Relevant bibliographies by topics / Milk ducts

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Milk ducts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 29 July 2024
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Milk ducts"

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Rimbach, S., D. Koeppler, D. Wallwiener, and G. Bastert. "Microendoscopy of milk ducts." Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists 5, no. 3 (August 1998): S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-3804(05)80384-6.

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Zakharova, I. N., A. E. Kuchina, I. V. Berezhnaya, and T. N. Sannikova. "Mastitis and/or plugged ducts? How to differentiate, help and treat?" Medical Council, no. 11 (July 18, 2019): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-11-10-15.

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Mastitis is one of the most common pyoinflammatory processes that occur in the postpartum. The mastitis incidence varies from 0.5% to 33%. Due to lack of standard algorithms, approaches to diagnosis and treatment of lactational mastitis vary between pediatricians and obstetrician-gynecologists. Plugged ducts is the basic factor that predisposes a woman to plugged milk ducts, which can lead to mastitis. Unfortunately, frequently prescribed antibacterial treatment has an adverse effect on human milk microbiota and creates subtherapeutic drug concentration in milk, which leads to antibiotic resistance in infants. Effective expression of breast milk is a key method to prevent and fight mastitis and plugged ducts. Recommendations for preferred method of breast milk expression require a personalized approach, the first of which depends on the assessment of breast nipples condition. According to some reports, 80–90% of breast-feeding women develop soreness and cracked nipples, which cause delayed or missed breastfeeding. Teaching correct breast-feeding techniques can prevent the chain of these adverse events: cracked nipples – plugged duct – lactation mastitis. Ideally, a healthy mature infant with active sucking reflex, who is breastfed effectively with a good technique, may perfectly ensure a problem-free lactation period.
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Милькевич, I. Milkevich, Гусейнов, A. Guseynov, Гусейнов, and T. Guseynov. "Anatomical and physiological aspects of lactostasis." Journal of New Medical Technologies 21, no. 3 (September 5, 2014): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5923.

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Lactose is a consequence of dysfunction of the mammary glands in women with breastfeeding between production and secretion of milk, resulting in stagnation of milk. The purpose is to study predisposing anatomical and physiological factors in the de-velopment of lactose associated with narrowing of the ducts and hypofunction lobular-ductal system of the breast in women with breastfeeding. The research has included a study of the status of the lactating breast in 42 women with breastfeeding. The 1st group consisted of 27 women with lactose. Control (the 2nd) group consisted of 15 women with breastfeeding without lactose. The study has shown that the development of the stagnation of milk is caused by a range of predisposing and contributing factors, among which the most important are the anatomical and physiological reasons: the restriction and paresis of the milk ducts, dyscoordination of the lobular-ductal system. The leading cause of stagnation of milk is an anatomical narrowing and the tortuous course of the milky threads with physiological dysfunction of the ductal system of the lactating breast. A main factor in the development of the pathological process is fibrocystic breast disease, which is characterized by morphological and functional changes in the mammary glands in the form of diffuse or focal changes of the connective tissue, mainly ductectasia. These changes under effects of other factors on a certain area of the lactating mammary glands lead either to morpho-functional narrowing, the violation of the ducts, either individual or combined physiological hypofunctions of up to paresis. Appeared first sections of the stagnation of milk, swelling of the breast increase the compression duct and obstruct the outflow of milk, leading to clinically significant pathological process of the lactose, the resolution of which requires consideration of all the above clinical and pathogenetic data with a complex of therapeutic measures.
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Zabolotskiy, A. "Milky duct fistulas." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 7, no. 3 (September 6, 2020): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd73279.

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Wattis, Lois. "Review of ABM Clinical Protocol #36: The Mastitis Spectrum." Practising midwife Australia 1, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.55975/ettc3894.

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Recent scientific evidence debunks the concept of milk ducts obstructed by a collection of milk as it is not physiologically or anatomically possible.1 The Mastitis Spectrum is a recently revised guideline which challenges the common belief that ‘blocked ducts’ precede inflammatory mastitis, potentially followed by infective mastitis. The evidence now demonstrates that mastitis encompasses a spectrum of conditions, from mild to severe. Moreover, traditional strategies to augment milk removal to counteract milk stasis and breast massage to relieve ductal obstruction from milk ‘plugs’ lacks physiological validity. The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) Medicine Clinical Protocol #36 details management recommendations for all eventualities of The Mastitis Spectrum and will be referred to as the ABM Protocol in this review. The protocols can be found at: https://www.bfmed.org/protocols.
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Taneri, Ferit, Osman Kurukahvecioglu, Nalan Akyurek, Ercument H. Tekin, Mustafa N. İlhan, Cagatay Cifter, Sukru Bozkurt, Ayse Dursun, Orhan Bayram, and Erhan Onuk. "Microanatomy of Milk Ducts in the Nipple." European Surgical Research 38, no. 6 (2006): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000096775.

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DOUPLIK, A., W. L. LEONG, A. M. EASSON, S. DONE, B. C. WILSON, A. SHAHMOON, and Z. ZALEVSKY. "MICROENDOSCOPIC SPECTRAL IMAGING AS A TOOL FOR SMALL DUCTUAL DIAGNOSTICS: PRELIMINARY EXPERIENCE." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 05, no. 03 (July 2012): 1250021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545812500216.

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A technical feasibility of autofluorescence ductoscopy in breast milk ducts as blood vessels phantoms has been assessed as successful. Malignant tumor can be clearly identified through the milk ducts. We also present the operation principle as well as the preliminary experimental results of a new type of microsize multicore fiber that enables imaging through blood vessel phantoms. Imaging of a manipulated microwire through a drilled phantom is presented.
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Inderwies, Tyra, Johannes Riedl, Evangelos Kiossis, and Rupert M. Bruckmaier. "Effects of α- and β-adrenergic receptor stimulation and oxytocin receptor blockade on milking characteristics in dairy cows before and after removal of the teat sphincter." Journal of Dairy Research 70, no. 3 (July 21, 2003): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029903006289.

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Alpha (α)- and beta (β)-adrenergic receptors in the bovine mammary gland are mainly present in the teat muscles and in the region where large milk ducts reach the cisternal cavities. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the region of the large mammary ducts is the most important location of α- and β-adrenergic receptor stimulation affecting milk ejection and milk removal. Effects of α- and β-adrenergic receptor stimulation and of oxytocin (OT) receptor blockade on milking characteristics were tested in six cows. Milk flow was measured before and after the distal part of one teat, including the teat canal and teat sphincter, had been partly amputated. Before the operation, milk yield and peak flow rate decreased during α-adrenergic receptor stimulation and during the OT receptor blockade, and increased during β-adrenergic stimulation. After removal of the teat tip, relations of milk yield and peak flow rates after administration of α- and β-agonists and after application of an OT receptor blocking agent were similar to those before operation. Only total milk yield had decreased in the teat-amputated quarter owing to unhindered flow of cisternal milk before cluster attachment. Since responses to α- and β-adrenergic receptor stimulation as well as to OT receptor blockade do not differ with or without the teat sphincter, it is concluded that milk flow is mainly influenced by the muscle tone of the large mammary ducts.
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Ratych, I. B. "Petro Lahodyuk — Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Academician of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Honourable Man of Science and Technology of Ukraine (1924–1994)." Animal Biology 22, no. 3 (September 2020): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/animbiol22.03.008.

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Petro Lahodyuk is the Doctor of Biological Sciences, professor, Academician of NAAS, Honourable Man of Science and Technology of Ukraine. Academician Lahodyuk was a leading researcher of animal lactation physiology. He contributed greatly into research on fraction composition and antigene properties of soluble proteins in mammary gland of open heifers, heifers and lactating cows, open and pregnant cows, compared their immune and chemical properties with milk and blood serum proteins, researched amino acidic and peptoid content of albumins in mammary gland tissues and blood serum of open heifers, heifers and cows, established the role of alveolar epithelium, excretory ducts and milk ducts in creating milk serum proteins, studied the role of a number of hormones in milk formation processes regulation, in particular regulation of milk and blood serum protein biosynthesis.
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Hammon, Harald M., Rupert M. Bruckmaier, Ulrich E. Honegger, and Jürg W. Blum. "Distribution and density of α– and β–adrenergic receptor binding sites in the bovine mammary gland." Journal of Dairy Research 61, no. 1 (February 1994): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900028041.

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SummaryRadioreceptor binding studies were designed to localize and determine the number of α and β-adrenergic receptors in the mammary gland of lactating cows. 3H-prazosin, 3H-rauwolscine and 3H-dihydroalprenolol were used for the regional characterization of α1, α2- and β-adrenergic receptors by competitive inhibition of binding of 3H-ligands with unlabelled adrenergic agonists and antagonists. The α1-, α2- and β2-adrenergic receptor subtypes could thus be demonstrated in the regions of the teats, large mammary ducts and parenchyma. Tissues of the teat wall, of the large mammary ducts above the gland cistern and of the mammary parenchyma were prepared to determine the density of α1, α2- and β-receptors by saturation binding assays using 3H-prazosin, 3H-rauwolscine and 3H-dihydroalprenolol respectively. Binding to high affinity sites was reversible within minutes and saturable. Equilibrium was reached within minutes. The number of α1-and α2-adrenergic receptors decreased from the teat to the mammary ducts to the parenchyma. Most of the α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors were found in the teat wall, whereas in the parenchyma α-adrenergic receptors were absent or barely detectable. The density of β-adrenergic receptors was similar in the teat wall and the large mammary ducts, but much lower in the parenchyma. Thus, α1, α2- and β-adrenergic receptors were found mainly in the milk purging system and hardly at all in mammary parenchyma. Inhibition of milk removal by α-adrenergic stimulation is possibly due to constriction of teat wall and to constriction of the mammary ducts, whereas enhanced milk flow after β-adrenergic stimulation is possibly due to relaxation not only of the teat sphincter and teat wall, but probably also of the large mammary ducts.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Milk ducts"

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Karhumaa, P. (Pepe). "Carbonic anhydrases in the reproductive system:with special emphasis on isoenzymes VI, IX, XII, and a novel nuclear nonclassical form." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2002. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514266641.

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Abstract Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a group of zinc-containing metalloenzymes that catalyze the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate (CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H+). They are present in almost all organs and are implicated in various biological functions, the most important of which is participation in the regulation of ion, water, and acid-base balance. Recently, some members of the CA gene family have been suggested to promote cell proliferation and to act as trophic growth factors. The present study was undertaken to examine the distribution of CA isoenzymes in the reproductive system, to attain a more detailed view on their linkage to the reproductive processes and to neonatal development. The expression of membrane-bound CA IX and CA XII was studied in the female and male reproductive tracts by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. CA XII was found to be expressed in the basolateral plasma membrane of luminal and glandular epithelia in human uterus. In human efferent ducts, it was located in the basolateral plasma membrane of luminal epithelium, where it coexpressed with Aquaporin-1. In epididymal duct, CA XII was only expressed in occasional epithelial cells. These cells coexpressed CA II, suggesting that they represent apical mitochondria-rich cells (AMRC). CA IX was also expressed in the basolateral plasma membrane of luminal epithelium in human efferent ducts, but its expression was not uniform among the tubules. These findings suggest that basolateral plasma membrane-associated CA IX and CA XII contribute, along with CA II and CA IV, to the regulation of acid-base balance and water transport in the reproductive tract. Western blotting of rat Leydig tumor cells and testis for CA II revealed an unidentified 66-kDa polypeptide band. The polypeptide was successfully purified from several rat tissues using CA inhibitor affinity chromatography. The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide showed it to be identical to NonO/p54nrb, a non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein previously implicated in transcriptional regulation. The recombinant NonO/p54nrb was shown to display CA activity, and the antibody to it predominantly immunostained the nuclei in lymphocytes, where CA activity was also detected histochemically. Accordingly, the nuclear Leydig cell CA immunoreactivity represents NonO/p54nrb. It is classified as a novel, nonclassical CA, and it may participate in pH-related events in the nucleus. Human and rat milk was found to contain CA VI by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The enzyme purified from human milk by CA inhibitor affinity chromatography was confirmed by PNGase F digestion and amino acid sequence as CA VI. The CA VI concentrations in human colostral milk were approximately eight times higher than those in mature milk (34.7 mg/l vs. 4.5 mg/l). Secretion of CA VI into milk is suggested by its localization in the alveolar epithelium of the rat mammary gland. The structural and functional stability of CA VI in an acidic milieu, its suggested growth-supporting function in taste bud stem cells, and its high concentration in colostrum suggest that it is an essential factor for the growth and development of the newborn alimentary canal.
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Stoltz, Sjöström Elisabeth. "The impact of early nutrition on extremely preterm infants." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Pediatrik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-88461.

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Background Modern neonatal care has improved the survival rate of extremely preterm infants. These infants are at high risk of malnutrition and growth failure during 3-4 months of hospital care. The objectives of this study was to investigate nutritional intakes during hospitalization and explore associations between nutritional intakes, postnatal growth and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Perioperative nutrition in infants undergoing surgery for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was also investigated. Methods This is a population-based study of Swedish extremely preterm infants (<27 weeks) born during 2004-2007 (n=602). Detailed data on nutritional supply and anthropometric measurements during hospitalization were retrospectively retrieved from hospital records. Comprehensive data on cohort characteristics, neonatal morbidity and infant mortality were obtained from the Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study (EXPRESS). Results During the first 70 days of life, intakes of energy, protein and several micronutrients, with the exception of iron and some vitamins, were less than estimated requirements, and infants showed severe postnatal growth failure. Energy and protein intake predicted growth in all anthropometric outcomes even when adjusting for severity of illness, and fat intake was positively associated with head growth. Low folate intake was positively correlated with poor weight and length gain while high iron intake, mainly explained by blood transfusions, was negatively associated with poor length gain. Furthermore, a low energy intake was associated with severe ROP (stage 3-5). An increased energy intake of 10 kcal/kg/d was associated with 24% decrease in severe ROP (p=0.01). During the first month, 99% of the infants were exclusively fed human milk. Infants who underwent surgery for PDA (n=140) were malnourished, with energy and macronutrient intakes below minimum estimated requirements before, during and after surgery. Conclusions The severe postnatal growth failure observed in Swedish extremely preterm infants may be prevented by improved intakes of energy, protein, fat and folate and a reduction of the number of blood transfusions. Human milk is the main enteral food source and analyses of human milk macronutrient contents facilitates individualized fortification. Provision of adequate energy intakes during the first four weeks of life may be an effective way to reduce the risk of severe ROP. Perioperative nutrition in infants undergoing PDA surgery needs to be improved. The study results have important implications for nutritional regimens, postnatal growth and health outcome in this new generation of survivors.
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"Indicators of Inflammation in the Fasting Induced Fatty Liver of the American Mink (Neovison vison)." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/15838.

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The presence of inflammation in the progression of fatty liver disease induced by fasting was determined in mink. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) liver mRNA levels were quantified by real-time PCR. Mink fasted for 5 and 7 days had significantly higher levels of TNF-? and MCP-1 liver mRNA, compared to mink fasted for 0, 1, and 3 days. Mink fasted for 7 days, but re-fed for 28 days had the lowest mRNA levels of both TNF-?, and MCP-1 demonstrating the liver’s ability to restore homeostasis post-fasting. TNF-? mRNA levels were correlated with MCP-1 liver mRNA and liver fat percent. To confirm the physical presence of inflammation, slides stained with haematoxylin and eosin were analyzed for bile ducts resulting in no significant differences. Results indicate that elevated MCP-1 and TNF-? expression are associated with fasting induced fatty liver in mink.
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Books on the topic "Milk ducts"

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Apple, Sophia K., and Lawrence W. Bassett. Normal Breast Anatomy and Histology. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0003.

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In this chapter, normal breast anatomy is discussed, with a succinct pictorial summary of breast glandular elements, the chest wall, and the axilla. The locations of breast lesions are often arbitrarily divided into upper outer, upper inner, lower inner, and upper inner quadrants. However, the lobes within a specific quadrant cross over into adjacent quadrants. The terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) is composed of an interlobular duct and associated lobules with multiple grape-like structures where the milk is secreted and drains into the terminal ducts, interlobular ducts, excretory ducts, lactiferous sinus, lactiferous duct, and the nipple. Axillary lymph nodes are divided into three levels, based on their location in relation to the pectoralis minor muscle. Level I axillary lymph nodes are located below the edge of the pectoralis minor; level II lies posterior to the pectoralis minor; and level III lies medial to the pectoralis minor.
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Medforth, Janet, Linda Ball, Angela Walker, Sue Battersby, and Sarah Stables. Breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754787.003.0028.

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This chapter considers all aspects of breastfeeding. The latest Baby Friendly Initiative standards are detailed, along with the advantages of, and contraindications to, breastfeeding. The constituents of breast milk and their role in infant nutrition are identified. Recently recognized changes in the structure of the lactating breasts are presented. There are detailed sections on the management and support of breastfeeding. Practices shown to be detrimental to successful breastfeeding are highlighted. Expression of breast milk and breastfeeding and returning to work are fully explained, as well as discontinuation of breastfeeding. Common problems encountered whilst breastfeeding are considered, including sore/cracked nipples, engorgement, blocked ducts, mastitis, breast refusal, insufficient milk supply, and Candida infection (thrush). Breastfeeding in special situations is also explored. The importance of correct nutrition and breastfeeding is reviewed.
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D, Wewey. Lisa's Milk Problem: A 32-Year-old, White, Lactating Mom Has Problem with Her Ducts. a Group of Black Doctors Living Across the Street Are There to Help. Independently Published, 2020.

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Vinegar Duct Tape Milk Jugs and More. YANKEE PUBLISHING INC, 1999.

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Yankee Magazine's Vinegar, Duct Tape, Milk Jugs & More. Yankee Books, 1999.

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Oud, Pauline. Feeding the Ducks with Lily and Milo. Clavis Publishing, 2023.

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Thorne, Sara, and Paul Clift, eds. Aortic lesions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199228188.003.0017.

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Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) 118Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 122Aortopulmonary window 122Common arterial trunk/truncus arteriosus 124Marfan syndrome 126 See Fig. 10.1.• Narrowing of aorta, usually just distal to L subclavian artery.• Considerable variation in anatomy and severity, from mild, localized obstruction to interruption or hypoplasia of the arch....
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Kang, Duk-Hee, and Mehmet Kanbay. Urate nephropathy. Edited by Adrian Covic. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0092.

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Gout is a disorder of purine metabolism, characterized by hyperuricaemia and urate crystal deposition within and around the joints. The recognition of increased comorbidity burden in patients with gout rendered it as a systemic disorder rather than simply a musculoskeletal condition. Gout nephropathy (also known as chronic uric acid nephropathy or urate nephropathy) is a form of chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, induced by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the distal collecting ducts and the medullary interstitium, associated with a secondary inflammatory reaction. Other renal histologic changes include arteriolosclerosis, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. In patients with urate nephropathy, hypertension is common, but usually there is only mild proteinuria and a slight increase in serum creatinine. The reduction of serum uric acid, using xanthine oxidase inhibitors and perhaps low-purine diet, is the mainstay of therapy. There is current research around the question of whether it is beneficial to lower serum uric acid in asymptomatic patients with renal disease or with cardiovascular risk factors.
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Holy Leisure: Recreation and Religion in God's Square Mile. University of Minnesota Press, 1999.

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Holy leisure: Recreation and religion in God's square mile. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Milk ducts"

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Antrekowitsch, Jürgen, and Gerald Schneeberger. "Recovery of Zinc and Iron from Steel Mill Dusts by the use of a TBRC: A possible Mini-mill Solution?" In REWAS 2013, 69–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48763-2_8.

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Antrekowitsch, Jürgen, and Gerald Schneeberger. "Recovery of Zinc and Iron from Steel Mill Dusts by the Use of a TBRC: A Possible Mini-Mill Solution?" In REWAS 2013, 69–78. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118679401.ch8.

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Carton, James, Richard Daly, and Pramila Ramani. "Breast disease." In Clinical Pathology, 285–96. Oxford University PressOxford, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198569466.003.0013.

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Abstract The breast is essentially a large sweat gland which has become modified to produce milk instead of sweat. The organ consists of a complex network of glands and ducts embedded in connective tissue and padded with fat. Except for its deep surface, the breast is not a well defined organ; it has no capsule, and breast glands can often be found extending beyond its obvious boundaries.
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Clarke, Robert, and Alice Greenhalgh. "The Breast." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes 3e, edited by John A. H. Wass, Wiebke Arlt, and Robert K. Semple, 1778–82. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198870197.003.0219.

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Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in women. In order to fully understand the molecular causes of breast cancer, it is critical to understand the underlying mechanisms which regulate and dictate normal breast development. Both pituitary and ovarian steroid hormones are required to regulate and govern breast development. Progesterone is an ovarian steroid hormone and is considered to be a major risk factor for the development of breast cancer, since it controls proliferation of stem and progenitor cells. The human breast is organized as an epithelial network of ducts opening at the nipple and these form a tree-like structure ending in lobuloalveolar glands located within the collagenous and adipose tissue of the mammary gland. Upon pregnancy, specialized luminal cells develop in the alveoli which go on to secrete milk proteins and lipids during lactation. Breast development occurs in three well-defined stages: embryonic, pubertal, and reproductive.
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Lee, Christine U., and James F. Glockner. "Case 3.18." In Mayo Clinic Body MRI Case Review, edited by Christine U. Lee and James F. Glockner, 166–67. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199915705.003.0088.

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52-year-old man with ulcerative colitis and renal failure secondary to chronic glomerulonephritis; new onset of right upper quadrant pain, fever, jaundice, and elevated liver function tests Volume-rendered images from 3D FRFSE MRCP in anterior and posterior projections (Figure 3.18.1) demonstrate mild to moderate dilatation of intrahepatic biliary ducts with multiple strictures. Multiple calculi are visible in a posterior right duct. Follow-up volume-rendered MRCP images from an examination performed 4 years later (...
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Gooren, Louis J. G. "Gynaecomastia." In Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 1459–62. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.9131.

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Parenchymal and stromal cells with the potential for normal breast development are equally present in prepubertal boys and girls. Men and women do not differ in sensitivity to the hormonal action of sex steroids, and therefore men have the same potential to develop breasts as women. Whether this actually occurs obviously depends on a person’s hormonal milieu. In order to understand the pathophysiology of gynaecomastia it is essential to know that breast tissue is, for its development, under control of both stimulatory hormonal action (oestrogens and progestogens) and inhibitory hormonal action of androgens. Gynaecomastia typically occurs when there is a relative dominance of oestrogenic over androgenic action; many cases of gynaecomastia are not the result of an overproduction of oestrogens per se, but rather due to the failing inhibitory action of androgens (1). In the assessment of gynaecomastia, as much attention must be paid to a potential source of feminizing hormones as to decreased androgen production or interference with the biological action of androgens. Oestrogens stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of parenchymal ductal elements while progesterone supports alveolar development. The biological actions of oestrogens and progesterone do not appear in cases of growth hormone deficiency. Prolactin stimulates the differentiated ducts to produce milk. Testosterone inhibits the growth and differentiation of breast development, probably through an antioestrogenic action (1). Whatever the cause, gynaecomastia shows the same histological developmental pattern. At first, there is florid ductal proliferation, with epithelial hyperplasia and increase in stromal and periductal connective tissue, with increased vascularity and periductal oedema. After approximately one year, there is increased stromal hyalinization, dilation of the ducts, and a marked reduction in epithelial proliferation, a ‘burnt-out’ phase of the condition. The result is inactive fibrotic tissue which no longer responds to endocrine therapy. Gynaecomastia is not an uncommon finding and most cases will not represent a serious medical condition. However, gynaecomastia may signify the presence of a malignancy producing oestrogens, aromatase (the enzyme that converts androgens to oestrogens), or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Common locations of such tumours are the testis, lungs, liver or the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, cases of gynaecomastia must be taken seriously and the diagnostic approach must reasonably rule out a malignancy in order to avoid any undue delay in its diagnosis.
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Francino, Raíssa Paes, Eduarda Gomes Martins, Abraão Rodrigues Valentim do Prado, Mirelly Aparecida Nolasco Frinhani, Marcielle Grobério Franzin, Maria Eduarda Almagro Rosi, Paula Gomes Martins, and Lívia Herundina Pontara de Vasconcelos. "Duplicate cystic duct: A case report." In INNOVATION IN HEALTH RESEARCH ADVANCING THE BOUNDARIES OF KNOWLEDGE. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/innovhealthknow-012.

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INTRODUCTION: The cystic duct is one of the bile ducts responsible for the conduction of bile and together with the common hepatic duct make up the cystohepatic trine. The accessory hepatic ducts are those that have undergone anatomical variation and evaginate out of the liver. An example of this is the double cystic duct that presents with an incidence of 1 in 4,000 to 5,000 people. This duplication is classified as an exceptional surgical finding, and its diagnosis, for the most part, is made during surgery. It can even lead to iatrogenic lesions. This fact is justified mainly because its symptomatology is indistinguishable from cases in which there is no variation. CASE PRESENTATION: Patient V.M.S.N, 47 years old, complained of asthenia and epigastric pain for about two years. In consultation with the gastroenterologist, Upper Digestive Endoscopy was requested, which identified positivity for Helicobacter Pylori, hiatal hernia and moderate enanthematous gastritis. The patient was submitted to clinical treatment, but was unsuccessful. Upon returning to the doctor, a Total Abdomen Ultrasound was requested, which exposed mild hepatic steatosis, calculus in the left kidney, and cholelithiasis. Thus, she was referred to the general surgery outpatient clinic and laparoscopic cholecystectomy was indicated. During the surgical procedure, three structures confluent to the gallbladder were identified, opting for intraoperative cholangiography, which showed the presence of an accessory cystic duct. In view of the above, the cystic duct, accessory duct and cystic artery were repaired, and they were ligated. DISCUSSION: It is noted that this is an uncommon anatomical abnormality and is a great challenge for surgeons, marking the risk of iatrogenic lesions during the procedure. Therefore, the preoperative diagnosis and elucidation with the performance of intraoperative cholangiography are extremely important in order to avoid complications. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The finding of accessory cystic duct is an atypical condition that exhibits clinical and radiological polymorphism and, therefore, of difficult preoperative diagnosis. Still, it was not observed in the literature the use of specific complementary tests that would lead to the early diagnosis of such pathology. Currently, the accurate diagnosis of cystic duct duplication is established intraoperatively in order to exclude lesions of the main biliary tract, which reduces the chances of the patient presenting complications, thus providing a better quality of life.
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Lee, Christine U., and James F. Glockner. "Case 3.17." In Mayo Clinic Body MRI Case Review, edited by Christine U. Lee and James F. Glockner, 164–65. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199915705.003.0087.

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27-year-old man with ulcerative colitis and recent history of intermittent fever, chills, and dilated biliary ducts on CT Axial T2-weighted FSE images (Figure 3.17.1) show diffuse soft tissue thickening in the hepatic hilum encasing the central biliary ducts. Note the mild peripheral intrahepatic biliary dilatation. Axial equilibrium phase 3D SPGR images (...
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Lee, Christine U., and James F. Glockner. "Case 3.15." In Mayo Clinic Body MRI Case Review, edited by Christine U. Lee and James F. Glockner, 160–61. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199915705.003.0085.

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52-year-old woman with a recent episode of right upper quadrant pain, fever, and chills Axial fat-suppressed SSFP images (Figure 3.15.1) and axial pre- (Figure 3.15.2) and arterial phase postgadolinium (Figure 3.15.3) 3D SPGR images demonstrate diffuse dilatation of intra- and extrahepatic biliary ducts. Note the numerous intraductal stones (bright on precontrast T1-weighted 3D SPGR images) in intrahepatic ducts. Arterial phase postcontrast images demonstrate patchy parenchymal enhancement and mild periductal enhancement, indicative of acute inflammation. A volume-rendered image from 3D FRFSE MRCP (...
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Lee, Christine U., and James F. Glockner. "Case 17.23." In Mayo Clinic Body MRI Case Review, edited by Christine U. Lee and James F. Glockner, 833–34. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199915705.003.0441.

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22-year-old man with history of primary sclerosing cholangitis Axial hepatobiliary phase postgadolinium 3D SPGR images obtained following gadoxetate disodium (Eovist) administration (Figure 17.23.1) demonstrate mild irregularity of intrahepatic biliary ducts, consistent with primary sclerosing cholangitis. MIP images from 3D FRFSE MRCP obtained between contrast injection and hepatobiliary phase acquisition (...
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Conference papers on the topic "Milk ducts"

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Mortazavi, S. Negin, Donna Geddes, and Fatemeh Hassanipour. "Modeling of milk flow in mammary ducts in lactating human female breast." In 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944915.

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Lima, Juliana Ferreira de, Bruna Anderson, Antônio Carlos Toshihiro Nisida, Fabiano Cataldi Engel, and Luiz Henrique Gebrim. "THORACIC DUCT INJURY AFTER MASTECTOMY - CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW." In Scientifc papers of XXIII Brazilian Breast Congress - 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s1073.

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Introduction: In adults, the thoracic duct carries about four liters of lymph per day, and its injury can lead to rapid accumulation in the pleural cavity, causing acute and chronic changes in lung dynamics. Thoracic duct injuries are uncommon and occur during surgical procedures in the thoracic region and trauma, such as esophagectomy, mediastinal and pleuro-pulmonary surgical procedures. Surgical injuries have been described after almost all types of thoracic surgical procedures, especially those performed in the upper left thoracic strait. The clinical diagnosis is based most often on the high output of the introduced chest drain, accompanied by a milky aspect. In addition, computed tomography, lymphoscintigraphy and lymphanangiography are possible methods for diagnosis. Clinical series on duct injuries after thoracic surgery report that in approximately 25% to 50% of cases spontaneous closure of the fistula occurs with conservative measures, after the introduction of parenteral nutrition or enteral diet with medium chain triglycerides. The other cases needed clinical and surgical treatment. Operative treatment consists of performing videothoracoscopy or right thoracotomy with identification of the lymphatic duct, followed by ligation. Case report: A 48-year-old woman, born in Santana do Parnaíba, state of São Paulo, with a diagnosis of breast cancer on the left, histological type of invasive breast carcinoma Luminal B, who underwent a modified radical mastectomy (Madden technique) on the left with immediate breast reconstruction. In the intraoperative period, important involvement of the left axillary lymph nodes was evidenced, which may have distorted lymphatic vessels and ducts. It evolved in the late postoperative period with high milky drainage in a suction drain in the left axillary region. Then, a hypothesis of thoracic duct injury was raised as a post-surgical complication. Biochemical analysis of milky secretion showed a high concentration of triglycerides and cytology describes the presence of proteinaceous material and macrophages. A conservative approach was adopted with adjustment of a hyperproteic, hypoglycidic and rich in medium chain triglyceride parenteral diet. The patient underwent lymphoscintigraphy, twenty days after the diagnostic hypothesis, but the fistula was not detected. Progressed with a decrease in the flow gradually until the drain was removed and she was discharged from the hospital in good condition. At the moment, the patient is undergoing adjuvant treatment for breast cancer.
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Hu, Shuzhen, Xue Feng Zhang, Michael Benner, Paul Gostelow, and Edward Vlasic. "Geometric Optimization of Aggressive Inter-Turbine Ducts." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37323.

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To reduce the harmful effects of aviation on the environment, aircraft gas turbine manufacturers continue to focus on producing engines with lower specific fuel consumption and weight. To address the engine weight challenges, R&D efforts continue to center around extending aerodynamic design limits, thus enabling reduced airfoil/stage count, reducing engine length or some combination thereof. The inter-turbine transition duct (ITD), located between the high-pressure (HP) and low-pressure (LP) turbines, is one of the components for which potentially significant weight reduction can be achieved through aggressive aerodynamic designs. Such ducts could have larger HP-to-LP radial offset and/or shorter length resulting in Aggressive Inter-Turbine Ducts (AITD). This paper presents a geometry optimization process to design AITD with minimum total pressure losses. Geometry optimizations were performed using the built-in optimization process in NUMECA Fine/Turbo 8.7. To evaluate the optimization process, one baseline ITD geometry was first generated with the same inlet and outlet coordinates as an existing ITD. The performance of the optimized ITD was studied numerically in comparison with the existing ITD. After the evaluation study, a second ITD geometry with more aggressive parameters, equivalent to increasing mean rising angle by 25% was optimized. Based on the studies of those two optimized geometries, a generic design rule of ITD with mild parameters was developed and the third ITD geometry with increased 20% area ratio (AR) was designed. The performance of designed ITDs was investigated numerically and the results are discussed in the paper.
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Chand, Prem, A. C. Saha, and Prafull Chand. "Modeling Pneumatic Conveyor Duct Wear: A New Approach." In ASME 2005 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2005-77014.

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It was shown in one of our recent works [1] that, the apparently disconnected items like solid-gas flow phenomenon, duct wear and particle degradation are in fact beautifully connected involving all the three components of transfer processes — heat transfer, mass transfer and momentum transfer. This paper which basically is an extension of our work on Fluid Energy Mill [2] aims at predicting duct wear while transporting solids-gas mixture in pneumatic conveyor even in most difficult situations like flow through bends under interference situation. The paper elaborates the methodology used for wear prediction and highlights the effect of several parameters like material flow rate etc. on the nature and extent of the duct wear.
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Xu, Z., Y. Gu, G. Gong, and Y. Zhang. "Abstract P1-03-03: milk deposition in women's mammary duct has been a potential risk factor of breast tumor." In Abstracts: Thirty-Fifth Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 4‐8, 2012; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs12-p1-03-03.

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Gress, Gary. "Duct-Winged Inertial Bicopter: Theory, Design and Testing." In Vertical Flight Society 77th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0077-2021-16708.

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This paper describes and reports on the status of an electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft type being developed at Athena Aero Corp that began life as a concept entry in the Boeing-sponsored GoFly Challenge initiated in Sept. 2017. Known as a duct-winged inertial bicopter, the concept was intended to satisfy the Challenge’s basic requirements of giving the pilot an unobstructed forward view within a 90-degree cone and of being able to: 1.take off and land (essentially) vertically, 2.transport a 200 lb. person six times around two pylons a half-mile apart at a speed of at least 30kts, and 3.stay aloft for 20 minutes with a 10-minute fuel/energy reserve, all in a single flight. Additionally, the aircraft could be no larger than 8.5 ft. in any direction and had to be quieter than 85 dB at 50 ft. on take-off.
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Dehner, Rick, Ahmet Selamet, Philip Keller, and Michael Becker. "Simulation of Deep Surge in a Turbocharger Compression System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69124.

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Large-amplitude deep surge instabilities are studied in a turbocharger compression system with a one-dimensional engine simulation code. The system consists of an upstream compressor duct open to ambient, a centrifugal compressor, a downstream compressor duct, a large plenum, and a throttle valve exhausting to ambient. As the compressor mass flow rate is reduced below the peak pressure ratio for a given speed, mild surge oscillations occur at the Helmholtz resonance of the system, and a further reduction in flow rate results in deep surge considerably below the Helmholtz resonance. At the boundary with mild surge, the deep surge cycles exhibit, for the particular system considered, a long cycle period containing four distinct flow phases, including quiet (stable), instability growth (mild surge), blowdown (reversal), and recovery. Further reductions in flow rate decrease the deep surge cycle period, eliminate the quiet flow phase, and shorten the duration of the instability growth phase. Simulated oscillations of nondimensional flow rate, pressure, and speed parameters show good agreement with the experimental results available in literature, in terms of deep surge cycle flow phases along with the amplitude and frequency of the resulting fluctuations. The predictions illustrate that the quiet and instability growth phases, exhibited by this compression system, disappear as the plenum volume is substantially reduced.
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Kuan, Benny T., and M. Philip Schwarz. "CFD Simulation of Single-Phase and Dilute Particulate Turbulent Flows in 90° Duct Bends." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45687.

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Single-phase and two-phase (gas-solid) turbulent flow calculations are performed for 90° duct bends having radii of curvature ranging from 1.5 to 2.0 duct diameter, and with either a square or circular cross-section. The considered flow Reynolds number is between 6×104 and 3×105, and the particulate flows examined pertain to two different solid mass loading ratios: 1.5×10−4 and 0.33. Numerous turbulence models have been utilized to simulate the turbulent fluid motion within the duct bend while particle trajectories are calculated on the basis of a Lagrangian approach. Reasonable agreement with the experimental data is achieved for the continuous phase in the cases tested. In contrast, significant disparities with the measurements arise in particle tracking calculations, especially in regions where particle rope dispersion is predominant. Results of this investigation indicate the need for more experimental testing of mill-duct flows of similar configuration in order to facilitate a better understanding and modeling of strongly curved gas-solid duct flows.
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Lizong, Wang, Yu Nanhui, Fan Jijun, Zhang Yonglin, Pei Houchang, and Zhang Yifan. "Simulation of Separation of Rice Bran and Broken Rice in Top-suction Rice Mill with Annular Duct." In EBIMCS 2020: 2020 3rd International Conference on E-Business, Information Management and Computer Science. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3453187.3453367.

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Borshch, Oleksandr O., and Oleksandr V. Borshch. "The influence of changing conditions for keeping and cows’ milking on their behavior, productivity and condition." In Research for Rural Development 2022 : annual 28th international scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.28.2022.001.

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The aim of this work was to study the behavior, productivity and conditions of second lactation Bos taurus during the period of adaptation to new keeping and milking conditions. Thirty-four cows of the local black-and-white breed of the second lactation (24–47 days after calving) were transferred from a brick barn for 100 heads with tie-stall keeping in a newly low cost housing facility for 400 heads with free-stall keeping. Milking equipment also changed: before the changing conditions of keeping, cows were milked in the milk duct at UDM-100, and after changing the conditions in the milking parlor at Carousel, 32 cows were milked at the same time. We divided the first 30 days in the new conditions of keeping and milking into VI periods. The duration of the main behavioral reactions: lying down, drinking, and eating food in the first days after changing the conditions of keeping and milking decreased significantly – by 181; 13 and 89 min, respectively. Behavioral responses at the end of the adaptation period (30 days) was lower than on the last day before changing housing and milking conditions. During the first 5 days after the change of housing and milking conditions, the average productivity of cows decreased by 1.39 kg (or 6.01%), content of milk fat, protein and lactose by 0.03; 0.02 and 0.04%, respectively compared to the last day before the transfer of animals. As for the fat content, the level of the indicator of the last day before the cows transfer was reached in the IV period; protein and lactose in the ІІІ period (11–15 days).
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Reports on the topic "Milk ducts"

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Bruno, Francesco, Domenico Arcuri, Francesca Vozzo, Antonio Malvaso, Alberto Montensanto, and Raffaele Maletta. Expression and signaling pathways of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and pro-NGF in breast cancer: a systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.10.0017.

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Review question / Objective: This study aims to systematically review and comprehensively summarize the current experimental evidence about the involvement of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and pro-NGF signaling pathways in breast cancer. Therefore, the questions are as follows: (1) What is the expression level of NGF, pro-NGF and their receptors in breast cancer? (2) What is the role played by NGF, pro-NGF and their receptors in the pathophysiological mechanisms (i.e., proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis) of breast cancer? (3) What is the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential of NGF, pro-NGF and their receptors in breast cancer? Condition being studied: Breast cancer is a neoplasm of epithelial origin that generally develops in the parts of the breast tissue made up of the glands involved in milk production or in the ducts that connect the glands to the nipple. In women it represents the most frequent cancer as well as the leading cause of cancer death. The incidence of breast cancer is estimated to increase over the years and to reach 3.2 million in 2050, thus representing a health emergency both from a medical and a psychological point of view. Therefore, prevention and early diagnosis of breast cancer appears to be of primary urgency as well as the development of new treatments able to improve its prognosis.
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Nema, Arpit, and Jose Restrep. Low Seismic Damage Columns for Accelerated Bridge Construction. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zisp3722.

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This report describes the design, construction, and shaking table response and computation simulation of a Low Seismic-Damage Bridge Bent built using Accelerated Bridge Construction methods. The proposed bent combines precast post-tensioned columns with precast foundation and bent cap to simplify off- and on-site construction burdens and minimize earthquake-induced damage and associated repair costs. Each column consists of reinforced concrete cast inside a cylindrical steel shell, which acts as the formwork, and the confining and shear reinforcement. The column steel shell is engineered to facilitate the formation of a rocking interface for concentrating the deformation demands in the columns, thereby reducing earthquake-induced damage. The precast foundation and bent cap have corrugated-metal-duct lined sockets, where the columns will be placed and grouted on-site to form the column–beam joints. Large inelastic deformation demands in the structure are concentrated at the column–beam interfaces, which are designed to accommodate these demands with minimal structural damage. Longitudinal post-tensioned high-strength steel threaded bars, designed to respond elastically, ensure re-centering behavior. Internal mild steel reinforcing bars, debonded from the concrete at the interfaces, provide energy dissipation and impact mitigation.
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