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Academic literature on the topic 'Milk bar'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Milk bar"

1

Susanti, Ari Diana, Sulistyo Saputro, and Wusana Agung Wibowo. "Optimization of Cow’s Milk Processing into Milk Soap Bar on Small-Medium-Micro Enterprises (UMKM)." EKUILIBRIUM Journal of Chemical Engineering 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.25718.

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<p>The quality and quantity of cow’s milk produced were determined by the genetic, food, age, milking processing, and the treatment of cattle. The storability of fresh cow's milk tends to be short. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to extend the life time of fresh cow's milk, one of which is by processing fresh cow's milk into other products, such as milk soap bar. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate method of milk soap bar production in home industries capacity and to formulate composition of vegetable oils and fresh cow's milk. The milk soap bar obtained then was analyzed in several laboratory tests such as acidity test (pH), moisture content, free alkaline content, and foam stability. Based on the research, it is turned out that the appropriate method of milk soap bar production was the cold process. The optimum formula is olive oil (11%), coconut oil (22%), palm oil (22%), fresh cow's milk (33%), and NaOH pellets (12% - equivalent to 9.2 N). The free alkaline content will decrease according the curing time. Simpler economic evaluation obtained that the production cost of milk was Rp.6,711.22/package of 80 grams of milk soap bar. Milk soap bar is sold for Rp. 7,000.00 will provide 87.96% after-tax of ROI, 11.7 – month of POT, and 65.31% of BEP.</p>

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Susanti, Ari Diana, Sulistyo Saputro, and Wusana Agung Wibowo. "Optimization of Cow’s Milk Processing into Milk Soap Bar on Small-Medium-Micro Enterprises (UMKM)." Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering 2, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v2i2.40435.

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<p>The quality and quantity of cow’s milk produced were determined by the genetic, food, age, milking processing, and the treatment of cattle. The storability of fresh cow's milk tends to be short. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to extend the life time of fresh cow's milk, one of which is by processing fresh cow's milk into other products, such as milk soap bar. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate method of milk soap bar production in home industries capacity and to formulate composition of vegetable oils and fresh cow's milk. The milk soap bar obtained then was analyzed in several laboratory tests such as acidity test (pH), moisture content, free alkaline content, and foam stability. Based on the research, it is turned out that the appropriate method of milk soap bar production was the cold process. The optimum formula is olive oil (11%), coconut oil (22%), palm oil (22%), fresh cow's milk (33%), and NaOH pellets (12% - equivalent to 9.2 N). The free alkaline content will decrease according the curing time. Simpler economic evaluation obtained that the production cost of milk was Rp.6,711.22/package of 80 grams of milk soap bar. Milk soap bar is sold for Rp. 7,000.00 will provide 87.96% after-tax of ROI, 11.7</p><p>– month of POT, and 65.31% of BEP.</p>

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reeve, charles. "The Kindness of Human Milk: Jess Dobkin's Lactation Station Breast Milk Bar." Gastronomica 9, no. 1 (2009): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2009.9.1.66.

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Fleischman, Ellen K. "Innovative Application of Bar Coding Technology to Breast Milk Administration." Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 27, no. 2 (2013): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jpn.0b013e31828fc4c7.

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Akdeniz, Vildan, and A. Sibel Akalın. "Klasik Homojenizasyona Kıyasla Yüksek Enerjili Ultrason Uygulamasının Sütün Homojenizasyon Etkinliğine ve Süt Yağ Globül Boyutuna Etkisi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i1.252-259.2830.

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Milk fat globule size significantly affects the quality of dairy products, especially sensorial and rheological properties. For this reason, homogenization process is applied in the production of many dairy products to reduce milk fat globule size. In this study, the effect of ultrasonic homogenization application at 4 different power (90W, 180W, 300W and 400W) for 15 minutes on milk fat globule size and homogenization efficiency compared to conventional single stage homogenization at 150 bar pressure and two stage homogenization at 150/50 bar pressure was examined. Dv 0.99, Dv 0.90 and Dv 0.50 volumetric diameter values in micrometer (µm) and milk fat globule sizes in nanometer (nm) by laser diffraction devices and homogenization efficiency values in percent of the milk samples homogenized by different methods were determined. Microscopic imaging of milk fat globules was also performed in all milk samples. The ultrasound process was found more effective in reducing milk fat globule diameters than both single stage and two stage conventional homogenization. The efficiency in the reduction of milk fat globule diameters increased with the increase in the power of the ultrasound process and the maximum reduction in fat globule size was determined at 400W ultrasound application for 15 minutes.

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Dougherty, Dorothy, and Andrea Nash. "Bar Coding from Breast to Baby: A Comprehensive Breast Milk Management System for the NICU." Neonatal Network 28, no. 5 (September 2009): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.28.5.321.

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Breast milk errors have received increasing attention in the literature in terms of the potential infectious risk posed to the recipient baby and also the stress that results for both the donor and recipient families. Beginning in the mid-1990s, one Level III NICU began making changes in how feedings were prepared and distributed in an attempt to reduce breast milk errors. Despite these changes, breast milk errors continued to occur, and, in 2005, this NICU introduced a bar coding system to further reduce the risk of administering breast milk to the wrong infant. Breast milk errors have subsequently been substantially reduced.

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Alberici, June C., Peter A. Farrell, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, and Carol A. Shively. "Effects of Preexercise Candy Bar Ingestion on Glycemic Response, Substrate Utilization, and Performance." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 3, no. 3 (September 1993): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.3.3.323.

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This study examined the effects of preexercise candy bar ingestion on glycemic response, substrate utilization, and performance ie 8 trained male cyclists. The cyclists randomly ingested oee large milk chocolate bar (1CB), two large milk chocolate bars (2CB), or a placebo (P) 30 min prior to a 90-min cycle ride at 70% VO2max followed by a 33-W increase every 2 min until exhaustion (~10 min). Glucose decreased after 15 min of exercise but returned to preexercise values by 30 min of exercise. Glucose concentration for 2CB was significantly higher than for P and 1CB at exhaustion, Insulin concentration increased in response to ICB and 2CB and returned to preexercise values within 15 min of exercise. No significant differences were noted for free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations, Jactate concentrations, respiratory exchange ratio, total carbohydrate oxidation, or estimated fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates. Time to exhaustion was similar among the groups. The results suggest that the transient lowering of blood glucose observed with preexercise milk chocolate bar ingestion 30 min prior to exercise may not cause major metabolic perturbations that impair athletic performance in trained athletes performing moderately intense cycle exercise.

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Pamuji, Muhamad Wahyu, Eko Hari Purnomo, and Azis Boing Sitanggang. "Industrial Practice for Reducing Defective Sterile Milk Products Produced Using Overpressure Rotary Retorts." International Journal of Food Studies 10, no. 1 (April 18, 2021): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7455/ijfs/10.1.2021.a8.

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Indonesian consumers are fond of commercially sterilized milk as indicated by increasing product sales. High demand for products intensifies the need to increase productivity, generally achieved by minimizing product defects. This study aimed to reduce the number of defects in commercially sterilized milk produced using overpressure rotary retorts. Based on Pareto analysis, the percentage of defective products was 5.14% of which 2.37% were dented bottles. A cause-effect diagram (Ishikawa Diagram) was used to find the root cause of dented bottles. The pressure difference between the retort chamber (external pressure) and inside the product packaging (internal pressure), and the number of bottles stacked inside the retort basket (bottle density) were found as major factors for causing dented bottles. The internal pressure was 1.20 bar higher than the external pressure. By reducing the pressure difference to 0.40 bar, the percentage of dented bottles could be reduced to 0.79%. Applying the low-est bottle density (73% of the retort basket area occupied by bottles) during the sterilization process could decrease the number of dented bottles, however, it also increased the appearance of striped lids. The best conditions for sterilization (pressure difference = 0.40 bar; number of bottles/basket = 1938 bottles) which were used in the three-month full-scale production trial reduced the percentage of defective products from 5.14% to 2.24% of which 0.76% were dented bottles. Setting the retort pressure at 2.80 bar could avoid 52,920 defective bottles of commercially sterilized products per month.

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Ramadhanti, N. E., A. Abrori, and N. Ekantari. "Projective mapping of preferences on milk and dark chocolate bar fortified nanocapsules Arthrospira carotenoid." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 919, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/919/1/012031.

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Abstract The characteristics in milk or dark chocolate Arthrospira products require testing before the product is released to the market. The purpose of this study was to use the Projective Mapping (PM) method to determine the characteristics and preferences of consumers toward milk or dark chocolate Arthrospira carotenoid products compared to commercial milk or dark chocolate products on the market, and to analyze the factors that can influence consumers’ purchasing intention. The chocolate samples tested were Arthospira milk chocolate and ten commercial milk chocolate samples (SQ, DF, LD, DV, CB, MG, VH, BB, TB, and WD). The dark one compares to ten commercial dark chocolates (SQ, M5, M6, M7, DC, WD, TB, BB, LD, and DV). The factors that influence consumers’ purchasing intentions are identified through an online survey and analyzed using chi-square. A total of 159 people (68 PM respondents and 91 non-PM respondents) took part in the milk chocolate poll, while 92 people (41 PM respondents and 51 non-PM respondents) took part in the dark chocolate poll. PM test shows consumers perceive milk chocolate and dark chocolate fortified with nanocapsules Arthospira carotenoid to be similar in taste, appearance, texture, and price to some commercial chocolate bar products, implying that both chocolate products fortified with nanocapsulesArthospira carotenoid can compete in the market. The results of the chi-square test for milk chocolate show that for PM respondents, socio-demographic factors, consumer habits of buying chocolate bars, knowledge of Arthrospira, and the benefits of consuming Arthospira influence their buying interest, whereas for non-PM respondents, consumer habits of buying chocolate bars influence their buying intention. The results of the dark chocolate chi-square test show that respondents’ knowledge of the benefits of consuming chocolate bars and the emotion conducted to consume chocolate bars and influence their purchasing interest.

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Pan, Zheng, Aiqian Ye, Siqi Li, Anant Dave, Karl Fraser, and Harjinder Singh. "Dynamic In Vitro Gastric Digestion of Sheep Milk: Influence of Homogenization and Heat Treatment." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081938.

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Milk is commonly exposed to processing including homogenization and thermal treatment before consumption, and this processing could have an impact on its digestion behavior in the stomach. In this study, we investigated the in vitro gastric digestion behavior of differently processed sheep milks. The samples were raw, pasteurized (75 °C/15 s), homogenized (200/20 bar at 65 °C)–pasteurized, and homogenized–heated (95 °C/5 min) milks. The digestion was performed using a dynamic in vitro gastric digestion system, the human gastric simulator with simulated gastric fluid without gastric lipase. The pH, structure, and composition of the milks in the stomach and the emptied digesta, and the rate of protein hydrolysis were examined. Curds formed from homogenized and heated milk had much looser and more fragmented structures than those formed from unhomogenized milk; this accelerated the curd breakdown, protein digestion and promoted the release of protein, fat, and calcium from the curds into the digesta. Coalescence and flocculation of fat globules were observed during gastric digestion, and most of the fat globules were incorporated into the emptied protein/peptide particles in the homogenized milks. The study provides a better understanding of the gastric emptying and digestion of processed sheep milk under in vitro gastric conditions.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Milk bar"

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Gullers, Johan. "The Motorcycle Milk Bar." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138333.

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Možný, Michal. "Založení malého podniku - mléčný bar." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223212.

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Main goal of this thesis is to create realistic business plan for small milk bar in Kuřim. Basic terms, definitions of used analyses and detailed description of business plan are described in the theoretical part of this thesis. The practical part is focused on choosing the suitable market by using proper analysis and creating the actual business plan for milk bar.

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Teasdale, Dion, and d. teasdale@yarraranges vic gov au. "The Goose at Goldie's Milk Bar: The Nature of Human Animal Relationships in Three Modern Literary Fairy Tales." RMIT University. Creative Media, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20071219.100227.

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The Goose at Goldie's Milk Bar is a modern literary fairy tale written in the form of a novel for adult readers. Set in the fictional Australian small country town of Baxters Creek, it tells the story of Goldie Sullivan, an elderly former milk bar proprietor who has an affair with a gigantic cognisant gander. Goldie lives out the back of the town's old milk bar, hiding from the surrounding narrow-minded community, until late one night she witnesses a bolt of lightning strike the bell tower on the nearby church. When she goes to investigate, Goldie finds the body of a large bird buried in the debris and, believing it is an omen, she carries the half-dead bird home on her back. As she rehabilitates the bird, Goldie discovers there is more to the feathered creature than she first thought. The bird, a giant gander blown off course and struck down in the middle of migration, reveals an advanced awareness of humanity and the profound ability to comprehend the sorrow in Goldie's life. Through a shared appreciation of jazz music, Goldie and the goose learn to communicate and a close friendship ensues. Goldie teaches the goose to dance, the pair share baths and the goose moves into Goldie's bedroom. Before too long, Goldie finds herself in the midst of a most indecent affair. Goldie's relationship with the gander unfolds against a backdrop of other unconventional relationships. Kevin Dwyer, the new reporter in town finds himself drawn to the shire maintenance worker, Travis Handley. Real estate agent Alexander Bourke has taken Lynne Fontaine, the chef at the local Chinese restaurant, as his oriental mistress, and recently windowed farmer, Mary Peddley, sets tongues wagging with the one-legged publican, Jack Diamond. The novel uses the human animal narrative to explore the premise that fate is driven by unseen, sometimes magical forces that manifest in inexplicable ways to reveal the hidden truths of people. The writing of the novel has been supported by research conducted for an exegesis titled, The Nature of Human Animal Relationships in Three Modern Literary Fairy Tales. The exegesis identifies and discusses the nature of the central human animal relationships in three novels: Yann Martel's Life of Pi, Peter Hoeg's Woman and the Ape and the writing project, The Goose at Goldie's Milk Bar. The exegesis identifies and discusses the roles and functions the human and animal characters perform in the three novels through a comparative analysis of the narrative theories of early Russian Structuralist, Vladimir Propp. The exegesis also identifies and discusses the types of transformation the human and animal characters undergo, and conducts a comparative analysis of the theories of English academic and fairy tale historian, Jack Zipes. Finally, the exegesis analyses and discusses the multi-dimensional nature of the bonds formed by the human and animal characters and demonstrates how writers of modern literary fairy tales seek to awaken the reader to the possibilities of relationships with animals beyond usual human understanding or experience.

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Heick, Jacob Wilhelm-Maria. "DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A LIGHT WEIGHT, ENERGY DENSE, READY TO EAT (RTE) BAR." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/405.

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DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A LIGHT WEIGHT, ENERGY DENSE, READY TO EAT (RTE) BAR Jacob Wilhelm-Maria Heick Providing additional calories in the form of an RTE bar to endurance athletes will increase performance and muscle re-synthesis, reduce muscle breakdown, and shorten recovery time. An RTE bar containing a blend of dairy proteins and carbohydrates will create a product with superior functionality, including bioactive and immunity enhancing properties from dairy derived ingredients. The protein will provide benefits in the form of easily digestible calories, essential amino acids and physical satiate. A formulation was developed and optimized, resulting in a final product that meets the required nutritional profile: 400kcal, 25grams protein per 100 gram serving size. The desired physical characteristics were achieved through processing by both conventional baking and freeze drying. The latter method improves the stability and functionality of the RTE bar. In order to meet the protein requirements of the RTE bar without compromising sensory properties, a unique protein source was developed. Using high concentrations of conventional protein sources like Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) resulted in stale off-flavors and unappealing textures. Milk Protein Precipitate (MPP) was developed for this formulation. MPP is a curd-like ingredient created through the combined heat and acid precipitation of dairy proteins. MPP can be used effectively in high concentrations provides a subtle dairy flavor. MPP delivers a balance of casein and whey, similar to that found in milk. The effectiveness of the RTE bar formulation as a post exercise recovery food was evaluated in a human studies experiment conducted on the Cal Poly campus. The human subjects study utilized 34 Cal Poly students in a single-blind cross-over design experiment. The study compared the effects of this high protein RTE bar against a calorically equal carbohydrate bar. The bars were administered after subjects completed the pre-assigned hikes on three consecutive days. Following the cross-over design, subjects received the alternate bar in the second period of the experiment. Several blood markers involved in metabolism and inflammation were measured before and after the two treatment periods. No blood marker showed a statistically significant difference between bars, but several trends were observed. Body weight and fat percent were also unaffected by bar composition.

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Crosley, Grant. "The multivariable control of a hot bar rolling mill." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23664.

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Antonsson, Cecilia. "Mjölk, gluten och ADHD : En litteraturundersökning om mjölk och glutens påverkan hos barn med ADHD." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-31551.

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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is becoming a more common diagnosis of younger children. In recent years the perception that some ingredients in our food may have a negative effect regarding the symptoms in children with ADHD has grown stronger. Children with ADHD often suffer from irritated bowel syndromes which affect their ability to digest food. This may result in malnutrition as well as a release of substances that are harmful.The purpose of this report is to compile and illustrate the knowledge of how special food, particular milk protein and gluten, may affect the symptoms of children with ADHD. Also, the report aims to evaluate if there should be changes made in Kindergarten to increase the well-being of these children. The report is a summary of research results on the effects milk protein and gluten have on children with ADHD.The majority of children with ADHD demonstrate decreased symptoms if they receive a diet without milk protein and gluten.If children with ADHD would be given a special diet excluding milk protein and gluten it is realistic to assume that their ADHD-symptoms might be reduced with a greater sense of well-being and quality of life as a result.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) är en allt mer vanligt förekommande diagnos hos förskolebarn. Uppfattningen om att en anpassad kosthållning kan lindra symtomen hos barn med ADHD har växt sig starkare de senaste åren. Barn med ADHD lider ofta av en irriterad tarm som har en störd matspjälkningsfunktion, vilket kan leda till att näringsämnen bryts ner ofullständigt och resulterar i näringsbrister och frisättning av ämnen som kan påverka oss negativt.Syftet med rapporten är att sammanställa och belysa kunskapen om hur kosten kan påverka symtomen hos barn med ADHD, med särskild inriktning på påverkan från mjölkprotein och gluten. Samt att belysa vilken nytta skolverksamheten kan ha av dagens forskning inom ämnet.Rapporten är en sammanställning av de forskningsresultat som finns inom ämnet ADHD-anpassad kost där mjölkprotein och gluten utesluts.Majoriteten av barn med ADHD påvisar en minskade symtom om de får en anpassad kost utan mjölkprotein och gluten.Om förskolan skulle erbjuda barn med ADHD en anpassad kost är det realistiskt att anta att deras ADHD-symtom skulle kunna minska med ett ökat välbefinnande som följd.

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Gravelsins, Robert J. "Studies of grinding of wood and bark-wood mixtures with the Szego mill." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0003/NQ33903.pdf.

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Blomsterberg, Emma, and Emma Carlsson. "Mödrars upplevelser av känslor och relationen till sina barn vid matning med modersmjölksersättning." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-13613.

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Bakgrund: Idag är det vanligt att mödrar inte ammar, dock värderas detta fortfarande lågt i samhället. Forskningen som finns angående dessa mödrars erfarenheter av anknytning till sina barn, är begränsad. En distriktssköterska ska kunna ge olika sorters stöd i moderskapet, exempelvis genom praktisk kunskap och på ett sätt som identifierar mödrars upplevelser kring att inte amma. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva hur mödrar som ger sina barn modersmjölksersättning, upplever känslorna och relationen till sina barn. Metod: Tio intervjuer med mödrar genomfördes. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats och en deduktiv ansats användes i studien. Den induktiva delen bestod av öppna frågor och i den deduktiva delen användes MIRF-skalan. Resultat: Åtta underkategorier och tre huvudkategorier framträdde. Kategorierna resulterade i ett tema: " Upplevelser av att skapa en föräldraroll och hur relationen till barnen varierade och utvecklades känslomässigt över tid." Konklusion: Mödrarna uttryckte starka, mestadels positiva känslor gentemot sina barn. De mödrar som försökt att amma men fått avsluta amningen, var särskilt sårbara och i behov av stöd. Känslor av att vara en otillräcklig moder på grund av att inte kunna amma, kunde påverka moderns psykiska hälsa negativt och orsaka fördröjda moderskänslor.
Background: It is common for mothers not to breastfeed today, still it is of low value by society. The research available about these mothers´ experiences of connection to their children, is limited. A district nurse should be able to support motherhood in different manners, for example by practical knowledge and in a way, that identifies mothers’ experiences about not breastfeeding. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe how mothers who give formula milk to their infants, experience feelings and the relationship to their infants. Method: Ten interviews with mothers were conducted. Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach and a deductive approach was used. The inductive part consisted of open questions and the MIRF-scale was used in the deductive part. Results: Eight subcategories and three main categories emerged. The categories resulted in a theme: “Experiences of creating a parenting roll and how the relationship with the children varied and developed emotionally over time.” Conclusion: The mothers expressed strong, mostly positive feelings towards their children. Mothers who tried to breastfeed and could not continue, were particularly vulnerable and in need of support. Feeling inadequate as a mother because of not being able to breastfeed, could affect the mother´s mental health negatively and cause delayed maternal feelings.

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Forsberg, Anne-Mari. "Factors affecting cow behaviour in a barn equipped with an automatic milking system /." Uppsala : Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/11200991.pdf.

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Karzulovic, Cvitanich Jorge Andrés. "Efecto de diferentes temperaturas sobre la actividad respiratoria de berros (Nasturtium officinale R. Bar.) y rúcula (Eruca sativa Mill.) mínimamente procesadas en fresco." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/116352.

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Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención Producción Animal
El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo determinar el efecto de tres temperaturas (0°, 5°, 8°C) sobre la actividad respiratoria, color y parámetros sensoriales en hojas de berros y rúcula por un periodo de 15 días. La actividad respiratoria se determinó a partir de la medición de muestras gaseosas del espacio cabeza de un frasco de 1 L tras 1,5 horas de cierre, el color fue a través de los parámetros de luminosidad, croma y tono y las propiedades sensoriales según la aceptabilidad, apariencia, color, defectos y turgencia. La actividad respiratoria se midió cada 3 a 4 días, mientras que color y evaluación sensorial cada 6 ú 8 días. La actividad respiratoria disminuyó en todos los tratamientos para ambas especies en estudio. La medición del color indicó una tendencia a la disminución del color verde y aumento del amarillo en relación directa con el incremento de la temperatura. Respecto a los parámetros sensoriales, a 0°C se presentó la menor variación, disminuyendo solo el atributo aceptabilidad. En relación a lo anterior, en las hojas de berros, la menor actividad respiratoria se presentó a 0°C, con un promedio durante el ensayo de 49,1 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1, superior en 23,2 y 37,1 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1 a lo registrado a temperaturas de 5° y 8°C. Asimismo, en hojas de rúcula, la actividad respiratoria más baja se presentó a 0°C, con un promedio de 21,0 mg CO2 kg-1 h-1, superior en 26,5 y 38,1 unidades a lo obtenido a 5° y 8°C, respectivamente. Para ambos ensayos, los parámetros de color medidos instrumentalmente y las propiedades sensoriales evidenciaron el término de vida útil al séptimo día a temperaturas de 5° y 8°C, mientras que a 0°C se extendió hasta los 13 días, presentando el menor deterioro y por ende corresponde a la mejor alternativa, entre las estudiadas, para la conservación de hojas de berros y rúcula mínimamente procesada en fresco.

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Books on the topic "Milk bar"

1

Tosi, Christina. Momofuku Milk Bar. New York: Clarkson Potter, 2011.

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Pallotta, Jerry. The Hershey's milk chocolate bar fractions book. New York: Cartwheel Books, 1999.

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ill, Bolster Rob, ed. The Hershey's milk chocolate bar fractions book. New York: Scholastic Inc., 1999.

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Milky way bar. Manchester: Carcanet, 1991.

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Manhire, Bill. Milky Way bar. Wellington: Victoria University Press, 1991.

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Goldshṭain, Natan Yirmey. Sefer Migdanot Natan: Hilkhot Ben ha-Metsarim ha-shekhiḥim ṿeha-metsuyim le-maʻaśeh : gam hosafnu dine naṭ-bar-naṭ she-nogeʻa harbeh le-maʻaśeh be-elu ha-yamim she-mevashlim maʼakhalim shel parṿ'e be-kelim shel baśar ṿe-aḥ. k. rotsim le-okhlam ʻim ḥalav. [Monsey, N.Y.?]: Ḥad ṿe-ḥalaḳ, 2012.

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Dorkin, Evan. Milk and Cheese: Dairy products gone bad! Milwaukie, Or: Dark Horse Books, 2011.

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Mu diao Mile bai tai. 2nd ed. Beijing: Zhongguo lin ye chu ban she, 2009.

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Bateman, J. Tom. The Milk River man: The life of Alva Bair. Calgary: Conservation Education Wise Foundation, 2002.

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Orange, Vincent. Ensor's endeavour: Biography of Wing Commander Mick Ensor, DSO and Bar, DFC and Bar, AFC RNZAF and RAF. London: Grub Street, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Milk bar"

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Dobkin, Jess. "Performing with Mother’s Milk: The Lactation Station Breast Milk Bar." In Intimacy Across Visceral and Digital Performance, 62–73. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137283337_6.

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Kuijken, Konrad. "Is There a Bulge Distinct from the Bar?" In Unsolved Problems of the Milky Way, 71–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1687-6_10.

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Gerhard, Ortwin E. "Dynamics of the Bar at the Galactic Centre." In Unsolved Problems of the Milky Way, 79–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1687-6_11.

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Weiner, Benjamin J., and J. A. Sellwood. "Properties of the Galactic Bar from Hydrodynamical Simulations." In Unsolved Problems of the Milky Way, 145–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1687-6_18.

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Wada, Keiichi, Tetsuo Hasegawa, Yoshiaki Sofue, Yoshiaki Taniguchi, and Asao Habe. "Position-Velocity Diagrams as a Probe of the Bar in Edge-On Galaxies." In Unsolved Problems of the Milky Way, 147–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1687-6_19.

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Picaud, Sébastien, Emmanuel Chereul, Annie C. Robin, and Francisco Garzón. "Outer Bulge and in-Plane Bar of the Milky Way." In The Evolution of Galaxies, 229–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3315-1_45.

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Stanek, K. Z., M. Mateo, A. Udalski, M. Szymański, J. Kałużny, M. Kubiak, and W. Krzemiński. "Evidence for the Galactic Bar from the Two Color Photometry of the Bulge Red Clump Stars." In Unsolved Problems of the Milky Way, 103–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1687-6_13.

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Binney, James. "Evidence for a Bar at the Centre of the Milky Way." In The Nuclei of Normal Galaxies, 75–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0752-5_8.

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Liu, Peng-Jyun, Hsing-Chi Chang, and Chi-Wen Lung. "Application of Kano Model to Explore Insulation Bag for Breast Milk." In Advances in Physical Ergonomics & Human Factors, 445–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94484-5_46.

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Brunthaler, Andreas, Mark J. Reid, Karl M. Menten, Xing-Wu Zheng, Anna Bartkiewicz, Yoon K. Choi, Tom Dame, et al. "The Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy (BeSSeL) Survey: Mapping the Milky Way with VLBI Astrometry." In Reviews in Modern Astronomy, 105–16. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527644384.ch6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Milk bar"

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Gordo, Jose´ Manuel, and C. Guedes Soares. "Compressive Tests on Long Continuous Stiffened Panels." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57873.

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Results are presented of 8 tests on long stiffened panels under axial compression until collapse. The specimens are three bay panels with associated plate made of very high tensile steel S690. Four different configurations are considered for the stiffeners, which are made of mild or high tensile steel for bar stiffeners and mild steel for ‘L’ and ‘U’ stiffeners. The influence of the stiffener’s geometry on the ultimate strength of the stiffened panels under compression is analyzed. This series of experiments belong to an extended series of tests that include short and intermediate panels which allows analyzing the effect of space framing on the strength of stiffened panels.

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Lainati, Alberto, and Luigi Giacomini. "THE EVO 2+4-ROLL BAR REDUCING AND SIZING MILL." In 53º Seminário de Laminação. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/1983-4764-27614.

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Pickett, Eric. "Image profile alignment applied to optical gauging in a bar mill." In International Conference on Optoelectronic Science and Engineering '90. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2294680.

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Xuedong Liang, Yu Yang, Jie Yang, Xiaohua Zhao, and Yujuan Wang. "Logistics simulation for profiled bar mill based on the PSAO method." In 2008 IEEE Systems and Information Engineering Design Symposium (SIEDS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sieds.2008.4559723.

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Doizaki, T., G. Gepitulan, E. Imanari, and H. Hashimoto. "Induction Bar and Edge Heating Technology in the Hot Strip Mill." In AISTech2019. AIST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/377/162.

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Weber, Mike, Viktor Ballheimer, Frank Wille, and Uwe Zencker. "Numerical Approach to Determine the Correct Puncture Bar Length for the IAEA Puncture Bar Drop Test." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84614.

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Among other mechanical tests the 1 meter drop onto a steel puncture bar shall be considered for accident safe packages for the transport of radioactive material. According with the IAEA regulations “the bar shall be of solid mild steel of circular section, 15.0 ± 0.5 cm in diameter and 20 cm long, unless a longer bar would cause greater damage ...”. The most damaging puncture bar length can be estimated by iterative processes in numerical simulations. On the one hand, a sufficient puncture bar length has to guarantee that shock absorbers or other attachments do not prevent or reduce the local load application to the package, on the other hand, a longer and thus less stiff bar causes a smaller maximum contact force. The contrary influence of increasing puncture bar length and increasing effective drop height shall be taken into account if a shock absorber is directly placed in the target area. The paper presents a numerical approach to identify the bar length that causes maximum damage to the package. Using the example of two typical package masses the sensitivity of contact forces and puncture bar deformations to the initial length are calculated and assessed with regard to the international IAEA package safety requirements.

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Smith, Andrew N., Nicholas Jankowski, Lauren Boteler, and Christopher Meyer. "Interfacial Resistance Measurement of High Performance Thermal Interface Materials." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17507.

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Advancements in thermal interface materials have reached the resolution limit of typical ASTM D5470 based testers, which is around ±1×10−6 m2K/W. As the interfacial resistance is reduced, the temperature difference at the interface decreases and ultimately becomes difficult to measure. Standard ASTM testers utilize precise temperature sensors and knowledge of the thermal conductivity of the heat meter bar to resolve the temperature difference at the interface. It is difficult to resolve interface resistances on the order of 1×10−6 m2K/W, even when precision RTDs with a resolution of ±0.001°C are utilized, as the location uncertainty of the sensor can become important. Increasing the temperature difference across the interface is necessary for further improvement in the resolution. This work presents a miniature ASTM type tester that was developed to address the resolution limits of standard testers by reducing the heat meter bar thickness, using a chip resistor as the heater element, and using an IR camera to measure the temperature gradient along the meter bar. Reducing the length of the heat meter bars reduces the overall resistance, and increases the resistance of the interface relative to that of the meter bars. Because of the reduced size scale of the miniature tester, measurement of the temperature profile using the typical ASTM approach of embedding temperature probes along the length of the meter bar was not feasible but instead was achieved using a relatively inexpensive uncooled long wavelength infrared camera with a microscope attachment in order to focus down to ∼100 microns. Although the IR camera increases the uncertainty of the measured temperatures, this method is shown to measure a thermal interfacial resistance of 1.45×10−6 m2K/W with an uncertainty of ±1.1×10−7 m2K/W, where the sample interface was a 2 mil AuSn preform soldered interface.

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Haq, Inam U., Chittineni V. Kumar, and Rayed M. Al-Zaid. "Identification of the Intermittent Synchronous Instability in a High Performance Steam Turbine Rotor Due to Deteriorated Labyrinth Seals." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-305.

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This paper reports the synchronous vibration instability problem (a rare phenomenon) experienced in a high pressure steam turbine rotor (19MW) driving synthesis gas compressor train in a large scale petrochemical complex. The turbine had about one year history of showing infrequently high vibration. Rotor vibrations appeared in an intermittent and irregular fashion and the perturbation frequency was the rotor operating speed of 10,135 rpm. The sealing steam system was found responsible for cropping the vibration. At a definite level of seal steam pressure (0.90 to 1.10 bar-gauge), operating speed and load, the rotor radial vibration response was reached at 4.5 mils as compared to the frequently smooth running level of less than 1.0 mil. Subsequently, the major overhauling of the turbine revealed severely worn and, virtually, non-functional high pressure end labyrinth seals. The paper also elaborates the steam turbine rotordynamics behaviors recorded during excessive levels of vibration.

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Teo, How Wei Benjamin, Anutosh Chakraborty, and Kim Tiow Ooi. "Adsorption Characteristics of Modified MiL-101(Cr) for Gas (Mainly CH4) Storage Applications." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50751.

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As promising material for gas storage applications, MIL-101(Cr) can further be modified by doping with alkali metal (Li+, Na+, K+) ions. However, the doping concentration should be optimized below 10% to improve the methane adsorption. This article presents (i) the synthesis of MIL-101 (Cr) Metal Organic Frameworks, (ii) the characterization of the proposed doped adsorbent materials by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, N2 Adsorption, Thermo-Gravimetric Analyzer, and (iii) the measurements of methane uptakes for the temperatures ranging from 125 K to 303 K and pressures up to 10 bar. It is found that the Na+ doped MIL-101(Cr) exhibits CH4 uptake capacity of (i) 295 cm3/cm3 at 10 bar and 160 K and (ii) 95 cm3/cm3 at 10 bar at 298 K. This information is important to design adsorbed natural gas (ANG) storage tank under ANG-LNG (liquefied natural gas) coupling conditions.

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Kim, Jaeboo, Junghyeung Lee, Sang Moo Hwang, F. Barlat, Y. H. Moon, and M. G. Lee. "An analytic model for the prediction of the bar temperature in a roughing mill." In NUMIFORM 2010: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Industrial Forming Processes Dedicated to Professor O. C. Zienkiewicz (1921–2009). AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3457627.

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Reports on the topic "Milk bar"

1

Barash, Itamar, and Robert Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms Governing Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696526.bard.

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Original objectives: The long-term goal of the research is to achieve higher protein content in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational apparatus of the mammary gland genetically, nutritionally, or pharmacologically. The short-term objectives are to obtain a better understanding of 1) the role of amino acids (AA) as regulators of translation in bovine and mouse mammary epithelial cells and 2) the mechanism responsible for the synergistic enhancement of milk-protein mRNA polyadenylation by insulin and prolactin. Background of the topic: In many cell types and tissues, individual AA affect a signaling pathway which parallels the insulin pathway to modulate rates and levels of protein synthesis. Diverse nutritional and hormonal conditions are funneled to mTOR, a multidomain serine/threonine kinase that regulates a number of components in the initiation and elongation stages of translation. The mechanism by which AA signal mTOR is largely unknown. During the current grant period, we have studied the effect of essential AA on mechanisms involved in protein synthesis in differentiated mammary epithelial cells cultured under lactogenic conditions. We also studied lactogenic hormone regulation of milk protein synthesis in differentiated mammary epithelial cells. In the first BARD grant (2000-03), we discovered a novel mechanism for mRNA-specific hormone-regulated translation, namely, that the combination of insulin plus prolactin causes cytoplasmic polyadenylation of milk protein mRNAs, which leads to their efficient translation. In the current BARD grant, we have pursued the signaling pathways of this novel hormone action. Major conclusions/solutions/achievements: The positive and negative signaling from AA to the mTOR pathway, combined with modulation of insulin sensitization, mediates the synthesis rates of total and specific milk proteins in mammary epithelial cells. The current in vitro study revealed cryptic negative effects of Lys, His, and Thr on cellular mechanisms regulating translation initiation and protein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells that could not be detected by conventional in vivo analyses. We also showed that a signaling pathway involving Jak2 and Stat5, previously shown to lead from the prolactin receptor to transcription of milk protein genes, is also used for cytoplasmic polyadenylation of milk protein mRNAs, thereby stabilizing these mRNAs and activating them for translation. Implications: In vivo, plasma AA levels are affected by nutritional and hormonal effects as well as by conditions of exercise and stress. The amplitude in plasma AA levels resembles that applied in the current in vitro study. Thus, by changing plasma AA levels in the epithelial cell microenvironment or by sensitizing the mTOR pathway to their presence, it should be possible to modulate the rate of milk protein synthesis. Furthermore, knowledge that phosphorylation of Stat5 is required for enhanced milk protein synthesis in response to lactogenic opens the possibility for pharmacologic approaches to increase the phosphorylation of Stat5 and, thereby, milk protein production.

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Culshaw, N. G., G. Check, D. Corrigan, J. Drage, R. Gower, M. J. Haggart, P. Wallace, and N. Wodicka. Georgian Bay Geological Synthesis: Dillon To Twelve Mile Bay, Grenville Province of Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/126846.

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Barash, Itamar, and Robert E. Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms that Govern Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586474.bard.

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Original objectives: The long term objective of the project is to achieve higher content of protein in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational machinery in the mammary gland. The first specific aim of the BARD proposal was to characterize responsiveness of various experimental systems to combination of lactogenic hormones and amino acids with particular emphasis on discrimination between the control of total protein synthesis and milk protein synthesis. Based on the results, we planned to proceed by characterizing the stage of protein synthesis in which the stimulation by lactogenic hormones and amino acid occur and finally we proposed to identify which components of the translation machinery are modified. Background to the topic: Milk protein is the most valuable component in milk, both for direct human consumption and for manufacturing cheese and other protein-based products. Attempts to augment protein content by the traditional methods of genetic selection and improved nutritional regimes have failed. The proposal was based on recent results suggesting that the limiting factor for augmenting protein synthesis in the bovine mammary gland is the efficiency of converting amino acids to milk proteins. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Insulin and prolactin synergistically stimulate â-casein mRNA translation by cytoplasmatic polyadenylation. The interaction between insulin and prolactin was demonstrated two decades ago as crucial for milk-protein synthesis, but the molecular mechanisms involved were not elucidated. We found in differentiated CID 9 mouse mammary epithelial cells line that insulin and prolactin synergistically increases the rate of milk protein mRNA translation. We focused on â-casein, the major milk protein, and found that the increase in â-casein mRNA translation was reflected in a shift to larger polysomes, indicating an effect on translational initiation. Inhibitors of the PI3K, mTOR, and MAPK pathways blocked insulin-stimulated total protein and â-casein synthesis but not the synergistic stimulation. Conversely, cordycepin, a polyadenylation inhibitor, abolished synergistic stimulation of protein synthesis without affecting insulin-stimulated translation. The poly(A) tract of â-casein mRNA progressively increased over 30 min of treatment with insulin plus prolactin. The 3’-untranslated region of â-casein mRNA was found to contain a cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), and in reporter constructs, this was sufficient for the translational enhancement and mRNA-specific polyadenylation. Furthermore, insulin and prolactin stimulated phosphorylation of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) but did not increase cytoplasmic polyadenylation.

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Culshaw, N., D. Corrigan, J. Ketchum, and P. Wallace. Georgian Bay Geological Synthesis: Twelve Mile Bay To Port Severn, Grenville Province of Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/131248.

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Medrano, Juan, Adam Friedmann, Moshe (Morris) Soller, Ehud Lipkin, and Abraham Korol. High resolution linkage disequilibrium mapping of QTL affecting milk production traits in Israel Holstein dairy cattle. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696509.bard.

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Original objectives: To create BAC contigs covering two QTL containing chromosomal regions (QTLR) and obtain BAC end sequence information as a platform for SNP identification. Use the SNPs to search for marker-QTL linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the test populations (US and Israel Holstein cattle). Identify candidate genes, test for association with dairy cattle production and functional traits, and confirm any associations in a secondary test population. Revisions in the course of the project: The selective recombinant genotyping (SRG) methodology which we implemented to provide moderate resolution QTL mapping turned out to be less effective than expected, due to problems introduced by incomplete marker informativity. This required a no-cost one-year extension of the project. Aside from this, the project was implemented essentially as envisaged, but only with respect to a single QTLR and single population association-test. Background to the topic. Dairy cattle breeders are looking to marker-assisted selection (MAS) as a means of identifying genetically superior sires and dams. MAS based on population-wide LD can be many times more effective than MAS based on within-family linkage mapping. In this proposal we developed a protocol leading from family based QTL mapping to population-wide LD between markers and the QTL Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. The critical importance of marker informativity for application of the SRG design in outcrossing random mating populations was identified, and an alternative Fractioned Pool Design (FPD) based on selective DNA pooling was developed. We demonstrated the feasibility of constructing a BAC contig across a targeted chromosomal region flanking the marker RM188 on bovine chromosome BTA4, which was shown in previous work to contain a QTL affecting milk production traits. BAC end sequences were obtained and successfully screened for SNPs. LD studies of these SNPs in the Israel population, and of an independent set of SNPs taken across the entire proximal region of BTA4 in the USA population, showed a much lower degree of LD than previously reported in the literature. Only at distances in the sub-cM level did an appreciable fraction of SNP marker-pairs show levels of LD useful for MAS. In contrast, studies in the Israel population using microsatellite markers, presented an equivalent degree of LD at a 1-5 separation distance. SNP LD appeared to reflect historical population size of Bostaurus (Ne=5000- 10,000), while microsatellite LD appeared to be in proportion to more recent effective population size of the Holstein breed (Ne=50-100). An appreciable fraction of the observed LD was due to Family admixture structure of the Holstein population. The SNPs MEOX2/IF2G (found within the gene SETMAR at 23,000 bp from RM188) and SNP23 were significantly associated with PTA protein, Cheese dollars and Net Merit Protein in the Davis bull resource population, and were also associated with protein and casein percentages in the Davis cow resource population. Implications. These studies document a major difference in degree of LD presented by SNPs as compared to microsatellites, and raise questions as to the source of this difference and its implications for QTL mapping and MAS. The study lends significant support to the targeted approach to fine map a previously identified QTL. Using high density genotyping with SNP discovered in flanking genes to the QTL, we have identified important markers associated with milk protein percentage that can be tested in markers assisted selection programs.

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Spencer, Thomas E., Elisha Gootwine, Arieh Gertler, and Fuller W. Bazer. Placental lactogen enhances production efficiency in sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586543.bard.

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The key objectives of this BARD project were to: (1) study long-term effects of immunization of prepubertal ewes against recombinant ovine placental lactogen (roPL) on subsequent birth weights of their lambs and their milk production; (2) optimize the anti-roPL immunization protocol using adjuvant preparations acceptable to producers and regulatory agencies; and (3) determine the physiological mechanism(s) whereby immunization against oPL increases fetal growth and development and mammogenesis. These objectives were based on key findings from a previous BARD project that: (a) immunization of ewes against roPL increased lamb birth weight and ewe milk production during lactation; (b) roPL and recombinant ovine growth hormone (roGH) increased the proliferation and differentiated function of endometrial glands that, in turn, would enhance uterine secretions necessary for fetal and placental growth; and (c) exogenous roPL and roGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk production during lactation. The BARD projects address central problems in sheep production, including reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality, low birth weight of lambs especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which affect neonatal survival. The sheep placenta secretes both lactogenic (oPL) and somatogenic (oGH) hormones. The receptors for those hormones are present in the fetus and placenta as well as maternal uterus, and mammary gland. Our research has focused on determining the biological role of these placental hormones in development and differentiation of the uterus during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Studies conducted in the current BARD project indicated that the effects of anti-roPL immunization were variable in ewes and that commercially available and widely acceptable adjuvant preparations were not effective to produce high anti-roPL titers in pre-pubertal ewes. In the non-prolific Rambouillet ewe in Texas and in the Awassi and the Assaf in Israel, anti-roPL immunization increased lamb birth weight; however, the magnitude of this effect and the inherent variability precluded our ability to determine the physiological mechanism of how the immunization increases fetal growth. Collectively, our findings suggest that anti-roPL immunization is not currently feasible as an easy and efficacious tool for the producer to increase flock reproductive and production efficiency. The variability in response of individual ewes to anti-roPL immunization likely includes modifying the recombinant hormone and the type of adjuvant used for the immunization. In particular, the oPL may need to be modified to ensure maximum antigenicity in a broad range of breed types. Nonetheless, the investigators continue to collaborate on identifying fundamental mechanisms that can be improved by genetics or management to enhance the efficiency of uteroplacental function and, in turn, fetal growth and development. High prolificacy is a desirable trait in intensive sheep production systems. One of the main limitations of using prolific breeds of sheep is that increased litter size is associated with low birth weights and increased mortality of lambs. Further, low birth weight is associated with an increased propensity for adult diseases and decreased production efficiency. Indeed, our recent studies find that the birth weights of lambs born in large litters can be improved by both genetics and management. Future cooperative research will continue to focus on reproductive efficiency of sheep that have broader implications for improving production efficiency in all types of ruminant livestock.

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Rodier, Caroline, Andrea Broaddus, Miguel Jaller, Jeffery Song, Joschka Bischoff, and Yunwan Zhang. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Novel Access Modes: A Case Study in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1816.

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The first-mile, last-mile problem is a significant deterrent for potential transit riders, especially in suburban neighborhoods with low density. Transit agencies have typically sought to solve this problem by adding parking spaces near transit stations and adding stops to connect riders to fixed-route transit. However, these measures are often only short-term solutions. In the last few years, transit agencies have tested whether new mobility services, such as ridehailing, ridesharing, and microtransit, can offer fast, reliable connections to and from transit stations. However, there is limited research that evaluates the potential impacts of these projects. Concurrently, there is growing interest in the future of automated vehicles (AVs) and the potential of AVs to solve this first-mile problem by reducing the cost of providing these new mobility services to promote access to transit. This paper expands upon existing research to model the simulate the travel and revenue impacts of a fleet of automated vehicles that provide transit access services in the San Francisco Bay Area offered over a range of fares. The model simulates a fleet of AVs for first-mile transit access at different price points for three different service models (door-to-door ridehailing and ridesharing and meeting point ridesharing services). These service models include home-based drop-off and pick-up for single passenger service (e.g., Uber and Lyft), home-based drop-off and pick-up for multi-passenger service (e.g., microtransit), and meeting point multi-passenger service (e.g., Via).

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Casey, Therese, Sameer J. Mabjeesh, Avi Shamay, and Karen Plaut. Photoperiod effects on milk production in goats: Are they mediated by the molecular clock in the mammary gland? United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598164.bard.

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US scientists, Dr. Theresa Casey and Dr. Karen Plaut, collaborated with Israeli scientists, Dr. SameerMabjeesh and Dr. AviShamay to conduct studies proposed in the BARD Project No. US-4715-14 Photoperiod effects on milk production in goats: Are they mediated by the molecular clock in the mammary gland over the last 3 years. CLOCK and BMAL1 are core components of the circadian clock and as heterodimers function as a transcription factor to drive circadian-rhythms of gene expression. Studies of CLOCK-mutant mice found impaired mammary development in late pregnancy was related to poor lactation performance post-partum. To gain a better understanding of role of clock in regulation of mammary development studies were conducted with the mammary epithelial cell line HC11. Decreasing CLOCK protein levels using shRNA resulted in increased mammary epithelial cell growth rate and impaired differentiation, with lower expression of differentiation markers including ad herens junction protein and fatty acid synthesis genes. When BMAL1 was knocked out using CRISPR-CAS mammary epithelial cells had greater growth rate, but reached stationary phase at a lower density, with FACS indicating cells were growing and dying at a faster rate. Beta-casein milk protein levels were significantly decreased in BMAL1 knockout cells. ChIP-seq analysis was conducted to identify BMAL1 target genes in mammary epithelial cells. Studies conducted in goats found that photoperiod duration and physiological state affected the dynamics of the mammary clock. Effects were likely independent of the photoperiod effects on prolactin levels. Interestingly, circadian rhythms of core body temperature, which functions as a key synchronizing cue sent out by the central clock in the hypothalamus, were profoundly affected by photoperiod and physiological state. Data support that the clock in the mammary gland regulates genes important to development of the gland and milk synthesis. We also found the clock in the mammary is responsive to changes in physiological state and photoperiod, and thus may serve as a mechanism to establish milk production levels in response to environmental cues.

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Frazier, William, and Dick Johnson. 2015 Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) Title ll Annual Report, L-Bar, New Mexico Disposal Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1347141.

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Meyer, William. MIL-STD-1660 Tests for PA116 Containers on Standard 40 by 44-Inch Metal Pallets with Fork Times Safety Bars. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada236169.

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