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1
Varouxakis, Georgios. "John Stuart Mill on Race." Utilitas 10, no. 1 (March 1998): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800005987.
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The article examines J. S. Mill's views on the significance of the racial factor in the formation of what he called ‘national character’. Mill's views are placed in the context of his time and are assessed in the light of the theories concerning these issues that were predominant in the nineteenth century. It is shown that Mill – although he did indulge himself in the discourse based on race, geography or climate to a minor extent – made strenuous efforts to discredit the deterministic implications of racial theories and to promote the idea that human effort and education could alter beyond recognition what were supposed to be the racially inherited characteristics of various human groups. Finally, Mill's attitude towards race is used as a case-study through which a contribution can be made to broader debates on how to categorize him.
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Scott, J. W., S. A. Miller, R. E. Stall, J. B. Jones, G. C. Somodi, and V. Barbosa. "Resistance to Race T2 of the Bacterial Spot Pathogen in Tomato." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 621e—621. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.621e.
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Thirty-three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) or L. pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill. accessions were inoculated with race T2 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) in a field experiment at Wooster, Ohio, in Summer 1995. These included accessions selected for race T2 resistance in greenhouse tests in Florida, and accessions from Hawaii, Brazil, and Bulgaria. One L. esculentum (PI 114490-1-1) and three L. pimpinellifolium (PI 340905-S1, PI 128216-T2, and LA 442-1-BK) accessions had no Xcv symptoms. This is the first report of resistance to Xcv race T2. Partial resistance was found in PI 271385, PI 79532-S1, PI 155372-S1, PI 195002, and PI 126428. Most of the 33 genotypes were tested for race T1 resistance in Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil in summer 1993. Hawaii 7983, PI 155372-S1, PI 114490, PI 114490-S1, and PI 262173 had greater resistance to T1 than the susceptible control `Solar Set'. Comparisons with earlier experiments in which accessions were inoculated with race T1 or T3 indicated that the most consistent source of resistance to all three races was PI 114490 or selections from it.
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Scott, J. W., S. A. Miller, R. E. Stall, J. B. Jones, G. C. Somodi, V. Barbosa, D. L. Francis, and F. Sahin. "Resistance to Race T2 of the Bacterial Spot Pathogen in Tomato." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 724–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.724.
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Thirty-two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) or L. pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill. accessions were inoculated with race T2 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) in a field experiment at Wooster, Ohio, in 1995. Plants from accessions which segregated for race T2 resistance in greenhouse tests were selected and these are designated by hyphenated extensions below. The eight most resistant accessions from 1995 and PI 262173 were retested in 1996. Lycopersicon esculentum accession PI 114490-1-1 had virtually no Xcv symptoms either year. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium accessions LA 442-1-Bk and PI 128216-T2 expressed a high level of resistance in 1995, but only partial resistance in 1996. Accessions with partial resistance for both seasons were PI 79532-S1, PI 155372-S1, PI 126428, PI 271385, PI 195002, PI 262173, Hawaii 7998, and Hawaii 7983. PI 79532-S1 is a L. pimpinellifolium accession and the remaining seven are L. esculentum. Twenty accessions tested in 1995 for T2 plus 10 other accessions were also tested for race T1 resistance in Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo, Brazil, in 1993. Hawaii 7983, PI 155372-S1, PI 114490, PI 114490-S1, and PI 262173 had greater resistance to T1 than the susceptible control, `Solar Set'. Comparisons with earlier experiments, in which accessions were inoculated with race T1 or T3, indicated that the most consistent source of resistance to all three races was PI 114490 or selections derived from it.
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Needleman, Ruth. "John Hinshaw, Steel and Steelworkers: Race and Class Struggle in Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. 320 pp. $75.50 cloth; $25.95 paper." International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (April 2004): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904420134.
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Richly descriptive and well documented, Steel and Steelworkers: Race and Class Struggle in Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh by John Hinshaw makes a significant contribution to the growing body of historical research on steel unionism in the twentieth century. Over the past few years, a number of new studies have broadened our understanding of unionization and work practices in the nation's steel mills, by examining in greater detail the patterns of organization in specific mills and mill towns.
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SCHULTZ, BART. "Mill and Sidgwick, Imperialism and Racism." Utilitas 19, no. 1 (March 2007): 104–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095382080600238x.
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This essay is in effect something of a self-review of my bookHenry Sidgwick: Eye of the Universe(2004) and of the volume, co-edited with Georgios Varouxakis,Utilitarianism and Empire(2005). My chief concern here is to go beyond those earlier works in underscoring the arbitrariness of the dominant contextualist and reconstructive historical accounts of J. S. Mill and Henry Sidgwick on the subjects of race and racism. The forms of racism are many, and simple historical accuracy suggests that both Mill and Sidgwick could be described as ‘racist’ on some plausible understandings of that term.
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Cuiris-Pérez, H., H. Guillén-Andrade, M. E. Pedraza-Santos, J. López-Medina, and I. Vidales-Fernández. "GENETIC VARIABILITY WITHIN MEXICAN RACE AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.) GERMPLASM COLLECTIONSDETERMINED BY ISSRs." Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura XV, no. 2 (August 2009): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchsh.2009.15.023.
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Scott, J. W., D. M. Francis, S. A. Miller, G. C. Somodi, and J. B. Jones. "Tomato Bacterial Spot Resistance Derived from PI 114490; Inheritance of Resistance to Race T2 and Relationship across Three Pathogen Races." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 5 (September 2003): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.5.0698.
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Crosses were made between tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) inbreds susceptible to races T2 and T3 of bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, respectively) and accession PI 114490 with resistance to races T1, T2, and T3. Resistance to race T2 was analyzed using the parents, F1, and F2 generations from one of the crosses. The F1 was intermediate between the parents for disease severity suggesting additive gene action. The segregation of F2 progeny fit a two-locus model (χ2 = 0.96, P = 0.9-0.5) where four resistance alleles are required for a high resistance level, two or three resistance alleles provide intermediate resistance, and zero or one resistance allele results in susceptibility. The narrow sense heritability of resistance to T2 strains was estimated to be 0.37 ± 0.1 based on F2 to F3 parent-offspring regression. A second cross was developed into an inbred backcross (IBC) population to facilitate multilocation replicated testing with multiple races. Segregation for T2 resistance in the inbred backcross population also suggested control was by two loci, lending support to the two-locus model hypothesized based on the F2 segregation. To determine if the same loci conferred resistance to the other races, selections for race T2 resistance were made in the F2 and F3 generations and for race T3 resistance in the F2 through F4 generations. Six T3 selections (F5), 13 T2 selections (F4's that diverged from seven F2 selections), and control lines were then evaluated for disease severity to races T1, T2, and T3 over two seasons. Linear correlations were used to estimate the efficiency of selecting for resistance to multiple races based on a disease nursery inoculated with a single race. Race T1 and race T2 disease severities were correlated (r ≥ 0.80, P< 0.001) within and between years while neither was correlated to race T3 either year. These results suggest that selecting for race T2 resistance in progeny derived from crosses to PI 114490 would be an effective strategy to obtain resistance to both race T1 and T2 in the populations tested. In contrast, selection for race T3 or T2 will be less likely to result in lines with resistance to the other race. PI 114490 had less resistance to T3 than to T2 or T1. Independent segregation of T2 and T3 resistance from the IBC population derived from PI 114490 suggests that T3 resistance is not controlled by the same genes as T2 resistance, supporting the linear correlation data.
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Schnell, R. J., J. S. Brown, C. T. Olano, E. J. Power, C. A. Krol, D. N. Kuhn, and J. C. Motamayor. "Evaluation of Avocado Germplasm Using Microsatellite Markers." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 128, no. 6 (November 2003): 881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.128.6.0881.
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Three horticultural races of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) are known: Guatemalan, Mexican, and West Indian. Each race has unique characteristics and current commercial varieties have been selected from within the races or from interracial hybrids. Using 14 microsatellite loci we investigated the genetic variation among 224 accessions (394 plants) maintained at the National Germplasm Repository (NGR) in Miami, Fla., and a set of 34 clones from the University of California South Coast Field Station (SCFS) located in Irvine, Calif. The 14 microsatellite loci had an average of 18.8 alleles per locus and average unbiased genetic diversity was 0.83. The total propagation error in the collection, i.e., plants that had been incorrectly labeled or grafted, was estimated to be 7.0%. Although many unique alleles did exist, no useful race-specific markers were found. A general concordance between the horticultural race and the clusters obtained from molecular data was observed. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) grouped the Guatemalan and Mexican races into two distinct clusters. The West Indian also grouped into a unique major cluster but with an outlying group. Using the PCA a change in the racial designation or interracial hybrid status for 50 accessions (19.7%) is proposed. The unbiased gene diversity estimate was highest in the Mexican and Guatemalan races and lower in the West Indian group. This demonstrates the need to collect more of the West Indian germplasm to broaden the genetic diversity and to emphasize the identification of individuals conferring resistance to Phytophthora Root Rot (PRR).
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Cortés-Rodríguez, M. A., R. López-Gómez, M. M. Martínez-Pacheco, L. M. Suárez-Rodríguez, A. Hernández-García, R. Salgado-Garciglia, I. Vidales Fernández, and M. E. Ángel Palomares. "IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF MEXICAN RACE AVOCADO (PERSEA AMERICANA MILL. VAR. DRYMIFOLIA)." Acta Horticulturae, no. 923 (December 2011): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.923.5.
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Cho, Heechan, and Peter T. Luckie. "Grinding Behavior of Coal Blends in a Standard Ball-and-Race Mill." Energy & Fuels 9, no. 1 (January 1995): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00049a009.
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Sagrero-Nieves, Lorenzo, and John P. Bartley. "Volatile components of avocado leaves (Persea americana mill) from the Mexican race." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 67, no. 1 (January 1995): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740670109.
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Bost, S. C. "First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 3 on Tomato in Tennessee." Plant Disease 85, no. 7 (July 2001): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.802d.
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In the summer of 2000, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants in several commercial fields in southeastern and eastern Tennessee exhibited symptoms of Fusarium wilt. All cultivars on which symptoms were observed are classified as resistant to races 1 and 2 of the causal fungus, Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder and H.N. Hansen. Race 3 has been reported from several areas (1), but not from Tennessee, a major producer of fresh market tomatoes. F. oxysporum was consistently isolated from discolored vascular tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Pathogenicity and race determination tests for six isolates representing three counties were conducted by inoculating cultivars susceptible to races 1, 2, and 3 (Rutgers); resistant to race 1 (Bradley, Roma VF); resistant to races 1 and 2 (Conquest, Florida 47); or resistant to races 1, 2, and 3 (Floralina). Inoculum suspensions were obtained from 1-week-old cultures grown on PDA. Seedlings were grown in commercial potting mix for 3 weeks. The roots were rinsed and submerged for 30 s in inoculum suspensions (1 × 107 conidia per ml). Seedlings were then transplanted into potting mix in metal flats and placed in a greenhouse. Natural light conditions provided a 12-h photoperiod, and day and night temperatures averaged 29 and 17°C, respectively. Within 4 weeks after inoculation, all isolates caused symptoms of Fusarium wilt in all cultivars except Floralina, indicating that the isolates were race 3. The pathogen was reisolated from the discolored vascular tissue of diseased plants. Among the cultivars most severely affected by all six isolates was Conquest, which is resistant to F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, the cause of Fusarium crown and root rot. Reference: (1) M. L. Marlatt et al. Plant Dis. 80:1336, 1996.
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SIKONG, Lek, Hitoshi HASHIMOTO, and Saburo YASHIMA. "Effective fine grinding of coal by a ball-race mill with grinding additives." Shigen-to-Sozai 107, no. 1 (1991): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.107.41.
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Swanton, Dan. "Sorting Bodies: Race, Affect, and Everyday Multiculture in a Mill Town in Northern England." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 42, no. 10 (October 2010): 2332–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a42395.
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CARR, M. K. V. "THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.): A REVIEW." Experimental Agriculture 49, no. 2 (January 9, 2013): 256–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479712001317.
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SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation need of avocado are collated and reviewed in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to irrigation practices. Background information is given on the centre of origin (Mexico and Central America) and the three distinct ecological areas where avocados are grown commercially: (1) Cool, semi-arid climates with winter-dominant rainfall (e.g. Southern California, Chile, Israel); (2) Humid, subtropical climates with summer-dominant rainfall (e.g. eastern Australia, Mexico, South Africa); and (3) Tropical or semi-tropical climates also with summer-dominant rainfall (e.g. Brazil, Florida and Indonesia). Most of the research reported has been done in Australia, California, Israel and South Africa. There are three ecological races that are given varietal status within the species: Persea americana var. drymifolia (Mexican race), P. americana var. guatemalensis (Guatemalan race) and P. americana var. americana (Antillean, West Indian or Lowland race). Interracial crossing has taken place. This paper summarises the effects of water deficits on the development processes of the crop and then reviews plant–water relations, crop water requirements, water productivity and irrigation systems. Shoot growth in mature trees is synchronised into flushes. Flower initiation occurs in the autumn, with flowering in late winter and spring. Flowers form on the ends of the branches. A large heavily flowering tree may have over a million flowers, but only produce 200–300 fruits. Fruit load adjustment occurs by shedding during the first three to four weeks after fruit set and again in early summer. Water deficits during critical stages of fruit ontogeny have been linked to fruit disorders such as ring-neck. Reproductive growth is very resistant to water stress (compared with vegetative growth). Avocado is conventionally considered to be shallow rooted, although roots extend to depths greater than 1.5 m. The majority of feeder roots are found in the top 0.60 m of soil and root extension can continue throughout the year. Leaves develop a waxy cuticle on both surfaces, which is interrupted by stomata on the abaxial surface (350–510 mm−2), many of which are blocked by wax. Stomata are also present on the sepals and petals at low densities (and on young fruit). During flowering, the canopy surface area available for water loss is considerably increased. Stomatal closure is an early indicator of water stress, which together with associated changes in leaf anatomy, restricts CO2 diffusion. There have only been a few attempts to measure the actual water use of avocado trees. In Mediterranean-type climates, peak rates of water use (in summer) appear to be between 3 and 5 mm d−1. For mature trees, the crop coefficient (Kc) is usually within the range 0.4–0.6. The best estimate of water productivity is between 1 and 2 kg fruit m−3. Soil flooding and the resultant reduction in oxygen level can damage roots even in the absence of root rot. Avocado is particularly sensitive to salinity, notably that caused by chloride ions. Rootstocks vary in their sensitivity. Both drip and under-tree microsprinklers have been/are successfully used to irrigate avocado trees. Mulching of young trees is a recommended water conservation measure and has other benefits. A large proportion of the research reviewed has been published in the ‘grey’ literature as conference papers and annual reports. Sometimes, this is at the expense of reporting the science on which the recommendations are based in peer-reviewed papers. The pressures on irrigators to improve water productivity are considered.
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Stravato, V. M., R. Buonaurio, and C. Cappelli. "First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 2 on Tomato in Italy." Plant Disease 83, no. 10 (October 1999): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.10.967b.
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During the summer of 1997, symptoms of Fusarium wilt were observed on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cvs. Monica F1 and PS 110, which bear the I gene for resistance to race 1 of Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans., in two commercial production greenhouses in Latium (Fondi) and one greenhouse in Sardinia (Oristano). Infected plants showed yellowing, stunting, vascular discoloration, and premature death. A fungus from tomato stems with discolored vascular tissue was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and, based on morphological features, was identified as F. oxysporum. To verify the pathogenicity of four fungal isolates, cv. Bonny Best tomato plants, which do not carry genes for Fusarium wilt resistance, were inoculated by dipping roots of 2-week-old seedlings in a suspension of 105 microconidia per ml for 30 s. Inocula were obtained from 1-week-old fungal cultures grown on PDA. Roots of control plants were dipped in water. Seedlings were transplanted to pots containing peat and river sand (1:1, vol/vol) and placed in a greenhouse at 20 to 25°C. One month after inoculation, all fungal isolates provoked wilting of inoculated plants. No symptoms were observed on control plants. The morphological features of the fungus reisolated from diseased plants were similar to those of the original isolates. Based on the pathogenicity test, we concluded that the fungal isolates belong to F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. To determine the races of the fungal isolates, differential tomato lines VFN8 (I gene for resistance to race 1), Florida MH-1 (I and I2 genes for resistance to races 1 and 2), and I3R (I, I2, and I3 genes for resistance to races 1, 2, and 3) were inoculated with the four fungal isolates, using the same procedure described for the pathogenicity test. Because disease symptoms were detected on VFN8 but not on Florida MH-1 and I3R, we deduced that the fungal isolates belong to F. oxysporum race 2. This is the first report of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 2 in Italy. Previous research indicated that race 1 is present in Italy (1). Currently, many commercially acceptable cultivars resistant to races 1 and 2 are available to Italian greenhouse growers. Reference: (1) M. Cirulli. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 4:63, 1965.
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Baergen, K. D., J. D. Hewitt, and D. A. St. Clair. "Resistance of Tomato Genotypes to Four Isolates of Verticillium dahliae Race 2." HortScience 28, no. 8 (August 1993): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.8.833.
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Eight tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes were evaluated based on shoot dry weight for resistance to four isolates of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. race 2 in two greenhouse seedling experiments. The race 2 isolates, obtained from North Carolina, Brazil, and Spain, demonstrated no differences in pathogenicity on the eight lines tested, thus precluding the identification of a third V. dahliae race in this collection. However, highly significant differences in virulence were observed among the isolates. The Brazilian isolate was the most virulent. No tomato genotype showed resistance comparable to that conferred by the single dominant Ve gene to V. dahliae race 1. While all tomato lines were susceptible to all race 2 isolates tested, there were significant differences in susceptibility equal to differences in levels of resistance. IRAT L3, Morden Lac, Okitsu Sozai, and `UC82' significantly outperformed the lowest ranking line XXIV-a. `Earlypak 7', Morden Mel, and Philippine 2 performance was statistically indistinguishable from that of either the highest- or lowest-ranked lines. Genetic diversity in the host and pathogen and environmental conditions favoring the pathogen likely contributed to the genotype × isolate interactions observed in Expt. 1. These results suggest using diverse isolates when screening for improved race 2 resistance.
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Lavi, U., J. Hillel, A. Vainstein, E. Lahav, and D. Sharon. "Application of DNA Fingerprints for Identification and Genetic Analysis of Avocado." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 6 (November 1991): 1078–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.6.1078.
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Application of four DNA fingerprint probes to avocado (Persea americana Mill.) resulted in identification of various cultivars, characterization of the three avocado races, and a genetic analysis of family structure. Genomic DNA from 14 cultivars was probed with four DNA fingerprint probes. Three of the probes gave well-resolved bands. The individual-specific patterns obtained for each cultivar validate the use of this technique for definitive cultivar characterization, with the probability of obtaining a similar pattern for two different cultivars being 2 × 10-9. DNA mixes representing either Mexican, Guatemalan, or West-Indian avocado races were hybridized with the DNA fingerprint probes, and a band pattern characteristic for each race was obtained. Progeny of a cross between the cultivars Ettinger and Pinkerton were analyzed. Their DNA fingerprints revealed one pair of linked bands and another band allelic to one of them. The application of these observations to identification, evolutionary studies, and breeding is discussed.
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Duan, Jin, Qichang Lu, Zhenyang Zhao, Xin Wang, Yuxin Zhang, Jue Wang, Biao Li, Weining Xie, Xiaolu Sun, and Xiangnan Zhu. "Grinding Behaviors of Components in Heterogeneous Breakage of Coals of Different Ash Contents in a Ball-and-Race Mill." Minerals 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10030230.
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Coals used for power plants normally have different ash contents, and the breakage of coals by the ball-and-race mill or roller mill is an energy-intensive process. Grinding phenomena in mill of power plants is complex, and it is also not the same with ideal grinding tests in labs. The interaction among various coals would result in changes of grinding behaviors and energy consumption characterization if compared with those of single breakage. In this study, anthracite and bituminous coal of different ash contents were selected to be heterogeneously ground. Quantitation of components in products was realized using the relation between sulfur content of the mixture and mass yield of one component in the mixture. Product fineness t10 of the component was determined, and split energy was calculated on the premise of specific energy balance and energy-size reduction model by a genetic algorithm. Experimental results indicate that breakage rate and product fineness t10 of the mixture decrease with the increase of hard anthracite content in the mixture. Unlike the single breakage, t10 of anthracite in heterogeneous grinding is improved dramatically, and bituminous coal shows the opposite trend. The interaction between components results in the decrease of the specific energy of the mixture if compared with the mass average one of components in single breakage. Breakage resistance of hard anthracite decreases due to the addition of soft bituminous coal, and grinding energy efficiency of anthracite is also improved compared with that of single grinding.
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Agasyeva, Irina. "Ectoparasite Habrobracon Hebetor Say Is an Efficient Biological Control Agent of Lepidopteran Pests." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128503010.
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Ectoparasite Habrobracon hebetor Say is one of the most widely used biological controllers in biological plant protection against a number of harmful lepidopterans, including especially dangerous pests of corn, soy, fruit and vegetable crops. As a result of research conducted in 2017, food specialization and parasitic activity of three different populations of H.hebetor were studied. Two races have been identified for mass rearing and application: pyralid and leaf roller (against corn moth, bean pod borer, apple and plum moths), and pyralid owl-moth (against cotton moth, corn borer, bean pod borer and boxwood moth). As a result of studies of biological features and trophic needs, it has been determined that caterpillars of mill moth (Ephestia cuhniellia Zella) should be used as a host insect for laboratory cultivation of the stock population of the Habrobracon pyralid and leaf roller race (race No. 1). For the introduced from South Kazakhstan the H.hebetor pyralid and noctuid race the most productive rearing is on the caterpillars of large bee moth (Galleria mellonela L.). Optimal temperature for rearing of both races is 26-28 ° C, relative air humidity is 70% and photoperiod is not less than 16 hours. It has been noticed that before laying eggs on the host’s caterpillars, the Habrobracon female preliminarily paralyzes the victim, piercing the sheath with ovipositor. As a result, the caterpillar stops eating and is immobilized. In 3-4 days larvae hatch out of the laid on the caterpillar eggs. The larvae feed on the contents of the caterpillars for 4-5 days, then pupate and after 6-8 days an adult insect leaves the cocoon. The development of one generation lasts 13-16 days, one cocoon includes one parasite. 1,000 large bee moth caterpillars used for infection provide on average 5.8-6.0 thousand cocoons, of which an average of 4.5-4.7 thousand parasites fly out.
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Dyball, Maria Cadiz, and Jim Rooney. "Re-visiting the interface between race and accounting:Filipino workers at the Hamakua Mill Company, 1921–1939." Accounting History 17, no. 2 (May 2012): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373211434720.
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Bimper, Albert Y., and Louis Harrison. "Are we committed to issues of race? Institutional integrity across intercollegiate athletics." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 52, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 675–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690215616270.
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The present study employs critical race theory in a critical discourse analysis of intercollegiate athletic departmental directives for high-profile National Collegiate Athletic Association member programs. Consideration of institutional integrity from critical perspectives can advance a nuanced understanding and gain further insight into the sociocultural issues and move toward eliminating inequities relevant to black student athlete stakeholders in the arena of intercollegiate athletics. The purpose of this research was to investigate the implicit function and perpetuation of contemporary racism in intercollegiate athletic organizations’ as they strategically address institutional integrity. A discussion of the findings are organized by two emergent themes: (a) Little skin in the game; and (b) Run-of-the-mill colorblindness. This paper concludes with implications for college sport and future research of intercollegiate athletics at the intersection of higher education.
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Kravets, Taras, Yevhen Miroshnychenko, and Andrii Kapustianskyi. "Enhancement of Technical and Economic Indicators of Power-Generating Units of Thermal Power Plants by Eliminating Flue Gas Recirculation." Energy Engineering and Control Systems 7, no. 1 (2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jeecs2021.01.026.
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Boiler units at Ukrainian thermal power plants need to be modernized or replaced in the short run, as this is important for the national energy security. The authors determined one of possible ways to improve the efficiency indicators of coal-fired boiler units and power generating units as a whole up to the values exceeding the design ones. This variant of improvement consists in abandoning the technology of using flue gas as drying agent in pulverized coal systems and replacing it with direct discharge of the gas flow into the boiler furnace. Numerous computations were carried out to study the change of efficiency indicators and manoeuvrability of power generating units due to the replacement of the ball mill pulverizing system using flue gases for coal drying with the scheme including ball-and-race mills that use hot air as drying agent.
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Walker, Jerry T. "Garden Herbs as Hosts for Southern Root-knot Nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, race 3]." HortScience 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.2.292.
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Twenty herb species were exposed to root-knot nematode under greenhouse conditions. The root systems were examined for root gall development and nematode reproduction as an indication of host suitability. The herbs evaluated were balm (Melissa officinalis L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), catnip (Nepeta cataria L.), chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativium L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lavender (Lavandula augustifolia Mill.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), peppermint (Mentha ×piperita L.), rocket-salad (Erurca vesicaria L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), rue (Ruta graveolens L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), savory (Satureja hortensis L.), sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.). Peppermint, oregano, and marjoram consistently were free of root galls after exposure to initial nematode populations of two or 15 eggs/cm3 of soil medium and were considered resistant. All other herb species developed root galls with accompanying egg masses, classifying them as susceptible or hypersusceptible to root-knot nematode. The highest initial nematode egg density (15 eggs/cm3) significantly decreased dry weights of 14 species. The dry weights of other species were unaffected at these infestation densities after 32- to 42-day exposure.
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Xie, Weining, Yaqun He, Zhenzhou Ge, Fengnian Shi, Yong Yang, Hong Li, Shuai Wang, and Ke Li. "An analysis of the energy split for grinding coal/calcite mixture in a ball-and-race mill." Minerals Engineering 93 (July 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.03.029.
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Cho, Heechan, and Peter T. Luckie. "Investigation of the Breakage Properties of Components in Mixtures Ground in a Batch Ball-and-Race Mill." Energy & Fuels 9, no. 1 (January 1995): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00049a008.
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Xie, Weining, Yaqun He, Lili Qu, Xiaolu Sun, and Xiangnan Zhu. "Effect of particle properties on the energy-size reduction of coal in the ball-and-race mill." Powder Technology 333 (June 2018): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.04.018.
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Sánchez-González, Enrique I., Adriana Gutiérrez-Díez, and Netzahualcóyotl Mayek-Pérez. "Outcrossing Rate and Genetic Variability in Mexican Race Avocado." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 145, no. 1 (January 2020): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04785-19.
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The blooming behavior of the avocado Persea americana Mill. is a sophisticated mechanism that prevents effective self-pollination, enables close pollination, and encourages cross-pollination. However, there is no information on outcrossing rate among Mexican race avocado genotypes (P. americana var. drymifolia Schltdl. & Cham.). Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the outcrossing rate and genetic variability in progenies of Mexican race avocado genotypes by simple sequence repeat (SSR) and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. SSR marker analysis showed a considerable genetic differentiation among avocado families [total expected heterozygosity (He) = 0.540], whereas the total heterozygosity value observed (Ho = 0.098) showed the presence of genetic structure per family. The total Nei’s unbiased average heterozygosity (nHe) value found with ISSR markers was 0.482. The results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) combining both type of markers showed that genetic variation within avocado families was 58.6%, and among families was 41.6% (P < 0.0001). The outcrossing population rate in P. americana var. drymifolia was 0.774 ± 0.091 (sd), and the ‘Criollo 3’ and ‘Plátano Temprano’ families showed the lowest (–0.083 ± 0.031) and highest (0.814 ± 0.060) outcrossing rates, respectively. Variability in outcrossing rate depends on many factors, including edaphoclimatic, agronomic, and genetic, and needs to be considered to define strategies for the conservation and genetic improvement of outstanding native genotypes. SSR and ISSR markers are useful for estimating genetic variability within and among families of avocado, as well as for determining the outcrossing rates among closely related individuals and with a rather small sample size.
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Scott, J. W., J. B. Jones, G. C. Somodi, and R. E. Stall. "Screening Tomato Accessions for Resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Race T3." HortScience 30, no. 3 (June 1995): 579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.579.
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) accessions were tested for hypersensitivity and rated for resistance following field inoculation with tomato race 3 (T3) of the bacterial spot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye (Xcv) in 1992 and 1993. Hawaii 7981, PI 126932, PI 128216, and selections of the latter two expressed hypersensitivity. Hawaii 7981, only tested in the field in 1993, was nearly symptomless and developed significantly less disease than any other accession. PI 128216 had a level of disease similar to susceptible `Solar Set' when tested in 1993. However, a selection from it (PI 126218-S) was significantly more resistant than `Solar Set' in both years. Although PI 126932 had a level of disease similar to `Solar Set' in both years, a selection from it (PI 126932-1-2) was significantly more resistant than `Solar Set' in 1993. Other accessions without hypersensitive responses but more resistant than `Solar Set' for two seasons were PI 114490, PI 126428, PI 340905-S, and PI 155372. Hawaii 7975 was significantly more resistant than `Solar Set' in the one season it was tested.
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Karajeh, M., W. Abu-Gharbieh, and S. Masoud. "First Report of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne arenaria Race 2 from Several Vegetable Crops in Jordan." Plant Disease 89, no. 2 (February 2005): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0206b.
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Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood (race 2) is reported for the first time in Jordan. The nematode populations were recovered from several vegetable crops, including tomato (Lycopersicon esulentum Mill), squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), at Dier Alla in the northern area of the Jordan Valley. Symptoms included root galling, leaf chlorosis, and stunting. Galled plant root samples were collected during a survey conducted from May 2002 to August 2003 covering most of the irrigated agricultural areas of Jordan. Eighty-three Meloidogyne spp. populations were collected from various vegetable crops and fruit trees. Identification to species and race levels of the nematode populations was based on combination of currently available methods including nematode morphology, host preference based on the North Carolina (NC) differential host test (1), and cytogenetics and DNA-fingerprinting. Seventy of the eighty-three collected populations were identified as M. javanica, five as M. incognita (race 1), three as M. incognita (race 2), and five as M. arenaria (race 2). The perineal patterns of M. arenaria were characterized by a low, round to indented dorsal arch near the lateral field with irregular forks in the lateral field, fine smooth striae, and a distinct whorl. Race 2 was identified with the NC differential host test. Cytogenetic studies indicated that M. arenaria populations were triploid with an average of 52.2 chromosomes, while the populations of M. incognita (race 1), M. incognita (race 2), and M. javanica were hypotriploid with an average of 45.2, 46.1, and 46.7 chromosomes, respectively. Two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays were used to confirm species identification and to study genetic variability of the Meloidogyne spp. populations including sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). In the SCAR-PCR-based assay (2), typical DNA products of 420, 670, or 1,200 bp in size were amplified by using extracted DNA of M. arenaria (race 2), M. javanica, or M. incognita (race 1 or 2), respectively, as template DNA. The RAPD-PCR primer, OPA-01, produced DNA patterns with bands that clearly distinguished M. arenaria from the other two Meloidogyne spp. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the root-knot nematode, M. arenaria race 2, in Jordan. References: (1) A. Taylor and J. Sasser, North Carolina State University Graphics, Raleigh, NC, 1978. (2) C. Zijlstra et al. Nematology 2:847, 2000.
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Yang, Wencai, and David M. Francis. "Marker-assisted Selection for Combining Resistance to Bacterial Spot and Bacterial Speck in Tomato." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 5 (September 2005): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.5.716.
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The lack of resistance to bacterial diseases increases both the financial cost and environmental impact of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production while reducing yield and quality. Because several bacterial diseases can be present in the same field, developing varieties with resistance to multiple diseases is a desirable goal. Bacterial spot (caused by four Xanthomonas Dowson species) and bacterial speck (caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Young, Dye and Wilkie) are two economically important diseases of tomato with a worldwide distribution. The resistance gene Pto confers a hypersensitive response (HR) to race 0 strains of the bacterial speck pathogen. The locus Rx3 explains up to 41% of the variation for resistance to bacterial spot race T1 in field trials, and is associated with HR following infiltration. Both Pto and Rx3 are linked in repulsion phase on chromosome 5. We made a cross between two elite breeding lines, Ohio 981205 carrying Pto and Ohio 9834 carrying Rx3, to develop an F2 population and subsequent inbred generations. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) was applied to the F2 progeny and to F2:3 families in order to select for coupling-phase resistance. Thirteen homozygous progeny from 419 F2 plants and 20 homozygous families from 3716 F3 plants were obtained. Resistance was confirmed in all selected families based on HR in greenhouse screens using bacterial speck race 0 and bacterial spot race T1 isolates. Resistance to bacterial spot race T1 was confirmed in the field for 33 of the selected families. All selected families were also resistant to bacterial speck in the field. MAS was an efficient tool to select for desirable recombination events and pyramid resistance.
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Farrant, Andrew. "From egalitarianism to hierarchy in political economy: Carlyle, Mill, and the “vulgar error” of explaining heterogeneity by race." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 65, no. 3-4 (March 2008): 788–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2006.11.001.
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Sun, Xiaolu, Weining Xie, Yaqun He, Hong Li, Shuai Wang, and Xiangnan Zhu. "Analyses of the energy-size reduction of mixtures of narrowly sized coals in a ball-and-race mill." Advanced Powder Technology 29, no. 6 (June 2018): 1357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.02.031.
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Martinicorena, Sofía. "The Ideology of Self-making and the White Working Class in Rebecca Harding Davis’ "Life in the Iron Mills"." REDEN. Revista Española de Estudios Norteamericanos 2, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/reden.2020.2.1383.
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Rebecca Harding Davis’ novella Life in the Iron Mills, published in 1861 in The Atlantic Monthly, is now considered a landmark of early American realism. This paper analyses the text’s depiction of the white working class and the ideological consequences of the myth of upward mobility and self-making, which are presented as an impossibility to Hugh Wolfe, the story’s main character. I will argue that Davis’ choice to offer a representation of the precarious lives of the workers of Northern industrial capitalism implies a criticism of the quintessentially American narrative of upward mobility, and a subsequent reflection on how foundational narratives operate in a society that is not homogeneous in terms of race or class. More specifically, I willmaintain that Life in the Iron Mills operates as a contestation to the myth of the self- made man, evinced by the comparison between Hugh Wolfe’s situation and that of the mill owners, who encourage his aspirations from an oblivious position of privilege. Lastly, Hugh’s tragic death will be taken as proof that the myth of self-making mystifies the actual social and economic dynamics of industrial capitalism.
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Choi, H. W., S. K. Hong, Y. K. Lee, and H. S. Shim. "First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 3 Causing Fusarium Wilt on Tomato in Korea." Plant Disease 97, no. 10 (October 2013): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-13-0073-pdn.
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In July 2010, fusarium wilt symptoms of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were found in two commercial greenhouses in the Damyang area of Korea. Approximately 1% of 7,000 to 8,000 tomato plants were wilted and chlorotic in each greenhouse. The vascular tissue was usually dark brown and the discoloration extended to the apex. Fragments (each 5 × 5 mm) of the symptomatic tissue were surface-sterilized with 1% NaOCl for 1 min, then rinsed twice in sterilized distilled water (SDW). The tissue pieces were placed on water agar and incubated at 25°C for 4 to 6 days. Nine Fusarium isolates were obtained from four diseased plants, of which three isolates were identified as F. oxysporum based on morphological characteristics on carnation leaf agar medium and DNA sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene (2). Macroconidia were mostly 3- to 5-septate, slightly curved, and 28 to 53 × 2.8 to 5.2 μm. Microconidia were abundant, borne in false heads or short monophialides, generally single-celled, oval to kidney shaped, and 5 to 23 × 3 to 5 μm. Chlamydospores were single or in short chains. The EF-1α gene was amplified from three isolates by PCR assay using ef1 and ef2 primers (3), and the amplification products were sequenced. The nucleotide sequences obtained were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. KC491844, KC491845, and KC491846). BLASTn analysis showed 99% homology with the EF-1α sequence of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici MN-24 (HM057331). Pathogenicity tests and race determination were conducted using root-dip inoculation (4) on seedlings of tomato differential cultivars: Ponderosa (susceptible to all races), Momotaro (resistant to race 1), Walter (resistant to races 1 and 2), and I3R-1 (resistant to all races). A spore suspension was prepared by flooding 5-day-old cultures on potato dextrose agar with SDW. Plants at the first true-leaf stage were inoculated by dipping the roots in the spore suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml) for 10 min. Inoculated plants were transplanted into pots containing sterilized soil, and maintained in the greenhouse at 25/20°C (12/12 h). Twenty-four seedlings of each cultivar were arranged into three replications. An equal number of plants of each cultivar dipped in water were used as control treatments. Disease reaction was evaluated 3 weeks after inoculation, using a disease index on a scale of 0 to 4 (0 = no symptoms, 1 = slightly swollen and/or bent hypocotyl, 2 = one or two brown vascular bundles in the hypocotyl, 3 = at least two brown vascular bundles and growth distortion, 4 = all vascular bundles brown and the plant either dead or very small and wilted). All isolates caused symptoms of fusarium wilt on all cultivars except I3R-1, indicating that the isolates were race 3. The pathogen was reisolated from the discolored vascular tissue of symptomatic plants. Control plants remained asymptomatic, and the pathogen was not reisolated from the vascular tissue. Fusarium wilt of tomato caused by isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici races 1 and 2 has been reported previously; however, race 3 has not been reported in Korea (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3 on tomato in Korea. References: (1) O. S. Hur et al. Res. Plant Dis. 18:304, 2012 (in Korean). (2) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006. (3) K. O'Donnell et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 95:2044, 1998. (4) M. Rep et al. Mol. Microbiol. 53:1373, 2004.
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Scott, J. W., J. B. Jones, and G. C. Somodi. "Inheritance of Resistance in Tomato to Race T3 of the Bacterial Spot Pathogen." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126, no. 4 (July 2001): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.126.4.436.
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Hawaii 7981 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), resistant to race T3 of the bacterial spot pathogen [Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye], was crossed to the susceptible tomato inbred, Fla. 7060, and subsequently F2 and backcross seed were obtained. These generations were planted in the field, inoculated with the race T3 pathogen and evaluated for disease severity over two summer seasons. Data were tested for goodness-of-fit to a model based on control by the incompletely dominant gene Xv3 that confers hypersensitivity. The F1 was intermediate in disease severity to the parents for both seasons. When data were combined over both seasons, the backcrosses fit the expected 1:1 ratios although each deviated from the expected ratio in one of the 2 years tested. The F2 did not fit the expected 1:2:1 ratio in either year or when data from the two years were combined due to a deficiency of resistant plants. Thirty-three F2 plants representing an array of disease severities and hypersensitivity reactions were selected in the second season and their F3 progeny were inoculated and evaluated for disease severity. Hawaii 7981 was significantly more resistant than the 12 most resistant F3 selections even though all expressed hypersensitivity. A hypersensitive F3 with intermediate field resistance was crossed to Hawaii 7981 and subsequently, F2 and backcross generations were obtained. These generations were field inoculated with the race T3 pathogen and evaluated for disease severity. Hawaii 7981 was significantly more resistant than the F3 parent as in the previous year. The data did not fit an additive-dominance model and epistatic interactions were significant. Thus, it appears that field resistance to race T3 of bacterial spot found in Hawaii 7981 is conferred quantitatively by Xv3 and other resistance genes. Breeding implications are discussed.
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Baumgartner, Sabrina, Caio Victor Sousa, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, and Beat Knechtle. "Can the Performance Gap between Women and Men be Reduced in Ultra-Cycling?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 7, 2020): 2521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072521.
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This study examined a large dataset of ultra-cycling race results to investigate the sex difference in ultra-cycling performance (100 to 500 miles) according to age and race distance. Data from the time period 1996–2018 were obtained from online available database of the ultra-cycling marathon association (UMCA), including distance-limited ultra-cycling races (100, 200, 400, and 500 miles). A total of 12,716 race results were analyzed to compare the performance between men and women by calendar year, age group (18–34, 35–44, 45–59, and 60+ years), and race distance. Men were faster than women in 100 and 200 mile races, but no sex differences were identified for the 400 and 500 mile races. The performance ratio (average cycling speedmen/average cycling speedwomen) was smaller in the 200 mile races compared to the 100 mile races and remained stable in the 400 and 500 mile races. In all race distances, the difference in average cycling speed between women and men decreased with increasing age. The gender gap in performance was closed in several distance-limited ultra-cycling races, such as the 400 and 500 mile races.
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Poornakanta, Handral, Kartik Kadam, Darshan Pawar, Kiran Medar, Iliyas Makandar, Arun Y. Patil, and Basavaraj B. Kotturshettar. "Optimization of Sluice Gate under Fatigue Life Subjected for Forced Vibration by Fluid Flow." Strojnícky casopis – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 68, no. 3 (November 1, 2018): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2018-0031.
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AbstractA ‘Sluice’ is a water-flow control gate works with sliding. So, it’s a mill race, flume or a penstock, channelling water towards a water mill, traditionally a wood or metal barrier sliding in grooves that are set in the sides of the waterway. They are used in wastewater treatment of plants, and control water level and flow in watermills. However, Sluices are subjected to temperature, environment that supports corrosion, impact loading and so on. Many of those equipments operate during long time in industries and reliability is one of the most important aspects of work, there arose questions of reliability on those structural elements, because the people working nearby will be in danger due to involvement of heavy loaded parts during various possible working states. Considering these factors the gates used in industries are subjected for “Fatigue Analysis”, but the normal V-channel gates which undergo corrosion, wear and continuous stress due to water flow which leads to fatigue failure, loss of material and wastage of water are still in need of this analysis. Hence there is need of an analysis to optimize the gate in terms of material, shape, and size. This paper helps to determine the fatigue strength, wear life of Sluice gate in “V-Channels”. So, by using the ANSYS Workbench software, sluice gate is analysed for fatigue life under fluid flow.
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Jose, Jim. "Feminist Political Theory without Apology: Anna Doyle Wheeler, William Thompson, and the Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women." Hypatia 34, no. 4 (2019): 827–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12485.
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Anna Doyle Wheeler was a nineteenth‐century, Irish‐born socialist and feminist. She and another Irish‐born socialist and feminist, William Thompson, produced a book‐length critique in 1825, Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women: Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Retain Them in Political, and Thence in Civil and Domestic, Slavery: In Reply to a Paragraph of Mr. Mill's Celebrated “Article on Government,” to refute the claims of liberal philosopher James Mill in 1820 that women did not need to be enfranchised. In so doing the Appeal undermined the philosophical credibility of Mill's liberal utilitarianism. The Appeal exposed the hypocrisy of the language of contract (whether social, sexual, or marriage) by showing that men's freedom and claims to rights presupposed the unfreedom and sexual subjugation of women. The article argues that the Appeal was an original formulation of feminist political theory that still retains its relevance in the twenty‐first century.
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Liu, Jing, Yajun Xu, and Yimin Shao. "Dynamic modelling of a rotor-bearing-housing system including a localized fault." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 232, no. 3 (October 27, 2017): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419317738427.
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An in-depth understanding of the dynamic characteristics through rotor-bearing-housing systems is very valuable for fault detection and diagnosis applications of rotating machines such as high-speed spindle, roll mill, gearbox, engines, etc. A new vibration model of a rotor-bearing-housing system considering the rotor compliance, elastic interface between the housing and outer race, housing compliance, and time-dependent excitations introduced by a localized fault on the inner and outer races of an inherent ball bearing is proposed in this work. An analytical method for calculating the time-dependent excitations including the time-dependent displacement excitation and contact stiffness coefficient between the ball and fault edges is presented. Differences between vibration responses of a rotor-bearing-housing system from the proposed model and the previous model without the rotor compliance in the literature are discussed. The presented model is used to discuss the influences of all the rotor compliance, housing compliance, and fault sizes on the races of the inherent ball bearing on the vibration responses and vibration transmission characteristics through the rotor-bearing-housing system, which cannot be formulated by the current dynamic models in the listed references. An experimental study is introduced to validate the presented model. The results show that the rotor compliance and time-dependent contact stiffness coefficient caused by the fault have great influence on the dynamic characteristics through the rotor-bearing-housing system. It also seems that the developed method can provide a new vibration modelling method for the vibration analysis for a rotor-bearing-housing system with and without the faults.
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Waldvogel, Karin J., Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Stefania Di Gangi, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Women Reduce the Performance Difference to Men with Increasing Age in Ultra-Marathon Running." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (July 4, 2019): 2377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132377.
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Age and sex are well-known factors influencing ultra-marathon race performance. The fact that women in older age groups are able to achieve a similar performance as men has been documented in swimming. In ultra-marathon running, knowledge is still limited. The aim of this study was to analyze sex-specific performance in ultra-marathon running according to age and distance. All ultra-marathon races documented in the online database of the German Society for Ultra-Marathon from 1964 to 2017 for 50-mile races (i.e., 231,980 records from 91,665 finishers) and from 1953 to 2017 for 100-mile races (i.e., 107,445 records from 39,870 finishers) were analyzed. In 50-mile races, race times were 11.74 ± 1.95 h for men and 12.31 ± 1.69 h for women. In 100-mile races, race times were 26.6 ± 3.49 h for men and 27.47 ± 3.6 h for women. The sex differences decreased with older age and were smaller in 100-mile (4.41%) than in 50-mile races (9.13%). The overall age of peak performance was 33 years for both distances. In summary, women reduced the performance difference to men with advancing age, the relative difference being smaller in 100-mile compared to 50-mile races. These findings might aid coaches and ultra-marathon runners set long-term training goals considering their sex and age.
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Flaherty, J. E., G. C. Somodi, J. B. Jones, B. K. Harbaugh, and L. E. Jackson. "Control of Bacterial Spot on Tomato in the Greenhouse and Field with H-mutant Bacteriophages." HortScience 35, no. 5 (August 2000): 882–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.5.882.
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A mixture of host-range mutant (h-mutant) bacteriophages specific for tomato race 1 (T1) and race 3 (T3) of the bacterial spot pathogen, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye was evaluated for biological control of bacterial spot on `Sunbeam' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants and field-grown plants for two seasons (Fall 1997 and Fall 1998). Foliar applications of bacteriophages were compared with similar applications of water (control) and of copper/mancozeb bactericides, the commonly used chemical control strategy for tomato seedling and field production. In 1997, the incidence of bacterial spot on greenhouse-grown seedlings was reduced from 40.5% (control) to 5.5% or 0.9% for bactericide- or bacteriophage-treated plants, respectively. In 1998, the incidence of bacterial spot was 17.4% on control plants vs. 5.5% and 2.7% for bactericide- and bacteriophage-treated plants, respectively, although these differences were not statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05. Applications of bacteriophages to field-grown tomatoes decreased disease severity as measured by the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) by 17.5% (1997) and 16.8% (1998) compared with untreated control plants. Preharvest plant vigor ratings, taken twice during each field season, were higher in the bacteriophage-treated plants than in either bactericide-treated plants or nontreated controls except for the early vigor rating in 1998. Use of bacteriophages increased total weight of extra-large fruit 14.9% (1997) and 24.2% (1998) relative to that of nontreated control plants, and 37.8% (1997) and 23.9% (1998) relative to that of plants treated with the chemical bactericides. Chemical names used: manganese, zinc, carboxyethylene bis dithiocarbamate (mancozeb).
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Garrett-Scott, Shennette. "“The Hope of the South”: The New Century Cotton Mill of Dallas, Texas, and the Business of Race in the New South, 1902–1907." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 116, no. 2 (2012): 138–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/swh.2012.0100.
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Bongomin, Ocident, Eric Oyondi Nganyi, Mfanga Ramadhani Abswaidi, Emmanuel Hitiyise, and Godias Tumusiime. "Sustainable and Dynamic Competitiveness towards Technological Leadership of Industry 4.0: Implications for East African Community." Journal of Engineering 2020 (June 1, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8545281.
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The war to technology and economic powers has been the driver for industrialization in most developed countries. The first industrial revolution (industry 1.0) earned millions for textile mill owners, while the second industrial revolution (industry 2.0) opened the way for tycoons and captains of industry such as Henry Ford, John D. Rockefeller, and J.P. Morgan. The third industrial revolution (industry 3.0) engendered technology giants such as Apple and Microsoft and made magnates of men such as Bill Gates and Steve Jobs. Now, the race for the fourth industrial revolution (industry 4.0) is on and there is no option, and every country whether developed or developing must participate. Many countries have positively responded to industry 4.0 by developing strategic initiatives to strengthen industry 4.0 implementation. Unlocking the country’s potential to industry 4.0 has been of interest to researchers in the recent past. However, the extent to which industry 4.0 initiatives are being launched globally has never been divulged. Therefore, the present study aimed at exploring industry 4.0 initiatives through a comprehensive electronic survey of the literature to estimate the extent of their launching in different regions. Inferences were drawn from industry 4.0 initiatives in developed nations to be used as the recommendations for the East African Community. Results of the survey revealed that 117 industry 4.0 initiatives have been launched in 56 countries worldwide consisting of five regions: Europe (37%), North America (28%), Asia and Oceania (17%), Latin America and the Caribbean (10%), and Middle East and Africa (8%). The worldwide percentage was estimated as 25%. This revealed that there is a big gap existing between countries in the race for industry 4.0.
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Bartoszewski, Grzegorz, Cesar V. Mujer, Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Szczytt, and Ann C. Smigocki. "Cloning of a Wound Inducible Lycopersicon esculentum Cytochrome P450 Gene and Lack of Regeneration of Transgenic Plants with Sense or Antisense Constructs." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, no. 4 (July 2002): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.127.4.535.
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A Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (tomato) cDNA clone with high similarity to a Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. (tobacco) cytochrome P450 gene was isolated using 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The isolated cDNA (GenBank Accession No. AF249329) has an open reading frame of 1494 base pairs (bp) and encodes a protein of 498 amino acids with 75% identity to the N. plumbaginifolia cytochrome P450 (CYP72A2) and 45% to a Catharanthus roseus G. Don (Madagaskar periwinkle) CYP72A1 protein sequence. By Southern-blot analysis, one or two highly homologous genes were detected in the L. esculentum genome. Expression of the cloned P450 gene was regulated by circadian rhythm and enhanced by wounding. Leaf transcripts were detected in the light but not dark. Highest transcript levels were observed 3 hours after mechanical wounding. No increase in expression was seen in response to applications of zeatin as with the N. plumbaginifolia gene. Of the tissues analyzed, shoot tips and young leaves and fruit had the highest detectable transcript levels. Attempts to transform more than 1400 cotyledon explants of L. esculentum with sense or antisense CYP72A2 gene constructs produced no transgenic plants.
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Moise, Lavinia. "Observations Regarding the Growth and Exploitation of “Turcana” Breed Sheep on Small and Medium Farms." Annals ”Valahia” University of Targoviste - Agriculture 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agr-2017-0007.
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Abstract The exploitation directions in sheep race is determined by the national economic demanding, and the achievement possibilities by the productive potential of the races and also by the system and growth technology, improvement and exploitation of the races. The necessity of combining knowledge which contains a fundamental scientific profile with the applicative knowledge led to an approach of the complex applicative knowledge led to an approach of the complex aspects of the development and modernization of growth and exploitation technologies in import sheep race. Ţurcana continues to be the race that has the highest proportion of about 40% of the total. Milk production, birth weight of lambs, wool production and meat production were analized. Morpho characteristics of the breed Turcan highlights skills towards wool, milk, meat, and leather, which may improve the ability of the existence of a significant variability especially regarding the quantity and quality of milk and wool.
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Kim, Min-Jea, and Martha A. Mutschler. "Characterization of Late Blight Resistance Derived from Solanum pimpinellifolium L3708 against Multiple Isolates of the Pathogen Phytophthora infestans." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 131, no. 5 (September 2006): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.131.5.637.
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Sixteen tomato [Solanum lycopersicum L. (syn. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)] genotypes (inbred lines or hybrids) were tested against five Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary isolates to characterize race specificity of late blight resistance transferred to tomato from Solanum pimpinellifolium L. [syn. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill.] accession L3708. The effects of plant genotype, isolate, genotype × isolate, and isolate × replication interactions were highly significant (P = 0.001). Set of four sister lines fixed for late blight resistance (CU-R lines) exhibited full and equal resistance to the five pathogen isolates tested. In contrast, the heterozygous F1 hybrids, created by crossing the resistant CU-R lines with a susceptible parent, were resistant to US-11; partially resistant to US-17, NC-1, and DR4B; and susceptible to US-7. Differential responses were also observed across pathogen isolates on a set of resistant sister lines (CLN-R lines), which also were bred from L3708. The CLN-R lines were resistant to the DR4B, NC-1, and US-11 isolates, but showed significant disease-affected areas and sporangium numbers following inoculation with either US-7 or US-17. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis confirms that both CU-R and CLN-R are homozygous for the Ph-3 gene derived from L3708. Since progeny tests also confirmed that the CLN-R lines are fixed for their level of resistance, these results suggest that late blight resistance in the CU-R lines is not controlled by Ph-3 alone, and that at least one additional gene conferring late blight resistance is missing from the CLN-R lines. Results of genetic tests of the (CU-R × CLN-R) F1 and a (CU-R × CLN-R) F2 population with the pathogen isolate US-17 strongly support a model in which resistance of the CU-R lines requires genes in addition to Ph-3. The implications of this information in breeding for late blight resistance and using of the resulting resistant lines or hybrids are discussed.
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Fenger, C. K., T. Tobin, P. J. Casey, E. A. Roualdes, J. L. Langemeier, and D. M. Haines. "Bovine colostrum supplementation optimises earnings, performance and recovery in racing Thoroughbreds." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 4 (January 1, 2014): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep140023.
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Bovine colostrum (BC) is the first milk produced by cows after calving and contains numerous beneficial substances for the immunity and development of the newborn calf. Because of the growth and immune factors in BC, it has become an attractive supplement for use by athletes to support immunity and health during athletic performance. In order to evaluate the effects of oral BC supplementation on equine athletes, this study evaluated the earnings, performance, recovery and incidence of upper respiratory infections (URTI) in racing horses. The study design was a randomized cross-over racing performance study. 21 horses in race training were randomly assigned to train and compete with or without BC supplementation. After each horse competed in three races, it was crossed over to the other group, allowed a three week washout period, and then competed in three additional races. Horses in public training stables of 3 participating trainers were used. Race performance as determined by earnings, Bloodstock Research Information System (BRIS) speed figures, recovery as determined by number of days between races and incidence of upper respiratory tract disease was recorded. 11 horses completed the study. There was no effect of the order of BC supplementation on the measured variables. Horses on BC supplementation earned $ 2,088 more purse money per race, than when unsupplemented (P=0.016), and ran an average of 5 BRIS speed points higher (P=0.03). Horses returned to racing on average 7.5 days faster (16.9 days vs 24.4 days, P=0.048). There were no URTI among the horses on BC supplementation and two infections while not on BC supplementation (z-test, P=0.11). Statistical analysis showed that horses recovered more quickly, earned three times more money and raced better as judged by BRIS scores while competing with BC supplementation. BC supplemented horses also experienced fewer URTI, although this effect was not significant.
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Somesh, Baggavalli P., Georgia Vlahou, Miho Iijima, Robert H. Insall, Peter Devreotes, and Francisco Rivero. "RacG Regulates Morphology, Phagocytosis, and Chemotaxis." Eukaryotic Cell 5, no. 10 (October 2006): 1648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.00221-06.
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ABSTRACTRacG is an unusual member of the complex family of Rho GTPases inDictyostelium. We have generated a knockout (KO) strain, as well as strains that overexpress wild-type (WT), constitutively active (V12), or dominant negative (N17) RacG. The protein is targeted to the plasma membrane, apparently in a nucleotide-dependent manner, and induces the formation of abundant actin-driven filopods. RacG is enriched at the rim of the progressing phagocytic cup, and overexpression of RacG-WT or RacG-V12 induced an increased rate of particle uptake. The positive effect of RacG on phagocytosis was abolished in the presence of 50 μM LY294002, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, indicating that generation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate is required for activation of RacG. RacG-KO cells showed a moderate chemotaxis defect that was stronger in the RacG-V12 and RacG-N17 mutants, in part because of interference with signaling through Rac1. The in vivo effects of RacG-V12 could not be reproduced by a mutant lacking the Rho insert region, indicating that this region is essential for interaction with downstream components. Processes like growth, pinocytosis, exocytosis, cytokinesis, and development were unaffected in Rac-KO cells and in the overexpressor mutants. In a cell-free system, RacG induced actin polymerization upon GTPγS stimulation, and this response could be blocked by an Arp3 antibody. While the mild phenotype of RacG-KO cells indicates some overlap with one or moreDictyosteliumRho GTPases, like Rac1 and RacB, the significant changes found in overexpressors show that RacG plays important roles. We hypothesize that RacG interacts with a subset of effectors, in particular those concerned with shape, motility, and phagocytosis.
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Rokosz, Frank, and Howard Taylor. "An Innovative Bike Race for Recreational Sports." Recreational Sports Journal 23, no. 2 (October 1999): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.23.2.14.
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Presented here are the rules, procedures and some other important considerations involved in conducting a team criterium relay bike race, a unique event which incorporates modifications of several “official” bike races as sanctioned by the United States Cycling Federation. The basic concept of the race is to have five bikers on each team, with each biker riding five laps of a one-mile course. Total team distance is 25 miles.