Relevant bibliographies by topics / Milky Way

Academic literature on the topic 'Milky Way'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Milky Way"

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DANIEL, JENNY. "Milky way." Nature 353, no. 6344 (October 1991): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353496b0.

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Brady, Bernadette. "Milky Way." Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2022): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsa.23692.

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Silva, Fabio, and Liz Henty. "Milky Way." Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2022): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsa.23689.

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Rossi, Cristina Peri, and Laura Dail. "The Milky Way." Grand Street, no. 62 (1997): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25008192.

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Gadd, Bernard, and Bill Manhire. "Milky Way Bar." World Literature Today 66, no. 4 (1992): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40148819.

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Vallée, J. P. "Magnetic Milky Way." EAS Publications Series 56 (2012): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/1256010.

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Seidelmann, P. "Milky Way astrometry." Scholarpedia 7, no. 5 (2012): 10578. http://dx.doi.org/10.4249/scholarpedia.10578.

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Hsu, Jeremy. "Milky Way Remapped." Scientific American 318, no. 6 (May 15, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0618-18.

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López, Alejandro Martín. "“Milky Way Astronomies”." Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 8, no. 1 (August 4, 2022): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsa.23699.

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B, Nadieh, and Clara M. "Milky Way Census." Scientific American 327, no. 6 (December 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1222-80.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Milky Way"

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Gonzalez, Garcia Oscar Alberto. "Unfolding the Milky Way bulge." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-145824.

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Boubert, Douglas Philip. "Fast stars in the Milky Way." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283611.

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I present a comprehensive investigation of fast stars in the Milky Way, from brisk disc stars to stars escaping the Galaxy. My thesis is that fast stars are the smoking guns of extreme stellar collisions and explosions, and so can act as an intermediary to studying these theoretically-unconquered astrophysical processes. In Chapter 1 I give a history of fast stars, address what it means for a star to be fast, and describe the processes that accelerate stars. I concisely summarise the Gaia mission, whose recent data releases heavily influenced this thesis. Supernovae in binary systems can fling away the companion; if a runaway companion can be associated with a supernova remnant, then together they reveal the evolution that led to the supernova. However, these associations are difficult to establish. In Ch. 2, I develop a sophisticated Bayesian methodology to search the nearest ten remnants for a companion, by combining data from Gaia DR1 with a 3D dust-map and binary population synthesis. With Gaia DR2, I will identify companions of tens of supernova remnants and thus open a new window to studying late-stage stellar evolution. It is unknown why 17% of B stars are spinning near break-up; these stars are termed Be stars because of emission lines from their ejected material. Their rapid spin could be due to mass transfer, but in Ch. 3 I show this would create runaway Be stars. I demonstrate using a hierarchical Bayesian model that these exist in sufficient numbers, and thus that all Be stars may arise from mass transfer. The stars escaping the Milky Way are termed hypervelocity stars. In Ch. 4, I overturn the consensus that the hypervelocity stars originated in the Galactic centre by showing that a Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) origin better explains their distribution on the sky. In Ch. 5 I present three ground-breaking hypervelocity results with Gaia DR2: 1) only 41 of the 524 hypervelocity star candidates are truly escaping, 2) at least one of the hypervelocity stars originates in the LMC, and 3) the discovery of three hypervelocity white dwarf runaways from thermonuclear supernovae.
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Pettitt, Alexander Robert. "The morphology of the Milky Way." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15997.

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This thesis presents an investigation into the morphological features of the Milky Way, the exact structure of which is somewhat of an unknown. We begin with a discussion of the problem at hand, and a review of the literature and methodology associated with determining Galactic structure (Chapter 1). The methodology of the investigation is to use numerical simulations to reproduce the structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) gas under the effect of gravitational forces that represent possible morphologies of the Milky Way, such as spiral arms and inner bars. The ISM is simulated using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), which has been tailored to ISM scales by the inclusion of cooling, heating and a simple chemical network, discussed in Chapter 2. The Milky Way is first assumed to be grand design in nature, with analytic potentials representing the various arm and bar components. Simulations are then compared to longitude velocity CO emission observations to assess the quality of the reproduction of Galactic morphology. These results are shown in Chapter 3, where best fitting models have a bar pattern speed within 50-60km/s/kpc, an arm pattern speed of approximately 20km/s/kpc, a bar orientation of approximately 45 degrees,and arm pitch angle between 10-15 degrees. While nearly all observed emission features are reproducible, there is no model that reproduces all simultaneously. Using both bar and arm components together we find a better match to the data, but still no perfect reproduction. Models with two arms lack many of the observed features, but models with four arms produce too much local emission in the inner quadrants. Chapter 4 shows more sophisticated synthetic observations, created using a radiative transfer code. Resulting emission features are broadly in keeping with those seen in observations, the strength of which appears a strong function of gas surface density. The analytic potentials are then replaced by a set of discretised mass components that represent the stellar system, which is the subject of Chapter 5. Using a live N-body disc then allows for the dynamic creation of bar and arm features, from which further synthetic observations are produced. Transient arm and bar features are relatively easy to produce, though not necessarily simultaneously. Arm patterns showing two to five arms and some with an effectively flocculent structure are created, with pitch angles around 20 degrees. The pattern speed of which tends to decrease with radius, highlighting that the arms are material rather than wave-like in nature. Best fitting synthetic observations show that a four-armed spiral pattern provides good agreement with observations, more so than that of the fixed potentials, with clear reproduction of nearly all arm features. However, an inner bar appears necessary to remove excess emission seen towards the Galactic centre, which was not present in these models.
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Fermani, Francesco. "Modelling the Milky Way stellar halo." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bcd70530-506d-46c2-8c99-7f5b8f08f915.

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We motivate the importance of understanding the kinematics and dynamics of the Milky Way stellar halo both in unravelling the formation history and evolution of our host Galaxy and in the more general context of galaxy dynamics. We present a cleaned picture of the kinematics of the smooth component of the stellar halo: we develop a method to quantify the average distance error on a sample of stars based on the idea of Schoenrich et al. (2012), but adapted so that it uses velocity information only on average. We use this scheme to construct an analytic distance calibration for Blue Horizontal Branch (BHB) field halo stars in Sloan colours and demonstrate that our calibration is a) more accurate than the ones available and b) unbiased w.r.t. metallicity and colour. We measure the rotation of the smooth component of the stellar halo with a tool-set of four estimators that use either only the l.o.s. velocities or the full 3D motion. From two samples of BHB stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we favour a non-rotating single halo. We critique conflicting results in the literature based on similar samples and trace back the disagreement (either in the sign of rotation or in the morphology of the halo) to sample contaminations and/or neglect account of the halo geometry. We propose a scheme that generalizes any isotropic spherical model to a model where the potential is axisymmetric and the distribution function is a function of the three actions. The idea is to approximate the Hamiltonian as a function of the actions with a library of quadratic fits to surfaces of constant energy in action space and then make explicit the dependence of the energy on the three actions in the ergodic distribution function. The transparency of the physics implied by the model we achieve, should make it possible to combine our spheroidal models to the f(J)-models of Binney (2010) for the disks and of Pontzen & Governato (2013) for the dark-matter halo, and obtain a complete actions-defined dynamical model of the Milky Way Galaxy.
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Widmark, Axel. "Dark Matter in the Milky Way." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-156452.

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Den här licenciatuppsatsen bygger på två vetenskapliga artiklar, varav den första är skriven som ensamförfattare och den andra är skriven tillsammans med Dr. Giacomo Monari. De är båda på temat mörk materia i Vintergatan. Den första artikeln handlar om mörk materia som fångas i solen. Förutsatt att mörk materia består av partiklar som interagerar via den svaga kraften, med en massa av storleksordningen 10--1000 GeV, så kan sådana partiklar kollidera med atomkärnor i solens inre, förlora rörelseenergi och bli gravitationellt bundna. Väl infångad så kommer en mörk materia--partikel att fortsätta kollidera och förlora rörelseenergi tills den har uppnått termisk jämvikt med solens kärna. Givet att infångade och termaliserade mörk materia--partiklar har blivit tillräckligt många till antalet så kan dessa partiklar annihiliera och producera standard modell--partiklar. Neutriner som produceras i en sådan process skulle kunna detekteras i ett neutrinoteleskop på jorden, vilket vore ett sätt att indirekt detektera mörk materia. I artikeln har jag utforskat denna termaliseringsprocess och den tid det tar för en infångad partikel att uppnå termisk jämvikt. Jag har funnit att termaliseringstiden är kort jämfört med solens ålder och kan försummas, utom i vissa finjusterade specialfall. I den andra artikeln har vi utfört en dynamisk mätning av massdensiteten i solens närområde. Astrometri från rymdteleskopet Gaia ger information om stjärnors vertikala hastighetsfördelning och hur deras antaltäthet avtar med avstånd från galaxskivan. Genom att anta jämvikt så kan man relatera dessa två fördelning till varandra genom gravitationspotentialen de rör sig genom, vilket i sin tur ger galaxskivans massfördelning. Först och främst så har vi gjort framsteg i fråga om statistisk modellering; för första gången har mätfel på alla enskilda stjärnor tagits i beaktning. Vi har funnit en massdensitet som stämmer överens med de flesta tidigare mätningar och har även kunnat dra slutsatser om solens position och hastighet i förhållande till galaxskivan.
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Brook, Chris Bryan A., and cbrook@phy ulaval ca. "Chemo-dynamical simulations of the Milky Way." Swinburne University of Technology, 2004. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20050323.121320.

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Using a state of the art galaxy formation software package, GCD+, we model the formation and evolution of galaxies which resemble our own Galaxy, the Milky Way. The simulations include gravity, gas dynamics, radiative gas cooling, star formation and stellar evolution, tracing the production of several elements and the subsequent pollution of the interstellar medium. The simulations are compared with observations in order to unravel the details of the Milky Way's formation. Several unresolved issues regarding the Galaxy's evolution are specifically addressed. In our first study, limits are placed on the mass contribution of white dwarfs to the dark matter halo which envelopes the Milky Way. We obtain this result by comparing the abundances of carbon and nitrogen produced by a white dwarf-progenitor-dominated halo with the abundances observed in the present day halo. Our results are inconsistent with a white dwarf component in the halo 5% (by mass), however mass fractions of ~1-2% cannot be ruled out. In combination with other studies, this result suggests that the dark matter in the Milky Way is probably non-baryonic. The second component of this thesis probes the dynamical signatures of the formation of the stellar halo. By tracing the halo stars in our simulation, we identify a group of high-eccentricity stars that can be traced to now-disrupted satellites that were accreted by the host galaxy. By comparing the phase space distribution of these stars in our simulations to observed high-eccentricity stars in the solar neighbourhood, we find devidence that such a group of stars - a 'stellar stream' - exists locally in our own Galaxy. Our next set of simulations demonstrate the importance of strong energy feedback from supernova explosions to the regulation of star formation. Strong feedback ensures that the building blocks of galaxy formation remain gas-rich at early epochs. We demonstrate that this process is necessary to reproduce the observed low mass and low metallicity of the stellar halo of the Milky Way. Our simulated galaxy is shown to have a thick disk component similar to that observed in the Milky Way through an abrupt discontinuity in the velocity dispersion-versus-age relation for solar neighbourhood stars. This final study suggests that the thick disk forms in a chaotic merging period during the Galaxy's formation. Our thick disk formation scenario is shown to be consistent with observed properties of the thick disk of the Milky Way.
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Babusiaux, Carine. "Photometric studies of the Milky Way Galaxy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615732.

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Marasco, Antonino <1984&gt. "The gaseous halo of the Milky Way." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5210/1/marasco_antonino_tesi.pdf.

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In the last decade, sensitive observations have revealed that disc galaxies are surrounded by multiphase gaseous halos produced by the circulation of gas from the discs to the environment and vice-versa. This Thesis is a study of the gaseous halo of the Milky Way carried out via the modelling of the HI emission and the available absorption-line data. We fitted simple kinematical models to the HI LAB Survey and found that the Galaxy has a massive (~3x10^8 Mo) HI halo extending a few kiloparsecs above the plane. This layer rotates more slowly than the disc and shows a global inflow motion, a kinematics similar to that observed in the HI halos of nearby galaxies. We built a dynamical model of the galactic fountain to reproduce the properties of this layer. In this model, fountain clouds are ejected from the disc by SN feedback and - as suggested by hydrodynamical simulations - triggers the cooling of coronal gas, which is entrained by the cloud wakes and accretes onto the disc when the clouds fall back. For a proper choice of the parameters, the model reproduces well the HI data and predicts an accretion of coronal gas onto the disc at a rate of 2 Mo/yr. We extended this model to the warm-hot component of the halo, showing that most of the ion absorption features observed towards background sources are consistent with being produced in the turbulent wakes that lag behind the fountain clouds. Specifically, the column densities, positions, and velocities of the absorbers are well reproduced by our model. Finally, we studied the gas content of galaxies extracted from a cosmological N-body+SPH simulation, and found that an HI halo with the forementioned properties is not observed, probably due ti the relatively low resolution of the simulations.
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Marasco, Antonino <1984&gt. "The gaseous halo of the Milky Way." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5210/.

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In the last decade, sensitive observations have revealed that disc galaxies are surrounded by multiphase gaseous halos produced by the circulation of gas from the discs to the environment and vice-versa. This Thesis is a study of the gaseous halo of the Milky Way carried out via the modelling of the HI emission and the available absorption-line data. We fitted simple kinematical models to the HI LAB Survey and found that the Galaxy has a massive (~3x10^8 Mo) HI halo extending a few kiloparsecs above the plane. This layer rotates more slowly than the disc and shows a global inflow motion, a kinematics similar to that observed in the HI halos of nearby galaxies. We built a dynamical model of the galactic fountain to reproduce the properties of this layer. In this model, fountain clouds are ejected from the disc by SN feedback and - as suggested by hydrodynamical simulations - triggers the cooling of coronal gas, which is entrained by the cloud wakes and accretes onto the disc when the clouds fall back. For a proper choice of the parameters, the model reproduces well the HI data and predicts an accretion of coronal gas onto the disc at a rate of 2 Mo/yr. We extended this model to the warm-hot component of the halo, showing that most of the ion absorption features observed towards background sources are consistent with being produced in the turbulent wakes that lag behind the fountain clouds. Specifically, the column densities, positions, and velocities of the absorbers are well reproduced by our model. Finally, we studied the gas content of galaxies extracted from a cosmological N-body+SPH simulation, and found that an HI halo with the forementioned properties is not observed, probably due ti the relatively low resolution of the simulations.
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Williams, Rik Jackson. "The warm-hot environment of the Milky Way." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1154972702.

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Books on the topic "Milky Way"

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World Book, Inc. The Milky Way. Chicago: World Book, 2010.

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Manhire, Bill. Milky Way bar. Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1991.

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Inc, World Book, ed. The Milky Way. Chicago: World Book, 2010.

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Howard, Fran. The Milky Way. Edina, MN: ABDO Pub. Co., 2008.

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Rustad, Martha E. H. The milky way. North Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2012.

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Endre, Szász. Milky Way: Szász Endre. [Budapest]: Littoria, 1992.

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Van Woerden, Hugo, Ronald J. Allen, and W. Butler Burton, eds. The Milky Way Galaxy. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5291-1.

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Marochnik, L. S. The Milky Way Galaxy. Luxembourg: Gordon and Breach, 1996.

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Marochnik, L. S. The Milky Way Galaxy. Luxembourg: Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1996.

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Schoberle, Cecile. Beyond the Milky Way. New York: Crown Publishers, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Milky Way"

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Carigi, Leticia. "Milky Way." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_996-4.

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Carigi, Leticia. "Milky Way." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1588–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_996.

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Carigi, Leticia. "Milky Way." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1063. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_996.

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Carigi, Leticia. "Milky Way." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_996-5.

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Carigi, Leticia. "Milky Way." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1952–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65093-6_996.

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Inglis, Mike. "The Milky Way." In The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49082-3_1.

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Karttunen, Hannu, Pekka Kröger, Heikki Oja, Markku Poutanen, and Karl Johan Donner. "The Milky Way." In Fundamental Astronomy, 329–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05333-1_17.

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Verschuur, Gerrit L. "The Milky Way." In Interstellar Matters, 166–76. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4522-3_16.

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Karttunen, Hannu, Pekka Kröger, Heikki Oja, Markku Poutanen, and Karl Johan Donner. "The Milky Way." In Fundamental Astronomy, 381–402. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11794-1_18.

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Redfern, Gregory I. "The Milky Way." In The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series, 339–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45943-7_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "Milky Way"

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Wyatt, Ryan, and Mike Schmitt. "Spark: Milky Way Evolution." In SIGGRAPH '24: ACM SIGGRAPH 2024 Electronic Theater. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3641230.3653475.

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Kuijken, Konrad, and Scott Tremaine. "Is the Milky Way elliptical?" In Back to the Galaxy. AIP, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.43938.

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Jablonski, Francisco. "Infrared Counterparts to X-ray sources in the Galactic Center region." In THE TRANSIENT MILKY WAY: A PERSPECTIVE FOR MIRAX. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2216610.

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D’Amico, Flavio. "Search for an Infrared Counterpart of IGR J16358-4756." In THE TRANSIENT MILKY WAY: A PERSPECTIVE FOR MIRAX. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2216611.

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Becker, R. H. "MAGPIS: The Multi-Array Galactic Plane Imaging Survey." In THE TRANSIENT MILKY WAY: A PERSPECTIVE FOR MIRAX. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2216612.

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Rothschild, Richard E. "CZT Detector and HXI Development at CASS/UCSD." In THE TRANSIENT MILKY WAY: A PERSPECTIVE FOR MIRAX. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2216613.

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Mejia, Jorge. "HXI Imaging Simulations and Sensitivity." In THE TRANSIENT MILKY WAY: A PERSPECTIVE FOR MIRAX. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2216614.

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Kendziorra, Eckhard. "Event Pre Processor for the CZT Detector on MIRAX." In THE TRANSIENT MILKY WAY: A PERSPECTIVE FOR MIRAX. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2216615.

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Wilms, J. "MIRAX Software Aspects." In THE TRANSIENT MILKY WAY: A PERSPECTIVE FOR MIRAX. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2216616.

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Santiago, Valdivino. "On-Board Computing Subsystem for MIRAX: Architectural and Interface Aspects." In THE TRANSIENT MILKY WAY: A PERSPECTIVE FOR MIRAX. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2216617.

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Reports on the topic "Milky Way"

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Amend, Benjamin, and Christopher Fryer. Searching for Ancient Kilonovae in the Milky Way. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1990090.

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Wai, Lawrence. The Search for Milky Way Halo Substructure WIMP Annihilations Using the GLAST LAT. US: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/899209.

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Polisensky, Emil, and Massimo Ricotti. Constraints on the Dark Matter Particle Mass from the Number of Milky Way Satellites. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada522777.

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Bochanski, Jr, John J. M dwarfs in the Local Milky Way: The Field Low-Mass Stellar Luminosity and Mass Functions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/946860.

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Gunchinsuren, Enkhtuvshin, and Christian Abeleda. Measuring the Impact of a Dairy Value Chain Project in Mongolia: A Baseline Study. Asian Development Bank, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230516-2.

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In 2019, the Asian Development Bank approved a project providing Milko Limited Liability Company with a loan facility to support the expansion of the company’s dairy processing, and raw milk and fruit procurement capacities in Ulaanbaatar. This working paper presents the results of the baseline evaluation survey conducted to document current conditions of project beneficiaries—primarily dairy farmers—before the project was implemented. This paper provides and analyzes the baseline data of the beneficiaries, which will be used as inputs for the impact evaluation study that will be carried out at project completion.
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Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.

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The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.
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7

McGuire, Mark A., Amichai Arieli, Israel Bruckental, and Dale E. Bauman. Increasing Mammary Protein Synthesis through Endocrine and Nutritional Signals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574338.bard.

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Objectives To determine endocrine factors that regulate the partitioning of amino acids by the mammary gland. To evaluate dietary flow and supply of energy and amino acids and their effects on milk protein synthesis and endocrine status. To use primary cultures of cow mammary epithelial cells to examine the role of specific factors on the rates and pattern of milk protein synthesis. Milk protein is an increasingly valuable component of milk but little is known regarding the specific hormonal and nutritional factors controlling milk protein synthesis. The research conducted for this project has determined that milk protein synthesis has the potential to be enhanced much greater than previously believed. Increases of over 25% in milk protein percent and yield were detected in studies utilizing abomasal infusion of casein and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Thus, it appears that insulin, either directly or indirectly, can elicit a substantial increase in milk protein synthesis if additional amino acids are supplied. For additional amino acids, casein provided the best response even though substantial decreases in branched chain amino acids occur when the insulin clamp is utilized. Branched chain amino acids alone are incapable of supporting the enhanced milk protein output. The mammary gland can vary both blood flow and extraction efficiency of amino acids to support protein synthesis. A mammary culture system was used to demonstrate specific endocrine effects on milk protein synthesis. Insulin-like growth factor-I when substituted for insulin was able to enhance casein and a-lactalbumin mRNA. This suggests that insulin is a indirect regulator of milk protein synthesis working through the IGF system to control mammary production of casein and a-lactalbumin. Principal component analysis determined that carbohydrate had the greatest effect on milk protein yield with protein supply only having minor effects. Work in cattle determined that the site of digestion of starch did not affect milk composition alone but the degradability of starch and protein in the rumen can interact to alter milk yield. Cows fed diets with a high degree of rumen undegradability failed to specifically enhance milk protein but produced greater milk yield with similar composition. The mammary gland has an amazing ability to produce protein of great value. Research conducted here has demonstrated the unprecedented potential of the metabolic machinery in the mammary gland. Insulin, probably signaling the mammary gland through the IGF system is a key regulator that must be combined with adequate nutrition in order for maximum response.
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8

Barash, Itamar, and Robert E. Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms that Govern Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586474.bard.

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Original objectives: The long term objective of the project is to achieve higher content of protein in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational machinery in the mammary gland. The first specific aim of the BARD proposal was to characterize responsiveness of various experimental systems to combination of lactogenic hormones and amino acids with particular emphasis on discrimination between the control of total protein synthesis and milk protein synthesis. Based on the results, we planned to proceed by characterizing the stage of protein synthesis in which the stimulation by lactogenic hormones and amino acid occur and finally we proposed to identify which components of the translation machinery are modified. Background to the topic: Milk protein is the most valuable component in milk, both for direct human consumption and for manufacturing cheese and other protein-based products. Attempts to augment protein content by the traditional methods of genetic selection and improved nutritional regimes have failed. The proposal was based on recent results suggesting that the limiting factor for augmenting protein synthesis in the bovine mammary gland is the efficiency of converting amino acids to milk proteins. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Insulin and prolactin synergistically stimulate â-casein mRNA translation by cytoplasmatic polyadenylation. The interaction between insulin and prolactin was demonstrated two decades ago as crucial for milk-protein synthesis, but the molecular mechanisms involved were not elucidated. We found in differentiated CID 9 mouse mammary epithelial cells line that insulin and prolactin synergistically increases the rate of milk protein mRNA translation. We focused on â-casein, the major milk protein, and found that the increase in â-casein mRNA translation was reflected in a shift to larger polysomes, indicating an effect on translational initiation. Inhibitors of the PI3K, mTOR, and MAPK pathways blocked insulin-stimulated total protein and â-casein synthesis but not the synergistic stimulation. Conversely, cordycepin, a polyadenylation inhibitor, abolished synergistic stimulation of protein synthesis without affecting insulin-stimulated translation. The poly(A) tract of â-casein mRNA progressively increased over 30 min of treatment with insulin plus prolactin. The 3’-untranslated region of â-casein mRNA was found to contain a cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), and in reporter constructs, this was sufficient for the translational enhancement and mRNA-specific polyadenylation. Furthermore, insulin and prolactin stimulated phosphorylation of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) but did not increase cytoplasmic polyadenylation.
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9

Huber, John Tal, Joshuah Miron, Brent Theurer, Israel Bruckental, and Spencer Swingle. Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568748.bard.

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This research project entitled "Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows" had the following objectives: a) Determine effects of feeding varying amounts of ruminally degradable starch (RDS) on efficiency of milk and milk protein production; and 2) Investigate digestive and metabolic mechanisms relating to lactation responses to diets varying in ruminal and total starch degradability. Four lactation studies with high producing cows were conducted in which steam-flaked (~ 75% RDS) was compared with dry-rolled sorghum (~ 50% RDS) grain. All studies demonstrated increased efficiency of conversion of feed to milk (FCM/DMI) and milk protein as amount of RDS in the diet increased by feeding steam-flaked sorghum. As RDS in diets increased, either by increased steam-flaked sorghum, grinding of sorghum, or increasing the proportion of wheat to sorghum, so also did ruminal and total tract digestibilities of starch and neutral-detergent soluble (NDS) carbohydrate. Despite other research by these two groups of workers showing increased non-ammonia N (NAN) flowing from the rumen to the duodenum with higher RDS, only one of the present studies showed such an effect. Post-absorptive studies showed that higher dietary RDS resulted in greater urea recycling, more propionate absorption, a tendency for greater output of glucose by the liver, and increased uptake of alpha-amino nitrogen by the mammary gland. These studies have shown that processing sorghum grain through steam-flaking increases RDS and results in greater yields and efficiency of production of milk and milk protein in high producing dairy cows.
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10

Varga, Gabriella A., Amichai Arieli, Lawrence D. Muller, Haim Tagari, Israel Bruckental, and Yair Aharoni. Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568103.bard.

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The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.
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