Nathaniel William Taylor stressing the human component of conversion. If Calvinism became residual in such hands, then Methodists and General and Freewill Baptists had never accepted it. Nonetheless they too gave enlightened accounts of salvation. The chapter dwells on key features of the Enlightenment legacy: a pragmatic attitude to denominational distinctions; an enduring emphasis on the evidences of the Christian faith; sympathy with science, which survived the advent of Darwin; and an optimistic postmillennialism in which material prosperity became the hallmark of the unfolding millennium. Initially challenges to this loose consensus came from premillennial teachers such as Edward Irving or John Nelson Darby, but the most sustained and deep-seated were posed by Romanticism. Romantic theologians such as James Martineau, Horace Bushnell, and Henry Ward Beecher rejected necessarian understandings of the universe and identified faith with interiority. They emphasized the love rather than the justice of God, with some such as the Baptist Samuel Cox embracing universalism. Late nineteenth-century Dissenters followed Anglicans in prioritizing the incarnation over the atonement and experiential over evidential apologetics. One final innovation was the adoption of Albrecht Ritschl’s claim that Jesus had come to found the kingdom of God, which boosted environmental social activism. The shift from Enlightenment to romanticism, which provoked considerable controversy, illustrated how the gospel and culture had been in creative interaction.
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Vernallis, Carol. Music Video’s Second Aesthetic? Edited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733866.013.0016.
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This article appears in theOxford Handbook of New Audiovisual Aestheticsedited by John Richardson, Claudia Gorbman, and Carol Vernallis. MTV’s launch happened thirty years ago. Since then music video has undergone shifts in technologies and platforms, financial booms and busts, and changing levels of audience engagement. While music videos hit a low point at the start of the millennium, they have reemerged as a key driver of popular culture. This resurgence resembles MTV’s first moment: it’s again worth asking what music video can do and where it fits. A variety of styles, genres, and tropes marks both the eighties and today. The traditional definition of music video - a record-company product that puts images to a pop record in order to sell the song — has become too narrow. Instead we might describe music videos as containing heightened sound/image relations we recognize as such. Today's videos can reflect great technical proficiency. But in the eighties an attempt at an audiovisual connection often left a trace of the performers’ and director’s efforts. This gave videos a special charm. Today’s videos, however, may also reflect a full flowering of the genre. Many directors have labored in the industry and weathered its transitions: their experiences inform today’s music videos. This chapter looks at what this thirty-year history might add up to.
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Attridge, Derek. The Experience of Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833154.001.0001.
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The question this book addresses is whether, in addition to its other roles, poetry—or a cultural practice we now call poetry—has, across the two-and-a-half millennia from the composition of the Homeric epics to the publication of Ben Jonson’s Works and the death of Shakespeare in 1616, continuously afforded the pleasurable experience we identify with the crafting of language into memorable and moving rhythmic forms. Parts I and II examine the evidence for the performance of the Iliad and the Odyssey and of Ancient Greek lyric poetry, the impact of the invention of writing on Alexandrian verse, the performances of poetry that characterized Ancient Rome, and the private and public venues for poetic experience in Late Antiquity. Part III deals with medieval verse, exploring the oral traditions that spread across Europe in the vernacular languages, the importance of manuscript transmission, the shift from roll to codex and from papyrus to parchment, and the changing audiences for poetry. Part IV explores the achievements of the English Renaissance, from the manuscript verse of Henry VIII’s court to the anthologies and collections of the late Elizabethan period. Among the topics considered in this part are the advent of print, the experience of the solitary reader, the continuing significance of manuscript circulation, the presence of poet figures in pageants and progresses, and the appearance of poets on the Elizabethan stage. Tracking both continuity and change, the book offers a history of what, over these twenty-five centuries, it has meant to enjoy a poem.