Journal articles on the topic 'Milk protein supplementation'
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Casagranda, Milena, Priscila Berti Zanella, Alexandra Ferreira Vieira, and Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira Macedo. "Effects of milk proteins supplementation on muscle protein synthesis." Nutrition & Food Science 49, no. 6 (November 11, 2019): 1275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-11-2018-0328.
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Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate the acute effect of milk proteins supplementation, compared to another nitrogen compound on muscle protein synthesis. Design/methodology/approach The search was conducted on MEDLINE® (via PUBMED®), Cochrane and Embase databases, using the terms “whey proteins,” “caseins,” “milk proteins,” “protein biosynthesis,” “human” and its related entry terms. The selected outcome was fractional synthetic rate (FSR) before (0) and 3 h after consumption of milk proteins, compared to supplementation with other protein sources or isolated amino acids. Findings The results were expressed as mean difference (MD) of absolute values between treatments with confidence interval (CI) of 95 per cent. Of the 1,913 identified studies, 4 were included, with a total of 74 participants. Milk proteins generated a greater FSR (MD 0.03 per cent/h, CI 95 per cent 0.02-0.04; p < 0.00001), compared to control group. Acute consumption of milk proteins promotes higher increase in FSR than other protein sources or isolated amino acids. Originality/value This paper is a systematic review of the effects of milk proteins supplementation, which is considered an important subject because of its large consumption among athletes and physical exercise practitioners.
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Rönnholm, Kai A. R., Jaakko Perheentupa, and Martti A. Siimes. "Supplementation With Human Milk Protein Improves Growth of Small Premature Infants Fed Human Milk." Pediatrics 77, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.77.5.649.
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We investigated the influence of human milk protein and medium-chain triglyceride supplementations of human milk feedings on the growth of very low birth weight infants during their first weeks of life. A group of 44 preterm infants with birth weights of less than 1,520 g and a mean gestational age of 30.3 weeks was randomly divided into four groups to receive plain human milk or human milk supplemented with human milk protein (0.9 g/dL), with medium-chain triglycerides (1 g/dL), or with both. The medium-chain triglyceride oil supplementation did not influence the growth of these infants. The infants given supplementary protein gained weight faster during weeks 4 to 6 than those without (18.5 ± 0.7 v 15.1 ± 0.6 g/kg/d; mean ± SEM; P = .001). After 4 weeks of age the infants given supplementary protein had a mean weight gain equal to the mean intra-uterine rate, in contrast to the infants of the other groups, who grew more slowly until age 6 weeks. Furthermore, we found a correlation between serum albumin concentration and weight gain during the seventh week of life (P = .018). The length growth velocity for the infants with protein supplementation was 0.99 ± 0.06 cm/wk (mean ± SEM) and for those without 0.83 ± 0.05 cm/wk (P = .043). There was no difference in growth of head circumference between the groups. We conclude that human milk protein supplementation improves the growth of small premature infants fed human milk, and that the protein concentration of bank milk is insufficient for their adequate growth.
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Pacheco-Rios, D., W. C. McNabb, J. P. Hill, T. N. Barry, and D. D. S. Mackenzie. "The effects of methionine supplementation upon milk composition and production of forage-fed dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-116.
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Two experiments (mid- and late lactation) were conducted to test whether methionine (Met) limited milk production in Friesian cows fed sole diets of fresh perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture. In mid-lactation (exp. 1), 26 cows were assigned to one of three treatments: ruminally protected oral DL-Met (15 g d−1), continuous intrajugular infusion of L-Met (15 g d–1) and control. Twelve animals from exp. 1 were used during late lactation (exp. 2) and distributed in two experimental groups: ruminally protected oral DL-Met (15 g d−1) and control. Dry matter, metabolizable energy, crude protein and Met intakes, milk yield and composition and blood Met, cysteine and urea were measured. Oral and intravenous Met supplementation increased blood Met concentration by 50–90% compared with controls. Met supplementation did not alter the concentration of milk fat, protein or lactose in either experiment. Met supplementation had no significant effects on yields of fat, lactose, casein, whey proteins or non-protein nitrogen during mid-lactation. In late lactation, Met supplementation did not affect milk protein composition or yield of milk components, with exception of a decrease (P < 0.05) in the yield of β -casein. Intravenous Met supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the efficiency of conversion of pasture N to milk protein in mid-lactation. Key words: Dairy cows, methionine, ruminally protected methionine, milk protein, casein, fresh pasture diets
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Minarski, Michaela, Christoph Maas, Corinna Engel, Christine Heinrich, Katrin Böckmann, Wolfgang Bernhard, Christian F. Poets, and Axel R. Franz. "Calculating Protein Content of Expressed Breast Milk to Optimize Protein Supplementation in Very Low Birth Weight Infants with Minimal Effort—A Secondary Analysis." Nutrients 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12051231.
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Breast milk does not meet the nutritional needs of preterm infants, necessitating fortification. Breast milk is particularly variable in protein content, hence standardized (fixed dosage) supplementation results in inadequate supply. This was a secondary analysis of 589 breast milk protein content measurements of 51 mothers determined by mid-infrared spectroscopy during a clinical trial of higher versus lower protein supplementation in very low birth weight infants. Mothers (and breast milk samples) were divided into a test (41 mothers) and a validation cohort (10 mothers). In the test cohort, the decrease in protein content by day of lactation was modeled resulting in the breast milk-equation (BME)). In the validation cohort, five supplementation strategies to optimize protein supply were compared: standardized supplementation (adding 1.0 g (S1) or 1.42 g protein/100 mL (S2)) was compared with ‘adapted’ supplementation, considering variation in protein content (protein content according to Gidrewicz and Fenton (A1), to BME (A2) and to BME with adjustments at days 12 and 26 (A3)). S1 and S2 achieved 5% and 24% of adequate protein supply, while the corresponding values for A1–A3 were 89%, 96% and 95%. Adapted protein supplementation based on calculated breast milk protein content is easy, non-invasive, inexpensive and improves protein supply compared to standardized supplementation.
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Mohamad Razlan Abd Rahman, Zaiton Hassan, Mohd Sukri Hassan, Roshada Hashim, Wong Ling Shing, and Sharifah Hazirah Syd Jaafar. "Multi-Nutrient Milk Quality Analysis Applying Chemometrics: A Supplementation-based Approach using Dairy Goats." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 28, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.28.3.123143.
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Date pits (DP) are discarded as agricultural waste by-products and used in animals’ supplementation. Data on multi-nutrient milk analysis is still less published to understand the effects of supplementation. Therefore, this research was done to evaluate the effect of DP powder (DPP) cultivars as supplementation on milk yield and quality to lactating Saanen-Boer crossed bred goats for a 12-week trial and to analyse the parameters using chemometrics. The analyses include milk yield, crude protein, fat, lactose and total phenolic content (TPC). The goats (n=24) were grouped into 12 designated cubicles and goats fed with normal daily rations, served as control. Several doses of DPP supplementations were administered against the control. Milk yield was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by DPP cultivars and doses. Significant (p < 0.05) increase in milk yield was registered for goats fed with A20 (59.52%) and M30 (28.24%), respectively compared to control. However, the crude protein (2.71 – 4.33%), fat (2.69 – 5.55%), lactose (4.52 – 9.66 mM) and TPC (0.14 – 0.42 mg/g) of the milk were not affected (p > 0.05) by the cultivar and dose. 3D PCA of the significant highest milk yield (A20 and M30) compared to the control focusing on combination of milk yield, crude protein, fat and TPC was obviously clustered. Hence, milk quality analyses via a multi-nutrient chemometric approach could be a comprehensive method in determining milk as food for food security and sustainability.
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Huang, Ling-Pi, Giancarlo Condello, and Chia-Hua Kuo. "Effects of Milk Protein in Resistance Training-Induced Lean Mass Gains for Older Adults Aged ≥ 60 y: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 2815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082815.
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This review evaluated the effects of milk-based protein supplementation on resistance training (RT)-induced gains in lean body mass or fat free mass (LBM/FFM) and muscle strength for older adults. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost/SPORTDiscus was conducted. Eligibility criteria: Randomized controlled trials comparing all types of milk-based protein supplements with control supplements for the training older adults at mean age ≥ 60 y. Twenty studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, whilst seventeen studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. A dose of 10–15 g of milk protein supplementation was sufficient to augment RT-induced LBM/FFM. Intriguingly, four out of five studies show negative effect of whey protein supplementation at the same dose range (or even higher) compared with control supplementation (−0.49 kg, 95% CI: −0.69, −0.29, I2 = 14%, Z = 4.82, p < 0.001). For milk-based protein supplementation, RT-induced improvements in muscle strength were observed only when the protein doses ≥22 g (+0.66 kg, 95% CI: 0.07, 1.25, I2 = 0%, Z = 2.18, p = 0.03). Conclusion: Milk protein is superior to whey protein in enhancing RT-induced LBM/FFM gains for older adults. Optimal daily protein intake can dilute the protein supplementation effect.
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Kim, Jung-Eun, and Hong-Gu Lee. "Amino Acids Supplementation for the Milk and Milk Protein Production of Dairy Cows." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072118.
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As the preference of consumers for casein products has increased, the protein content of milk from dairy cows is drawing more attention. Protein synthesis in the milk of dairy cows requires a proper supply of dietary protein. High protein supplementation may help to produce more milk protein, but residues in feces and urine cause environmental pollution and increase production costs. As such, previous studies have focused on protein supplements and amino acid (AA) supply. This review concerns AA nutrition for enhancing milk protein in dairy cows, and mainly focuses on three AAs: methionine, lysine, and histidine. AA supplementation for promoting protein synthesis is related to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex and its downstream pathways. Each AA has different stimulating effects on the mTOR translation initiation pathway, and thus manifests different milk protein yields. This review will expand our understanding of AA nutrition and the involved pathways in relation to the synthesis of milk protein in dairy cows.
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Bequette, Brian J., John A. Metcalf, Diane Wray-Cahen, F. R. Colette Backwell, John D. Sutton, Michael A. Lomax, John C. Macrae, and Gerald E. Lobley. "Leucine and protein metabolism in the lactating dairy cow mammary gland: responses to supplemental dietary crude protein intake." Journal of Dairy Research 63, no. 2 (May 1996): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002202990003171x.
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SummaryMammary gland protein metabolism, determined by an arteriovenous difference technique, was monitored in four Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in response to supplemental dietary protein (provided as rumen-protected soyabean meal) during late lactation (weeks 24–30). Each cow was offered two isoenergetic diets composed of grass silage (170 g crude protein/kg dry matter) plus either a low (108 g/kg) or medium (151 g/kg) crude protein concentrate in a single crossover design involving two 21 d periods. On day 21, arteriovenous measurements across the mammary gland were made during a 13 h continuous i.v. infusion of [1-13C]leucine and with frequent (2 hourly) milk sampling during the final 6 h. Although total milk yield was slightly increased (+1 kg/d) by protein supplementation, milk protein yield was not significantly affected. Whole body protein flux (protein synthesis plus oxidation) was not significantly affected by supplementation. Total mammary gland protein synthesis (milk plus non-milk protein) was also not affected by supplementation but on both diets gland synthesis was always greater (by 20–59%) than milk protein output. The fractional oxidation rate of leucine by the mammary gland was significantly increased by protein supplementation (0·047 v. 0·136). Although the enrichment of leucine in secreted milk protein continued to increase, the final value (at 13 h) was 0·94 of the arterial plasma free leucine plateau value (not significantly different), suggesting almost exclusive use of plasma free leucine for milk protein synthesis. Based on current feeding schemes for dairy cattle, a fixed proportion (0·65–0·75) of the additional protein intake (+490 g/d) should have been partitioned into milk protein. Instead, leucine oxidation by the mammary gland was increased. Whether oxidation of other amino acids was also enhanced is unknown but if amino acid oxidation and the ‘additional’ non-milk protein synthesis occurring in the gland are not crucial to milk synthesis, then by reducing such activities improvements in the efficiency of converting absorbed amino acid into milk protein can be achieved.
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Lugonja, Nikoleta, Vesna Marinkovic, Biljana Milicic, Jelena Avdalovic, Miroslav Vrvic, and Snezana Spasic. "Effect of storage process on nutritive properties of preterm human milk." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly, no. 00 (2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq220117021l.
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Freeze storage and pasteurization of human milk are common treatments in milk banks. Thermal treatment changes the quality of milk for preterm infants? nutrition, and the aim of this paper was to examine the nutritional profile and antioxidant potential of preterm human milk after storage and pasteurization, and also after supplementation with fortifier. The effects of storage processes were estimated on mature preterm milk of 30 breastfeeding women. Total proteins, lipids and lactose were determined after thermal processing and supplementation of mature preterm milk with fortifier. The antioxidant capacity was determined using the ferric reducing antioxidant potential method and lipid peroxidation inhibition assay. Protein concentration decreased after frozen storage and pasteurization (p<0.05). Pasteurization further reduced the lipid concentration after freezing. The ferric reducing antioxidant potential decreased after thermal treatments (p<0.05). Supplementation of mature milk with fortifier increased the concentration of proteins, lipids and lactose. Our findings demonstrated that storage and pasteurization processes affect the basic nutritional composition and antioxidant capacity of preterm human milk. In order to ensure adequate nutrition for preterm infants with preterm human milk, supplementation, especially with high concentrations of proteins and lipids, is necessary after thermal treatments.
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Widyobroto, W. P., R. Rochijan, I. Ismaya, A. Adiarto, and Y. Y. Suranindyah. "THE IMPACT OF BALANCED ENERGY AND PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION TO MILK PRODUCTION AND QUALITY IN EARLY LACTATING DAIRY COWS." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.41.2.83-90.
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This research was aimed to determine the impact of balanced energy and protein supplementation with high rumen undegraded protein (HRUP) to milk production and quality in early lactating dairy cows. Twelve early lactating Friesian Holstein cows were divided into two groups (control and HRUP). Both control and HRUP group were fed on a basal diet (forage to concentrate ratio was 60:40; DM basis), with rumen undegraded protein (RUP) levels were 27.47% and 32.78% for control and HRUP, respectively. The experimental diets were given to animals twice daily, morning and afternoon. Water was given by ad libitum. The observed parameters were nutrient intake, quantity and quality of milk production . Data were examined using t-test. Results showed that feed intake, milk production and 4% FCM, milk fat and lactose concentrations, and milk solid non-fat and total solid concentrations were not differed significantly between control and HRUP groups. However, milk protein concentration and production were differed (P
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Suhendra, Danes, Sudjatmogo Sudjatmogo, and Widiyanto Widiyanto. "Pengimbuhan Minyak Jagung Terproteksi dengan Berbagai Level Protein Ransum Sapi Friesian Holstein Meningkatkan Kadar Asam Lemak Tidak Jenuh Susu." Jurnal Veteriner 19, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2018.19.1.100.
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This study was aimed to examine level supplemenation of corn oil (CO) as a source of protected poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and various crude protein (CP) levels in diets to ruminal iodin number and milk fatty acids of Friesian Holstein. The research done through two stages, using in vivo method and in vivo method. The corn oil protection is performed by saponification using KOH and then tranformed using CaCl2 to calcium salt. Research use two treatment factors with three replications, the first factor was supplementation of PUFA (L) with details L0 (Without protection), L1 (supplementation 75% Protected CO), and L2 (Supplementation 80% Protected CO) and the second factor is the P1 crude protein level (CP 12%) and P2 (CP 16%). The results showed that there was no interaction effect between the supplementation of protected CO with protein level to the ruminal iodin number, saturated fatty acid (SFA), unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), linoleic acid (LA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) milk. The parameters are iodin number and milk fatty acids. Result of this research show that supplementation of protected CO increased the ruminal iodin number (P<0.01), UFA (P=), LA (P=) and milk PUFA (P=). Supplementation protected CO decrease milk SFA (P=). It can be concluded that supplementation of protected CO increases milk UFA of FH.
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Thapa, Puja, Thaneshwar Pandey, Rabin Acharya, and Bhargab Dhital. "Effect of by-pass protein supplements on milk production of dairy cattle." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v2i1.26062.
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Bypass protein stimulates the voluntary feed intake, increase quality milk production and thereby improves the economic status of dairy cows farming. This study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of bypass protein on lactation performance of dairy cattle. The experiment was conducted by using 2 factorial completely randomized designs. Milk yield of individual animal was recorded daily and milk composition was recorded at fortnight interval. Results revealed that the average daily milk yield of cows fed with Heat treated soyabean cake-T1 (4.29 L) was greater than cows fed with formalin treated soyabean cake-T2 (3.56 L) followed by control group-T3 (2.62 L). . The fortnight average milk protein and fat percentages were 2.91, 2.94 and 3.18% and 5.52, 5.55 and 4.47% for T0, T1 and T2 groups respectively. The weekly average milk SNF and milk density were 8.12, 8.37 and 8.64 % and 25.67, 27.80 and 27.10%, for group T0, T1 and T2 respectively. Experiment revealed that by-pass protein supplementation to lactating animals is one of the option for improving the milk production and milk composition and suggested that further study should be conducted to precise the optimum level of bypass protein supplementation and to quantify the experimental period.
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CHILLIARD, YVES, and MICHEL DOREAU. "Influence of supplementary fish oil and rumen-protected methionine on milk yield and composition in dairy cows." Journal of Dairy Research 64, no. 2 (May 1997): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029996002105.
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The effects of a daily supplement of 300 ml fish oil and 20 g rumen-protected methionine, alone or in combination, were investigated in mid-lactation cows receiving a maize silage-based diet ad lib. Fish oil significantly decreased feed intake, increased milk yield, decreased protein and casein concentrations, and especially fat concentration (by 13·1 g/kg) and output. Fat concentration decreased more in primiparous than in multiparous cows. Methionine supplementation increased protein and casein concentrations and outputs. No significant interaction between oil and methionine supplementation was found on milk composition. Treatments did not modify live weight or body condition changes, or lactose and non-casein nitrogenous compounds in milk. Oil plus methionine supplementation made it possible to decrease milk fat content without changing protein content.
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Strusińska, D., D. Minakowski, B. Pysera, and J. Kaliniewicz. "Effects of fat-protein supplementation of diets for cows in early lactation on milk yield and composition." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 5 (December 5, 2011): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3929-cjas.
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An experiment was performed on 37 Holstein-Friesian cows during the first 120 days of lactation. The cows were fed balanced diets composed of haylage and maize silage (together 52% dry mater) and a concentrate containing 19% crude protein (group 1), a concentrate containing 17.5% crude protein and 1 kg of fat-protein supplement Megapro Plus<sup>®</sup> (group 2) or a concentrate containing 19% crude protein and 1 kg of fat-protein supplement Megapro Plus<sup>®</sup> (group 3). The mean daily milk yield recorded in groups 2 and 3 amounted to 32.6 kg/d and was by 10.3% higher than in the control group (P ≤ 0.01). FCM yield increased by 15.5% and 12.1% in groups 2 and 3, respectively, in comparison with group 1. Diet supplementation with Megapro Plus<sup>®</sup> had no significant effect on the levels of fat, lactose, protein, nitrogen fractions and urea, or some physicochemical properties of milk (density, pH, heat stability). A decrease was noted in solids-non-fat (group 2) and somatic cell count (P ≤ 0.05). Megapro Plus<sup>®</sup> supplementation of a diet with a reduced (to 3%) “00” rapeseed meal content in concentrate (group 2) resulted in a significant increase in the concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (especially C18:1 and C18:2) and hypocholesterolaemic acids (DFA) in milk, recorded on the 120th day of lactation. Megapro Plus<sup>®</sup> supplementation of a concentrate with a high (10%) “00” rapeseed meal content aimed at increasing the concentrations of both energy and protein (group 3), had no significant effect on improvement in the fatty acid profile, i.e. changes towards increasing unsaturation of milk fat.
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Ardalan, Mehrnaz, Ali H. Hussein, and Evan C. Titgemeyer. "Effect of Post-Ruminal Casein Infusion on Milk Yield, Milk Composition, and Efficiency of Nitrogen Use in Dairy Cows." Dairy 3, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy3010013.
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Adequate supply of amino acids can improve the efficiency of nitrogen use. Casein is the predominant milk protein, and its supplementation can improve milk protein synthesis and nitrogen efficiency. We evaluated the effects of post-ruminal supplementation of casein on milk yield and composition and whole-body protein deposition. Two ruminally cannulated Holstein dairy cows (599 kg) were used in a switch-back design, and treatments were an abomasal infusion of 0 or 400 g/day casein. Cows were fed a diet consisting of corn silage, alfalfa hay, wet corn gluten feed, whole cottonseed, and grain mix, and they received 320 g/day dextrose via abomasal infusion to increase energy:metabolizable protein. The experiment used three 8-day periods. Milk, urine, and feces samples were collected to evaluate milk production, milk composition, and nitrogen retention. Abomasal casein infusion increased (p < 0.01) milk protein percentage and milk urea nitrogen. Nitrogen retention (p = 0.03) and urinary N excretion (p < 0.001) were increased and fecal N excretion (p < 0.001) was decreased by casein infusion. Results suggest casein stimulated protein deposition and altered nitrogen use in lactating dairy cattle. Adaptation periods of 4 days were appropriate for evaluating responses to casein supplementation. Our data provide elements that can aid the design of future experiments.
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Yoneme, Hiroshi, Junko Hatakeyama, Atsushi Danjo, Hanako Oida, Masao Yoshinari, Reona Aijima, Naohisa Murata, Toshiyuki Watanabe, Yuji Oki, and Mizuho A. Kido. "Milk basic protein supplementation enhances fracture healing in mice." Nutrition 31, no. 2 (February 2015): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.08.008.
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Boehm, G., H. Senger, M. Friedrich, D. Müller, and K. Beyreiß. "Protein Supplementation of Human Milk for the Nutrition of VLBW-Infants: Human milk protein vs. meat protein hydrolysate." Klinische Pädiatrie 202, no. 05 (September 1990): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1025538.
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Gonzalez, Félix, Rodrigo Muiño, Víctor Pereira, Diego Martinez, Cristina Castillo, Joaquín Hernández, and José Luis Benedito. "Milk yield and reproductive performance of dairy heifers and cows supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 50, no. 4 (April 2015): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2015000400006.
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The objective of this work was to determine productive and fertility responses of Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows to supplementation with extruded linseed and soybean as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Supplementation had a positive effect on profitability, with significant increases in milk yield in supplemented cows, but not in heifers. Treatments had no effect on milk fat content, but higher milk protein contents were observed with supplementation. A higher conception rate was found for supplemented heifers, but not for cows. Fat sources containing PUFAs are recommended for dairy cattle supplementation, since they improve fertility in heifers and milk yield in cows.
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Patterson, D. C., F. J. Gordon, C. P. Ferris, and C. S. Mayne. "Responses of lactating cows to energy and protein supplementation while grazing a restricted allowance of grass." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200598470.
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Earlier work has indicated low responses in milk yield to supplementation with concentrates during grazing (Leaver, 1985). The substitution effect of concentrates on herbage dry matter intake is high at generous allowances of grass, but is much lower when the allocation of grass is low (Meijs and Hoekstra, 1984). It is therefore expected that the responses in milk yield to supplementation with concentrates during grazing would be greater with a restricted allowance of grass. The aim of the experiment was to measure the milk yield responses of high yielding cows to increased energy and protein supplementation, when offered a restricted allowance of grass.
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Patterson, D. C., F. J. Gordon, C. P. Ferris, and C. S. Mayne. "Responses of lactating cows to energy and protein supplementation while grazing a restricted allowance of grass." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600034085.
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Earlier work has indicated low responses in milk yield to supplementation with concentrates during grazing (Leaver, 1985). The substitution effect of concentrates on herbage dry matter intake is high at generous allowances of grass, but is much lower when the allocation of grass is low (Meijs and Hoekstra, 1984). It is therefore expected that the responses in milk yield to supplementation with concentrates during grazing would be greater with a restricted allowance of grass. The aim of the experiment was to measure the milk yield responses of high yielding cows to increased energy and protein supplementation, when offered a restricted allowance of grass.
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Roberts, Susan B., and W. A. Coward. "Dietary supplementation increases milk output in the rat." British Journal of Nutrition 53, no. 1 (January 1985): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850003.
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1. The effects of dietary supplementation on milk output and maternal body composition were investigated in the lactating rat. The supplement was a cooked homogeneous mixture of eggs and maize oil, and had the same protein-energy: total energy value as the control diet.2. During 2–12 d post partum rats were fed ad lib., either on the control diet alone or on the control diet plus the supplement. Measurements were made of milk output using an isotope-dilution technique, milk composition, and dam and litter body-composition changes.3. Compared with the dams receiving only the control diet, dams provided with the supplement consumed 19.7% more energy and protein and produced 31.2% more milk and mobilized less body fat.4. By 12 d of age, pups in litters of dams receiving the supplement were significantly heavier than those in litters of dams receiving the control diet only, and they contained more protein and more fat.5. It is concluded that dietary supplementation of lactating rats can enhance lactational performance.
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Khanal, D. R., I. Tiwari, R. Bastola, and C. R. Upreti. "Beneficial Effects of Stinging Nettle Supplementation on Milk Production." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 34 (December 21, 2017): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v34i0.22904.
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After having demonstrated the beneficial effects of stinging nettle supplementation in poultry and pigs, a month long on-station pilot trial in 10 lactating cattle of second to third stage of parity at Cattle Research Programme at Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Lalitpur was carried out. Daily supplementation of 20 gm nettle powder to dairy cattle resulted in enhanced milk production by 0.9 litres on an average compared to milk yield before nettle supplementation (3.2 litres/day versus 4.1 litres/day). After the on-station pilot trial; an on-farm trial in Tanahun, 150 km west of Kathmandu was carried out in 12 lactating Jersey cross cows by daily supplementation of 20 gm (T1) and 40 gm (T2) of nettle powder in two groups (n=4 cows/group) of cattle and productive performance was compared with control. Milk yield in terms of quantity and quality was recorded one week prior and during nettle supplementation. Qualitative analysis of milk samples was done every 14 days to measure levels of milk fat, solid non-fat and milk protein using Lactoscan. Available data on on-farm trial showed that there was increment in milk production in both treatment (T1 and T2) groups by 8.08% and 10.19%, respectively against control. Similarly, fat percentage was also increased compared to fat level prior to nettle supplementation in both T1 (3.52% vs. 4.15%) and T2 (3.46% vs. 4.46%) groups while in control group there was very negligible change (3.24% vs. 3.33%). Likewise, there were also remarkable increment in solid non-fat (SNF) and milk protein in nettle fed groups against control. Furthermore, overall body condition score in nettle supplemented group was better than that of control towards the end of supplementation. Our findings exhibited the beneficial effects of stinging nettle supplementation in enhancing the quantity and quality milk yield besides improving body condition score of the dairy cattle.
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Campos, Nathália Rafaela Fidelis, Gelson dos Santos Difante, Adriano Henrique do Nascimento Rangel, Stela Antas Urbano, João Virgínio Emerenciano Neto, Ana Beatriz Graciano da Costa, Roldão Teixeira de Carvalho Netto, Pedro Henrique Cavalcante Ribeiro, and José Igor Gomes Bezerra. "Supplementation strategies and their effects on ewes colostrum and milk compositions in the initial third lactation period." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 4 (June 7, 2019): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n4p1535.
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The objective of this study was to analyze colostrum and milk compositions of ewes kept in pasture receiving different types/levels of supplementation and to analyze milk composition variation throughout the initial third lactation period. After confirmation of pregnancy, 54 ewes were kept in pasture and supplemented from the final third of gestation until weaning with multiple mixture or concentrate (0.4% or 0.8% of body weight). Milk collections were carried out in the postpartum period to collect colostrum (day 0), and on the seventh, 14th, 21st and 28th milking days. Samples were obtained by manual milking and analyzed for protein, fat, casein, lactose, total solids and defatted dry extract. No effects from the different types of supplementation were observed on the colostrum composition or in relation to milk composition. An effect of supplementation was only found for lactose contents, which were higher for animals that consumed a higher level of supplementation. In relation to the milking days, a linear decrease in protein, casein, total solids and defatted dry extract contents was observed between the seventh and the 28th day of lactation. No interaction between type of supplementation and the milking days was observed. The different types of supplementation did not alter the colostrum composition of Santa Inês crossbred ewes, however they had an influence on milk composition. Protein, casein, total solids and defatted dry extract decrease linearly between the seventh and the 28th day of lactation.
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Cockburn, Emma, Philip R. Hayes, Duncan N. French, Emma Stevenson, and Alan St Clair Gibson. "Acute milk-based protein–CHO supplementation attenuates exercise-induced muscle damage." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 4 (August 2008): 775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h08-057.
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Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) leads to the degradation of protein structures within the muscle. This may subsequently lead to decrements in muscle performance and increases in intramuscular enzymes and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Milk, which provides protein and carbohydrate (CHO), may lead to the attenuation of protein degradation and (or) an increase in protein synthesis that would limit the consequential effects of EIMD. This study examined the effects of acute milk and milk-based protein–CHO (CHO-P) supplementation on attenuating EIMD. Four independent groups of 6 healthy males consumed water (CON), CHO sports drink, milk-based CHO-P or milk (M), post EIMD. DOMS, isokinetic muscle performance, creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin (Mb) were assessed immediately before and 24 and 48 h after EIMD. DOMS was not significantly different (p > 0.05) between groups at any time point. Peak torque (dominant) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) 48 h after CHO-P compared with CHO and CON, and M compared with CHO. Total work of the set (dominant) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) 48 h after CHO-P and M compared with CHO and CON. CK was significantly lower (p < 0.05) 48 h after CHO-P and M compared with CHO. Mb was significantly lower (p < 0.05) 48 h after CHO-P compared with CHO. At 48 h post-EIMD, milk and milk-based protein–CHO supplementation resulted in the attenuation of decreases in isokinetic muscle performance and increases in CK and Mb.
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Huhtanen, Pekka, and Terttu Heikkilä. "Effects of physical treatment of barley and rapeseed meal in dairy cows given grass silage-based diets." Agricultural and Food Science 5, no. 4 (July 1, 1996): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72752.
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Twenty-four Ayrshire cows were used to study the effects of physical treatment of barley, rapeseed meal (RSM) supplementation and heat-moisture treatment of RSM on silage intake and milk production. Experimental design was a cyclic change-over with six dietary treatments. The treatments in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement consisted of either untreated (UB) or heat-moisture treated barley (TB), given without protein supplementation (control) or with untreated or heat-moisture treated RSM. Grass silage was given ad libitum and the concentrates at a rate of 10 kg/d. For the RSM diets, 2 kg/d of the basal concentrate was replaced with either untreated or treated RSM. Treatment of barley decreased silage intake, the effect being greater when the supplement did not contain RSM. There was no effect on milk yield, but due to the lower milk fat content, energy corrected milk yield was lower in cows given TB than in those given UB. Feeding the TB diets was also associated with lower milk urea content, and with increased milk protein content but not protein yield. Faster initial rate of gas production in vitro suggested that the treatment of barley increased the rate of fermentation. Compared with the control diets, RSM supplementation significantly increased silage intake, milk yield, milk protein content and yields of all milk constituents. Heat-moisture treatment of RSM did not produce any further production response.
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Morrison, S. Y., J. M. Campbell, and J. K. Drackley. "Amino acid supplementation of calf milk replacers containing plasma protein." Journal of Dairy Science 100, no. 6 (June 2017): 4637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12402.
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WANG, C., Q. LIU, W. Z. YANG, J. WU, W. W. ZHANG, P. ZHANG, K. H. DONG, and Y. X. HUANG. "Effects of betaine supplementation on rumen fermentation, lactation performance, feed digestibilities and plasma characteristics in dairy cows." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 4 (May 28, 2010): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000328.
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SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of betaine supplementation on rumen fermentation, lactation performance and plasma characteristics in dairy cows. Twenty multiparous Holstein dairy cows (597±11·8 kg body weight (BW), 88±4·5 days in milk (DIM) and average daily milk production of 26·3±0·5 kg/cow) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square experiment. The treatments were: control (without betaine), low-betaine (LB), medium-betaine (MB) and high-betaine (HB) with 0, 50, 100 and 150 g supplemental anhydrous betaine/cow/day, respectively. Betaine was hand-mixed into the top one-third of the daily ration at feeding. Experimental periods were 30 days with 15 days of adaptation and 15 days of sampling. Dry matter (DM) intake was not affected with increasing the betaine supplementation. There were linear increases in milk yield and fat-corrected milk yield (corrected to 40 g fat/kg) and a linear and quadratic increase in milk fat concentration with increasing the betaine supplementation, whereas the proportion and yield of milk protein and lactose, and feed efficiency, were not affected. Ruminal pH and ammonia N linearly decreased, whereas total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration linearly and quadratically increased with increasing the betaine supplementation. The ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) linearly increased from 3·06 to 3·53 as betaine supplementation increased. Digestibility of DM linearly increased, whereas digestibilities of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in the total tract were quadratically increased with increasing the betaine supplementation. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were lower for betaine supplementation than for control, and were linearly decreased by betaine supplementation. The results indicate that supplementation of mid-lactation dairy cow diets with betaine increased milk yield through increased feed digestion. Betaine supplementation may benefit lactation performance when methionine supply is limiting.
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MAHGOUB, SAMIR, ALI OSMAN, and MAHMOUD SITOHY. "Inhibition of Growth of Pathogenic Bacteria in Raw Milk by Legume Protein Esters." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 1475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-065.
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Protein isolates from soybean and chickpea, as well as their methylated esters, were tested for their inhibitory action against the propagation of pathogenic bacteria in raw milk during its storage either at room temperature or under refrigeration. Raw milk was inoculated with a mixed culture of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis strain PT4 at ca. 2 log CFU ml−1. Aerobic plate count, coliform count, and presumptive E. coli in raw milk treated with esterified legume proteins were inhibited by 2 to 3 log relative to a control after 6 to 8 days of storage at 4°C. At room temperature, bacterial populations (aerobic plate count, coliform count, and presumptive E. coli) in raw milk treated with esterified legume proteins were inhibited by ca. 1.5 to 1.6 log relative to the control after 12 h. Supplementation of raw milk with esterified soybean protein could significantly inhibit the counts of the two inoculated pathogens (L. monocytogenes Scott A and Salmonella Enteritidis PT4), which were initially inoculated at ca. 2 log CFU ml−1, by ca. 2.4 log and 1.6 log CFU ml−1, respectively, on day 8 of storage under cold conditions. Corresponding reductions amounting to 2.7 and 1.8 log CFU ml−1 were observed after 12 h of storage at room temperature. Supplementation of raw milk with esterified soybean protein (0.5%) reduced the maximum level of titratable acidity to 0.21 and maintained the pH level at 6.4 after 8 days of storage under cold conditions as compared with 4 days for untreated raw milk. Similar results were observed when raw milk was stored at room temperature for 10 h.
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Numpaque, Marlon, Tuba Şanlı, and Elif Ayse Anli. "Diversity of Milks Other Than Cow, Sheep, Goat and Buffalo: In Terms of Nutrition and Technological Use." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 12 (December 13, 2019): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i12.2047-2053.2623.
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The first introduction of human being with milk begins with human milk during infancy, continues with very commonly with cow’s milk and may be with other milk types during lifetime. Cow breeding and utilizing its milk in nutrition is widespread in the world. There are particular species common to their area such as donkey, camel, mare, yak and llama have an important share in milk production in the world. Donkey milk has higher serum protein and lower casein content being similar to human milk so regarded as a good and safer alternative for infants suffering from cow’s milk protein allergy. Mare milk is used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of some metabolic and allergic illnesses. It is generally consumed as fermented product. Llama milk contains higher amounts of calcium and phosphorus than cow's milk. Camel milk has high vitamin and mineral content and has claimed to have medicinal proteins. Its casein micelle size is larger naturally and it has lower amount of κ-casein these cause difficulties in cheese making and affect curd quality. Reindeer milk is an energy dense food with its high fat and high protein content when compared to cow’s milk. Its high protein content could make it suitable for protein supplementation. Its low lactose content makes its consumption possible by lactose intolerance patients. Yak is richer in almost all main nutritional components when compared with cow’s milk. It can be used in cheese, butter making and dried milk products. The objective of this review was to represent the composition of different animal species’ milks; other than cow, buffalo, sheep and goat, their importance in nutrition and technological use.
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Ochoa, Theresa J., and Stéphane V. Sizonenko. "Lactoferrin and prematurity: a promising milk protein?" Biochemistry and Cell Biology 95, no. 1 (February 2017): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/bcb-2016-0066.
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Lactoferrin (Lf) is the major whey protein in milk, with multiple beneficial health effects including direct antimicrobial activities, anti-inflammatory effects, and iron homeostasis. Oral Lf supplementation in human preterm infants has been shown to reduce the incidence of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. In preclinical models of antenatal stress and perinatal brain injury, bovine Lf protected the developing brain from neuronal loss, improved connectivity, increased neurotrophic factors, and decreased inflammation. It also supported brain development and cognition. Further, Lf can prevent preterm delivery by reducing proinflammatory factors and inhibiting premature cervix maturation. We review here the latest research on Lf in the field of neonatology.
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Charmley, E., J. A. Small, and K. B. McRae. "Influence of post-calving supplemental protein on calf performance and reproductive efficiency for beef cows fed silage." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-068.
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Protein supplementation for winter-calving beef cows between calving and turnout to pasture was studied in two trials. Changes in cow body weight (BW) and condition and calf BW gains were recorded from calving to weaning in the fall. Reproductive performance was monitored, and in trial 2, milk production was determined. In trial 1, multiparous silage-fed cows were allocated to one of five levels of corn gluten meal (CGM): 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 g d−1. In the second trial, cows were allocated to either restricted or ad libitum silage feeding in combination with three protein supplements: no protein, 400 g d−1 CGM or 475 g d−1 soybean meal (SBM). In trial 1, cows gained weight during supplementation, but on pasture they lost weight (linear effect, P = 0.10). Calf gains and weights at turnout and weaning showed a quadratic response to protein supplementation (P < 0.05). There was a trend toward a linear decline in days to first service with increasing levels of CGM (P < 0.10). In trial 2, cows on restricted silage feeding lost weight (P < 0.05) and body condition (P < 0.10), whereas those fed ad libitum silage gained weight and condition. On pasture, this pattern of weight change was reversed (P < 0.05). Protein supplementation did not influence BW change but tended to cause a lower body condition score at turnout (P = 0.10). Restricting silage intake to the cow did not affect calf performance, but protein supplementation increased gains both during supplementation and on pasture, thus increasing weaning weights (P < 0.05). When silage was fed ad libitum, SBM was more effective than CGM for increasing calf gain. However, when silage was restricted, CGM was more effective. Restricting silage intake did not impair milk production, but feeding CGM increased milk production (P < 0.05). For ad libitum-fed cows, protein supplementation increased pregnancy rate; restricting feed had the opposite effect. Our data suggest that protein supplementation to silage-fed beef cows in good body condition can increase calf performance; however, the level of supplementation is critical, and possible adverse effects on breeding have to be taken into account, particularly with cows in negative energy balance after calving. Key words: Beef cow, protein, milk production, calf gains, silage
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Hellemond, K. K., and J. E. Sprietsma. "Effect of Supplementation of Methionine and Methionine Hydroxy Analog on Milk Yield, Milk Fat and Milk Protein." Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde 39, no. 1-6 (October 9, 2009): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1977.tb00258.x.
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Miller, Sharon L., Carl M. Maresh, Lawrence E. Armstrong, Cara B. Ebbeling, Shannon Lennon, and Nancy R. Rodriguez. "Metabolic Response to Provision of Mixed Protein-Carbohydrate Supplementation during Endurance Exercise." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 4 (December 2002): 384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.4.384.
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The interaction of substrates and hormones in response to ingestion of intact proteins during endurance exercise is unknown. This study characterized substrate and hormone responses to supplementation during endurance exercise. Nine male runners participated in 3 trials in which a non-fat (MILK), carbohydrate (CHO), or placebo (PLA) drink was consumed during a 2-hour treadmill >· run at 65% V̇O2max. Circulating levels of insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, norepi-nephrine, growth hormone, testosterone, and cortisol were measured. Plasma substrates included glucose, lactate, free fatty acids, and select amino acids. Except for insulin and cortisol, hormones increased with exercise. While post-exercise insulin concentrations declined similarly in all 3 trials, the glucagon increase was greatest following MILK consumption. CHO blunted the post-exercise increase in growth hormone compared to levels in MILK. Free fatty acids and plasma amino acids also were responsive to nutritional supplementation with both CHO and MILK attenuating the rise in free fatty acids compared to the increase observed in PLA. Correspondingly, respiratory exchange ratio increased during CHO. Essential amino acids increased significantly only after MILK and were either unchanged or decreased in CHO. PLA was characterized by a decrease in branched-chain amino acid concentrations. Modest nutritional supplementation in this study altered the endocrine response as well as substrate availability and utilization following and during an endurance run, respectively.
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Celi, Pietro, and Herman W. Raadsma. "Effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) supplementation on the productive performance of dairy cows during mid-lactation." Animal Production Science 50, no. 6 (2010): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09170.
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Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis), a tea known for its high antioxidant content, was fed (250 g/cow.day) to 8 of 16 Holstein cows for 6 weeks to assess its effect on their performance. Cows were weighed and blood samples were taken on Weeks 0, 3 and 6. Blood samples were centrifuged and plasma was analysed for reactive oxygen metabolites, biological antioxidant potential, advanced oxidation protein products and non-esterified fatty acids. Cows were milked two times daily and milk yields were recorded daily for individual cows. On Weeks 0 and 6, individual milk samples were collected from two consecutive milkings, composited, and analysed for somatic cell counts, fat and true protein concentrations. Plasma concentrations of reactive oxygen metabolites, biological antioxidant potential and non-esterified fatty acids were not affected by Yerba Mate supplementation. Similarly, no effect of Yerba Mate supplementation was noted on milk fat and protein content and on somatic cell counts. This study indicates that supplementation of dairy cows’ diet with Yerba Mate during mid lactation seems to improve milk yield when cows are fed with maize silage; however, even if the effect on milk yield was significant it was quite small and needs to be validated with further studies. Cows’ oxidative status was not affected by Yerba Mate supplementation indicating that the effect of Yerba Mate on their productive performances is not mediated by changes in redox status.
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Miller, Sharon L., P. Courtney Gaine, Carl M. Maresh, Lawrence E. Armstrong, Cara B. Ebbeling, Linda S. Lamont, and Nancy R. Rodriguez. "The Effects of Nutritional Supplementation Throughout an Endurance Run on Leucine Kinetics during Recovery." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 17, no. 5 (October 2007): 456–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.17.5.456.
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This study determined the effect of nutritional supplementation throughout endurance exercise on whole-body leucine kinetics (leucine rate of appearance [Ra], oxidation [Ox], and nonoxidative leucine disposal [NOLD]) during recovery. Five trained men underwent a 2-h run at 65% VO2max, during which a carbohydrate (CHO), mixed protein-carbohydrate (milk), or placebo (PLA) drink was consumed. Leucine kinetics were assessed during recovery using a primed, continuous infusion of 1-13C leucine. Leucine Ra and NOLD were lower for milk than for PLA. Ox was higher after milk-supplemented exercise than after CHO or PLA. Although consuming milk during the run affected whole-body leucine kinetics, the benefits of such a practice for athletes remain unclear. Additional studies are needed to determine whether protein supplementation during exercise can optimize protein utilization during recovery.
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Tuori, Mikko. "Rapeseed meal as a supplementary protein for dairy cows on grass silage-based diet, with the emphasis on the Nordic AAT-PBV feed protein evaluation system." Agricultural and Food Science 1, no. 4 (July 1, 1992): 367–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72455.
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The effect of rapeseed meal (RSM) supplementation on the performance of dairy cows on direct cut grass silage based diets was studied in five feeding trials. The proportion of RSM varied from 0% to 33% in the concentrate mixture (the grain was an oat-barley mixture of 1:1). In one experiment the treatments were RSM and soybean meal (SBM), while in another experiment forage was either grass silage or bam dried hay cut at the same maturity. In addition, this was compared to the data of other trials in Finland during the last ten years, in which RSM supplementation had been used. Using this data the response in terms of milk yield to RSM supplementation was estimated. The utilization of protein in milk production was estimated by the Nordic AAT-PBV protein evaluation system. During the experiments (1983-1990) the varieties of turnip rape were changed from high glucosinolate, containing single-zero, to low glucosinolate containing doublezero varieties, while the glucosinolate content was reduced from 40-50 μmoles to 14 μmoles per g of defatted meal. Heat-moisture treatment (™Öpex) further reduced the glucosinolate content by half. By replacing grain with RSM in the concentratemixture with ad libitum silage feeding, the silage intake increased by 0.43 kg per kg increase in RSM on the basis of dry matter (DM) (non significant). The response in increased milk production was 0.77 kg in milk or 0.70 kg in energy corrected milk (ECM) yield (P
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Hamzaoui, Soufiane, Gerardo Caja, Xavier Such, Elena Albanell, and Ahmed A. K. Salama. "Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation on Milk Production, Digestibility, and Metabolism in Dairy Goats under Thermoneutral and Heat Stress Conditions." Animals 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020350.
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In a previous work, we observed that heat-stressed goats suffer reductions in milk yield and its contents of fat and protein. Supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) may be a useful strategy to enhance milk quality. In total, eight multiparous Murciano–Granadina dairy goats (42.8 ± 1.3 kg body weight; 99 ± 1 days of lactation) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements and 2 d transition between periods). Goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were no oil (CON) or 4% of soybean oil (SBO), and controlled thermal neutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. This resulted in four treatment combinations: TN-CON, TN-SBO, HS-CON, and HS-SBO. Compared to TN, HS goats experienced lower (p < 0.05) feed intake, body weight, N retention, milk yield, and milk protein and lactose contents. However, goats in HS conditions had greater (p < 0.05) digestibility coefficients (+5.1, +5.2, +4.6, +7.0, and +8.9 points for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, respectively) than TN goats. The response to SBO had the same magnitude in TN and HS conditions. Supplementation with SBO had no effects on feed intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. However, SBO supplementation increased (p < 0.05) blood non-esterified fatty acids by 50%, milk fat by 29%, and conjugated linoleic acid by 360%. In conclusion, feeding 4% SBO to dairy goats was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and conjugated linoleic acid without any negative effects on intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. These beneficial effects were obtained regardless goats were in TN or HS conditions.
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Draganidis, Dimitrios, Niki Chondrogianni, Athanasios Chatzinikolaou, Gerasimos Terzis, Leonidas G. Karagounis, Apostolos Sovatzidis, Alexandra Avloniti, et al. "Protein ingestion preserves proteasome activity during intense aseptic inflammation and facilitates skeletal muscle recovery in humans." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 3 (August 14, 2017): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517001829.
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AbstractThe ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the main cellular proteolytic system responsible for the degradation of normal and abnormal (e.g. oxidised) proteins. Under catabolic conditions characterised by chronic inflammation, the UPS is activated resulting in proteolysis, muscle wasting and impaired muscle function. Milk proteins provide sulphur-containing amino acid and have been proposed to affect muscle inflammation. However, the response of the UPS to aseptic inflammation and protein supplementation is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate how milk protein supplementation affects UPS activity and skeletal muscle function under conditions of aseptic injury induced by intense, eccentric exercise. In a double-blind, cross-over, repeated measures design, eleven men received either placebo (PLA) or milk protein concentrate (PRO, 4×20 g on exercise day and 20 g/d for the following 8 days), following an acute bout of eccentric exercise (twenty sets of fifteen eccentric contractions at 30°/s) on an isokinetic dynamometer. In each trial, muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle at baseline, as well as at 2 and 8 d post exercise, whereas blood samples were collected before exercise and at 6 h, 1 d, 2 d and 8 d post exercise. Muscle strength and soreness were assessed before exercise, 6 h post exercise and then daily for 8 consecutive days. PRO preserved chymotrypsin-like activity and attenuated the decrease of strength, facilitating its recovery. PRO also prevented the increase of NF-κB phosphorylation and HSP70 expression throughout recovery. We conclude that milk PRO supplementation following exercise-induced muscle trauma preserves proteasome activity and attenuates strength decline during the pro-inflammatory phase.
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O'BRIEN, BERNADETTE, PATRICK DILLON, JOHN J. MURPHY, RAJ K. MEHRA, TIMOTHY P. GUINEE, JAMES F. CONNOLLY, ALAN KELLY, and PATRICK JOYCE. "Effects of stocking density and concentrate supplementation of grazing dairy cows on milk production, composition and processing characteristics." Journal of Dairy Research 66, no. 2 (May 1999): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029999003544.
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The effects on milk composition and processing characteristics of varying grass supply by changing stocking density and of offering a concentrate supplement were investigated. The experiment was conducted over 28 weeks of the lactation (April–October) using 48 spring-calved Friesian–Holstein cows. Three herds each of 16 cows were offered a restricted grass supply, a standard grass supply and a standard grass supply with a supplement of 3 kg concentrate/d. Treatment groups were grazed separately with a residence time of 3 d/paddock. Milk production, composition and processing characteristics such as renneting properties, ethanol stability and plasmin activity were measured weekly. Increasing stocking density above the standard system resulted in significant reductions in milk fat and protein yields, the concentrations of total protein, casein and whey proteins, and a deterioration in most processing characteristics. Imposing concentrate supplementation on the standard system increased total protein, casein and whey protein concentrations but generally did not improve processing characteristics except for ethanol stability. These results suggest that the standard grass supply in a rotational grazing paddock system can support efficient production of quality milk, and concentrate supplementation will not improve processing characteristics when an adequate supply of good quality herbage is available.
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Lee, GJ, DW Hennessy, PJ Williamson, JV Nolan, TJ Kempton, and RA Leng. "Responses to protein meal supplements by lactating beef cattle given a low-quality pasture hay." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 5 (1985): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850729.
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A feeding experiment (47 days) was undertaken to evaluate the role of protein meal supplements for Hereford cows given a low quality subtropical grass hay and suckling calves (mean age 37 � 2.2 days). The rates of supplementation were 0, 5.25, 10.5, 15.75, and 21.0 g pelleted protein meal /kg liveweight W0.75. The consumption of grass hay, and the estimated total metabolizable energy intake (MEI) by cows, were significantly (P < 0.01) increased by supplements of protein meal, and their rate of liveweight loss was reduced (P < 0.01). Unsupplemented cows lost 2.56 kg/day compared with a 0.15 kg gain/day for cows given the highest rate of supplementation. Daily milk production and yields of milk protein, lactose, solids-not-fat and fat increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing amounts of protein meal. Throughout lactation, daily milk yield declined most rapidly (P < 0.01) in cows given the lower rates of protein supplementation: on day 33 the milk yield in the cows given 21 g protein meal/kg W0.75 was 83% higher than that of the unsupplemented cows. In a second period the rate of supplementation of cows was altered on day 34 from 0 to 21.0 g/kg W0.75. Milk yield at day 47 increased to the same output as that of cows supplemented at 21.0 g/kg W0.75 from day 1. Growth rates of calves, over both periods, tended to be higher in those calves whose dams received the higher rates of supplementation, but the differences did not become significant (P < 0.05) until day 47. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in voluntary intakes of hay by the calves whose dams received the various rates of protein supplementation. The concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) was higher (P = 0.06) in the rumen of supplemented cows, but the molar proportions of VFA did not differ between treatments, viz. acetate, 0.71; propionate, 0.16; butyrate, 0.09; other VFA, 0.04. Rumen ammonia concentration was higher (P < 0.01) in cows supplemented with protein meal at the higher rates. The kinetics of plasma glucose and its products in the cows were studied on day 28 by means of a single intravenous injection of [2-3H] and [U-14C] glucose, and on day 29 by means of an intravenous injection of [2-3H] glucose and [14C] sodium bicarbonate. The rates of irreversible loss of glucose C and of bicarbonate C were higher in all supplemented cows. The results are discussed in relation to the availability of substrates for glucose synthesis, glucose oxidation and utilization for synthesis of lactose in milk.
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Souza, Guilherme Reis de, João Paulo Sampaio Rigueira, José Reinaldo Mendes Ruas, Virgílio Mesquita Gomes, Vicente Ribeiro Rocha Júnior, Flávio Pinto Monção, Leidy Darmony de Almeida Rufino, Cinara da Cunha Siqueira Carvalho, Ariadne Freitas Silva, and Edilane Aparecida da Silva. "Supplementation strategies for lactating F1 Holstein x Zebu cows on deferred pastures." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 1065–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n3p1065.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrate supplementation strategies to lactating F1 Holstein x Zebu cows managed on deferred signal grass pasture on milk yield, composition and body weight gain. Thirty-six F1 Holstein x Zebu cows with average days in milk of 102 ± 10 and body weight of 501 ± 19 kg were allotted to a 4 x 5 completely randomized factorial design, with four feeding strategies and five weeks of evaluation. The treatments consisted of four nutritional strategies: deferred pasture as a source of roughage + 700 grams of protein supplement (PDPI); deferred pasture as a source of roughage + 1,200 grams of protein supplement (PDPII); deferred pasture + 15 kilograms of corn silage (natural basis) + 1,200 grams of protein supplement (PDSP) and corn silage (ad libitum) + 700 grams of protein supplement (CSS). There was no interaction (P = 0.99) between supplementation strategies and test days on milk yield and chemical composition. The mean milk yield of cows managed on PDPI, PDPII and PDSP was 11.50 kg/day (P > 0.05), which was 14.30% lower than that of cows managed on CSS. Fat content (P < 0.01), protein (P < 0.01), lactose (P < 0.01), defatted dry extract (DDE) (P< 0 .01), total solids (P < 0.01) and milk casein (P < 0.01) were affected by different supplementation strategies. F1 Holstein x Zebu cows on deferred Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture and supplemented with concentrate maintains milk production at 11.50 kg with normal composition, maintaining satisfactory body weight and condition score.
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Martynov, V. A., and T. G. Lomova. "The role of energy-protein supplementation in feeding lactation cow." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 4 (January 16, 2023): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2022-65-4-147-152.
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Presented research aimed at studying the energy-protein supplement’s effect on cows’ milk productivity. The authors conducted a scientific and economic experiment in 2021 based on the branch of the Siberian Research Institute of Fodder of Siberian Federal Research Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Komsomolskoye livestock breeding farm of Pavlovsky district of Altai region. The study was conducted on four groups of cows of the Ob river region type of Black-and-White breed. Lactation cows of the control group were given a basic ration with the addition of 1 kg of feed concentrate. In the primary allocation, the authors added an energy protein supplement to the main diet for experimental groups at 500 to 1000 g/head—per day. It included vegetable feed (distiller’s grain, oil cake and soybean meal, corn gluten, sunflower meal, lupine), animal meal (blood and poultry meat), yeast culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y1242), synthetic methionine and lysine, organic chromium and unique flavor and aroma additives. The mechanism of action of the additive is aimed at increasing the intensity of digestion, optimizing protein and fat metabolism in the body, and ensuring the growth of the rumen microflora. The main qualitative parameters of the new energy-protein supplement: are crude protein - 60%, exchange interaction energy - 11.5 MJ, lysine - 1.8%, methionine - 0.3, calcium - 2.0, and phosphorus - 1.0%. Furthermore, feeding energy-protein feed supplements in diets positively affected the average daily milk yield of cows during the experiment period. Thus, the average daily milk yield in the experimental groups increased by 3.4-9.2 kg compared to the control group of animals. Therefore, according to the experiment results, it was found that the most optimal dose of energy-protein supplement should be considered 750 g/cow per day, which contributes to an increase in milk productivity throughout the experiment by 10.1% (P≤0.05).
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Akinlade, J. A., J. W. Smith, A. A. Taiwo, I. O. Adekunle, and F. G. Akangbe. "Milk production from primiparous Bunaji cows fed Pennisetum purpureum with or without supplements." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v36i1.1089.
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The feeding value of three supplements to a basal grass (Pennisetum pupureum) diet was investigated using sixteen Bunaji cows. The three supplements were Pueraria phaseoloides, Leucaena leucocephala and brewers dried grain (BDG). The rate of supplementation was 30% of the daily dry matter requirement. The experimental arrangement used was a completely randomized design and euch diet was tested using four animals per diet for an experimental duration of 60 days. Parameters measured included feed intake, milk yield and composition. There was substitution effect of supplement intake on the basal grass diet intake. The intake of supplements enhanced (P<0.005) crude protein intake. The milk yields were low and values ranged from 1.1 to 2.6 kg (4% fat corrected milk/day). Supplementation increased (P<0.05) milk, fat and protein yields of the lactating cows. However, milk yields of supplemented groups were similar (P>0.05). Milk from animals fed Leucaena and BDG supplements had the highest fat 102.2 and protein 93.12 g/d contents. Milk fat contents were normal and similar (P>0.05) among the treatments. Low milk protein contents were recorded except for BDG supplement. It was concluded that the feeding of forage legumes enhanced milk production in lactating Bunaji cows.
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An, Zhigao, Xinxin Zhang, Shanshan Gao, Di Zhou, Umair Riaz, Mohamed Abdelrahman, Guohua Hua, and Liguo Yang. "Effects of Capsicum Oleoresin Supplementation on Lactation Performance, Plasma Metabolites, and Nutrient Digestibility of Heat Stressed Dairy Cow." Animals 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2022): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12060797.
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The present study investigates the effect of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) supplementation on the dry matter intake, milk performance, plasma metabolites, and nutrient digestibility of dairy cows during the summer. Thirty-two lactating Holstein dairy cows (n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups. The CAP was dissolved in water and added to the total mixed ration with graded levels of CAP (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg of dry matter). The trial period consisted of seven days for adaptation and thirty days for sampling. Data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLM procedure SAS. The linear and quadratic effects were tested. The milk yield, milk fat, and milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with the dietary addition of CAP (p < 0.05). The dry matter intake increased linearly in the 20CAP group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat yield, and milk fat to milk protein ratio increased quadratically (p < 0.05), while the rectal temperature decreased quadratically (p < 0.05). Serum total cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids increased linearly (p < 0.05); glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate tended to increase quadratically with the dietary addition of CAP (p = 0.05). Meanwhile, CAP supplementation did not affect the milk protein yield, blood concentration of triglyceride, insulin, lipopolysaccharide, immunoglobulin G, or heat shock protein 70 expression level (p > 0.05). In addition, nutrient digestibility was comparable among groups (p > 0.05). These findings indicated that CAP supplementation could enhance the lactation performance of dairy cows during the summer.
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Grega, T., M. Sady, and J. Kraszewski. "Effect of herb mixture supplementation in ratio on milk yield, milk composition and its technological suitability." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 18, no. 3-4 (2002): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0204015g.
Full textAbstract:
Investigations were carried out on milk cows of Black -and- White breed being in 2-nd lactation 30-120 day after parturition. Experiment was performed during winter feeding season (corn silage, fodder beet silage, super beet pulp, concentrate, meadow hay). Cows of the experimental group received supplement (5% of concentrate) of the herb mixture in feeding ratio. The composition of this mixture was as follows: Urtica dioica, Fructus carvi, Pradix teraxaci, Agrimonio eupatoria, Matrica chamomilla. The obtained results show that supplementation of the diet by herb mixture induced increase of the following parameters: milk yield (+2 kg), fat content (+0,04%), protein content (+0,06%), citric acid (+0,10%), whey proteins (+0,02%), casein (+0,04%), dry matter (+0,12%), non fat dry matter (+0,07%). It was stated that in the experimental milk non-saturated fatty acid level was higher (+20%), in opposite to lower level of saturated fatty acids (-15%) and total cholesterol (-25%). The beneficial effect of herb mixture supplementation on the results of rennet-fermentation test, fermentation test, Sehern' s test and heat stability was stated in the experimental group milk.
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Zhang, Xiaoli, Chunyu Jiang, Qinghua Gao, Duanqin Wu, Shaoxun Tang, Zhiliang Tan, and Xuefeng Han. "Effects of Dietary Alkyl Polyglycoside Supplementation on Lactation Performance, Blood Parameters and Nutrient Digestibility in Dairy Cows." Animals 9, no. 8 (August 13, 2019): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080549.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated the effects of alkyl polyglycoside (APG), which is a non-ionic surfactant, on lactation performance, nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites in dairy cows. Twenty dairy cows were randomly divided into four groups and fed a basal diet that included pelleted concentrate, distillers grains, and fresh limpograss. The four treatments included 0, 5.5, 11 and 22 mL APG per kg of pelleted concentrate on a dry matter basis; treatments were defined as APG0, APG5.5, APG11, and APG22, respectively. Dry matter intake was not affected by APG supplementation. There was an increase in milk yield (from 13.96 to 16.71 kg/day) and increases in milk fat (quadratic, p = 0.04), protein (quadratic, p = 0.10), and lactose concentrations (linear, p = 0.07) with increasing APG supplementation. In addition, APG supplementation increased (p ≤ 0.03) the milk fat, protein, solid non-fat, and total solid yields, while the lactose yield increased (linear, p = 0.01) as the APG level increased. Dietary APG supplementation had no effect on nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites. It was concluded that the addition of APG at doses up to 22 mL/kg of pelleted concentrate had positive effects on the milk composition in dairy cows.
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McKINNON, J. J., D. A. CHRISTENSEN, and B. LAARVELD. "THE INFLUENCE OF BICARBONATE BUFFERS ON MILK PRODUCTION AND ACID-BASE BALANCE IN LACTATING DAIRY COWS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas90-106.
Full textAbstract:
Two 4 × 4 Latin square feeding trials were conducted to investigate the influence of 0.75% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), 0.75% potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) and 0.66% ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on production and acid-base parameters of dairy cows. Buffer supplementation did not improve feed intake or milk production compared to the control ration of 50% concentrate, 50% barley silage (DM basis). Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, acid detergent fiber and crude protein were not influenced by treatment. Buffer supplementation resulted in an increase in milk fat and total solids content in trial 2 but not in trial 1. In comparison to the two buffered rations, NH4Cl induced a mild form of acidosis as evidenced from reduced (P < 0.05) blood pH, HCO3, BE and urine pH values in trial 1 and blood HCO3 and urine pH in trial 2. In addition, DM and concentrate intake were reduced in trial 2 with NH4Cl supplementation. Treatment did not affect the molar proportions of the major rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA). It is concluded that milk fat production did not respond as expected to buffer supplementation due to a failure to influence the pattern of rumen VFA production. The control ration did not stress the acid-base homeostasis of the animal. Consequently, buffer supplementation did not lead to any improvement in systemic acid-base status. Key words: Dairy cattle, milk production, potassium and sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, acid-base balance
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Hristov, A. N. "Diet formulation as an effective tool for mitigating nitrogen excretion in dairy systems." Advances in Animal Biosciences 4, s1 (September 2013): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470013000265.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen (N) losses and ammonia emissions from livestock operations represent a significant water and air pollutant. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that reduction in dietary protein input results in improved N utilization efficiency and reduced N losses with manure in dairy cows. Reducing dietary protein can also benefit the producer by reducing feed cost. These interventions, however, have to be balanced with the risk of decreased productivity. If animal requirements for metabolizable protein (MP) are not met, productivity cannot be sustained. Supplementation with rumen-protected (RP) amino acids (AA) limiting milk production and milk protein synthesis may compensate for the lack of MP in dairy cow diets. Long-term experiments at Penn State University demonstrated reduced urinary N losses, blood urea, milk urea N, and ammonia emissions from manure with MP-deficient v. MP-adequate diets. In some trials, however, milk production and milk protein yield were decreased with the MP-deficient diets. Supplementation of these diets with RPAA (Lys, Met and His) increased dry matter intake and milk yield of the cows to levels comparable with MP-adequate diets and can be a successful strategy for reducing N losses and maintaining productivity in lactating dairy cows fed low-protein diets.
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Hermansen, J. E. "Food intake, milk yield and live-weight gain of dairy cows given increased amounts of calcium-saponified fatty acids of palm acid oil." Animal Science 50, no. 1 (February 1990): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100004426.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTA long-term experiment (first 24 weeks of lactation) with Danish Black and White cows and a short-term experiment with Jersey cows (experiment periods of 6 weeks) were carried out. In the long-term experiment, the effect of supplementing a normal dairy ration with 0·5 kg calcium (Ca) soap, 10 kg Ca-soap or 2 kg rolled barley was investigated in two herds, where silage was given ad libitum. The daily intakes of fatty acids in the diets were approximately 625, 1000, 1400 or 650 g respectively. Energy intake increased markedly by the supplementation, but not differently between soap or barley supplementation. The effect on milk production was not consistent in the two herds. In one herd, the soap supplement tended to increase milk fat yield (80 g/day) but not more than the barley supplementation which, in contrast to the fat supplementation, also increased milk protein yield. The effect of the fat was consistent over the first 6 months of lactation. In the other herd, only small differences in milk production were obtained with either supplements. In the short-term experiment carried out in mid lactation, a supplement of 0·8 kg Ca-soap increased daily intake of fatty acids from 730 to 1280 g per cow daily. Total food intake, milk and milk fat yield were not affected by the supplement but milk protein yield and live-weight gain were significantly reduced.
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Manoni, Michele, Chiara Di Lorenzo, Matteo Ottoboni, Marco Tretola, and Luciano Pinotti. "Comparative Proteomics of Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) Proteome across Species and Lactation Stages and the Potentials of MFGM Fractions in Infant Formula Preparation." Foods 9, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091251.
Full textAbstract:
Milk is a lipid-in-water emulsion with a primary role in the nutrition of newborns. Milk fat globules (MFGs) are a mixture of proteins and lipids with nutraceutical properties related to the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), which protects them, thus preventing their coalescence. Human and bovine MFGM proteomes have been extensively characterized in terms of their formation, maturation, and composition. Here, we review the most recent comparative proteomic analyses of MFGM proteome, above all from humans and bovines, but also from other species. The major MFGM proteins are found in all the MFGM proteomes of the different species, although there are variations in protein expression levels and molecular functions across species and lactation stages. Given the similarities between the human and bovine MFGM and the bioactive properties of MFGM components, several attempts have been made to supplement infant formulas (IFs), mainly with polar lipid fractions of bovine MFGM and to a lesser extent with protein fractions. The aim is thus to narrow the gap between human breast milk and cow-based IFs. Despite the few attempts made to date, supplementation with MFGM proteins seems promising as MFGM lipid supplementation. A deeper understanding of MFGM proteomes should lead to better results.