Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Millennium Development Goals – International cooperation'

This research looks at social policy making in Venezuela and Brazil with the objective of alleviating poverty, with special focus on meeting Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that were set in 2000. Considering the leftist democratic governments that have been established in Latin America since Hugo Chávez was elected president in 1998, and later with Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in 2002, the research seeks to understand and illustrate what nuances exist in strategy, ideas and implementation of social policy that would positively affect the underprivileged for a more equal and just society. The two countries have deep historical and structural inequalities from slavery, colonialism, imbalanced distribution of resources and like most developing nations of the Global South, have had to endure structural adjustments that have entrenched poverty levels further. Arguments in the past have been made for economic prosperity and economic growth as good indicators for development, however, the research takes a comparative analysis on how Venezuela (through Barrio Adentro and multiple state driven Missions) and Brazil (state supported Bolsa Familia and Universal Health System), have targeted health and education as the primary sectors not just to transform society but also because it is through these sectors that the most effective and efficient manner to measure human development which has thus far been neglected. The research also examines the leadership of the countries which speaks to the differing approaches adopted, style, rhetoric and political realities; and how they have been received not just domestically, but also internationally. The outcomes of the research illustrate a good link between literacy, education and health and a healthy level of state intervention that requires reciprocal social participation for programmes to succeed. Brazil and Venezuela have shown notable creativity and effectiveness in this regard.

The objective of this research was to examine how SADC states can attain goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals set up by the international community through the United Nations in the year 2000, using trade under the mechanism envisaged by the World Trade Organization by the target date of 2015.

A number of international humanitarian organizations focus on human development and aim to improve the situation of children. In many developing countries, states have not been able to fulfill the educational or basic needs of its children. To fill this void, international actors have stepped in to help with human development. This thesis focuses on answering the question: How are norms diffused to local communities? Looking at the implementation of human development norms, this paper examines the norms-based actions that NGOs take to maximize the development potential of children. Programs aimed at increasing basic education as well as fighting child labor are addressed. When exploring the norm socialization process NGOs use to promote programs in education and child labor, it is clear that a different process is present than is suggested by existing literature. This is due to the locale where norms are implemented: local communities.

As the traditional role of corporate entities have been challenged by an increased number of demands from society, companies are no longer just legal factors intended to generate profits by supplying products or services. Instead, they are expected to play the role of responsible co-citizens of the community, taking social and environmental responsibility for the consequences of their actions. Implementing sustainable practices into business strategies is considered beneficial for both organizations and society, as it brings organizations opportunities for growth and development, as well as a more sustainable future for society. One way for businesses to ensure their responsibilities regarding sustainability issues and maintaining sustainable business practices has been depicted in the United Nation’s eight goals termed the ‘Millennium Development Goals’ (MDGs). Previous research argues that organizations must incorporate sustainable practices into their different organizational strategies such as marketing, purchasing, and finance in order to maintain organizational growth and contribute to sustainable development. This issue has become especially important in developing countries as emerging markets compose great opportunities for businesses in terms of growth and development. An emerging market and developing country providing humongous growth opportunities for businesses is Malaysia. However, limited research has been conducted connecting the concepts sustainable development and marketing strategies, and how these may lead to an accelerated achievement of the MDGs within developing countries. In order to answer the purpose of the study, a qualitative approach using open, - and semistructured interviews together with observations was chosen as the most appropriate research method. Four international firms operating on the Malaysian market participated in the study and the findings indicated that having a well-developed sustainability marketing strategy and striving for a sustainable future does bring organizations competitive advantage and growth opportunities, and thereby an accelerated achievement of the MDGs.

This paper has concluded that the Diaspora contribute to the development of social, economic and political fields, which also means a high level of poverty reduction. This has been largely possible not least because of developments in computing and telecommunications, but also through the Diaspora's grassroots involvement. By being the only player who can get access to specific locations, and through their local knowledge the Diaspora can easily be seen as legitimate actors and therefore also play a unique role in peace processes. They are also not tied to bureaucratic structures on which they can act with direct effect. For example, they can assist quickly to different kinds of crisis situations, such as environmental disasters. Many governments and organizations are interested in cooperating with the Diaspora, but they also see many challenges with it. Further on, Diaspora can feel that their voices are not always heard. The essay has also reached a conclusion that a balance between the UN's two main conventions International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights increasingly may arise. This is thanks to the co-operations between liberal organizations and the Diaspora whose efforts may be in the private markets to create jobs and development, and their contributions in construction of social infrastructure. Other impacts on the organizational level may be towards more complex models of organization and partnerships, where not least the private sector may be included to a greater extent, which also demonstrates the enhanced globalization trends, where the private market is seen to be the answer to the solution of poverty. As regards to States and the role of various actors in these somewhat newer landscapes, they can also be a result from the processes of globalization and shifts in power from the state to the different levels at which non-state actors gets a stronger role. These processes may also have contributed to greater regionalization; forces which this paper found over time may be a competitor to a weak UN (and the EU) and therefore attract the Diaspora who also may find themselves to be better received there.

Le sujet porte sur le partenariat, son avènement et ses portées juridiques, de sorte que le champ temporel de cette approche descriptive et analytique couvre à la fois la veille et l'aube du troisième millénaire. Ainsi, cette approche afférente au partenariat au sein du système international se base notamment sur les instruments juridiques pré-onusiens à savoir le pacte de la SDN, et ceux onusiens, à commencer par la charte des Nations Unies et la déclaration du millénaire, ayant généré les objectifs du millénaire pour le développement. Ces deux instruments et bien d'autres ayant une nature thématique et dogmatique, sont évalués et surtout affinés par des documents de nature nettement plus pragmatique, notamment le document final du sommet mondial 2005. Par ce moyen, la nature juridique est mieux conjuguée avec les retombées socioéconomiques au niveau mondial. Par conséquent, la thèse tente une modélisation du partenariat, notion récente et peu consensuelle, apportant ainsi du pragmatisme sur le plan notionnel et empirique du droit du développement
The subject deals the partnership, its emergence and its juridical range, as the temporal scope of this descriptive and analytical approach, covers both, the eve and the dawn of the third millennium, therefore, this approach related to the partnership within the international system, based especially on the pre-United Nations instruments in particular the pact of the League of Nations, and the united nations instrument, especially the Charter of this organization and the Millennium Declaration, which generate the Millennium Development goals In particular, the eighth goal, related to establishment of a global partnership for development. These two instruments and more others with dogmatic and thematic kind, are evaluated and refined by much more pragmatic documents, that is the, 2005 world summit outcome document, so the juridical nature is better combined with worldwide socioeconomic impact and its applications on a regional, multilateral and bilateral partnership . Thus, the thesis tries modeling the most consensual guidelines partnership, this recent and little consensual notion

Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional
Os modelos de desenvolvimento adotados desde os anos 1950s promoveram deslocamentos do campo em direção as cidades. Durante décadas esses deslocamentos de pessoas foram ignorados por estes modelos que não previram os impactos nas cidades. Esses deslocamentos acabaram por provocar o acirramento dos problemas e desafios nas cidades. A Cooperação Descentralizada, instrumento pela qual os atores subnacionais cooperavam entre si, tem possibilitado a troca de experiências e práticas, para lidar com esses problemas e desafios. No início do século XXI é lançada a Agenda do Milênio (2000-2015). No entanto, apesar das expectativas, as cidades acabaram por não ser inseridas nesta agenda. A partir da nova Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável lançada em 2016, e para ser implementada até 2030, é que as cidades emergem como atrizes centrais. Este trabalho final de mestrado (TFM) analisa de forma crítica as razões que explicam a centralidade das cidades nesta nova agenda global dos ODS em um contexto de crescente interdependência entre os atores e ampliação da Cooperação Descentralizada.
The development models adopted since the 1950s have promoted displacements from the countryside to the cities. For decades, these displacements of people were ignored by those models that did not predict impacts on cities. The consequences of these displacements were the intensification of problems and challenges in cities. Decentralized Cooperation, an instrument through which subnational actors cooperate with each other, has enabled the exchange of experiences and practices to deal with these problems and challenges. At the beginning of the 21st century the Millennium Declaration (2000-2015) is launched. However, despite expectations, cities were not included in this agenda. From the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development launched in 2016, and to be implemented by 2030, cities emerge as central actresses. This final Master's work critically analyzes the reasons that explain the centrality of cities in this new global agenda of SDGs in a context of increasing interdependence between actors and expansion of Decentralized Cooperation.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of water and sanitation service delivery in resource-limited settings using two different social theories (modernization and world system). Understanding that barriers to effectiveness are rooted in global structures that tend to present at local levels helps redefine the problem leading to comprehensive policies and practices. The guiding research questions included an identification of an effectiveness gap in services delivered in developed countries compared to those in developing countries. This study included a survey of water and sanitation professionals gauging their opinions on trends within the sector. Survey respondents demonstrated that the sector tends to align with localized (i.e. modernist) approaches. This may explain the perpetuation of differential patterns in water and sanitation access and associated diseases and deaths in developing countries. Through a case study of Partners In Health (PIH), a medical-oriented non-governmental organization used as a proxy for water and sanitation organizations, this work illustrated why personal and organizational philosophies and perspectives influence how we organize and act. It concludes with a discussion of engineering decision making through the lenses offered by modernization and world system theories; presents an organizational structure that allows organizations to overcome theoretical and geographic boundaries; and offers a set of recommendations learned from PIH and those the sector does well. This research shows how water and sanitation organizations, practices, and policies that consider local and global forces are more effective at delivering services in developing countries than those focusing solely on local forces.
Ph. D.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
The theme of this thesis - "INEQUALITY, POVERTY AND GOVERNANCE: AN AGENDA FOR EAST TIMOR" - stems from an interest to assess the influence of key-actors - NGOs, national governments and the United Nations System - in policy development, in developing countries that emerge from serious conflicts; in particular we search for solutions to deal with the problem of how to evaluate governance, policies and the development path in countries without reliable and structured data. This research animes to contribute to the debate on the influence of NGOs, national governments and the United Nations System on issues concerning governance, sustainable development and environment issues in developing countries that emerge from conflict featuring unconsolidated democracies; We analysed the case of East Timor, between 1999 and 2012, on issues related to social, gender and income inequality and a variety of global issues like climate change and poverty levels, based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The theoretical and methodological basis of this study was Melucci (1991). Notwithstanding this study is stakeholder-oriented based on inter- and transdisciplinary research, on multi-level and participatory governance theories and political philosophy, with focus on horizontal and environmental policy integration and processes as well as questions of legitimacy, accountability and sustainability based on the analysis of secondary sources (text, numbers, images, etc.) and collection of primary empirical data in the field, in 2012, for policy analysis in different contexts - a necessary step due to the fragility and often lack of reliable data and audited information. We analysed official documents and reports such key UN-resolutions, the Timor-Leste National Development Plan (NDP), the Millennium Development Goals Reports (MDGs), Human Development Reports (HDR), Evolution of the Human Development Index (HDI), scientific articles and several technical reports released by development agencies such as ABD, FAO, UNDP and others. We observed a huge discrepancy between rhetoric and practice concerning the key-actors participation as well as noticeable flaws in policy conduction at various levels. Transparency levels are incredibly low and it permeates all levels of the government. The impression one gets is that there was an interest in promoting the pacification process to enable foreign companies to extract oil at low risk, while issues related to governance, accountability and transparency were neglected. It is argued that such challenges were less a matter of rules and regulations then basic approaches, attitudes and power relations. It is possible that these key-actors, in general, did not succeed in find ways to change their approach during the years of stabilization; with little or no progress on issues related to human development, poverty and inequality reduction. Instead of fostering the development of a viable and autonomous civil society its results have demonstrated the depletion of a model of development that on one hand was efficient on the pacification process while on the other hand have failed in the promotion of opportunities, governance and sustainable development. Finally, we conclude that socioeconomic peculiarities and policies adopted in developing countries that emerge from serious conflicts should not be seeing as specific procedural and institutional factors replicable from stabilized societies, it is necessary to draw up a better database and a set of analysis tools based on the peculiar conditions of developing countries emerging from different forms of conflict focusing on mechanisms that promote good governance, transparency and accountability. As final considerations, to support Timor-Lesteâs sustainable development policies, we point out the need to relativize the implementation of criteria considered necessary for good governance, establish a hierarchy over time and across priorities in development programs and projects, which must be guided by the specificities of particular contexts.
O tema desta tese - "Desigualdade, pobreza e governanÃa: uma agenda para Timor-Leste" - decorre do interesse em avaliar a influÃncia de atores-chave - ONGs, governos nacionais e do Sistema das NaÃÃes Unidas - no desenvolvimento de polÃticas, em paÃses em desenvolvimento que emergem de conflitos graves; em particular, procurar soluÃÃes para lidar com o problema de como avaliar polÃticas de governanÃa, e trajetÃrias de desenvolvimento em paÃses sem base de dados confiÃveis e estruturados. Esta pesquisa buscou contribuir para o debate sobre a influÃncia das ONGs, governos nacionais e do Sistema das NaÃÃes Unidas sobre questÃes relacionadas a governanÃa, desenvolvimento sustentÃvel e questÃes ambientais em paÃses em desenvolvimento que emergem de conflitos configurando democracias nÃo-consolidadas; Analisamos o caso de Timor-Leste entre 1999 e 2012 com relaÃÃo a questÃes socioeconÃmicas, desigualdade de gÃnero de renda e uma variedade de questÃes globais como mudanÃas climÃticas e nÃveis de pobreza, com base nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do MilÃnio (ODM). A base teÃrica e metodolÃgica deste estudo foi Melucci (1991). Entretanto, este estudo à "stakeholder-orientado", baseado em investigaÃÃo interdisciplinar e transdisciplinar, em multi-nÃvel com base em teorias de governanÃa participativa e filosofia polÃtica, com foco na integraÃÃo horizontal de processos de ordem polÃtica e ambiental, bem como questÃes de legitimidade, prestaÃÃo de contas e sustentabilidade com base na anÃlise de fontes secundÃrias (texto, nÃmeros, imagens, etc.) e de recolha de dados empÃricos primÃrias no campo em Timor-Leste, em 2012, para a anÃlise de polÃticas em diferentes contextos - um passo necessÃrio devido à fragilidade e muitas vezes a falta de dados confiÃveis e informaÃÃes auditadas. Foram analisados documentos oficiais e relatÃrios-chaves baseados em resoluÃÃes da ONU, o Plano de Timor-Leste Desenvolvimento Nacional (PDN), os RelatÃrios sobre os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do MilÃnio (ODM), RelatÃrios de Desenvolvimento Humano (HDR), EvoluÃÃo do Ãndice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), artigos cientÃficos e vÃrios relatÃrios tÃcnicos divulgados por agÃncias de desenvolvimento, como a ABD, FAO, PNUD e outros. Foi observado uma enorme discrepÃncia entre a retÃrica e a prÃtica relativa à participaÃÃo atores-chave, bem como falhas visÃveis na conduÃÃo polÃtica em vÃrios nÃveis. Os nÃveis de transparÃncia sÃo reduzidos e, isso permeia todas as Ãreas do governo. A impressÃo que se tem à que houve interesse em promover o processo de pacificaÃÃo para permitir que as companhias estrangeiras pudessem extrair petrÃleo com baixo risco, enquanto que as questÃes relacionadas à governanÃa, à responsabilidade e à transparÃncia foram negligenciadas. Argumenta-se que esses desafios foram menos uma questÃo de regras e regulamentos do que abordagens bÃsicas, atitudes e relaÃÃes de poder. à possÃvel que estes atores-chave, em geral, nÃo tenham conseguido mudar suas abordagens durante os anos de estabilizaÃÃo, com rarefeito progresso em questÃes relacionadas com o desenvolvimento humano, e a reduÃÃo da pobreza e desigualdade. Ao invÃs de fomentar o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade civil viÃvel e autÃnoma, os resultados tÃm demonstrado o esgotamento de um modelo de desenvolvimento que, se por um lado eficiente na pacificaÃÃo falhou na promoÃÃo de oportunidades, governanÃa e desenvolvimento sustentÃvel. Por fim, concluÃmos que peculiaridades socioeconÃmicas e polÃticas adotadas em paÃses em desenvolvimento, que emergem de conflitos graves, nÃo devem ser vistas como fatores processuais e institucionais replicÃveis de sociedades estabilizadas, à necessÃrio elaborar uma melhor base de dados e um conjunto de ferramentas de anÃlise com base nas condiÃÃes peculiares dos paÃses em desenvolvimento que emergem de diferentes formas de conflito com foco em mecanismos que promovam a boa governanÃa, transparÃncia e prestaÃÃo de contas. Como consideraÃÃes finais, para apoiar polÃticas de desenvolvimento sustentÃvel em Timor-Leste e em paÃses similares, destacamos a necessidade de relativizar a implementaÃÃo de critÃrios considerados necessÃrios para a boa governanÃa, estabelecer uma hierarquia ao longo do tempo, em funÃÃo das prioridades, em programas e projetos de desenvolvimento, que devem ser guiados pelas especificidades de contextos particulares.

Master thesis deals with functioning and development policy of the World Bank. The main objective is to summarize the Bank's strategies applied during the several decades of its existence and evaluate selected tools that organization uses in the fight against poverty.

This thesis discusses global partnerships for sustainable development. Global partnerships have come to be considered as key tools for the implementation of certain international sustainable development goals and there is a growing literature on the subject. Nevertheless, no study has yet been done of the Global Deal Partnership for Decent Work and Inclusive Growth, initiated by the Government of Sweden in 2016. The partnership is presented as a concrete input to several of the Sustainable Development Goals, especially numbers 8, 10, and 17. This provides an important opportunity to make sense of the Global Deal partnership, in particular since it is the first attempt of its kind to unite all stakeholders on the global labour market to work together to provide decent work and inclusive growth for all. What are the goals of the Global Deal, how was it formed, and how is it being implemented? The analysis presented in this thesis is based on a literature survey, documentary analysis, and interviews with the Global Deal Partnership’s support unit at the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. This thesis argues that the Global Deal partnership is a textbook example of a global multi-stakeholder partnership, developed through an inclusive goal-setting process, and implemented with monitoring and reporting functions.

Cette thèse de doctorat effectuée à l’Université Paris-Sorbonne est le résultat de quatre années de recherches sur le rôle des Organisations de la Société Civile (OSC) camerounaises dans la réalisation des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD). Fondée sur une expérience participative de 18 mois dans le milieu du développement au Cameroun, sur plusieurs dizaines d’entretiens avec des OSC camerounaises, des ONG internationales et les principaux partenaires techniques et financiers du Cameroun ainsi que sur l’analyse statistique de plus de 300 OSC camerounaises travaillant dans le domaine des OMD, cette thèse cherche à mesurer l’impact des OSC sur les indicateurs de développement et à déterminer les facteurs susceptibles d’optimiser cet impact. Alors que l’initiative des OMD, lancée par les Nations Unies en 2000, arrive à son terme en 2015, le bilan tiré par les différents acteurs du développement appelle à une participation accrue des OSC dans les pays bénéficiaires de l’aide internationale. Ce travail confirme l’intérêt que peuvent avoir les acteurs institutionnels du développement à collaborer avec la société civile pour améliorer les conditions de vie des populations et l’efficience des ressources allouées au développement
This doctorate thesis undertaken at Paris-Sorbonne University results from four years of research on the role of Cameroonian Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the achievementof the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Based on an 18-month participatory experience in development in Cameroon, on several dozens of interviews with Cameroonian CSOs, international NGOs and the key technical and financial partners of Cameroon as well as on the statistical analysis of over 300 Cameroonian CSOs operating in MDG-related fields,this thesis intends to measure the impact of CSOs in development indicators and to determine the factors which can optimize this impact. As the MDG initiative, launched by the United Nations in 2000, reaches its term in 2015, its final assessment by different developments takeholders calls for a stronger participation of CSOs in countries benefiting from international aid. This research confirms the interest institutional stakeholders can find incollaborating with civil society to improve the living conditions of populations and the efficiency of the resources allocated to development

The thesis deals with the Goal 8 of the Millennium Development Goals called "Develop a global partnership for development" and monitor its fulfilment in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. The emphasis is laid on three important areas included in the Goal 8 and these are official development assistance, access of developing countries on markets of developed countries and external debt burden of developing states. The aim of the thesis is to capture present development in these areas by selected official indicators, which were set by United Nations, compare their current development with the initial year 1990 and on the basis of available data from past three years assess probable future progress in the mentioned areas. Final part of the thesis includes case study of selected Sub-Saharan countries, Ghana and Lesotho.

La nécessaire lutte contre la pauvreté découle d'un constat troublant : la richesse combinée des quinze personnes les plus riches de la planète est supérieure à la valeur annuelle cumulée de la production de biens /services de l'ensemble des pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne. 20% de la population mondiale consomme plus de 80% des ressources disponibles sur la surface de la terre. Ce double constat révèle l'ampleur des efforts à accomplir pour répondre au défi des objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD). La responsabilité des Etats est évidemment engagée mais les solutions sont plus à rechercher au niveau des villes et des territoires. Au plus proche des habitants, les autorités locales peuvent et doivent jouer un rôle de catalyseur du développement. Il revient aux citoyens des territoires confrontés aux problèmes de sous-développement d'imaginer et de proposer ces solutions locales. La coopération décentralisée contribue à la recherche et à l'invention de telles politiques territoriales : cadre de dialogue privilégié entre gouvernements locaux. Définie comme un partenariat entre autorités locales de nationalités différentes, cette coopération décentralisée permet un partage d'expériences – micro finance, décentralisation, bonne gouvernance etc. En clair, tous les espoirs peuvent s'inviter dans la symbiose « Coopération décentralisée et Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement», en tenant compte de leurs enjeux et perspectives dans l'espace francophone subsaharien
The necessary struggle against poverty comes from an elementary remark observation: the combined wealth of the 15 richest people in the planet exceeds the total annual value of the production of the properties / services of all the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. 20 % of the world population consumes more than 80 % of the resources available on the surface of the earth. This observation reminds the magnitude of the efforts which remain to carry out to answer the challenge of the millennium through the OMD. The responsibility of States is obviously engaged but the solutions are more to look for at the level of cities and territories. In the closest to the inhabitants, the local authorities can and have to play a role of catalyst of the development. It is up to the citizens of territories confronted with the problems of underdevelopment to imagine and to propose these local solutions. The decentralized cooperation contributes to the search and the invention of such territorial policies, because it is a frame of privileged dialogue between local governments. Defined as a partnership between local authorities of different nationalities, it allows a sharing of experiences - microfinances, decentralization, good governance etc.- Clearly, all the hopes can invite itself in the symbiosis "Decentralized Cooperation and Objectives of the Millennium for the Development by taking into account their stakes and perspectives in the Sub-Saharan French-Speaking Space"

COSTA, C. G. F. Desigualdade, pobreza e governança: uma agenda para Timor-Leste. 2014. 209 f. Tese (Doutorado em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014.
Submitted by Daniel Eduardo Alencar da Silva (dealencar.silva@gmail.com) on 2015-01-29T17:51:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_cgfcosta.pdf: 8891790 bytes, checksum: 91cb42ef4c22d106bdb2d8bbf368d24f (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2015-03-30T22:10:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_cgfcosta.pdf: 8891790 bytes, checksum: 91cb42ef4c22d106bdb2d8bbf368d24f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-30T22:10:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_cgfcosta.pdf: 8891790 bytes, checksum: 91cb42ef4c22d106bdb2d8bbf368d24f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
The theme of this thesis - "INEQUALITY, POVERTY AND GOVERNANCE: AN AGENDA FOR EAST TIMOR" - stems from an interest to assess the influence of key-actors - NGOs, national governments and the United Nations System - in policy development, in developing countries that emerge from serious conflicts; in particular we search for solutions to deal with the problem of how to evaluate governance, policies and the development path in countries without reliable and structured data. This research animes to contribute to the debate on the influence of NGOs, national governments and the United Nations System on issues concerning governance, sustainable development and environment issues in developing countries that emerge from conflict featuring unconsolidated democracies; We analysed the case of East Timor, between 1999 and 2012, on issues related to social, gender and income inequality and a variety of global issues like climate change and poverty levels, based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The theoretical and methodological basis of this study was Melucci (1991). Notwithstanding this study is stakeholder-oriented based on inter- and transdisciplinary research, on multi-level and participatory governance theories and political philosophy, with focus on horizontal and environmental policy integration and processes as well as questions of legitimacy, accountability and sustainability based on the analysis of secondary sources (text, numbers, images, etc.) and collection of primary empirical data in the field, in 2012, for policy analysis in different contexts - a necessary step due to the fragility and often lack of reliable data and audited information. We analysed official documents and reports such key UN-resolutions, the Timor-Leste National Development Plan (NDP), the Millennium Development Goals Reports (MDGs), Human Development Reports (HDR), Evolution of the Human Development Index (HDI), scientific articles and several technical reports released by development agencies such as ABD, FAO, UNDP and others. We observed a huge discrepancy between rhetoric and practice concerning the key-actors participation as well as noticeable flaws in policy conduction at various levels. Transparency levels are incredibly low and it permeates all levels of the government. The impression one gets is that there was an interest in promoting the pacification process to enable foreign companies to extract oil at low risk, while issues related to governance, accountability and transparency were neglected. It is argued that such challenges were less a matter of rules and regulations then basic approaches, attitudes and power relations. It is possible that these key-actors, in general, did not succeed in find ways to change their approach during the years of stabilization; with little or no progress on issues related to human development, poverty and inequality reduction. Instead of fostering the development of a viable and autonomous civil society its results have demonstrated the depletion of a model of development that on one hand was efficient on the pacification process while on the other hand have failed in the promotion of opportunities, governance and sustainable development. Finally, we conclude that socioeconomic peculiarities and policies adopted in developing countries that emerge from serious conflicts should not be seeing as specific procedural and institutional factors replicable from stabilized societies, it is necessary to draw up a better database and a set of analysis tools based on the peculiar conditions of developing countries emerging from different forms of conflict focusing on mechanisms that promote good governance, transparency and accountability. As final considerations, to support Timor-Leste’s sustainable development policies, we point out the need to relativize the implementation of criteria considered necessary for good governance, establish a hierarchy over time and across priorities in development programs and projects, which must be guided by the specificities of particular contexts. This research contributed to the debate on the influence of NGOs, national governments and the United Nations System on issues concerning governance, sustainable development and environmental related issues in developing countries that emerge from conflict featuring unconsolidated democracies; We analysed the case of East Timor, between 1999 and 2012, on issues related to social, gender and income inequality and a variety of global issues like climate change and poverty levels, based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The theoretical and methodological basis of this study was Melucci (1992). This study is stakeholder-oriented based on inter- and transdisciplinary research, on multi-level and participatory governance theories and political philosophy, with focus on horizontal and environmental policy integration and processes as well as questions of legitimacy, accountability and sustainability. based on the analysis of secondary sources (text, numbers, images, etc.) and collection of primary empirical data in the field, in 2012, for policy analysis in different contexts - a necessary step due to the fragility and often lack of reliable data and audited information. We analysed official documents and reports such key UN-resolutions, the Timor-Leste National Development Plan (NDP), the Millennium Development Goals Reports (MDGs), Human Development Reports (HDR), Evolution of the Human Development Index (HDI), scientific articles and several technical reports released by development agencies such as ABD, FAO, UNDP and others. We observed a huge discrepancy between rhetoric and practice concerning the key-actors participation as well as noticeable flaws in policy conduction at various levels. Corruption levels are high and permeates all levels of the government. The impression one gets is that there was an interest in promoting the pacification process to enable oil companies to extract oil at low risk, while issues related to governance, accountability and transparency were neglected. It is argued that such challenges were less a matter of rules and regulations then basic approaches, attitudes and power relations. It is possible that these key-actors, in general, have not changed their approach during the years of stabilization; with little or no progress on issues related to human development, poverty and inequality reduction. Instead of fostering the development of a viable and autonomous civil society its results have demonstrated the depletion of a model of development that on one hand was efficient on the pacification procces but that on the other hand have failed in the promotion of opportunities, governance and sustainable development. Finally, we conclude that socioeconomic peculiarities and policies adopted in developing countries that emerge from serious conflicts should not be seing as specific procedural and institutional factors replicable from stabilized societies, it is necessary to draw up a better database and a set of analysis tools based on the peculiar conditions of developing countries emerging from different forms of conflict focusing on mechanisms that promote good governance, transparency and accountability. As final considerations, to support Timor-Lestes´s sustainable development policies, we point out the need to relativize the implementation of criteria considered necessary for good governance, establish a hierarchy over time and across priorities in development programs and projects, which must be guided by the specificities of particular contexts.
O tema desta tese - "Desigualdade, pobreza e governança: uma agenda para Timor-Leste" - decorre do interesse em avaliar a influência de atores-chave - ONGs, governos nacionais e do Sistema das Nações Unidas - no desenvolvimento de políticas, em países em desenvolvimento que emergem de conflitos graves; em particular, procurar soluções para lidar com o problema de como avaliar políticas de governança, e trajetórias de desenvolvimento em países sem base de dados confiáveis e estruturados. Esta pesquisa buscou contribuir para o debate sobre a influência das ONGs, governos nacionais e do Sistema das Nações Unidas sobre questões relacionadas a governança, desenvolvimento sustentável e questões ambientais em países em desenvolvimento que emergem de conflitos configurando democracias não-consolidadas; Analisamos o caso de Timor-Leste entre 1999 e 2012 com relação a questões socioeconômicas, desigualdade de gênero de renda e uma variedade de questões globais como mudanças climáticas e níveis de pobreza, com base nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM). A base teórica e metodológica deste estudo foi Melucci (1991). Entretanto, este estudo é "stakeholder-orientado", baseado em investigação interdisciplinar e transdisciplinar, em multi-nível com base em teorias de governança participativa e filosofia política, com foco na integração horizontal de processos de ordem política e ambiental, bem como questões de legitimidade, prestação de contas e sustentabilidade com base na análise de fontes secundárias (texto, números, imagens, etc.) e de recolha de dados empíricos primárias no campo em Timor-Leste, em 2012, para a análise de políticas em diferentes contextos - um passo necessário devido à fragilidade e muitas vezes a falta de dados confiáveis e informações auditadas. Foram analisados documentos oficiais e relatórios-chaves baseados em resoluções da ONU, o Plano de Timor-Leste Desenvolvimento Nacional (PDN), os Relatórios sobre os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM), Relatórios de Desenvolvimento Humano (HDR), Evolução do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), artigos científicos e vários relatórios técnicos divulgados por agências de desenvolvimento, como a ABD, FAO, PNUD e outros. Foi observado uma enorme discrepância entre a retórica e a prática relativa à participação atores-chave, bem como falhas visíveis na condução política em vários níveis. Os níveis de transparência são reduzidos e, isso permeia todas as áreas do governo. A impressão que se tem é que houve interesse em promover o processo de pacificação para permitir que as companhias estrangeiras pudessem extrair petróleo com baixo risco, enquanto que as questões relacionadas à governança, à responsabilidade e à transparência foram negligenciadas. Argumenta-se que esses desafios foram menos uma questão de regras e regulamentos do que abordagens básicas, atitudes e relações de poder. É possível que estes atores-chave, em geral, não tenham conseguido mudar suas abordagens durante os anos de estabilização, com rarefeito progresso em questões relacionadas com o desenvolvimento humano, e a redução da pobreza e desigualdade. Ao invés de fomentar o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade civil viável e autônoma, os resultados têm demonstrado o esgotamento de um modelo de desenvolvimento que, se por um lado eficiente na pacificação falhou na promoção de oportunidades, governança e desenvolvimento sustentável. Por fim, concluímos que peculiaridades socioeconômicas e políticas adotadas em países em desenvolvimento, que emergem de conflitos graves, não devem ser vistas como fatores processuais e institucionais replicáveis de sociedades estabilizadas, é necessário elaborar uma melhor base de dados e um conjunto de ferramentas de análise com base nas condições peculiares dos países em desenvolvimento que emergem de diferentes formas de conflito com foco em mecanismos que promovam a boa governança, transparência e prestação de contas. Como considerações finais, para apoiar políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável em Timor-Leste e em países similares, destacamos a necessidade de relativizar a implementação de critérios considerados necessários para a boa governança, estabelecer uma hierarquia ao longo do tempo, em função das prioridades, em programas e projetos de desenvolvimento, que devem ser guiados pelas especificidades de contextos particulares. Esta pesquisa contribuiu para o debate sobre a influência das ONGs, governos nacionais e do Sistema das Nações Unidas sobre questões relacionadas a governança, desenvolvimento sustentável e questões ambientais em países em desenvolvimento que emergem de conflitos configurando democracias não-consolidadas; Analisamos o caso de Timor Leste entre 1999 e 2012 com relação a questões socioeconômicas, desigualdade de gênero de renda e uma variedade de questões globais como mudanças climáticas e níveis de pobreza, com base nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM). A base teórica e metodológica deste estudo foi Melucci (1992). Entretanto, este estudo é "stakeholder-orientado",baseado em investigação interdisciplinar e transdisciplinar, em multi-nível com base em teorias de governança participativa e filosofia política, com foco na integração horizontal de processos de ordem política e ambiental, bem como questões de legitimidade, prestação de contas e sustentabilidade. com base na análise de fontes secundárias (texto, números, imagens, etc.) e de recolha de dados empíricos primárias no campo em Timor-Leste, em 2012, para a análise de políticas em diferentes contextos - um passo necessário devido à fragilidade e muitas vezes a falta de dados confiáveis e informações auditadas. Foram analisados ​documentos oficiais e relatórios-chaves baseados em resoluções da ONU, o Plano de Timor-Leste Desenvolvimento Nacional (PDN), os Relatórios sobre os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM), Relatórios de Desenvolvimento Humano (HDR), Evolução do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH), artigos científicos e vários relatórios técnicos divulgados por agências de desenvolvimento, como a ABD, FAO, PNUD e outros. Foi observado uma enorme discrepância entre a retórica e a prática relativa à participação atores-chave, bem como falhas visíveis na condução política em vários níveis. Os níveis de corrupção são elevados e permeia todas as áreas do governo. A impressão que se tem é que houve interesse em promover o processo de pacificação para permitir que as companhias petrolíferas pudessem extrair petróleo com baixo risco, enquanto que as questões relacionadas à governança, à responsabilidade e à transparência foram negligenciadas. Argumenta-se que esses desafios foram menos uma questão de regras e regulamentos do que abordagens básicas, atitudes e relações de poder. É possível que estes atores-chave, em geral, não tenham mudado sua abordagem durante os anos de estabilização; com pouco ou nenhum progresso em questões relacionadas com o desenvolvimento humano, a pobreza e a redução da desigualdade. Ao invés de fomentar o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade civil viável e autônoma, os resultados têm demonstrado o esgotamento de um modelo de desenvolvimento que, se por um lado eficiente na pacificação falhou na promoção de oportunidades, governança e desenvolvimento sustentável. Por fim, concluímos que peculiaridades socioeconômicas e políticas adotadas em países em desenvolvimento que emergem de conflitos graves não devem ser vistas como fatores processuais e institucionais replicáveis de sociedades estabilizadas, é necessário elaborar uma melhor base de dados e um conjunto de ferramentas de análise com base nas condições peculiares dos países em desenvolvimento que emergem de diferentes formas de conflito com foco em mecanismos que promovam a boa governança, transparência e prestação de contas. Como considerações finais, para apoiar políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável em Timor-Leste, destacamos a necessidade de relativizar a implementação de critérios considerados necessários para a boa governança, estabelecer uma hierarquia ao longo do tempo, em função das prioridades, em programas e projetos de desenvolvimento, que devem ser guiados pelas especificidades da contextos particulares.

A iniciativa assumida neste trabalho visa procurar, recolher, analisar e apresentar, de maneira clara e objectiva, dados sobre o trabalho da Cruz Vermelha Internacional e do Crescente Vermelho ao longo dos tempos em torno do mundo, com particular destaque em Angola e na Namíba, países situados na Região da África Austral, no Continente Africano. A análise constitui uma reflexão sobre o impacto das actividades humanitárias da Cruz vermelha e documenta algumas políticas e práticas que afectam os fluxos de serviços de ajudas de alívio na zona mais a sul do continente Berço da; A iniciativa assumida neste trabalho visa procurar, recolher, analisar e apresentar, de maneira clara e objectiva, dados sobre o trabalho da Cruz Vermelha Internacional e do Crescente Vermelho ao longo dos tempos em torno do mundo, com particular destaque em Angola e na Namíba, países situados na Região da África Austral, no Continente Africano. A análise constitui uma reflexão sobre o impacto das actividades humanitárias da Cruz vermelha e documenta algumas políticas e práticas que afectam os fluxos de serviços de ajudas de alívio na zona mais a sul do continente Berço da humanidade.O presente trabalho integra seis (6) capítulos diferentes, onde o primeiro versa sobre origem, os componentes e o processo de integração do movimento, assim como os objectivos, missão, trabalhos, importância do voluntariado e algumas políticas e regulações da Cruz Vermelha Internacional. O segundo capítulo trata de enfatizar a importância e desafios da Cruz Vermelha Internacional na aplicação do Direito Internacional Humanitário, assim como de alguns direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos, no processo de realização do trabalho humanitário da Cruz Vermelha. De igual modo, é nesta parte do texto onde o autor aborda, com certo destaque, a questão das Convenções de Genebra e dos seus Protocolos adicionais. Os desafios e os obstáculos verificados na implementação da estratégica da missão humanitária da Cruz Vermelha Internacional encontram-se reflectidos no Capítulo 3. Mais concretamente, este capítulo destaca o conceito da missão humanitária, os actuais desafios do movimento face as fortes mudanças climáticas e outros desastres e, mobilidades populacionais, bem como uma tabela estatística que reflecte alguns impactos provenientes de desastres naturais. No quarto e quinto capítulos encontram-se reflectidas algumas experiências humanitárias, desafios e prioridades estratégicas das Sociedades Nacionais da Cruz Vermelha Internacional em Angola e na Namíbia, no processo de protecção de vidas de famílias, através da implementação de programas e projectos direccionados à identificação de riscos, redução de vulnerabilidade, prevenção sobre o HIV e SIDA, saúde social e outros tendentes a melhoria do estado de vivência das populações mais desfavorecidas. Finalmente, o último ou sexto capítulo contém as conclusões que integram algumas lições aprendidas, bem como principais sugestões e ou recomendações, visando, futuramente, melhorar o desenvolvimento do trabalho da organização, facto que grandemente proporcionará positivo impacto na vida de comunidades vulneráveis de vários países do mundo, particularmente em Angola e na Namíbia; ABSTRACT:The initiative assumed on this work tend to search, collect, analyze and present, in a clear and objective manner, data about the work of International Red Cross and Red Crescent all over the times around the world, with particular emphasis in Angola and Namibia, countries located in the Southern African Region, in the African Continent. The analysis constitutes a reflection on the impact of the humanitarian activities of the Red Cross and document some politics and practices that affect the flowing of services and relief aids on the zones more in the Southern African continent, the Cradle of Humanity. The present work integrates six (6) different chapters, where the first deals with the origin, the components and the process of the movement integration, as well as the objectives, mission, works, importance of volunteering and some politics and regulations of the International Red Cross.The Second Chapter manages to emphasize the importance and challenges of the International Red Cross on the application of the International Humanitarian Law, as well as of some fundamental rights of citizens, in the process of implementation of Red Cross Humanitarian work. Similarly, it is on this part of the text where the Author approaches, with some outstanding, the issue of the Geneva Conventions and its Additional Protocols.The challenges and obstacles observed on the implementation of the strategy of the humanitarian mission of International Red Cross are reflected in Chapter 3. More precisely, this chapter points out the concept of the humanitarian mission, the actual challenges of the movement due to the strong climate changes and other disasters and the populations mobility’s, as well as a statistical table that reflects some impacts proceeding from natural disasters. On the fourth and fifth Chapters are reflected some humanitarian experiences, challenges and strategic priorities of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies in Angola and in Namibia, in the process of protecting the lives of families, through the implementation of projects and programs aimed to identify risks, reduce vulnerability, prevent HIV and AIDS, and social health and others tending to improve the living status of the most unfavorable populations. Finally, the sixth or last Chapter contains the conclusions which integrates some lessons learned, as well as the main suggestions and or recommendations, tending to improve the development of the organization’s work in the future, fact that greatly will provide positive impact on the lives of the most vulnerable communities in various countries of the world, particularly in Angola and in Namíbia.

Africa is a continent characterised by deepening environmental degradation and increasing loss of natural resources. This has had an adverse effect on human health and well-being in the region. Environmental degradation has also made it impossible for average Africans to enjoy the human right to environment guaranteed under the continent-wide African Charter, and the constitutions and laws of most African nations. Several factors are responsible for perpetuating this state of affairs, namely poverty, lack of political will to enforce or adopt environmental regulations, and weak institutional capacity. An opportunity to reverse this trend has been offered by the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by all United Nations member States in 2000. The MDGs are eight developmental goals with time-bound targets. However, the MDGs are not legally binding despite their global adoption. Despite this inherent legal weakness, the MDGs still have important normative value as they provided a framework for holding governments accountable to their millennium anti-poverty commitments vis-à-vis instituting sound socio-economic reform and strengthening good governance. This thesis proposes that the role of the MDGs in guiding or stimulating national and international policy reform towards the realisation of the right to environment in Africa is, as a framework of accountability, they can be used to promote good governance and socio-economic reform, two ingredients that are essential to creating the enabling environment for implementing the right to environment in Africa. This thesis is therefore an in-depth analysis of this role. The purpose of this analysis is sixfold. First, to provide an overview of the concepts as well as the research methodology used in this study; second, to determine whether there is an established human right to environment in Africa; third, to analyse the extent to which the right has been realised as well as the factors responsible for the non-realisation; fourth, to discuss the relationship between the achievement of the MDGs and realisation of the right in Africa; fifth, to analyse how the MDGs can guide or stimulate policy reform towards the realisation of the right; and sixth, to analyse the major policies adopted for the achievement of the MDGs in Africa to ascertain how they would contribute to the realisation of the right to environment in the region.

abstract: Through critical discourse analysis, this thesis explores the construction of poverty and development within and across the United Nations Millennium Development Goals and the proposed post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals texts. The proposed post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals frame the international development landscape for the next 15 years, therefore it becomes imperative for civil society to understand their dominant economic schemes for poverty alleviation in order to adopt or oppose similar methods of poverty abatement. Deductively, this thesis investigates Keynesianism and neoliberalism, the dominant economic discourses whose deployments within the goals have shaped transnational frameworks for interpreting and mitigating poverty. It assesses the failures of the Millennium Development Goals, as articulated both by its creators and critics, and evaluates the responsiveness of the United Nations in the constitution of the proposed post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals in relation to these critiques through the lens of liberal feminist and World Social Forum discourses. These activist and oppositional social discourses embody competing values, representations, and problem-solution frames that challenge and resist the dominant economic discourses in both sets of goals. Additionally, this thesis uses an inductive approach to critically analyze both sets of goals in order to identify any emergent discursive frameworks grounded in each text that assist in understanding the problems of, and solutions to, poverty.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Communication Studies 2015

The contemporary global system is characterised by the presence of a multitude of International Organisations (IOs) whose relevance is sustained by the roles they play. Among these IOs, the United Nations (UN) is of paramount importance as a result of its universal membership and extensive mandate. Its international role is influenced by its evolving structures, practices and goals. Among its most recent objectives are the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which address the challenge of holistic human development at the global level. This study aims to assess the UN’s role in pursuing the MDGs as they relate to the development of children in West Africa. The first two of the eight goals have been selected for the purpose of focusing the research, namely the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, and the elimination of illiteracy by achieving universal primary education. Children, who bear the brunt of global underdevelopment and whose development is a key element in breaking cycles of poverty, are the focus of the study. The general and historical role played by the UN in advancing child development is therefore assessed with regards to the issue-fields indicated by the two selected MDGs. Specific application is then done in the case of West Africa, chosen as case study because the region is the poorest in the world and arguably indicative of most urgent MDG focus. Clive Archer’s analytical outline, which depicts IOs variously as instruments, arenas and actors, is used as a conceptual framework. Archer contends that IOs can be utilised as instruments by other global actors, serve as arenas for dialogue and cooperation among such actors and also assume proactive, independent identities as actors in pursuit of specific objectives. The study concludes that Archer’s framework is relevant, but that the existence of all three roles in the same functional space has notable and often contradictory implications. While the UN generally plays its roles as actor and arena in achieving its first two MDGs among West African children with relative ease, its role as instrument is dependent on the agendas and political will of other actors in the global system. Notwithstanding the weakness of its role as instrument, however, the UN’s triad of roles towards the development of children, and specifically children in West Africa, is a key element of the organisation’s global relevance.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Political Sciences
unrestricted

Nation-state governments implement educational policies for improving their national systems and, ultimately, students’ learning outcomes. Underlying educational policy-making is a top-down approach that privileges the interests of powerful actors and institutions to the detriment of local communities. Such a top-down approach reproduces international organizations’ (IOs) agenda on educational development issues (e.g., quality, literacy and assessments). This thesis investigated the education-related discourses advanced by UNESCO, a key player in the global arena, by looking at two of its main educational agendas: Education for All and the Millennium Development Goals’ reports. These were analyzed through the lens of a discourse analysis approach that included functional and critical perspectives on education. Theoretically, this study was informed by current discussions on the role of IOs in shaping nation-states’ educational systems within a globalized context that reproduces social injustices. The analysis showed that the EFA and MDG’s reinforce the understanding of education as instrumental to the postulates of the global knowledge economy. Education, thus, becomes a sub-sector of the economy. Educational networks, including policymakers, researchers and scholars, are crucial to produce and reproduce this scenario. Furthermore, UNESCO draws upon and furthers discourses that oppose the developing to the developed world, and in so doing reinforces the differences and relationships of power among the countries. Nevertheless, UNESCO agenda opens possibilities for transforming education. It highlights and promotes local agency and participation of community actors in discussions on educational quality improvement and the necessity for reducing inequalities between students from different socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds.

Canada supports developmental efforts in Ghana through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). This dissertation investigates how Canada partners with Ghana to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for education by 2015. The study focuses on achieving equity and access to education in Ghana, and examines how far Ghana’s policy and Canada’s aims and objectives (through CIDA) for adressing these developmental issues converge or diverge. The principal methodology for accomplishing this study includes literature review and a content analysis of CIDA programmes and documents related to education in Ghana. The study concludes that CIDA programmes and operations in education in Ghana have a clear focus on issues relating to equity and access to education, and complement governmental efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals for Education in Ghana. The thesis ends with recommendation for further study on using spirituality and indigenous knowledges to enhance and provide holistic education in Ghana.

Text in English
Energy is the natural power stored in matter which can be potential and kinetic energy. This occurs in nature in various forms such as chemical energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic radiation, gravitational energy, electric energy, elastic energy, nuclear energy, and rest energy. The scientific research relating to nuclear energy has revealed that atoms are the foundation of matter. In 1905 Albert Einstein initiated the quantum revolution utilising the Newtonian mass-energy equivalence concept in order to put his famous equation: E =mc2, where energy is (E). This facilitated the nuclear research which focused on manufacturing the first atomic bomb. In 1945 the USA acquired its first two atomic bombs which were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, killing 200 000 people; mostly civilians. But nuclear energy research has been redirected by scientists in order to industrialise nuclear technology in order to address growing power needs. This encouraged policy makers to consider the risks posed by utilising nuclear energy for civil purposes. The shift towards peaceful nuclear energy applications has been motivated by the many valuable contributions to humankind which nuclear energy offers - for instance in the fields of energy generation, human health, agriculture and industry. The nature of nuclear energy lends itself to becoming an important component of the world energy and global economic system. Nuclear energy is a viable option for many countries including South Africa, because it offers an economic and clean source of electricity; the primary engine for socio-economic development. South Africa operates the only two nuclear power reactors in Africa, (Koeberg 1 and Koeberg 2) generating 1.8 GWe. South Africa’s energy supply infrastructure consists fundamentally of coal-fired power plants which pose serious threats to the environment. Therefore, it is assumed that the planned 9.6 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 will meet the requirements of South Africa’s policy regarding the diversification of available energy resources to secure energy supply, support economic growth, and contribute to environmental management. Consequently, the legal system which governs nuclear energy programme is intended to prohibit the proliferation of nuclear weapons, ensure security and maintain the safe operation of nuclear facilities.
Public, Constitutional, & International Law
LL.D.

The work deals with development aid. Diploma thesis is focused on development, development aid, then the thesis is focused on the performance of the different actors of development aid and ways to help in the past and today. The diploma thesis describes the MDGs, examples of potential obstacles to development assistance, also it describes development assistance offered by the Czech Republic. Finally, thesis focuses on the development assistance in education, which is actually the more specific goal of this work. The work describes a Zambia circumstances and non-profit organization Njovu, which operates its projects in the poorest parts of Lusaka. Another goals of the work describe the personal experience of Zambia - from the position of a woman who three months taught children English, led the afternoon activities etc. KEYWORDS Africa, development aid, development cooperation, the Millennium Development Goals (MDG's), education in Zambia, a non-profit organization, Njovu

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the range the Czech Republic fulfills the international commitments stipulated by the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. And, if it needed, to find factors which influence fulfilling of the declaration commitments. This is done by analysis of the documents and interviews. The analysis of the data related to the supplied development aid is the core of the thesis. The aid depends on these key principles: ownership, alignment, harmonization, managing for results and mutual accountability. Two projects of the Czech Development Agency between years 2013 and 2015 in Cambodia and the State of Palestine are analyzed in two case studies. The operationalization of the terms and following own methodical framework application to the output data led to a result, whether the international commitments are (not) complied with. The performed research implies that commitments are fulfilled rather insufficiently in the Cambodia case, whereas the commitments in State of Palestine case were fulfilled completely. A new innovative approach was crucial. The projects are directed by Palestinian partner. In Cambodia, the critical principle is the mutual accountability because of the lack of the capacities (mostly in funding) and unsatisfactory management. There is a...

In view of the adopted SDGs in 2015 and their focus on domestic resource mobilisation, this diploma thesis attempts to fulfil two main objectives. First, it aims to describe and analyse the current tax system often labelled not only by developing states as unfit for the 21st century's globalized economy. Second, it tries to provide deeper understanding of reasons that lead certain countries not to support the creation of a UN Tax Body, the only platform where all countries could participate in the negotiating of tax harmonization on an equal footing. Three hypotheses based on a neorealist, liberal and functional regime theory are put forward. Using data obtained from interviews conducted with delegates at the UN, it can be concluded that the organisational infrastructure is the power reflection. While the OECD BEPS mechanism is recognised by many as efficient and sufficient, this is possible due to the enabling power relations that exclude more than hundred developing countries from the negotiation of international tax rules. It can thus be concluded that the current OECD mechanism does not address existing policy loopholes that cause losses to developing countries. To match the SDGs' rhetoric with reality, policy-makers should create a more inclusive and universally agreed on standard-setting...