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Nisaa, Racma. "Calculation Of Coliform Number Using Most Probable Number (MPN) Methods On Soy Milk Sold in Pogot Area Of Surabaya." Journal of Stem Cell Research and Tissue Engineering 4, no. 1 (August 26, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jscrte.v4i1.21591.
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The quality of drinks is one of the problems that exist in society, especially because of bacterial contamination of drinks that often occurs in developing countries. One of them is soy milk drinks that are contaminated by bacteria including those sold by street vendors in the Pogot area of Surabaya. Based on the background description in this study can be formulated as follows: Is the number of Most Probable Number (MPN) Coliform in soy milk sold by street vendors in the Pogot area of Surabaya fulfill the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 7388: 2009? The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of Coliform in soy milk sold by street vendors in the Pogot area of Surabaya compared to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 7388: 2009 regarding the maximum limit of microbial contamination in food. This study used a descriptive study design that soy milk sold by street vendors in the Pogot area of Surabaya was the population. Samples were used as many as 16 samples from 4 street vendors, each of which was taken 4 then laboratory-tested and analyzed using percentages. Based on the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 7388: 2009, the limit of contamination of the Most Probable Number (MPN) Coliform in soy milk is 20 / ml. Based on the results of the research of 4 soy milk traders there were 2 traders whose the results fulfilled the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and 2 traders whose the results didn't fulfill the requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). So 50% were eligible (MS) and 50% were not eligible (TMS).
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Carpinelli, Francis. "Merchant Neighbors of the More Family on Milk Street." Moreana 50 (Number 193-, no. 3-4 (December 2013): 229–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2013.50.3-4.12.
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This paper provides basic research on eleven individuals who were neighbors of the More family living on Milk Street in London from roughly the 1490s into the 1530s. All but one were Mercers and all belonged to the Merchant Adventurers, who dealt in overseas trade. The most famous were Sir Thomas Kitson, Sir James Yarford, and Sir Richard Gresham. They, and some of the other neighbors, can be tied in various ways with Thomas More. This is especially true from about 1509, after More himself was admitted to the guild. The paper argues that More’s service began even earlier, back to at least 1505, when he helped the Mercers with land transactions, as they planned to build their new hall and chapel. For almost all of his adult life – right up to when he resigned from the Lord Chancellorship in 1532 – Thomas More was involved in the affairs of his fellow guild members and his very rich neighbors.
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Konar, Nevzat, Iraz Haspolat Kaya, Sevim Dalabasmaz, Ender Sinan Poyrazoğlu, and Nevzat Artik. "Street milk and urban consumers in Turkey: a descriptive study." Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit 9, no. 1 (December 10, 2013): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00003-013-0854-8.
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Akhtar, Saeed, Tariq Ismail, Muhammad Riaz, Muhammad Shahbaz, and Khalid Amin. "Minerals and heavy metals in raw and ultra heat treated commercial milks in Pakistan." International Journal of Food and Allied Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 15, 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21620/ijfaas.2015118-24.
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The study was aimed at assessment of heavy metals in street vended raw and branded milk to identify possible gateways of milk toxicity. 15 samples of processed and 24 of raw milk were collected from Multan city. Atomic absorption spectrometry revealed milk offered for sale in the region to be potentially contaminated with higher levels of some most critical elements i.e. Pb (0.048 – 0.418mgL<sup>-1</sup>), Cd (0.0015 - 0.125 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), Ni (0.044 - 0.294 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), and Cu (0.0037 - 0.273 mgL<sup>-1</sup>). Exceptionally higher levels of Cd (0.102 mgL<sup>-1</sup>) were recovered in street vended raw milk as compared to processed branded milk (0.042 mgL<sup>-1</sup>). The study signified deleterious outcomes of industrial and agricultural revolution parallel to poor phyto-sanitory and sanitary measures during animal feeding and milking. The study suggest comprehensive and nationwide survey to identify the metal polluted red zones, their toxicity levels and milk intoxicating channels either from environment, animal feed or water.
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Akhtar, Saeed, Tariq Ismail, Muhammad Riaz, Muhammad Shahbaz, and Khalid Amin. "Minerals and heavy metals in raw and ultra heat treated commercial milks in Pakistan." International Journal of Food and Allied Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 15, 2015): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21620/ijfaas.v1i1.4.
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The study was aimed at assessment of heavy metals in street vended raw and branded milk to identify possible gateways of milk toxicity. 15 samples of processed and 24 of raw milk were collected from Multan city. Atomic absorption spectrometry revealed milk offered for sale in the region to be potentially contaminated with higher levels of some most critical elements i.e. Pb (0.048 – 0.418mgL<sup>-1</sup>), Cd (0.0015 - 0.125 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), Ni (0.044 - 0.294 mgL<sup>-1</sup>), and Cu (0.0037 - 0.273 mgL<sup>-1</sup>). Exceptionally higher levels of Cd (0.102 mgL<sup>-1</sup>) were recovered in street vended raw milk as compared to processed branded milk (0.042 mgL<sup>-1</sup>). The study signified deleterious outcomes of industrial and agricultural revolution parallel to poor phyto-sanitory and sanitary measures during animal feeding and milking. The study suggest comprehensive and nationwide survey to identify the metal polluted red zones, their toxicity levels and milk intoxicating channels either from environment, animal feed or water.
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Wafy, Yasser sabry. "INCIDENCE OF SENSITIVITY OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI IN RAW AND POWDERED MILK TO SOME ANTIBIOTICS GROUPS USED IN EGYPT." Bacterial Empire 3, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/be.2020.3.4.88-91.
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A total of 120 random samples of raw milk were collected from dairy farms, farmers houses, street vendors and milk powder ( 30 samples each ) in clean, dry and sterile containers from different localities in Assiut city , Egypt . From January to October , 2018. The results showed that the Incidence of Helicobacter species in the examined raw milk collected from ( dairy farms , farmers houses , street vendors ) and milk powder samples were 4 (1.33 %) , 3 ( 1.00% ) , 5 (1.66 % ) and 1 ( 0.33 % ) respectively , While the Incidence of Helicobacter pylori in the same samples of examined raw milk and milk powder samples were 2 (0.66 %) , 2 ( 0.66% ) , 3 (1.00 % ) and 0 ( 0.00 % ) respectively , That means that the frequency distribution of Helicobacter pylori to Helicobacter species in the examined raw milk and milk powder samples were 50 ,66.6,60 and 0.00 % respectively , and the Degree of sensitivity of Helicobacter pylori to both Tetracycline 30mg , Cephalothine 30 mg and Ampicillin 10 μg were high sensitive ( 100 % ) , while that the Degree of sensitivity of it to Clarithromycin 15 mg and Erythromycin 5 μg were moderate sensitive (75%) and low sensitive to Augmentin 10 mg (50%) . in other hand Helicobacter pylori were Resistant to both Amoxicillin 10 mg and Unasyn 20 mg .The healthy importance of Helicobacter pylori and methods of control are discussed.
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LUISJUAN-MORALES, ANGELICA, RICARDO ALANIZ-DE LA O., MARIA E. VÁZQUEZ-SANDOVAL, and BEATRIZ T. ROSAS-BARBOSA. "Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Milk in Guadalajara, Mexico." Journal of Food Protection 58, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-58.10.1139.
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The frequency of L. monocytogenes and other species of Listeria was determined in 100 samples of raw milk obtained from street vendors and retail stores located in the city of Guadalajara, Mexico. Listeria innocua and Listeria welshimeri were isolated from 7 and 2 samples, respectively, whereas L. monocytogenes was not isolated from any samples.
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Mohd Nawawee, Nur Syakirah, Nur Faizah Abu Bakar, and Siti Shahara Zulfakar. "Microbiological Safety of Street-Vended Beverages in Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224463.
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Improper handling, poor hygienic practices, and lack of environmental control affect the safety of street-vended beverages. The objective of this study is to determine the bacterial contamination level of three types of beverages (cordial-based drinks, milk-based drinks, fruit juices) sold by street vendors at Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur. A total of 31 samples of beverages were analyzed to determine total viable count (TVC), total coliform, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus counts via the standard plate count method. The results showed that only 9.7% of the total samples were not contaminated with the tested microorganisms. All milk-based drink samples were positive for TVC and also had the highest average bacterial counts at 5.30 ± 1.11 log Colony Forming Unit/mL (CFU/mL). About 71% of the samples were contaminated with total coliform with the average readings ranging between 4.30 and 4.75 log CFU/mL, whereas 58.1% of the samples were positive with S. aureus, with fruit juices having the highest average reading (3.42 ± 1.15 log CFU/mL). Only one sample (milk-based drink) was E. coli positive. This study showed that the microbiological safety level of street-vended beverages in Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur was average and needs to be improved. Provision of food safety education and adequate sanitary facilities at vending sites are suggested to increase the safety of food products.
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BRYAN, FRANK L., PAUL TEUFEL, SHAHID RIAZ, SABIHA ROOHI, FAHMIDA QADAR, and ZAKA-UR-REHMAN MALIK. "Hazards and Critical Control Points of Street-Vending Operations in a Mountain Resort Town in Pakistan." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.9.701.
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Hazard analyses (which included watching operations, measuring temperatures of foods throughout preparation and display, and sampling and testing for microorganisms of concern) were conducted of vending operations of chicken, rice, pulse patties, and ice cream in a resort town in Pakistan. Salmonellae were isolated from ground meat, chicken flesh (from all operations surveyed), cutting boards, egg shells (eggs used in pulse patties), and buffalo milk (used for milk shakes). Greater than 105 coliform bacteria were isolated from raw milk, ice-cream mixes and products, and pulse-patty mix. Time-temperature exposure during cooking was adequate to kill salmonellae, but there were potentials for recontamination from cutting boards, knives, and hands of the vendor. Buffalo milk was held in a freezer and not boiled by the vendor as is usual in Pakistani homes to retard spoilage. Hence, because pathogens were not killed, milk shakes were a health risk. Pulse patties were not always thoroughly cooked, so pathogens could have survived. Holding stacks of them on a griddle for several hours would have allowed germination and growth of bacterial spores and growth of resulting cells. Health agency personnel in developing countries, vendors, and consumers of these foods need to be informed of the hazards and appropriate preventive measures.
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Ombeni, Justin Birhashwirwa, Lilly Nabintu Peru, Theodore Mushambanyi Munyuli, Antoine Aksanti Lwango, Tresor Bahihima Mwangi, Fideline Tchombe Nabintu, Espoir Mulumeoderwa Izuba, and Marcellin Ndaye Betu. "The BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF STREET FOODS VENDED IN BUKAVU CITY: POTENTIAL HEALTH RISKS TO CONSUMERS OF SOUTH KIVU PROVINCE, EASTERN D.R. CONGO." Bacterial Empire 1, no. 1 (September 7, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/be.2018.1.1.13-21.
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Foods vended in roadsides of our African cities is a reality and constitute a major problem of public health starting the multiplicity and diversity of microbial flora that they carry. To address these challenges, this study was performed to control the hygienic quality of street foods vended in urban zones of Bukavu city in South Kivu province, DR Congo and assess the potential health risks to consumers. This prospective study was conducted among street vending food from vendors in three urban zone of Bukavu city. A total of 80 food samples compressing boiled meat (16), roast fish (18), sausages (21), fresh milk (13) and loaf (12) from 320 vendors were purchased and analyzed. Standard microbiological methods NF ISO 7218: 1996 were used for isolation, enumeration and identification of bacteria. Investigations into the point of sale and microbiological test results revealed the presence of a perpetual contamination risk by vendor categories. All street food samples tested are contaminated to varying degrees by bacteria, including: FMAT, total coliforms with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp. with Negative Staphylococci Coagulase and Staphylococcus aureus and salmonella with species Salmonella enterica, represent a great risk of street food poisoning for over 350 consumers per month. The mean bacterial counts in these foods expressed to CFU/10g of each food collected exceed the standards set by the Codex Alimentarius, significant and highly statistically significant according different categories of vendors and sampling sites (p<0.0001). Samples collected from vendors in Kadutu urban zone (the most popular and unhealthy in the city) are more contaminated. Dishes that are not subjected to heating during preparation have the highest microbial load. This is the case of fresh milk where the total mesophilic flora is of order of 106 CFU/10g. This is also the case of street food which, after cooking are exposed for a long time at room temperature: boiled meat and sausages contain an uncountable amount of bacteria. Total coliforms, and Salmonella sp. are more loaded in boiled meat, fresh milk and sausages. Many Staphylococcus sp. are in the loaf. Much (77%) contaminated dishes are from ambulant vendors than other distributors, followed by semi-stationary and stationary vendors respectively (p<0.001). Contamination of street food in Bukavu is multifactorial and hygiene vendors contribute significantly to contamination factor, including unhygienic managers, dirty environment and poor water quality. Hence, sustainable development of communities through good hygiene practices in street foods handling. The government should thus strengthen health checks at street food and ensure their hygienic quality before consumption by the population in order to prevent these diseases and improve health of consumers.
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Artukoglu, M. M., and A. Olgun. "Cooperation tendencies and alternative milk marketing channels of dairy producers in Turkey: A case of Menemen." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 1 (January 29, 2008): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/252-agricecon.
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The aims of this study are to determine the cooperation of milk producers and to analyze the milk marketing structure in Menemen-Izmir, West Turkey. According to the results of this study, 70% of the producers are the shareholders of the cooperatives, 49.2% of the producers are members of the National Chamber of Agriculture. In this study, 47.20% of total milk production in the farms is marketing to street sellers, 36.11% is marketing to small scale milk processing plants, 10.1% is marketing directly to consumer and 6.6% is marketing to dairy factories. Also, feed prices in the market are 5% higher than the prices of cooperatives. The main problems related to organization and marketing together are the lack of knowledge in production, low milk prices and the high cost of production.
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Syakbanah, Nur Lathifah. "Correlation of Air Lead Level and Respondent Characteristics Toward Blood Lead Level Among Pedicab Drivers in Gresik." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 10, no. 1 (August 14, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v10i1.2018.92-103.
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Lead (Pb) is one of harmful pollutants for human health and environment. Therefore, the aim of study was to describe of air lead level and respondent characteristics toward blood lead level among pedicab drivers in Sukomulyo Street and Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Street, Gresik Regency. It was an observational-analytical study using cross sectional design. Dependent variables was blood lead level, independent variables were air lead level, respondent characteristics include age, work period, smoking habit and number of cigarettes. Subjects were using snowball sampling 9 pedicab drivers on Sukomulyo Street and Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Street. Data collection was using questionnaire, air lead level and blood lead level laboratory results. Data analysis was using descriptive. Result shows that air lead level were 1.69 × 10-4 and 1.60 × 10-4 mg/m3. Mean ± standard deviation among pedicab drivers in Sukomulyo Street and Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Street for blood lead level (6.14 ± 0.51 μg/dl; 5.92 ± 0.18 μg/dl), age (59.20 ± 16.25 years; 44.75 ± 19.28 years), work period (24.00 ± 25.68 years; 4.00 ± 2.58 years), smoking habit (75.00%; 80.00%), number of cigarettes (> 10 cigarettes per day). It is concluded that air lead level and blood lead level fulfill limit value. It is suggested to choose rest area around roadside plants which is absorbing lead and consume calcium milk, routinely.
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Worku, Debebe, Eyassu Seifu, and Geremew Bultosa. "Handling Practices and Safety of Street-Vended Milk in and Around Addis Ababa City." Current Nutrition & Food Science 10, no. 2 (June 10, 2014): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401310666140506224512.
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Gustafson, Alison, Sarah Lewis, Sarah Perkins, Corey Wilson, Elizabeth Buckner, and Ann Vail. "Neighbourhood and consumer food environment is associated with dietary intake among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants in Fayette County, Kentucky." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 7 (March 6, 2013): 1229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000505.
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AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study was to determine the association between dietary outcomes and the neighbourhood food environment (street network distance from home to stores) and consumer food environment (Nutrition Environment Measurement Survey-Stores (NEMS-S) audit).DesignThe neighbourhood food environment was captured by creating 0·5-mile and 1-mile network distance (street distance) around each participant's home and the nearest food venue (convenience store, grocery store, supermarket, farmers' market and produce stand). The consumer food environment was captured by conducting NEMS-S in all grocery stores/supermarkets within 0·5 and 1 mile of participants’ homes.SettingFayette County, KY, USA.SubjectsSupplemental Nutrition Assessment Program (SNAP) participants, n 147.ResultsSNAP participants who lived within 0·5 mile of at least one farmers’ market/produce stand had higher odds of consuming one serving or more of vegetables (OR = 6·92; 95 % CI 4·09, 11·69), five servings or more of grains (OR = 1·76; 95 % CI 1·01, 3·05) and one serving or more of milk (OR = 3·79; 95 % CI 2·14, 6·71) on a daily basis. SNAP participants who lived within 0·5 mile of stores receiving a high score on the NEMS-S audit reported higher odds of consuming at least one serving of vegetables daily (OR = 3·07; 95 % CI 1·78, 5·31).ConclusionsTaken together, both the neighbourhood food environment and the consumer food environment are associated with a healthy dietary intake among SNAP participants.
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El-Toukhy, Fathy, M. Sabry, and Mohamed El-Sherbiny. "The Effect of Boiling on Stability of Oxytetracycline and Sulfamethazine Residues in Raw Milk using HPLC Method." Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal 20, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35943/mvmj.2019.22.105.
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Two hundred raw milk samples (250 ml of each) were collected from small dairy farms, street peddlers and dairy shops in Mansoura Governorate. These samples were screened using Bacillus Subtilis Diffusion Assay for qualitative detection of antibiotics residues; where the percentage of suspected positive samples was 12.5%. High Performance Liquid Chromatography – Ultra Violet detector (HPLC- UV) method was developed and validated to determine the amount of oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) residues in raw milk before and after boiling. The results revealed that 8.5 % of the raw milk samples were containing (OTC) residues (6.5 % of them exceed MRL) while, (SMZ) was detected in4 % of the raw milk samples (3 % of them exceed MRL). Upon applying heat treatment, the reduction in the (OTC) content in milk boiled for 2 minutes was 30.5% but boiling for 5 minutes was accompanied with 54.1% reduction. On the other hand, the percentage of (SMZ) reduction was 1.7% and 9.5% in milk boiled for 2 and 5minutes respectively which could be attributed to the low heat stability of (OTC) and high stability of (SMZ).
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Sakalle, Salil, Sunil Guleri, Sanjay Dixit, Anil Bhagwat, Harish Shukla, and Suraj Sirohi. "An assessment of behavior change regarding milk consumption in families consuming unpasteurized milk from street vendors in slum areas of Indore district." International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health 3, no. 4 (2014): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2014.230120142.
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Khan, M. S. I., M. R. Haque, D. E. Jhorna, and M. R. Begum. "Contamination of Street Food by Salmonella in Chittagong City." Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal 8 (December 17, 2014): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v8i0.11758.
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The study was conducted to determine the contamination of Salmonella for different types of street foods in different places of Chittagong city area. A total of 76 shops from where 120 food samples of ten types were collected. Microbiological examination of Salmonella was done after dividing the foods into two categories of dry and wet foods where overall about 28% samples were positive. In case of wet food, salad shows the highest contamination of 58% flowed by water, chicken raw meat and raw milk makes up 50%, 42% and 33% respectively. For wet food, vegetable role and egg chop show the same 25% contamination where kabab and beef stick were not contaminated. A chi-square (χ2) test was used to examine the equality of observed proportions for each item of food where significant difference among the observed proportion for Salmonella (Chi-square = 82.67; p-value<0.01) for different items of food were observed and an odds ratio (OR) was measured of association between an exposure and an outcome where the probability of contamination of Salmonella in dry food was lower than wet food (OR=0.17 and CI: 0.07 to 0.44). The comparatively high bacteria in wet samples indicated contamination from water, practice of inadequate hygienic measures, mishandling, improper storage, inadequate cooking and above all unhygienic condition of the retail shops. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfstn.v8i0.11758 J. Food Sci. Technol. Nepal, Vol. 8 (81-83), 2013
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Ayyal Al‐Gburi, Nagham Mohammed. "Isolation and Molecular Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Providencia spp. from Raw Cow’s Milk in Baghdad, Iraq." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (November 18, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874747.
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A total of sixty raw milk samples were collected from (street vendors and shops) from Baghdad city, Iraq. The samples were inoculated into peptone water and, then, subcultured onto McConkey agar and Blood agar. Identification of isolates was confirmed by microscopic examination, cultural characteristic, biochemical tests, Vitek (VITEK®2 system), and Biolog GN substrate reactions followed by 16S rRNA and specific genes sequencing. Of 60 raw cow’s milk samples, Providencia spp. were identified only in 4 samples (6.67%) and P. rettgeri was the most common, 2/4 (50%), followed by P. stuartii and P. vermicola, 1/4 (25%) . Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted against ten antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. All Providencia isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR), and the absolute resistant was 100% to tetracycline, erythromycin, and doxycycline and 50% against ampicillin\sulbactam and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. They were highly susceptible (100%) to trimethoprim, imipenem, and chloramphenicol. These findings indicate that milk might be contaminated with Providencia spp. leading to transmission to humans causing poisoning, diarrhea, and other infections. This is the first study of isolated Providencia spp. from raw cow’s milk.
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Caddoo, Cara. "THE BIRTH OF A NATION, POLICE BRUTALITY, AND BLACK PROTEST." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14, no. 4 (October 2015): 608–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781415000420.
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On September 21, 1915, shortly before 10 p.m., a brick crashed through the glass window above the entrance of Philadelphia's Forrest Theatre. Instantly, the streets erupted into a “bloody scene” of the “wildest disorder.” Police charged with batons and revolvers. The crowd, which consisted mostly of black demonstrators, scattered. A few dashed for the building's main entrance. Hundreds more fled up Broad and Walnut Streets, the police at their heels. “Those who could not run fast enough to dodge clubs received them upon their heads.” Two protesters threw milk bottles at the patrolmen pursing them. At the corner of Walnut and Broad, someone hurled a brick at Officer Wallace Striker. On Juniper Street, either a rioter or a police officer fired shots into the air. By night's end, more than a score were injured, several arrested, and the theater defaced. Nineteen-year old Arthur Lunn, a farmer from Worcester County, Maryland, was charged with inciting the riot. Dr. Wesley F. Graham, pastor of Trinity Baptist, sustained “severe injuries.” Lillian Howard, a caterer; William A. Sinclair, the financial secretary of Douglass Hospital; and a thirty-three-year-old laborer named Lee Banks received severe lacerations.
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Islam, Mohammad A., Abdus S. Mondol, Ishrat J. Azmi, Enne de Boer, Rijkelt R. Beumer, Marcel H. Zwietering, Annet E. Heuvelink, and Kaisar A. Talukder. "Occurrence and Characterization of Shiga Toxin–ProducingEscherichia coliin Raw Meat, Raw Milk, and Street Vended Juices in Bangladesh." Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 7, no. 11 (November 2010): 1381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2010.0569.
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BRYAN, FRANK L., SILVIA C. MICHANIE, PERSIA ALVAREZ, and AURELIO PANIAGUA. "Critical Control Points of Street-Vended Foods in the Dominican Republic." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.5.373.
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Hazard analyses were conducted at four street-vending stands in the Dominican Republic. Temperatures of foods were measured during cooking, display (holding), and reheating (when done). Samples were taken at each step of the operation and at 5 to 6-h intervals during display. Foods usually attained temperatures that exceeded 90°C at the geometric center during cooking and reheating. At three of the stands, foods (e.g., fish, chickens, pork pieces) were fried and held until sold. Leftovers were held overnight at ambient temperatures in the home of the vendor or in a locked compartment of the stand. They were usually reheated early in the morning and displayed until sold. During the interval of holding, aerobic mesophilic counts progressively increased with time from about 103 after cooking to between 105 to 109/g. The higher counts were usually associated with holding overnight. Escherichia coli (in water, milk and cheese samples), Bacillus cereus (in bean and rice samples), and Clostridium perfringens (in meat, chicken and bean samples) were isolated, but usually in numbers less than 103/g. At the other stand, foods (e.g. beans, rice, meat and chicken) were cooked just before serving as complete meals. There were no leftovers. This operation was less hazardous, although there were many sanitary deficiencies. Recommendations for prevention and control of microbial hazards (mainly reducing holding time, periodic reheating and requesting reheating just before purchasing) are given. The need and suggestions for implementing educational activities to alert and inform those concerned about hazards and preventive measures are presented.
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RUSUL, GULAM, CHONG KAM CHUN, and SON RADU. "Survival and Growth of Vibrio cholerae O139 in Selected Malaysian Street Foods." Journal of Food Protection 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-60.6.644.
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The growth of Vibrio cholerae O139 inoculated into cendol (a mixture of coconut milk, brown sugar, and green jelly from rice flour), rojak (prawn paste, sugar, soy sauce, spices, garlic, and peanut gravy), gravy, tofu, fried tofu, and wheat-flour noodles (all except rojak gravy containing the natural microbial flora) was examined at four incubation temperatures (7, 15,25, and 35°C). V. cholerae O139 grew well in cendol incubated at 25 and 35°C but not at 15°C or below. No growth of V. cholerae O139 in rojak gravy was detected at any temperature except for very slow growth at 35°C. V. cholerae O139 inoculated into tofu exhibited slow growth at 25 and 35°C and growth was not detected at 7 and 15°C. However, in fried tofu, the organism entered the growth phase after 12 h of incubation at 25 and 35°C. Growth of V. cholerae O139 was not demonstrated in noodles at any incubation temperatures. Nutrient broth with 1% NaCl added supported the growth of V. cholerae O139 at 25 and 35°C. At both of these incubation temperatures mean generation time was longer at pH 5 than at pH 8. The high variation in growth of V. cholerae O139 in the distinct foods examined might have been due to differences in pH, fat content, and aw. Proper sanitary practices and storage of foods at refrigeration temperatures will help to reduce the possibility of growth by Vibrio cholerae O139 in foods to levels which do not imply a risk for food-poisoning.
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McCarraher, Eugene B. "The Church Irrelevant: Paul Hanly Furfey and the Fortunes of American Catholic Radicalism." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 7, no. 2 (1997): 163–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.1997.7.2.03a00010.
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When prophets are honored, it is time to be wary. Placing prophets on pedestals can be a way not only of disarming them but also of evading all the lessons they can teach. American Catholic radicals, for instance, occupy several revered niches in the history of American Catholicism. Here, Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin break bread on Mott Street and milk cows on Maryfarm; there, Daniel Berrigan destroys draft records and leads G-men on a merry chase through New England. Though vilified in their times, this communion of saints now commands respect in most quarters of American Catholic intellectual life and could even constitute a Catholic wing in the pantheon of American radicalism.
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BRYAN, FRANK L., PAUL TEUFEL, SHAHID RIAZ, SABIHA ROOHI, FAHMIDA QADAR, and ZAKA-UR-REHMAN MALIK. "Hazards and Critical Control Points of Street-Vended Chat, a Regionally Popular Food in Pakistan." Journal of Food Protection 55, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-55.9.708.
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A hazard analysis (which included watching operations, measuring temperatures of foods throughout preparation and display, and sampling and testing for microorganisms of concern) was conducted of a street vendor's operation. Chat is a popular dish in certain areas of Pakistan. It consists of sliced cooked potatoes, fried graham and pulse dough, and chick peas or red beans garnished with lasi (a fermented milk) and a fruit syrup. Staphylococci reached the cooked potatoes during peeling, cutting, and other handling. These bacteria increased up to 105 while the contaminated foods were held for several hours. Counts up to 105 Bacillus cereus were isolated from the cooked doughs after a 6-h or longer holding period. Large numbers (usually >105) of coliform bacteria and aerobic mesophilic colonies (106–9) were isolated from all foods after handling and holding for several hours. Ingestion of these foods must be considered high risk unless handling of cooked items can be kept to a minimum and the time of holding reduced to less than 6 h. Critical control points are handling after cooking and holding on display. Health agency personnel in developing countries, vendors, and consumers of these foods need to be informed of the hazards and appropriate preventive measures.
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Bouymajane, Aziz, Fouzia Rhazi Filali, Said Oulghazi, Abdelaziz Ed-dra, Faouzia Benhallam, Abdallah El Allaoui, Jawad Anissi, Khalid Sendide, Bouchra Ouhmidou, and Mohieddine Moumni. "Occurrence, molecular and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from raw cow’s milk trade by street trading in Meknes city, Morocco." Germs 8, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1134.
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Hossain, Md Nur, Sanjida Humayun, Md Zahurul Haque, and Monzur Morshed Ahmed. "Microbiological quality assessment and acceptance of dairy products in Dhaka city." Asian-Australasian Journal of Food Safety and Security 1, no. 1 (November 21, 2017): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajfss.v1i1.55762.
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This investigation was carried out to evaluate the microbiological quality of the processed dairy products including borhani, matha/labang, sweet & sour yoghurt. Dairy products are consumed as desert and popular enough among the people. 50 of the different dairy samples were collected from street vendor and also from some branded shop in Dhaka city. The microbiological quality of the samples were analyzed and monitored according to criteria in European Commission Recommendations 2004/24/EC and 2005/175/EC, BSTI and USPHS. All the dairy products had high microbial load ranged 5.90×105cfu/ml to 8.97×109 cfu/ml. Coliforms were found up to 109 dilutions in milk based drink products Borhani and Labang considered a serious threat to the public health. The mold contamination was much lower in Borhani and Labang compared to yoghurt 7.86×108cfu/ml. Approximately 17% dairy products were contaminated by Salmonella spp. Majority of the dairy products (25.537%,) such as Yogurt, Borhani and Labang were contaminated by Staphylococcus spp. The presence of Listeria monocytogenes found in Yogurt, 7 out of 21 (21.515%) samples were contaminated. A minor number of milk based products were corrupted by Shigella spp. These results emphasize applying and maintaining good hygiene practices throughout the processing chain to prevent contamination and bacterial growth. It was concluded that the presence of some pathogens in milk based products with toxigenicity of some strains pose a health hazard to consumers. Thus, good hygienic practices, good manufacturing practices, HACCP with all other hygienic practices should be applied during processing and distribution for public health safety.
Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2017, 1 (1), 58-64
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Prescott, N. B., T. T. Mottram, and A. J. F. Webster. "Relative motivations of dairy cows to attend a voluntary automatic milking system." BSAP Occasional Publication 20 (1997): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x0004341x.
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Voluntary automatic milking is proposed as a system whereby dairy cows can choose to be milked when they want. The aim is to develop a system that can milk and perform all the associated tasks without requiring routine human intervention. (Details of the design and operation can be found in Street et al., 1992.) The system may not be viable unless the cows visit at an appropriate frequency, high enough to generate the 0·10 to 0·15 proportional increase of milk yield from cows milked three or more times per day (e.g. Knight and Wilde, 1993) but not so high as to result in some cows over-using the system. Understanding why cows may want to visit the system is therefore important. The two most important reasons why a cow may attend are likely to be motivation to be milked and motivation to eat. Motivation to be milked may change as lactation progresses. Late lactation cows have been shown to enter a milking parlour later than high yielding cows in one experiment (Rathore, 1982) but not in another (Winter, 1993). Rathore (1982) suggested that motivation to be milked may be generated by the discomfort of a large and distended udder. Motivation to be milked may also be linked to some inherent desire of the cow to suckle and subsequently wean her calf. This may be independent of the amount of milk in her udder and decline during lactation. Therefore motivation to be milked could be generated either from the discomfort of a large and distended udder or by some psychological desire by the cow to suckle a calf generalized to a milking machine. Either way, the strength of motivation to be milked may have implications for how an automatic milking system (AMS) is designed. For example, if cows were highly motivated to be milked and attended at an appropriate frequency, there would be no requirement to provide additional incentives, such as food, to attract cows into the AMS. In addition, if cows choose to be milked more frequently than they are milked in conventional systems (generally twice per day), then this may be a method by which choices can be engineered into an animal’s environment.
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Hasanah, Neneng Uswatun, Martha Eri Safira, Winantu Kurnianingtyas Sri Agung, Mochammad Chotib, Elok Putri Nimasari, and Setiawan Bin Lahuri. "Regulation of Halal and Healthy Products for Small-scaled Businesses as Consumer Protection." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (August 8, 2021): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6643.
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AIM: The purpose of the study was to know the regulation on halal and health guarantee of Indonesian snacks such as cilok (tapioca balls), grilled meatballs, meatball and chicken noodles, dawet drink (traditional drink from rice flour and coconut milk), crackers, and grass jelly drink. Such snacks and drinks are loved by all levels of society in Indonesia and are often sold by street vendors in various places. METHOD: This research uses a juridical-sociological approach, by analyzing the primary source of data, which is by directly observing, interviewing, and educating the society and the small-scale sellers on the important sense of the halal product and the halal product certification. Apart from that, the primary data are the Law No. 8 of 1999 on the Consumer Protection, the Law No. 33 of 2014 on the Halal Product Guarantee, and the Governmental Decree No. 31 of 2019 on the Halal Product Certification. RESULTS: The realization of consumer protection requires good coordination between the government and/or regional governments, business actors, and the community as consumers. The need for halal and healthy products is not only for Muslim communities but also for non-Muslim communities, because halal products are certainly guaranteed of the products’ hygiene and safety. CONCLUSION: There is still a lack of understanding and compliance by the small business owners on the halal and healthy products from the manufacturing process up to the distribution of the products to the public.
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Marling, Karal Ann. "MAIN STREET TO MIRACLE MILE." Landscape Journal 6, no. 2 (1987): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/lj.6.2.158.
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Tatton-Brown, Tim. "The topography of Anglo-Saxon London." Antiquity 60, no. 228 (March 1986): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00057586.
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One of the few things to have remained very little changed in the City of London for nearly one thousand years was the position of most of its streets and lanes. Unfortunately this is no longer true, and in the past few decades large numbers of medieval streets have disappeared from the map for ever to be replaced by characterless dual-carriageways that now slice through the City. Not only do these new routes replace the earlier ones, but at the same time they swallow up and destroy all the surrounding side lanes and many of the old alignments disappear. Equally, property boundaries which may also have survived for at least 800 years now disappear for ever in very large redevelopments, and nowhere is this whole process more clearly seen than in the vast swathe cut for the new southern dualcarriageway that has replaced Thames Street. The whole of the western part of Upper Thames Street, with its adjoining side lanes, has been physically removed, to be replaced by a tunnelled dualcarriageway further to the south. For well over half a mile the central part of Thames Street is now so wide that it has engulfed properties on its north side, while the eastern end from the Custom House to Tower Hill, with its surrounding redevelopments, has had all signs of the medieval topography removed except for All Hallows church with its unique Anglo-Saxon arch (Taylor & Taylor, 1965, 39-400)
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Martini, Angeline, Daniela Biondi, Antonio Carlos Batista, Kendra Zamproni, Jennifer Viezzer, Mayssa Mascarenhas Grise, and Everaldo Marques de Lima Neto. "PERCEPÇÃO DA POPULAÇÃO SOBRE O CONFORTO TÉRMICO PROPORCIONADO PELA ARBORIZAÇÃO DE RUAS DE CURITIBA-PR." FLORESTA 44, no. 3 (February 20, 2014): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v44i3.31742.
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O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a percepção da população com relação ao conforto térmico proporcionado pela arborização de ruas na cidade de Curitiba. Para isso foram realizadas entrevistas simultaneamente em uma rua arborizada e outra sem arborização, nas quatro estações do ano. Paralelamente, foram também coletados dados meteorológicos para calcular o índice de conforto térmico nesses ambientes. O índice utilizado foi o Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) e o seu valor foi comparado com a resposta dada pelos entrevistados. A porcentagem de pessoas que declaram não estar sentindo nem frio e nem calor na rua arborizada foi menor do que na rua sem arborização, possivelmente devido ao maior número de entrevistados na primavera e outono, estações com características climáticas amenas. Dos entrevistados, 54,3% sentiam-se confortáveis termicamente nas ruas sem árvores, enquanto que na rua arborizada esse número foi 76,5%. A maioria dos entrevistados (98,3%) afirmou que arborização de ruas proporciona melhores condições de conforto térmico. O índice utilizado, UTCI, refletiu aproximadamente 60% da sensação de conforto expressa pelos entrevistados. Conclui-se que a população que transita pelas ruas da cidade de Curitiba consegue perceber a diferença entre as ruas arborizadas e não arborizadas por meio das sensações de conforto térmico.Palavras-chave: Arborização urbana; índice de conforto térmico; qualidade de vida; UTCI. AbstractPopulation’s perception on thermal comfort provided by street trees of Curitiba - PR. This research aims to analyze the population’s perception regarding thermal comfort provided by street trees in the city of Curitiba. Therefore, interviews were conducted simultaneously on streets with and without trees, during the four seasons. At the same time, meteorological data were collected to calculate the thermal comfort index for these environments. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was used and its value was compared to the answers given in the interviews. The amount of people who said they were not feeling neither cold nor heat on the streets with trees was lower than on the streets without trees, possibly due to a greater number of people who were interviewed during spring and fall, seasons with mild climatic characteristics. While 54.3% of the people felt comfortable in the streets without trees, 76.5% felt the same on streets with trees. Most interviewee (98.3%) said that street trees provide better thermal comfort. The UTCI revealed approximately 60% of the comfort sense expressed by the population. We concluded that the population who roam the streets of the city of Curitiba - PR can perceive the difference between streets with and without trees through the sensations of thermal comfort.Keywords: Urban forestry; thermal comfort index; quality of life; UTCI.
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Taillie, Lindsey Smith, Myriam C. Afeiche, Alison L. Eldridge, and Barry M. Popkin. "The contribution of at-home and away-from-home food to dietary intake among 2–13-year-old Mexican children." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 14 (September 9, 2016): 2559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002196.
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AbstractObjectiveAway-from-home foods have been shown to have lower nutritional quality and larger portion sizes than many foods prepared at home. We aimed to describe energy and nutrient intakes among 2–13-year-old Mexican children by eating location (at home and away from home), overall, by socio-economic status (SES) and by urbanicity.DesignDietary intake was collected via one 24 h recall in the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). Location was reported for each food consumed. Results were adjusted for sex, day of recall, region, weight status, SES and urbanicity.SettingMexico (nationally representative).SubjectsChildren aged 2–5 years (n1905) and 6–13 years (n2868).ResultsChildren consumed the majority of daily energy at home (89% of 2–5-year-olds; 82 % of 6–13-year-olds). The most common away-from-home eating location was school (22 % of 2–5-year-olds; 43 % of 6–13-year-olds), followed by the street (14 % of 2–5-year-olds; 13 % of 6–13-year-olds). The most common foods consumed away from home were wheat/rice and corn mixed dishes, sugar-sweetened beverages, pastries/candy/desserts, milk (2–5-year-olds only) and salty snacks (6–13-year-olds). Multivariate models showed that high-SES 2–5-year-olds consumed 14 % of daily energy away from homev. 8 % among low-SES 2–5-year-olds, and high-SES 6–13-year-olds consumed 21 % of daily energy away from homev. 14 % among low-SES 6–13 year-olds. There were no differences by urban residence.ConclusionsAmong Mexican children, most foods and beverages were consumed at home. However, the percentage of foods consumed or purchased away from home increased with age and with SES.
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Fallaize, Rosalind, Josephine V. Seale, Charlotte Mortin, Lisha Armstrong, and Julie A. Lovegrove. "Dietary intake, nutritional status and mental wellbeing of homeless adults in Reading, UK." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 9 (November 14, 2017): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517002495.
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AbstractMalnutrition has been reported in the homeless, yet the specific nutritional issues faced by each homeless community are unclear. This is in part due to nutrient intake often being compared with dietary reference values as opposed to a comparative housed population. In addition, the complex interplay between nutrient intake, reward mediated behaviour and mental illness is frequently overlooked. This study aimed to compare the dietary intake, nutritional status and mental wellbeing of homeless and housed adults. Homeless (n75) and matched housed (n75) adults were recruited from Reading (UK). Nutrient intake was determined using the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Norfolk FFQ. The Patient Health Questionnaire: Somatic Anxiety Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-SADS) assessed for signs of mental illness. Demographic, behavioural and physiological information was collected using closed-ended questions and anthropometric measurements. Overall, dietary intake was poorer in homeless adults who reported higher intakes of salt (8·0v. 6·4 g,P=0·017), SFA (14·6v. 13·0 %,P=0·002) and alcohol (5·3v. 1·9 %,P<0·001) and lower intakes of fibre (13·4v. 16·3 g,P<0·001), vitamin C (79v. 109 mg,P<0·001) and fruit (96v. 260 g,P<0·001) than housed. Smoking, substance misuse and PHQ-SADS scores were also higher in the homeless (P<0·001). Within the homeless population, street homeless (n24) had lower SFA (13·7v.15·0 %,P=0·010), Ca (858v. 1032 mg,P=0·027) and milk intakes (295v. 449 g,P=0·001) than hostel residents (n51), which may reflect the issues with food storage. This study highlights the disparity between nutritional status in homeless and housed populations and the need for dietary intervention in the homeless community.
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Teferi, Samuel Chane. "Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile, and Associated Risk Factors of Salmonella Isolate among Diarrheal Patients Visiting Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2020 (October 22, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8834107.
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Salmonellosis remains an important public health problem worldwide, particularly in the developing countries such as Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profile, and associated risk factors of Salmonella isolate among diarrheal patients who were visiting Dessie Referral Hospital, Dessie, Northeast Ethiopia, from November 2016 to January 2017. 384 stool samples were collected using sterile stool cups. Out of these, 20 (5.21%) were found to be positive for Salmonella species. The distribution of positive samples among the three age groups indicated that Salmonella species were predominantly prevalent in the age group of three months (0.25 years) to 4 years old patients. Abdominal pain, vomiting, watery consistency of stool, and 1–5 days of diarrhea were the clinical features that were significantly associated with salmonellosis. Eating raw vegetables and fruits, consumption of street-vended foods, cohabitation of animals, using water from the unprotected source, absence of latrine, and consumption of raw products of animals such as eggs and raw milk were the risk factors that were significantly associated with the prevalence of Salmonella species. The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed for the isolated Salmonella species against 5 currently recommended antibiotics. The antimicrobial sensitivity study carried out using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method showed that 100% of Salmonella isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and 80% sensitive to nalidixic acid, respectively. Among them, twenty isolated Salmonella species resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were 100%, 85%, and 80%, respectively. This study revealed that Salmonella species were prevalent among diarrheal patients who were visiting Dessie Referral Hospital, and therefore, routine diagnosis of patients with diarrhea cases is required, and drugs must be prescribed after performing the sensitivity test, or checking the updated information on the local antibiotics pattern is always necessary.
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Bates, Timothy. "DRIVING WHILE BLACK IN SUBURBAN DETROIT." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 7, no. 1 (2010): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x10000214.
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AbstractOne objective of this study is to investigate whether Black drivers are more likely than White motorists to receive traffic tickets and to be arrested following routine traffic stops in the Detroit suburb of Eastpointe, Michigan. Compared to White drivers, Blacks were more likely to be arrested and ticketed when police officer discretion was most pronounced. My broader objective is to explore police enforcement of racialized space in suburban Detroit. Outcomes of routine traffic stops were analyzed to determine whether enforcement of racialized space could be detected by comparing how drivers were treated on Eastpointe streets that were more, opposed to less, White. Black motorists driving on internal streets were more likely to attract police attention than those driving along Eastpointe's border street with Detroit, Eight Mile Road, which is interpreted as evidence that Black drivers are more likely to be ticketed, searched, and arrested when they were “out of place”.
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Donnelly, Mark. "Can Counter Histories Disturb the Present? Repohistory’s Street Signs Projects, 1992–1999." Art History & Criticism 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mik-2018-0005.
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SummaryThis paper argues that where appropriations or invocations of the past have contributed to projects of social and political change, they have usually done so with little or no recourse to the historical past. Instead, activists and campaigners have used various forms of vernacular past-talk to unsettle those temporary fixings of ‘common sense’ that limit thinking about current political and social problems. The example of such past-talk discussed here is the work of the art-activist collective REPOhistory, which sought between 1989 and 2000 to disrupt the symbolic patterning of New York’s official and homogenized public memory culture by making visible (‘repossessing’) overlooked and repressed episodes from the city’s past. In effect, they challenged the ways in which history’s dominance of past-talk within the public sphere was constituted by exclusions of subjects on grounds of gender, ethnicity and socio-economic status. REPOhistory fused politically-engaged art practices with Walter Benjamin’s belief in the redemptive potential of dialectical encounters between past and present. To assess the value of their art-as-activism projects (“artivism”), this article will situate REPOhistory’s practices within a frame of ideas provided by Benjamin, Jacques Derrida, Ernesto Laclau, and Chantal Mouffe. In a series of street sign installations that mixed visual art, urban activism, social history, and radical pedagogy, REPOhistory exemplified why the past is too important to be trusted to professional historians.
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Marasanova, Victoriya M. "Moscow cultural practices in XIX century trade." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 2, no. 119 (2021): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2021-2-119-159-166.
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Research of the Moscow cultural trade practiсes gives a concentrated picture of Russian trade, shows almost the entire range of national and foreign goods, reveals vivid types of entrepreneurs. Moscow was the largest logistics center and consumer of various goods, industrial raw material, and food. The bulk of the regional supplies were textiles, cereals, iron, milk, meat, leather, timber, etc. The Moscow merchants performed the functions of intermediaries in allRussian and foreign trade, linking distant markets. In the second half of the 19th century the traditional land and river trade routes were supplemented by railway roads. The top of the Moscow merchants was formed from the «nonresident» merchants, commoners and peasants who were able to achieve success at the expense of their abilities in the face of intense competition. The types of Moscow merchants are revealed by the example of the Eliseevs, Blandovs, Buryshkins, Filippovs. The study of the localization of urban trade made it possible to find out exactly where foreign goods were stored and sold. National goods entered the Kitay-gorod wholesale warehouses, from where the goods dispersed to the industrial enterprises, Moscow markets and shops. The city’s business and financial life was concentrated in Nikolskaya Street, Ilyinka and Varvarka. The trading opportunities of Moscow was supplemented by the Upper Trading Rows (now GUM), and shop-passages became one of the most popular types of retail space. The article describes the retail space of Moscow – Okhotny Ryad, Sukharevsky market, Smolensky market, Khitrovsky market, Boloto, as well as local markets and fairs. It is shown that in Moscow it was possible to see and to buy practically everything what Russia is rich in. Various types of old-fashioned shopping places and modern European shops coexisted in the urban space. Consideration of the Moscow trade as a holistic cultural phenomenon based on the historical cultural and civilizational approaches made it possible to reveal the main trends and features of the historical period.
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Flink, James J., and Chester H. Liebs. "Main Street to Miracle Mile: American Roadside Architecture." American Historical Review 91, no. 5 (December 1986): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1864556.
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Johnson, Robert Glenn. "Hudson Strait ice dam collapse: An explanation for the onset of the Younger Dryas cold climate in Europe in only one year." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCES 18 (February 28, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jns.v18i.8961.
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The Younger Dryas cold climate event in Europe began abruptly at about 12,679 years BP. The abruptness of the onset was caused by the rapid collapse of a dynamic ice dam that had existed because of ice stream flow across the east end of Hudson Strait in northern Canada. The resulting flood of icebergs into the southern half of the Northern Gyre adjacent to the Gulf Stream converted western Europe’s mild climate to an arctic climate. The collapse event was caused by the last large accumulation of glacial ice in the thick ice dome of Hudson Bay. The accumulation created a pressure gradient that forced an ice stream flow eastward in Hudson Strait. A highly saline sub-glacial lake had formed earlier in the western part of the strait. The ice stream flow entrained saline lake water in a network of channels at the seabed between the lake and the ice dam, melting and extending the network eventually to and beneath the ice dam. This detached much of the ice dam from its frozen bed and caused its catastrophic collapse and the onset of the Younger Dryas in only one year.
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Samoichuk, Kyrylo, Dmytro Zhuravel, Olga Viunyk, Dmytro Milko, Andrii Bondar, Yuriy Sukhenko, Vladyslav Sukhenko, Leonora Adamchuk, and Denisenko Sergey. "Research on milk homogenization in the stream homogenizer with separate cream feeding." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (March 28, 2020): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1289.
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Homogenization, which is used in the technological schemes of production of most dairy products, is the most energy-intensive of the processes of mechanical processing of milk. One promising way to increase the energy efficiency of homogenization is to use separate homogenization and to use a little-researched stream homogenizer with separate cream feeding. The principle of its action is to pre-divide milk into cream and skim milk, and feed the fat phase with a thin stream into the stream of skim milk. This creates the conditions for achieving the high value of the Weber criterion – the main factor in the dispersion of milk fat. The purpose of these researches is to conduct experimental studies and determine the energy consumption and quality of homogenization of milk after treatment in a stream homogenizer. To achieve this goal, a designed experimental setup was used. The dispersive indices of the milk emulsion were determined by computer analysis of micrographs of milk samples obtained with an optical microscope and a digital camera using Microsoft Office Excel and Microsoft Visual Studio C # software using the OpenCV Sharp library. As a result of experimental studies, the critical value of the Weber criterion for homogenization of milk was determined, which is 28. The regularities of dispersion of milk fat in a stream homogenizer with separate feeding of the fat phase have been established. It is determined that the milk treatment in the experimental homogenizer allows us to achieve an emulsion with an average size of fat globules of about 0.8 μm (at the level of valve homogenizers). The value of the homogenization coefficient is obtained for the disruption of the fat globule in the conditions: subject to a single effect on the emulsion, without the influence of vibration and cavitation. This homogenization coefficient equals 3300 m3/2.s-1.
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Dommes, Aurélie, Ya-Huei Wu, Jean-Pierre Aquino, Hélène Pitti-Ferrandi, Martine Soleille, Sophie Martineau-Fleury, Michel Samson, and Anne-Sophie Rigaud. "Is Mild Dementia Related to Unsafe Street-Crossing Decisions?" Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 29, no. 4 (2015): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wad.0000000000000074.
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Sattar, AFM Arshedi, Sanya Tahmina Jhora, M. Abdullah Yusuf, M. Bodrul Islam, M. Saiful Islam, and Sushmita Roy. "Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Typhoid Fever: Burden in Bangladesh." Journal of Science Foundation 10, no. 1 (September 4, 2013): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v10i1.16310.
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Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi or by the related but less virulent Salmonella paratyphi. The provision of clean water and good sewage systems led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of typhoid in these regions. Early antibiotic therapy has transformed a previously life-threatening illness of several weeks' duration with an overall mortality rate approaching 20.0% into a short-term febrile illness with negligible mortality. Case fatality rates of 10.0-50.0% have been reported from endemic countries when diagnosis is delayed. Attack rates are highest in persons younger than 20 years or older than 70 years; however, the highest rate is found in infants. Neonates are at a greater risk to fecal-oral transmission secondary to relative decreased stomach acidity and buffering of ingested breast milk and formula. Elderly persons are at a relative greater risk to infection secondary to chronic underlying illness and weakened immunity. In endemic areas, children aged 1-5 years are at the highest risk of infection, morbidity, and mortality because of waning of passively acquired maternal antibody and a lack of acquired immunity. In young children, the clinical syndrome is often a nonspecific febrile illness that is not recognized as typhoid fever. Typhoid is usually contracted by ingestion of food or water contaminated by fecal or urinary carriers excreting S. enterica serotype typhi. It is a sporadic disease in developed countries that occurs mainly in returning traveler, with occasional point-source epidemics. In endemic areas, identified risk factors for disease include eating food prepared outside the home, such as ice cream or flavored iced drinks from street vendors, drinking contaminated water, having a close contact or relative with recent typhoid fever, poor housing with inadequate facilities for personal hygiene, and recent use of antimicrobial drugs. The infectious dose of S. enterica serotype typhi in volunteers varies between 1000 and 1 million organisms. Vi-negative strains of S. enterica serotype typhi are less infectious and less virulent than Vi-positive strains. S. enterica serotype typhi must survive the gastric acid barrier to reach the small intestine, and a low gastric pH is an important defense mechanism.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v10i1.16310 J Sci Foundation, January-June 2012;10(1):38-49
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Flannery, Aimee, Kathryn Wochinger, and Angela Martin. "Driver Assessment of Service Quality on Urban Streets." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1920, no. 1 (January 2005): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192000103.
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This paper presents the results of a study that compared drivers’ assessments of the performance of urban streets with objective measures of performance, including level of service (LOS). The purpose of the study was to test the ability of LOS to predict drivers’ perceptions of service quality. Seventy-seven automobile drivers rated the service quality of half-mile segments of urban streets as depicted on videotaped scenes from the driver's perspective. Drivers rated 12 to 15 video segments on a six-point scale from very satisfactory to very unsatisfactory. After rating all segments, the drivers selected and ranked from a list of 36 factors the three factors that they considered the most important to quality. The results show that the mean driver rating had statistically significant correlations with operational and design characteristics and aesthetics, including the following variables: travel time, average travel speed, number of stops, delay, number of signals, lane width, the presence of trees, and the quality of the landscaping. LOS, calculated by the Highway Capacity Manual methodology, predicted 35% of the variance in mean driver rating. This finding suggests that LOS does not completely represent drivers’ assessments of performance because drivers perceive the quality of urban street segments in several dimensions, including travel efficiency, sense of safety, and aesthetics.
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Mellers, Wilfrid. "Aaron Copland, Emily Dickinson, and the Noise in the Pool at Noon." Tempo, no. 214 (October 2000): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298200008020.
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Aaron Copland was an urban American Jew of Russian extraction born – as he memorably remarked –on November 14 1900 on a street in Brooklyn that can only be described as drab. It had none of the garish colour of the ghetto, none of the charm of an old New England thoroughfare, or even a pioneer street. It fills me with mild wonder every time I realize that a musician was born on that street. Music was the last thing anyone would ever have connected with that street. In fact, no one ever had connected music with my family or that street. The idea was entirely original with me.
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Harris, Jody, Phuong Hong Nguyen, Lan Mai Tran, and Phuong Nam Huynh. "Nutrition transition in Vietnam: changing food supply, food prices, household expenditure, diet and nutrition outcomes." Food Security 12, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 1141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01096-x.
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Abstract While literature has noted the presence of a nutrition transition in terms of changing nutrition outcomes in Vietnam, very limited evidence linking changes in upstream food system factors to downstream diet and nutrition changes exists. Combining available data from different sources and analyzing it through a conceptual food systems framework, our study examines different pathways of nutrition transition through food supply, food prices, household food expenditures, diets, and nutrition outcomes in Vietnam. Our findings show that while Vietnam is at the start of its nutrition transition, change is happening rapidly. Undernutrition is falling, obesity is rising, and nutrition-related chronic diseases account for a significant burden of diseases and death. In terms of changes in healthful foods, the supply of vegetables and fruits is plentiful, and expenditure on vegetables remains consistent and small. Notably however, vegetable consumption has dropped, and increasing meat and milk consumption have been double-edged swords for nutrition. In terms of foods associated with the negative sides of the nutrition transition, the availability of sweets and sweetened beverages has risen in recent years, with oils and fats rising less. The expenditure share on food eaten away from home, in many contexts a marker for less healthful diets, has increased over time. While these changes are typical of a nutrition transition, Vietnam is also somewhat of an outlier in some respects: wet markets and daily fresh food purchases continue to dominate food purchasing behaviour, and food eaten away from home means a different thing in a country renowned for its diverse and healthy street food and roadside restaurant culture. While this study brings together important data on the food system drivers of a nutrition transition in Vietnam, it cannot link each of these issues into a standard statistical model of change due to data gaps at different levels, calling for data collection improvement in future diet and food systems research. Vietnamese health policy explicitly acknowledges nutrition transition issues, with targets for obesity reduction. This work on the food system drivers of the nutrition transition points to the need to further adapt policy in other sectors beyond health, however. At the same time as making nutrient-rich foods more accessible, nutrient-poor or ultra-processed foods need to be made less accessible and desirable if additional income is to contribute to a healthy diet in limiting Vietnam’s emerging nutrition transition.
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Hipp, John R., Young-An Kim, and Kevin Kane. "The Effect of the Physical Environment on Crime Rates: Capturing Housing Age and Housing Type at Varying Spatial Scales." Crime & Delinquency 65, no. 11 (June 25, 2018): 1570–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128718779569.
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This study introduces filtering theory from housing economics to criminology and measures the age of housing as a proxy for deterioration and physical disorder. Using data for Los Angeles County in 2009 to 2011, negative binomial regression models are estimated and find that street segments with older housing have higher levels of all six crime types tested. Street segments with more housing age diversity have higher levels of all crime types, whereas housing age diversity in the surrounding ½-mile area is associated with lower levels of crime. Street segments with detached single-family units generally had less crime compared with other types of housing. Street segments with large apartment complexes (five or more units) generally have more crime than those with small apartment complexes and duplexes.
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Beaty, Chester B. "MILK RIVER IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA: A CLASSIC UNDERFIT STREAM." Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 34, no. 2 (June 1990): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1990.tb01265.x.
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Amaral, Julia Coutinho, and Claudio B. Cunha. "An exploratory evaluation of urban street networks for last mile distribution." Cities 107 (December 2020): 102916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102916.
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Harper, Eugene P., Justin Oring, Harry Powers, Courtney E. Sherman, Benjamin Wilke, Jane Hata, Aziza Nassar, Julio C. Mendez, and Claudia R. Libertin. "317. Case Series of Echinococcus Infections at Mayo Clinic Florida." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S230—S231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.513.
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Abstract Background Echinococcus multilocularis is a destructive zoonotic cestode with low human incidence. Hydatid disease classically presents with hepatic or lung involvement with infrequent extrahepatic bone destruction. Diagnosis is challenging due to its latency and mimicry. Fig.1: Case 1 - X-ray imaging of the pelvis shows osseous destruction of the iliac crest secondary to known osteomyelitis status post left ilium debridement. Fig.2: Case 1 - Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates extensive osteomyelitis throughout left ilium. Stable scattered focal fluid collections seen throughout the left lower quadrant. Methods CASE 1: A 57 year-old Albanian male with diabetes, latent TB, and left iliac lytic lesion presented with 4 weeks of left flank pain and was treated with 6 weeks of IV Ceftriaxone and Flagyl. 2 years later he returned with flank pain and purulent lumbar drainage. Hip x-ray suggested chronic osteomyelitis, with left psoas fluid collections on CT. Bartonella, Q fever, Brucella, HIV, AFB and fungal serologies were negative. Hemipelvis debridement revealed structures concerning for hydatid disease. Echinococcus IgG was equivocal. Histopathology was consistent with Echinococcus multilocularis species, and albendazole was started. On follow-up, he presented with left hip tenderness and toe extensor weakness. Labs showed mild leukocytosis. CT revealed progressive destruction of the left iliac with sacroiliac extension concerning for abscess. CASE 2: A 36 year-old female presented with lung and liver cysts, progressive dyspnea, and non-productive cough. She lived in Africa, Asia, and Europe and consumed local street food and unpasteurized milk. Hobbies included spelunking and swimming in freshwater lakes. She had exposure to stray animals, but denied bites or scratches. Over 4 years dyspnea progressed to orthopnea. MR abdomen revealed a 10x6x12cm liver cyst and chest CT showed 2 fluid-attenuating lesions in the LLL and RLL, measuring 4.9 x 6.0 cm and 6.8 x 4.3 cm respectively. Echinococcus, Bartonella, Q fever, Brucella, HIV, AFB and fungal serologies were negative. Schistosomiasis serology was equivocal. Fig. 3: Case 2 - MRI abdomen demonstrating 10x6x12cm liver cyst Fig. 4: Case 2 - Chest CT showed 2 dominant fluid attenuating lesions within the LLL and RLL. The larger lesion in RLL measures 6.8 x 4.3 cm. The left lower lobe lesion measures 4.9 x 6.0 cm. Results Patient 1 underwent type I hemipelvectomy. Patient 2 underwent pulmonary segmentectomy and liver lobectomy. Both were continued on albendazole. Fig. 5: Case 1 - Photo taken during debridement of left ileac and hip. Note presence of white cysts discovered intraoperatively. Fig. 6: Case 1 - Histopathologic slides (H&E stain) demonstrating hooks and scolices consistent with Echinococcus multilocularis. A. Hooklet (100x magnification). B. Hydatid cyst with black-staining structures suggestive of degenerating hooklets. C. Zoomed detail of cyst wall. D. Degenerating hydatid cyst and hooklets. Conclusion Equivocal IgG serology does not exclude infection. History and clinical presentation are key to diagnosis, but histopathology remains the gold standard. Hydatid bone infection progresses insidiously and frequently recurs, depending upon excision and debridement. Finally, echinococcosis demands aggressive long-term therapy and surveillance. Disclosures Claudia R. Libertin, MD, Pfizer, Inc. (Grant/Research Support, Research Grant or Support)
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Niemiec, Dariusz. "13th-century fortifications of Kraków." Recherches Archéologique Nouvelle Serie 10 (December 31, 2019): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/rechacrac.ns10.06.
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The paper recapitulates the current state of knowledge about the fortifications of the three basic settlement units of 13th-century Kraków, namely Wawel, Okół, and the city established under Magdeburg Law. With respect to Wawel, written accounts have survived that clearly point to large-scale construction works on timber-and-earth defences of the stronghold undertaken in 1258 and 1265; these fortifications have partly been uncovered by archaeological research close to the southern edge of the hill. The northern section of the moat protecting the Kraków suburbium known as Okół (by the southern border of Wszystkich Świętych Square and Dominikańska Street) probably ceased to function in 1191 due to its destruction during the struggles among provincial dukes vying for control over Kraków. New archaeological investigations of the moat in the area between Poselska and Senacka Streets suggest that in the second half of the 13th century the area of Okół was constricted, with its northern boundary moved back to the line running between these two streets. The earliest planned attempt at fortifying the city of Kraków did not take place before 1285–1287, and it was undertaken on the initiative of Duke Leszek Czarny. It is worth emphasising that at the initial stage it was connected with incorporation of an older Dominican mill-race (mentioned before 1284) into the new system of defences. The construction of the full defensive perimeter in the form of timber-and-earth ramparts and moats must have been completed before the third Mongol invasion, which reached Kraków in the winter of 1287. The remains of a moat connected with the oldest fortifications of the city of Kraków, presumably created during the reign of Leszek Czarny on the northern side of the Church of St. Mark, were archaeologically identified on a parcel at 26 Sławkowska Street. The western line of a moat of the same age was confirmed in several places in the westernmost part of the University Quarter. The construction of Kraków city walls after 1298, during the reign of Wacław II and Władysław Łokietek, was connected with expanding the area of the city in virtually all directions beyond the line marked by older fortifications from the times of Leszek Czarny.