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1
Paredes Valencia, Adriana, Alain Doyen, Scott Benoit, Manuele Margni, and Yves Pouliot. "Effect of Ultrafiltration of Milk Prior to Fermentation on Mass Balance and Process Efficiency in Greek-Style Yogurt Manufacture." Foods 7, no. 9 (September 4, 2018): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods7090144.
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Ultrafiltration (UF) can be used to concentrate yogurt to produce Greek-style yogurt (GSY) (UF-YOG), but this generates acid whey permeate, which is an environmental issue. However, when UF is applied before fermentation (UF-MILK), a nonacidified whey permeate is generated. For this study, two model GSYs (UF-YOG and UF-MILK) were produced to compare the composition, UF performance, and energy consumption of the two processes. For UF-MILK, skim milk was ultrafiltered with a 30 kDa spiral-wound UF membrane to achieve a 3× volume reduction factor (VRF). The retentate was fermented to a pH of 4.5. The UF-YOG process was the same except that regular yogurt was ultrafiltered. Both GSYs had similar protein (~10%) and solid content (~17%). As expected, lactic acid/lactate was not detected in UF-MILK permeate, while 7.3 g/kg was recovered from the UF-YOG permeate. Permeation flux values (11.6 to 13.3 L m−2 h−1) and total flux decline (47% to 50%) were constant during UF-MILK, whereas drastic decreases in these two membrane performance indicators (average flux: 38.5 to 10.9 L m−2 h−1; total flux decline: 2% to 38%) were calculated for UF-YOG. Moreover, for UF-YOG, UF membrane performance never recovered, even when drastic and repeated cleaning steps were applied. Energy consumption was 1.6 kWh/kg GSY and remained constant for UF-MILK, whereas it increased from 0.6 to 1.5 kWh/kg GSY for UF-YOG. Our results show that, although the composition of GSYs was similar for both processes, the UF step of yogurt concentration affected process efficiency due to drastic and permanent membrane fouling.
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CAYLE, THEODORE, JULES H. GUTH, JOHN T. HYNES, EUGENE P. KOLEN, and MAXINE L. STERN. "Penicillin Distribution During Cheese Manufacture and Membrane Treatment of Whey." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 796–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.10.796.
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Milk containing 0.005 U of benzyl 14C-penicillin G was used to make Cheddar cheese, and the whey was subsequently treated with ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO). The distribution of labelled penicillin was monitored throughout milk and whey processing. The antibiotic concentrated in the moisture phases. Eight-six percent was recovered from the whey fraction, and approximately 12% from the cheese. Similar distribution patterns were detected for the whey UF permeate and retentate; 84% of the penicillin was in the permeate, and 19% remained in the retentate. The balance of penicillin was recovered primarily in the RO retentate fraction.
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McSweeney, David J., Valentyn Maidannyk, Sharon Montgomery, James A. O’Mahony, and Noel A. McCarthy. "The Influence of Composition and Manufacturing Approach on the Physical and Rehydration Properties of Milk Protein Concentrate Powders." Foods 9, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020236.
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This study investigated the physical and rehydration properties of milk protein concentrate (MPC) powders with five different protein contents (i.e., 38.9, 53.7, 63.6, 74.1, and 84.7%, w/w) prepared by recombining the ultrafiltration (UF) retentate and UF permeate of skim milk. Powder density and flowability increased, while the powder particle size decreased with decreasing powder protein content. The amount of non-wetting MPC powder decreased with decreasing protein content, demonstrating greater wettability for lower protein powders. At protein contents >65% (w/w), the dispersibility and solubility of the powders decreased significantly, likely due to the greater hydrophobic interactions between casein proteins and a lower concentration of lactose. Therefore, as the protein content of the MPC powders was decreased, their rehydration properties improved. The results obtained in this study provide novel insights into the relationship between the composition of recombined UF retentate and UF permeate streams on the subsequent powder particle size, density, and rehydration properties, and demonstrate that such powders possess similar properties to those prepared using conventional direct membrane filtration.
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Puri, Ritika, Upendra Singh, and James A. O’Mahony. "Influence of Processing Temperature on Membrane Performance and Characteristics of Process Streams Generated during Ultrafiltration of Skim Milk." Foods 9, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111721.
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The effects of processing temperature on filtration performance and characteristics of retentates and permeates produced during ultrafiltration (UF) of skim milk at 5, 20, and 50 °C were investigated. The results indicate that despite higher flux at 50 °C, UF under these conditions resulted in greater fouling and rapid flux decline in comparison with 5 and 20 °C. The average casein micelle diameter was higher in retentate produced at 5 and 20 °C. The retentate analysed at 5 °C displayed higher viscosity and shear thinning behaviour as compared to retentate analysed at 20 and 50 °C. Greater permeation of calcium and phosphorus was observed at 5 and 20 °C in comparison with 50 °C, which was attributed to the inverse relationship between temperature and solubility of colloidal calcium phosphate. Permeation of α-lactalbumin was observed at all processing temperatures, with permeation of β-lactoglobulin also evident during UF at 50 °C. All UF retentates were shown to have plasmin activity, while lower activity was measured in retentate produced at 5 °C. The findings revealed that UF processing temperature influences the physicochemical, rheological, and biochemical properties of, and thereby govern the resulting quality and functionality of, retentate- and permeate-based dairy ingredients.
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I., El-Batawy, Samar Mahdy, and M. Abo El-Naga. "Utilization of Cheese Whey and UF Milk Permeate in Manufacture of Egyptian Baladi Bread." Alexandria Journal of Food Science and Technology 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajfs.2018.16345.
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Fayed, Atef, Mohamed Abo El-Naga, Mohamed Khallaf, and Marwa Eid. "VALUE ADDITION TO FROZEN DESSERTS THROUGH INCORPORATION OF PUMPKIN SOLIDS AND UF MILK PERMEATE." Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences 28, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 857–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2020.153600.
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HAGGERTY, PATRICIA, and NORMAN N. POTTER. "Growth and Death of Selected Microorganisms in Ultrafiltered Milk." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.3.233.
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Studies were made to compare the growth and death of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli in skim milk concentrated by ultrafiltration to that in unconcentrated skim milk. Skim milk was volume concentrated to 2× in laboratory-scale stirred UF cells. Behavior of the organisms was analyzed in four inoculated milk samples: 2× retentate, 1× water-diluted retentate, milk equivalent (retentate plus permeate) and unconcentrated skim milk. Growth of each organism and of total aerobes did not vary in the four milk samples at either 7 or 13°C. For S. faecalis and E. coli, D-values for samples heated to 62.7°C did not significantly differ in the four milk samples (p>0.01). The D-value of S. aureus in water-diluted retentate was slightly but significantly lower than those in the other three milk samples (p<0.01), possibly due to the lowered lactose level in this sample.
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KORNACKI, JEFFREY L., and ELMER H. MARTH. "Thermal Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus in Retentates from Ultrafiltered Milk." Journal of Food Protection 52, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-52.9.631.
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Cells of Staphylococcus aureus strains 196E, 481, and 425 were thermally stressed at 56°C for 10 min in milk and enumerated on Plate Count Agar (PCA), Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), and PCA with an overlay of MSA. PCA recovered more S. aureus 196E and 481 than did PCA/MSA, which recovered more than MSA. PCA/MSA recovered slightly more S. aureus 425 than did PCA, which recovered more than MSA. At 58°C, in order of decreasing heat resistance, the four strains of S. aureus originally isolated from food were 425 > 100 and 481 > 196E. Their D-values were 26,14,13, and 3.0 min, respectively. S. aureus 425 was more heat resistant in the stationary than in the log phase when heated at 58°C in whole milk. Heat resistance at 58°C increased overall during the stationary growth phase, but was fairly stable when the culture was from 17 to 25 h or from 41 to 49 h old. S. aureus 425 exhibited no consistent differences in heat resistance in concentrated (4X by volume) and unconcentrated skim or whole milk. Adjustments of protein (3.5–4.0% to 12.6–16%), milkfat (0.28–1.12% to 10%), and lactose (ca. 4.5–5.0% to ca. 14.5–15%) contents of milk and 4X (volume concentration) UF milk retentates afforded no significant thermal protection to S. aureus 425. Diafiltration of 4X skim milk reduced thermal protection of S. aureus 425 in the retentate over that of unconcentrated skim milk of the same lot when tested at 63 and 74°C. S. aureus 425 had greatest D-values (min) in skim milk (0.36 ± 0.05) and permeate (0.30 ± 0.14) followed by permeate from diafiltration (0.28 ± 0.06) when tested at 63°C.
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Salunke, Prafulla, Chenchaiah Marella, and Lloyd E. Metzger. "Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Process to Produce Micellar Casein and Milk Protein Concentrates with 80% Crude Protein Content: Partitioning of Various Protein Fractions and Constituents." Dairy 2, no. 3 (July 19, 2021): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy2030029.
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The objective of the study reported in this research paper was to produce micellar casein concentrate (MCC) and milk protein concentrate (MPC) with 80% crude protein relative to total solids (TS) using MF and UF processes respectively. Additionally, capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) was used to study the protein fractions in retentate and permeate. For MCC production, 227 L of pasteurized SM was subjected to MF using 0.5-micron spiral wound polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. During the process, diafiltration (DF) water was added at six intervals, totaling 100% of the feed volume. For MPC production, 227 L of pasteurized SM from the same lot was subjected to UF using 10 kDa Polyethersulfone membranes. During the process, DF water was added at four different intervals, with a final total addition of 40% of the feed volume. Both processes used a volume reduction of five. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences in all of the compositional parameters, except fat and casein for the MF retentate (MFR) and UF retentate (UFR). UFR had a higher crude protein (CP), TS, lactose, ash and calcium content as compared to MFR and this affected the CP/TS ratio found in both the retentates. The differences in membrane pore sizes, operating pressures and level of DF used all contributed to the differences in final CP/TS ratio obtained. The CGE analysis of individual protein fractions present in the UFR and MFR showed that UFR has a β-lactaglobulin to α-lactalbumin (α-LA) ratio similar to SM, whereas the MFR has a higher ratio, indicating preferential transmission for α-LA by the MF membrane. The results from this study show that MF and UF processes could be used for production of MCC and MPC with similar CP/TS ratio with careful selection of operating parameters, and that CGE can be used for detailed analysis of various protein fractions.
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Özcan, Merve, Ece Büyükgümüş, and Selda Bulca. "Membran Seperasyon Tekniklerinin Süt Teknolojisinde Kullanımı ve Süt Ürünlerindeki Etkileri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, no. 11 (November 29, 2022): 2115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10i11.2115-2124.5188.
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Membrane separation techniques are used to separate certain components (protein, fat, water, etc.) in liquid products such as milk and to obtain these components in pure form, and also to remove microorganisms in these liquid products. In addition, these techniques are used to concentrate milk in the dairy industry. In membrane separation, components pass through pores of a certain size and are separated according to molecular weights. The basic principle in separation techniques is based on the fact that the liquid is passed through the pores of the membrane under certain pressure, the desired components (retantat) are kept in the pores and other components (permeate) pass through the membrane. The techniques used are grouped into four main categories: Microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and hyperfiltration (reverse osmosis). Among the advantages of the membrane separation technique are the low electricity consumption, the possibility of use in various areas, and the fact that it does not cause undesired changes in the product characteristics. There are disadvantages such as the cost of initial installation, fouling of the membrane pores, and the membrane cleaning takes a long time.
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Bick, A., J. G. P. Tuttle, S. Shandalov, and G. Oron. "Immersed Membrane BioReactor (IMBR) for treatment of combined domestic and dairy wastewater in an isolated farm." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 10 (May 1, 2005): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0382.
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In many regions dairy farms and milk processing industries discharge large quantities of their wastes to the surroundings posing serious environmental risks. This problem is mostly faced in small dairy farms and isolated communities lacking both central collection and conventional wastewater treatment systems. Dairy wastewater is characterized by high concentrations of organic matter, solids, nutrients, as well as fractions of dissolved inorganic pollutants, exceeding those levels considered typical for high strength domestic wastewaters. With the purpose of treating the combined dairy and domestic wastewater from a small dairy farm in the Negev Desert of Israel, the use of a recent emerging technology of Immersed Membrane BioReactor (IMBR) was evaluated over the course of 500 test hours, under a variety of wastewater feed quality conditions (during the test periods, the feed BOD5 ranged from 315 ppm up to 4,170 ppm). The overall performance of a pilot-scale Ultrafiltration (UF) IMBR process for a combined domestic and dairy wastewater was analyzed based on the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The IMBR performance in terms of membrane performance (permeate flux, transmembrane pressure, and organic removal) and DEA model (Technical Efficiency) was acceptable. DEA is an empirically based methodology and the research approach has been found to be effective in the depiction and analysis for complex systems, where a large number of mutual interacting variables are involved.
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Kaombe, Divina D., Yanhong Du, and Michael J. Lewis. "Mineral partitioning in milk and milk permeates at high temperature." Journal of Dairy Research 79, no. 1 (September 13, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029911000616.
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The soluble phase of milk was separated at 20 and 80°C using ultrafiltration. The resulting permeates were then subjected to further ultrafiltration and dialysis at close to these two temperatures. It was found that pH, Ca2+ and soluble Ca decreased as the separation temperature increased both in original UF permeates and in dialysates obtained from these permeates, but P decreased only slightly. The major reason for these changes was due to the precipitation of calcium phosphate/citrate complexes onto the casein micelle with concomitant release of H+. The pH of both permeates and dialysates from milk at 20°C were slightly higher than for milk. When UF permeates collected at 20 and 80°C, were each dialysed at both these temperatures, the dialysate collected at 80°C showed much less temperature dependence for pH and ionic calcium compared with that collected at 20°C. This is in contrast to milk, which shows considerable temperature dependence for pH and ionic calcium. Further experiments revealed that the pH and Ca2+ concentration of permeates showed high temperature dependence above the temperature at which they were separated, but a much lower temperature dependence below that temperature. These findings suggest that dialysis and UF of milk at high temperature provide the best means yet for estimating the pH and ionic calcium of milk at that temperature.
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Yalcin, F., I. Koyuncu, I. Oztürk, and D. Topacik. "Pilot Scale UF and RO Studies on Water Reuse in Corrugated Board Industry." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1999): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0604.
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The coloured effluents from pulp and paper mill industry are treated anaerobically and/or aerobically by a two stage membrane system with high efficiency. Three different types of membranes (UF and RO (BW and SW)) were used in the experiments. Surface area of each membrane was 2 m2. The combination of ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) treatment achieve a very high removals of COD (98-99%), colour and conductivity. At the end of a single pass with RO using seawater (SW) membrane, the initial COD, colour and conductivity values were reduced to 10–20 mg/l, 0–100 Pt-Co units and 200–300 μs/cm, respectively. The influent, UF permeate, RO permeates for brackish water (BW) and seawater (SW) membranes were 6000–6700 μs/cm, 5500–5900 μs/cm and 200–300 μs/cm, respectively. Excellent conductivity rejections were obtained in the UF and RO membrane systems. Almost complete colour removals were achieved in the RO experiments with SW membranes. RO studies with BW membranes were also performed with the same permeate from the first stage UF study. The observed flux has declined with time and membranes were cleaned periodically to maintain a constant flux. Applying this advanced membrane treatment technology, it is clear that about 60 percent of the process water can be recycled in the investigated industry.
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Quezada, Rafael, Claudio Mudado Silva, Ana Augusta Passos Rezende, Leif Nilsson, and Mauro Manfredi. "Membrane treatment of the bleaching plant (EPO) filtrate of a kraft pulp mill." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 5 (July 2, 2014): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.304.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of membrane technology to treat oxygen and peroxide-reinforced extraction stage (EPO) filtrate from a kraft pulp mill bleach plant. Three different types of tubular membranes were tested in a pilot plant: (i) tight ultrafiltration (UF); (ii) open UF followed by nanofiltration (UF + NF); and (iii) nanofiltration (NF). According to the separation performance, considering the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and colour removal, permeate flux, operational simplicity and cost, the results indicated that the best option for treatment of (EPO) filtrates was the tight UF membrane. This membrane obtained a COD removal of 79% with a colour reduction of 86%. The effect of (EPO) filtrate UF treatment on the mill effluent treatment plant was evaluated. Compared with the actual mill effluent, the results indicated that if the UF permeate was recycled in the bleaching area, the COD reduction efficiency increased by 7%, the final effluent colour decreased by 8%, the biological sludge production decreased by 18%, and the energy consumption decreased by 40%. In the tertiary treatment plant, the coagulant dosage decreased by 40%, and the tertiary sludge production decreased by 46%.
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Sierka, R. A., S. P. Cooper, and P. S. Pagoria. "Ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis treatment of an acid stage wastewater." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (February 1, 1997): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0507.
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The Weyerhaeuser Grande Prairie pulp mill produces 300,000 tons per year of bleached kraft for the tissue and specialty grade paper markets. Alberta Environmental Protection has given the mill stringent limits for Color (90 kilograms/admt) BOD (3 kg/admt), TSS (5 kg/admt), and AOX (1.5 kg/admt). Several technologies and combinations are being studied to ensure that the mill meets future requirements to minimize environmental impact including: oxygen delignification, ozone treatment, chemical coagulation, and membrane separation. The specific research objectives were to: (1) employ ultrafiltration techniques to separate the Do wastewater into various molecular size fractions and to characterize each in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and color, (2) to quantify the ability of a UF membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 8,000 Daltons (D) to reject TOC and color at three temperatures (20°, 30° and 40°C) and three wastewater pH levels (2.4, 5.3 and 7.0), and (3) to quantify the effect of 5 μm cartridge filtration and UF pretreatment on the flux and rejection characteristics of a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. The following summarizes the results of this research. 1) Chemical characterization after separation showed that 59% of the TOC is comprised of molecules with a molecular size of less than 1,000 D but, only 20% of the color is due to these molecules. 2) Increasing the processing temperature in the range 20 to 40°C positively impacted permeate flux rate, however, water quality was not significantly affected. 3) UF processing at pH 7.0 above the pKa (5.3), increased the permeation rate but at a wastewater pH below (2.4), the converse was true. 4) Pretreatment by either 5 μm filtration or UF followed by RO yielded a permeate equal in quality, however, permeate flux rates were higher with UF treatment.
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Conidi, Egea-Corbacho, and Cassano. "A Combination of Aqueous Extraction and Polymeric Membranes as a Sustainable Process for the Recovery of Polyphenols from Olive Mill Solid Wastes." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 12, 2019): 1868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111868.
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Polyamide commercial membranes in flat-sheet configuration and with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) in the range of ultrafiltration (UF) to nanofiltration (NF) were tested for the recovery of phenolic compounds from clarified olive mill solid waste (OMSW) aqueous extracts. The performance of selected membranes was evaluated in terms of productivity (permeate flux) and selectivity towards biologically active compounds (such as phenolic compounds, flavanols, and hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) as a function of transmembrane pressure (TMP). NF membranes produced higher permeate fluxes and a lower fouling index in comparison with UF membranes. Retention of bioactive compounds was also significantly higher for NF membranes than for UF membranes. In particular, membranes with MWCO in the range 150–500 Da showed rejection towards flavanols and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives of about 100%. On the other hand, the rejection towards TAA and total polyphenols was of about 90% and 72%, respectively. Therefore, NF retentate fractions appear of practical interest for the production of food additives and food supplements due to their high antioxidant activity.
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Condezo Castro, Tatiana Aurora, Claudio Mudadu Silva, Jorge Luiz Colodette, and Ann H. Mounteer. "Biological treatment and ultrafiltration of woodchip pre-hydrolysis liquor from dissolving pulp mills." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 33, no. 2 (July 26, 2018): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2018-3022.
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Abstract Dissolving pulps could be considered as the future biorefineries, which normally generate liquor during the wood chip pre-hydrolysis (PHL). PHL has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Mills do not have efficient means for disposal of PHL, being in general burned in the recovery boiler with a high cost due to its low consistency. The objectives of this work were to evaluate i) the biotreatability of PHL and the effects it would have on a kraft mill effluent biological treatment plant and ii) the use of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane to treat the PHL prior to biological treatment. PHL was generated into lab with a hydrothermal process and was mixed with kraft pulp mill effluent in different proportions and added to sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The SBRs achieved high rates of COD removal (>75 %). However, treated effluent COD increased with the increase in PHL dose. This treatment using UF membranes reduced the COD load. Biotreatability of the UF permeate was higher than that of PHL. UF retentate, with 28 % of the volume and a much higher solids content than the initial PHL, would have a significantly lower evaporation energy demand if sent to the black liquor evaporators.
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Dagar, Sumit, Santosh Kumar Singh, and Manoj Kumar Gupta. "Integration of Pre-Treatment with UF/RO Membrane Process for Waste Water Recovery and Reuse in Agro-Based Pulp and Paper Industry." Membranes 13, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020199.
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This recent study aims to evaluate the efficacy of membrane filtration on recovery of water resource from agro-waste such as bagasse, crop-based pulp and paper mill waste. A mini pilot scale membrane system having a combination of pre-treatment filter unit (pre-filter, sediment filter and pre-carbon filter), ultra-filtration and reverse osmosis with spiral wound configuration were employed to evaluate the water reuse efficacy of effluent coming from the secondary clarifier of the conventional treatment plant of the mill. The operational conditions were optimized using Taguchi method at pH 8, temperature 32 °C, and pressure 2 bar and a flow rate of 60 l/hr. The qualities of the effluent from the secondary clarifier, and the permeate from both the combination, viz. Combination 1 (pre-treatment + ultra-filtration) and Combination 2 (pre-treatment + ultra-filtration+ reverse osmosis) were analyzed and the percentage reduction in pH, TDS, TSS, BOD, COD, Color, Lignin, Potassium and Sodium were calculated. The elimination of TDS, COD and BOD with Combination 1 was not promising (<22%). However, the installation of a RO membrane greatly reduced (>88%) the contaminants in both paper mill effluents. The obtained qualities of water from all the combinations were compared with the tolerance standard for reuse as process water. The quality of effluent from the secondary clarifier did not agree with any class of water quality. The permeate from the combination of pre-treatment and UF sufficiently reduced the TSS to reach the requirement. However, the combination of (pre-treatment + UF + RO) adequately complied with the quality standard required for reuse in the making of all grades of paper.
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Ribeiro, B., I. Torrado, S. Di Berardino, S. M. Paixão, M. J. Rusan, A. Bani Amer, S. Zuraiqi, and A. Eusébio. "Jet-loop reactor with cross-flow ultrafiltration membrane system for treatment of olive mill wastewater." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.004.
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Abstract Olive oil extraction is one of the ancient agricultural industries all over the Mediterranean area and even today it is of fundamental economic importance for many industries found over the whole Mediterranean. However, this industry generates large amounts of olive mill wastewater (OMW) and due to its physicochemical characteristics it causes severe environmental concerns and management problems in the Mediterranean area, which is facing water scarcity. Technologies to reuse this wastewater will have a high impact at the economic and environmental level. The work presented aims to improve the use of jet-loop reactors technology for the aerobic biotreatment of OMW. A jet-loop reactor (100 L) coupled with an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane (MBR) system (JACTO.MBR_100 L) were tested for the influence of hydraulic parameters on OMW degradation and scale-up to 1,000 L. Chemical oxygen demand and total phenols (TP) decreased notably (up to 85% and 80% removal efficiency, respectively) after the biological treatment. The treated OMW (UF permeate) was evaluated as a source for irrigation and its impact on the soil and plant growth and their quality parameters.
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Ahmad, Mohd Azwan, Bidattul Syirat Zainal, Nashrah Hani Jamadon, Thomas Choong Shean Yaw, and Luqman Chuah Abdullah. "Filtration analysis and fouling mechanisms of PVDF membrane for POME treatment." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 10, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2020.101.
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Abstract Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a hazardous wastewater which contains high organic constituents and salt concentrations. The ultrafiltration (UF) process is a promising treatment design used for secondary treatment such as POME. However, membrane fouling is the major problem which limits the performance of the UF. This paper describes a detailed investigation of polyvinylidiene fluoride (PVDF) membrane for the treatment of POME. The fouling behavior was analyzed by water flux, fouling mechanism, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution (PSD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). It was found that a significant reduction in the permeate flux was caused by the build up of a fouling layer. Study on the fouling mechanism shows that cake filtration dominated the fouling activities on the membrane surface, compared to standard blocking, intermediate blocking, and complete blocking. This result is supported by membrane autopsy through SEM, PSD and EDX.
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Zaidi, A., H. Buisson, S. Sourirajan, and H. Wood. "Ultra- and Nano-Filtration in Advanced Effluent Treatment Schemes for Pollution Control in the Pulp and Paper Industry." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (May 1, 1992): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0254.
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The kraft pulp and paper industry is currently faced with the challenge of substantially reducing the discharge of conventional and toxic pollutants to the receiving environment without compromising its competitiveness. Ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) are among the various unit processes that are being investigated by researchers interested in developing alternative schemes for meeting this challenge. The objectives of the work presented here were: (i) to review the potential uses for UF and NF in the kraft pulp and paper industry and (ii) to evaluate the performance of eleven UF and NF membranes using a caustic extraction stage effluent from a kraft mill pulping softwood with a O D55/C45 EO H D bleaching sequence. The experimental work was conducted with two flat-sheets bench-scale units fed in parallel: a low shear and a high shear unit. The most promising UF membrane gave an average permeate flux of 9 m3m2d for a volume reduction factor (VRF) of 30, under high-shear conditions at 0.69 MPa. The associated COD rejections ranged from 85%–90% at a VRF of 1 down to 70–75% at a VRF of 30. While the results demonstrated in this study show promise, further research is needed to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of both high-shear and low-shear equipment for this application as well as options for the reuse or treatment of the diluted and concentrated streams produced by the UF/NF systems.
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Mänttäri, M., M. Kallioinen, A. Pihlajamäki, and M. Nyström. "Industrial membrane processes in the treatment of process waters and liquors." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 1653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.940.
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A review on pulp and paper industrial membrane processes using a variety of modules and processes is presented. Membranes are mostly used today to purify process waters and to recover coating colours. Ultrafiltration using tubular membrane modules or cross-rotational (CR) filtration has been widely applied for the purification of process waters. The reuse of UF membrane permeate has decreased the fresh water consumption to lower than 6 m3/t of paper in some paper machines. Some industrial membrane processes also recover valuable products from different streams (e.g lignosulphonates). Membranes are also combined with biological degradation processes in some paper mills. Nanofiltration has been used to purify the effluents discharged from the activated sludge process. At least two reverse osmosis plants purify river water to be used as raw water in the mill. Furthermore, advantages of different membrane modules and the current ways to treat membrane concentrate are discussed.
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Wang, Jin, Qaisar Mahmood, Jiang-Ping Qiu, Yin-Sheng Li, Yoon-Seong Chang, Li-Na Chi, and Xu-Dong Li. "Zero Discharge Performance of an Industrial Pilot-Scale Plant Treating Palm Oil Mill Effluent." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/617861.
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Palm oil is one of the most important agroindustries in Malaysia. Huge quantities of palm oil mill effluent (POME) pose a great threat to aqueous environment due to its very high COD. To make full use of discharged wastes, the integrated “zero discharge” pilot-scale industrial plant comprising “pretreatment-anaerobic and aerobic process-membrane separation” was continuously operated for 1 year. After pretreatment in the oil separator tank, 55.6% of waste oil in raw POME could be recovered and sold and anaerobically digested through 2 AnaEG reactors followed by a dissolved air flotation (DAF); average COD reduced to about 3587 mg/L, and biogas production was 27.65 times POME injection which was used to generate electricity. The aerobic effluent was settled for 3 h or/and treated in MBR which could remove BOD3(30°C) to less than 20 mg/L as required by Department of Environment of Malaysia. After filtration by UF and RO membrane, all organic compounds and most of the salts were removed; RO permeate could be reused as the boiler feed water. RO concentrate combined with anaerobic surplus sludge could be used as biofertilizer.
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Kołtuniewicz, A. "The new concept of flux enhancement during cell separation with MF/UF processes." Water Supply 1, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2001): 381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0137.
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The microfiltration and ultrafiltration processes are considered as matured membrane processes that are well established in industrial practice. Nevertheless, the main obstacles of their further development in the new competitive implementations are the economical problems. The key economic factors are permeate flux and energy consumption. However, although the cross-flow systems enable us to attain higher flux, it is usually very expensive. The high energy is consumed to maintain circulation velocity of the retentate that is sufficient for sweeping out the retained component from the membrane surface. Moreover in the case of cells separation the high intensity of the fouling and low cake permeability makes it necessary to apply additional efforts, such as backflushing, backpulsing, promoters of turbulence, vibrations, ultrasounds and many other. Therefore, dead-end systems are still quite competitive with cross-flow, especially for diluted (less than 0.5% of dry mass) suspensions or solutions. Cell separation with membranes is one of the most vivid problems for modern biotechnology, wastewater and water treatment. Membranes offer mild process conditions and high selectivity of separation. This enables us to solve a variety of problems such as cell culturing, fractionation, concentration, purification and sterilisation. The selected cells may be precisely separated from other components of broth and subsequently directed into the reaction space again in good conditions to ensure a quasi-continuous mode of operation. Moreover, membranes enable us to attain high efficiency of the bioconversion by removal of all product and inhibitors directly from the bioreactor. This is the reason for the huge interest in cell separation with membranes. The idea of the paper was to present the new concept of flux enhancement for cell separation on membranes. This concept lies in taking advantage of the specific rheological nature of biopolymers, which are the main foulants. The biopolymers retained on the membrane surface (i.e. on the top layer) can be applied as a lubricant for the cells that can settle on such a ‘movable layer’. As is shown, further in the paper, the thickness of the moving layer is lower and the flux is greater. The common movement of the cells and gel layer is very convenient from the cells integrity point of view. However the hydrodynamic conditions always play an important role in cross-flow systems; the resistance of ultrafiltration membranes may be reduced much more when compared with more open microfiltration membranes.
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Abo El-Naga, Mohamed, Atef Fayed, Mohamed Khallaf, and Marwa Eid. "VALUE ADDITION TO FROZEN DESSERTS THROUGH INCORPORATION OF PUMPKIN SOLIDS AND UF MILK PERMEATE." Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences, August 20, 2020, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ajs.2020.29556.1202.
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Ng, W. Q., S. O. Lai, K. C. Chong, S. S. Lee, C. H. Koo, and W. C. Chong. "Reduction of Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity and Colour of Palm Oil Mill Effluent using Hybrid Coagulation-Fltrafiltration Process." Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology 23, no. 1 (December 5, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/amst.v23n1.144.
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High consumption and production of palm oil have led to the massive generation of palm oil mill effluent (POME). This study was intended to reduce the total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and colour using hybrid coagulation-ultrafiltration process. POME was pre-treated with coagulation process using polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and optimization of operating condition for coagulation process was performed. The coagulation results revealed that optimum pH, dosage of coagulant and rapid mixing speed were pH 4, 600 mg/L and 200 rpm, respectively. It achieved the highest percent reduction of TSS, turbidity and colour with 99.74%, 94.44% and 94.60%, respectively. Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane was fabricated using polyethersulfone (PES), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle. Different concentrations ranging from zero and 1.0 wt% of TiO2 nanoparticles were added into the dope solution. The characterization studies of UF membranes confirmed that higher concentration of TiO2 provided higher pure water permeability and more porous structure in the UF membranes. The amount of TiO2 in membrane only affected the permeate flux but had no obvious effects on the reduction of TSS, turbidity and colour. The optimum transmembrane pressure was found to be 3 bar, resulting in the greatest reduction of TSS, turbidity and colour.
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Innocenzi, Valentina, Giuseppe Mazziotti di Celso, and Marina Prisciandaro. "Techno-economic analysis of olive wastewater treatment with a closed water approach by integrated membrane processes and advanced oxidation processes." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, December 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2020.066.
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Abstract In this paper, a reliable treatment process for olive mill wastewaters (OMWW) is proposed. In order to develop a more sustainable process with polyphenols recovery and water reuse, two treatment schemes have been simulated by using a process simulator (SuperPro Designer®), depending on wastewater characteristics; the first applied for ‘biological’ effluents by using membrane technology (microfiltration MF, ultrafiltration UF, nanofiltration NF and reverse osmosis RO), the second for wastewaters containing pesticides, in which RO is replaced with an advanced oxidation process for pesticide degradation. The results of the process analysis showed that the final permeate is a treated water suitable for both disposal in aquatic receptors and for civil or agriculture reuse. Moreover, the results of a techno-economic analysis of the proposed processes is presented, carried out by means of a life cycle cost analysis, considering the mass and energy balances obtained from process analysis. The analysis showed that the first scenario is more economically feasible. In detail, the treatment cost (€/m3 of OMWW) was 253 and 292 €/m3 for the first and second case study, respectively. However, the second process scheme result is inappropriate if the wastewater to be treated does not come from biological olive processing.