Journal articles on the topic 'Military geography – Case studies'
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Brown, James. "The military and society: the Turkish case." Middle Eastern Studies 25, no. 3 (July 1989): 387–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263208908700788.
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Behrends, Jan Claas. "War, violence, and the military during late socialism and transition. Five case studies on the USSR, Russia, and Yugoslavia." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 5 (September 2015): 667–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2015.1048675.
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The text introduces five case studies on war and the military in the USSR and Yugoslavia in historical perspective. It argues that the armed forces were at the core of socialist statehood and that their role and their change in late socialism and post-Communism are thus far understudied. Discussing the similarities as well as the differences between the Soviet, the Russian, and the Yugoslav case, the introduction seeks new explanations for war and military violence in these countries. Rather than pointing exclusively to ethnic mobilization and nationalism, it views the transformation and collapse of the Communist party-state and its army as a precondition for violence and civil war. It places these cases using innovative methodological approaches to the research on physical violence, war, and military. These studies explore the experience and the representation of violence, army service, combat, and war in late socialism and scrutinize individual actors and their behavior within violent spaces. In retrospect the emerging wars in the post-Soviet space – from Chechnya to the Donbas – and in Yugoslavia are at least as crucial for the region as Gorbachev's reforms. They help to better understand the conflicts of the present.
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Abrahams, Diane. "The Military as an Economic Agent in Local Economic Development: The Case of South Africa." Urban Forum 18, no. 2 (July 28, 2007): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-007-9001-x.
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Pion-Berlin, David. "Will Soldiers Follow? Economic Integration and Regional Security in the Southern Cone." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 42, no. 1 (2000): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166465.
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MERCOSUR’s success as an economic bloc suggests that it could serve as a stimulus or even a model for security integration. Improved military ties among the MERCOSUR nations have grown out of a sequence of developments, from political rapprochement to economic convergence and improved civilian state control. Yet increased cooperation has not led to a regional defense system. Case studies reveal that national considerations have inhibited most MERCOSUR members from accepting the idea of a regional security alliance.
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Cypel, Yasmin S., Jodie G. Katon, Mark B. Schure, and Shanna Smith. "Food Insecurity in US Military Veterans." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 41, no. 4 (December 2020): 399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572120963952.
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Background: Food insecurity (FI) is an important public health issue for US veterans. For many veterans, civilian life is fraught with service-incurred health issues and socioeconomic challenges, each risk factors for FI. The FI literature on veterans is limited due to insufficient coverage of the topic’s complexity and the methods used to study it in this population. No published analysis has evaluated how FI has been examined in US veterans. Objectives: We assessed how FI has been examined in US military veterans by identifying (1) the major content areas, or domains, studied in association with FI and (2) the existing research gaps. Methods: A scoping literature review was conducted to map the main research domains of the FI literature and identify knowledge gaps. Electronic database and hand searches identified potentially relevant studies (n = 61). Data extraction, utilizing a standardized set of design parameters, was completed. Duplicate removal and application of inclusion/exclusion criteria resulted in the studies (n = 21) selected for critical review. Results: Eight research domains were determined: FI prevalence, health status, dietary practices, health care utilization, economic instability, homelessness/housing instability, food program participation, and community/emergency preparedness—the most dominant was health status and the least dominant were social determinants (ie, homelessness/housing instability, food program participation). Research on validity and usability of FI assessment methods in veterans was virtually absent. Military service factors, longitudinal effects, FI among women, intervention effectiveness, and other areas lacked sufficient inquiry. Conclusion: Research is required on lesser examined content areas and methodology to optimize surveillance and policy for veteran FI.
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Kelman, Ilan, Jean-Christophe Gaillard, and Ma Florina Orillos. "US-Philippines Military Relations After the Mt Pinatubo Eruption in 1991: A Disaster Diplomacy Perspective." European Journal of East Asian Studies 8, no. 2 (2009): 301–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156805809x12553326569515.
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AbstractThis paper explores the impact of the 1991 Mt Pinatubo eruption on the US-Republic of the Philippines military relations through the lens of disaster diplomacy. Disaster diplomacy focuses on how and why disaster-related activities (e.g. mitigation, prevention and response) do and do not yield diplomatic gains, looking mainly at disaster-related activities affecting diplomacy rather than the reverse. Disaster diplomacy 'pathways', identified in previous studies, help to explain how the Filipino and US governments approached the negotiations for renewing the lease of the US military facilities in the Philippines in the context of two bases being damaged by a volcanic eruption. The paper further addresses six underpinning questions of disaster diplomacy for this case study. These questions assist in answering this paper's central research question: how much did the 1991 eruption of Mt Pinatubo influence US-Philippines military cooperation due to the concurrent diplomatic talks between the two governments regarding the lease renewal for the US bases in the Philippines? The answer is that disaster-related activities due to the Mt Pinatubo eruption had a short-term impact on US-Philippines diplomacy. This impact was seen in the context of significant connections already existing, through the long-standing US-Philippines military links. Over the long-term, non-disaster factors had a more significant impact on US-Philippines military diplomacy than Mt Pinatubo, adding to the list of case studies for which disaster diplomacy's impact was limited.
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Sahni, Varun. "Not Quite British: A Study of External Influences on the Argentine Navy." Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 3 (October 1993): 489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00006647.
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Political studies of military institutions in Latin America have tended to lay heavy stress on their external linkages, with a good deal of emphasis being placed upon the ‘differential degrees of dependence upon other countries for supplies, parts, training and equipment by the various service branches’. This particularly the case when scholars attempt to explain why two military institutions differ in their political behaviour and ideological orientation. Thus, we find Lieuwen asserting that[t]he aristocratic tendencies of [Latin American] naval officers… often were moderated by the democratic views of the British and United States officers who were their professional advisers. Conversely, before World War II, authoritarian attitudes of some Latin American armies were reinforced by the influence of German, Spanish, and Italian military missions.
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Zorzetto, Alessandro, Ángela Barrios Padura, Marta Molina Huelva, and Mauro Marzo. "POETICS OF REUSE OF THE HISTORICAL HERITAGE: THREE CASE STUDIES OF EPHEMERAL ARCHITECTURE IN VENICE." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 46, no. 2 (November 7, 2022): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2022.17078.
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The archetype of the vessel, declined ontologically as heterotopia and etymologically as trait d’union of a community, becomes the pretext to propose the restoration of Venice’s citizenship through a “poetics of reuse”. The relationship between ephemeral architecture and historical heritage is analysed according to the three criteria identified by Pierre Pinon. The concept of reutilisation is declined through building materials. Reconversion is identified through examples of radical change of use of historic military buildings. Reappropriation is associated with the temporary expansion of the potential of public space through architectural installations. Case studies corresponding to each category are identified, and from the primary sources the three-dimensional redesign of these projects is contextualised in the historical surroundings, in order to deduce considerations regarding the relationship between the two frameworks. Since the case studies are very extensive and rather heterogeneous, the novelty lies in the transversal reading approach that returns the Biennale’s magnificent centenary activity directly to the city and its inhabitants, subverting the negative connotation that cultural tourism has acquired on the island. The research aims to create an atlas of ephemeral architecture, define a taxonomy and draw up a document containing guidelines for future experiences of ephemeral architecture in the city.
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Keimer, Kyle H. "Ritual or Military Action?: Interpreting Israel’s Muster at Mizpah in 1 Sam 7:2-17." Vetus Testamentum 70, no. 4-5 (January 17, 2020): 620–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685330-12341411.
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Abstract This article evaluates the historicity of 1 Sam 7:2-17 in light of renewed analysis of the archaeological remains from Tell en-Nasbeh, other Iron Age I sites in the region of Benjamin, broader literary considerations in 1 Sam 1-10, and the geography of the Central Hill Country. In so doing, a case is made that there is far more going on in vv. 6-7 than what appears to be a miscommunication between the Israelites, who have gathered at the site of Mizpah, and the Philistines, who send troops against the Israelites. A historical reconstruction that considers the narrative form of 1 Sam 7:2-17 and the archaeological remains is offered, as is a new proposal for the identification of the site of Gibeath-elohim.
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Venier, Ivana. ""Saperi cittadini", strategie e autocefalia della cittŕ: la smilitarizzazione di Pola." TERRITORIO, no. 62 (September 2012): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2012-062009.
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This paper provides a brief summary of the affairs surrounding the demilitarisation of the town of Pola, in Croatia, and it gives a series of considerations on the role that ‘citizen expertise' and strategic planning could have played in the processes employed to make use of the abandoned military areas, putting a question mark over the capacity of the town to be autocephalous, or in other words its ability to carry through strategic plans on its own. This case also highlights the important issue of the temporary reuse of abandoned military areas and the involvement of local communities in these processes.
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Havlick, David G. "Opportunistic conservation at former military sites in the United States." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 38, no. 3 (February 26, 2014): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133314522281.
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Recent military base closures and realignments in the United States have opened dozens of former training and testing sites to new uses and priorities. One common transition is to designate these lands as national wildlife refuges. This presents conservation opportunities on hundreds of thousands of hectares previously under military control, but the ecological restoration and subsequent reuse of these lands is complex and fraught with challenges. Unexploded ordnance, soil and water contamination, reinforced structures, and other military remainders exist on many of these sites, and wildlife refuge managers typically receive little funding or training to contend with such relicts. This paper acknowledges some of the real conservation opportunities provided by military-to-wildlife (M2W) refuges, but emphasizes that restoration and conservation measures at these sites remain bounded by physical and sociopolitical constraints. One outcome of these constraints is ‘opportunistic conservation’, where habitat and wildlife goals are shaped or constrained by the lingering presence of prior military uses. Working from case studies and interviews conducted at M2W sites in the United States, this research suggests that opportunistic conservation represents a limited vision for restoration and conservation at these places that also potentially obscures these limitations. At many of these same sites, however, more affirmative opportunistic conservation efforts exhibit creative responses given the conditions that exist.
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Choi, Boram, and Jong Hwan Suh. "Forecasting Spare Parts Demand of Military Aircraft: Comparisons of Data Mining Techniques and Managerial Features from the Case of South Korea." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 28, 2020): 6045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156045.
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In a weapon system, the accurate forecasting of the spare parts demand can help avoid the excess inventory, leading to the efficient use of budget. It can also help develop the combat readiness of the weapon system by improving weapon system utilization. Moreover, as performance-based logistics (PBL) projects have recently emerged, the accurate demand forecasting of spare parts has become an important issue for the PBL contractors as well. However, for the demand forecasting of spare parts, the time series methods, typically used in the military sector, have low prediction accuracies and the PBL contractors are mostly based on the judgment of practitioners. Meanwhile, most of the previous studies in the military sector have not considered the managerial characteristics of spare parts (e.g., reparability and the irregularity of maintenance). No previous work has considered any such features, which can indicate the reliability of spare parts (e.g., mean time between failures (MTBF)), although they can affect the spare parts demand. Therefore, to develop a more accurate forecasting of the spare parts demand of military aircraft, we designed and examined a systematic approach that uses data mining techniques. To fill up the research gaps of related works, our approach also considered the managerial characteristics of spare parts and included the new features that represent the reliability of spare parts. Consequently, given the case of South Korea and the full feature set, we found random forest gave better results than the other data mining techniques and the conventional time series methods. Using the best technique Random Forest, we identified the contribution of each managerial feature set to improving the prediction accuracy, and we found the reliability and operation environment are valuable feature sets in a significant way, so they should be collected, managed more carefully, and included for better prediction of spare parts demand of military aircraft.
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Bársony, Róbert. "Condition of decommissioned military barracks in Hungary." Environmental & Socio-economic Studies 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/environ-2022-0025.
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Abstract The reforming of the armed forces caused huge and continuous cuts to the manpower and to the finances. Which resulted of the decommission of numerous barracks throughout the country. The size and structure of these forces was not appropriate for the threats that the country faced, and country did not have the required resources to develop a new form for its armed forces. The aim of this article was to investigate opportunities in the case of decommissioned barracks, which point to the possibility of re-using abandoned buildings and sites and reducing the environmental damage that can still be found there. Due to changes in the economy and society of Hungary at the end of the 20th century, the number of barracks/garrisons and the structure of the Hungarian Defence Forces have changed substantially over the intervening years. Most of the garrisons in the countryside have been downsized by hasty decisions, leaving behind non-utilized and unsalvaged areas and in many cases a vast infrastructural heritage. Opportunities for the utilization of these abandoned facilities and the amelioration of environmental damage must be sought. Therefore, it was necessary to map and investigate the current conditions of these former garrisons. The author visited most of the closed barracks in all the counties of Hungary. The author also searched for information about Hungarian and Soviet barracks and examined the condition of decommissioned barracks at first only the possibility of their utilization was considered, later, an environmental point of view was added.
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Copello, David. "Mapping the Argentine New Left: Social Liberation, National Liberation, and Revolutionary Violence, 1969–1977." Latin American Perspectives 47, no. 5 (August 7, 2020): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x20939101.
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In recent years, investigation on 1960s/1970s revolutionary activism in Argentina has led to the publication of multiple case studies. Building on this literature, a more general view of what is often called the “new left” indicates that it is characterized by the importance assigned to three issues: social liberation, national liberation, and revolutionary violence. Two differentiating lines within this political space are an ideological divide (Marxism vs. Peronism) and an instrumental division over the strategic status of violence (insurrection vs. protracted people’s war vs. political-military action). En los últimos años, las investigaciones sobre el activismo revolucionario de la década de 1960–1970 en Argentina han dado lugar a la publicación de múltiples estudios de caso. En base a este material, se propone una visión más general de la a menudo denominada “nueva izquierda”, y cómo esta se caracteriza a partir de la importancia asignada a tres factores: la liberación social, la liberación nacional y la violencia revolucionaria. Hay dos dimensiones dentro de este espacio político: una división ideológica (marxismo vs. peronismo) y una división instrumental en torno al papel estratégico de la violencia (insurrección vs. guerra popular prolongada vs. acción político-militar).
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Istomin, I. "Management of Security Commitments in Asymmetric Alliances: The Case of Russia." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no. 1 (2021): 26–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.1.64.1.
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Since the second half of the 20th century, military alliance ceased to play an essential role in ensuring the security of major powers. Meanwhile, asymmetric alliances, in which a major power remained an incontestable leader surrounded by weak parties, proliferated across international system. The literature explains these relationships in terms of an exchange in dissimilar benefits between states, following the formula “security for autonomy”. This explanation seems generally plausible, but it does not reveal exact benefits for a major power from establishing control over the weak states. This article intends to deepen our theoretical understanding of why states resort to asymmetric alliances and to test the significance of suggested propositions through an in-depth analysis of the Russian record of alliances. Russia built allied relations with several neighbors but does not extend similar mechanisms to partners in other geographic areas. This policy is puzzling, since it comes into dissonance with the foreign policy stance that international security and global order should be built on the principle of the indivisibility of security and inclusive international institutions. In its foreign policy discourse Russia strongly condemns closed formats with limited participation. The study solves two interrelated problems. First, it helps to deepen understanding of Russian foreign policy strategy and the role of various instruments of military-political cooperation in ensuring national interests. Secondly, it allows to test the provisions of the theory of asymmetric alliances, assessing its applicability to a hard case. The article reveals Russia’s sensitivity to direct and opportunity costs as well as to potential risks of binding security commitments. However, it relies on asymmetric alliances with neighboring countries to reap the benefits of increasing power projection opportunities, legitimizing its foreign policy initiatives, limiting freedom of maneuver for its competitors, and stabilizing its strategic surrounding. The Russian experience of building relations with allies differs significantly from the American one, which, due to the scale of the US alliance network, is often presented as a model one. Nevertheless, it is quite consistent with the provisions of the theory of asymmetric alliances.
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UPTON, ROBERT E. "‘It Gives Us a Power and Strength which We Do Not Possess’: Martiality, manliness, and India's Great War enlistment drive." Modern Asian Studies 52, no. 6 (July 26, 2018): 1977–2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000676.
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AbstractThis article studies the extraordinarily broad advocacy of military enlistment by India's political and intellectual elites during the First World War. Though often interpreted as politically motivated, it shows above all a preoccupation with the enlivening effects of military experience—in particular its development of courage and manliness. In this it followed an established pattern of Indian elite concern with martiality. It also reflected anxieties of Indian weakness and effeminacy—something elites indicted themselves for, but which, importantly, they assumed to be more generally prevalent. Sampling calls for enlistment in the public space throughout the war, the article focuses on Bombay Presidency—a region that gave rise to such prominent Indian voices for enlistment as M. K. Gandhi, B. G. Tilak, and M. A. Jinnah. Bombay's recent experience of relative exclusion from military recruitment, and from membership of the ‘martial races’, was representative of much of India. This article enables us to view the effects of such ‘demartialization’ away from the classic case of Bengal. It suggests that it helped to inspire the call to enlist, especially as public spokesmen for the ‘martial race’ ideology explicitly linked martiality with manliness. The concern for enlistment ultimately superseded political calculation even for so hard-nosed a politician as Tilak. And though elites were most obviously concerned for their own martial vigour and leadership, they were also concerned with the manliness of the bulk of India's population, especially in Gandhi's conception of war as a preparation forsatyagraha.
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Middleton, Carl, and Tay Zar Myo Win. "The Emergence of a Hybrid Public Sphere in Myanmar: Implications for Democratisation." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 9, no. 1 (April 20, 2021): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2021.2.
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AbstractMyanmar was under a military government for almost six decades, during which time the state maintained an ‘authoritarian public sphere’ that limited independent civil society, mass media and the population's access to information. In 2010, Myanmar held flawed elections that installed a semi-civilian government and established a hybrid governance regime, within which civil, political and media freedoms expanded while the military's influence remained significant. In this paper, we examine ‘hybrid governance at work’ in the ‘hybrid public sphere’, that holds in tension elements of an authoritarian and democratic public sphere. The boundaries of these spheres are demarcated through legal means, including the 2008 military-created Constitution, associated judicial and administrative state structures and the actions of civil society and community movements toward political, military and bureaucratic elite actors. We develop our analysis first through an assessment of Myanmar's political transition at the national level and, then, in an empirical case of subnational politics in Dawei City regarding the planning of the electricity supply. We suggest that the hybrid public sphere enables discourses—associated with authoritarian popularist politics in Myanmar—that build legitimacy amongst the majority while limiting the circulation of critical discourses of marginalized groups and others challenging government policies. We conclude that for substantive democracy to deepen in Myanmar, civil society and media must actively reinforce the opportunity to produce and circulate critical discourse while also facilitating inclusive debates and consolidating legislated civil, political and media freedoms. On 1 February 2021, shortly after this article was finalized, a military coup d’état detained elected leaders and contracted the post-2010 hybrid public sphere, including constraining access to information via control of the internet and mass media and severely limiting civil and political rights.
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BUBB, ALEXANDER. "The Life of the Irish Soldier in India: Representations and Self-Representations, 1857–1922." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 4 (February 17, 2011): 769–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000059.
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AbstractThe Irish in India present an interesting case. Arguably a colonized people, the colonies of the British Empire ironically afforded them employment and profit on a large scale. Although studies have been made of Irish administrators, it was Irish soldiers that were most numerous and it is the ‘stereotyped’ Irish soldier who represents his nation in depictions of the colonial military. This paper first summarizes the Irish military involvement in India. The reasons why men joined the army in large numbers and, in particular, why they sought service in India, are explored. The regimental culture into which they were absorbed is also examined. The representation of Irish soldiers in officers’ writings, both in fiction and popular media, is then discussed. The various aspects of the stereotype surrounding them are delineated, and the purposes of the colonial state served by their stereotypical representation are explained. Lastly, the reactions of Irish soldiers to their stereotype label are discussed. There were advantages to be gained from acting up to it, but it is argued also that soldiers found ways of rejecting bad or rebellious aspects of the stereotype and, by drawing on the ‘good’ or loyal aspects, helping to establish their own identity. Hence they manage to sustain and reconcile multiple national affiliations. Ultimately, however, the politics of Irish independence precipitates a crisis of identity which makes their position impossible. The paper concludes by considering the lives and memories of veterans of Indian service, and hence the afterlife of the Irish military identity beyond Irish independence.
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Kalinina, Ekaterina. "Becoming patriots in Russia: biopolitics, fashion, and nostalgia." Nationalities Papers 45, no. 1 (January 2017): 8–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2016.1267133.
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The article seeks to explore the common ground between biopolitics, fashion, patriotism and nostalgia. Taking off from the Foucauldian notion of biopolitics as a control apparatus exerted over a population, I provide an insight into the modern construction of the Russian nation, where personal and collective sacrifice, traditional femininity and masculinity, orthodox religion, and the Great Patriotic War become the basis for patriotism. On carefully chosen case studies, I will show how the state directly and indirectly regulates people's lives by producing narratives, which are translated (in some cases designers act as mouthpieces for the state demographic or military politics) into fashionable discourses and, with a core of time, create specific gender norms – women are seen as fertile mothers giving birth to new soldiers, while men are shown as fighters and defenders of their nation. In the constructed discourses, conservative ideals become a ground for the creation of an idea of a nation as one biological body, where brothers and sisters are united together. In these fashionable narratives, people's bodies become a battlefield of domestic politics. Fashion produces a narrative of a healthy nation to ensure the healthy work- and military force.
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Nelson, Richard E., Adi Gundlapalli, Marjorie Carter, Emily Brignone, Warren Pettey, Thomas H. Byrne, Ann Elizabeth Montgomery, Randall Rupper, and Jamison Fargo. "Rurality or distance to care and the risk of homelessness among Afghanistan and Iraq veterans." Housing, Care and Support 20, no. 2 (June 5, 2017): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hcs-10-2016-0013.
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Purpose Several risk factors have been identified in ongoing efforts by the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to mitigate high rates of homelessness among veterans. To date, no studies have examined the relationship of rurality and distance to nearest VA facility to risk of homelessness. Due to challenges in accessing available services, the hypothesis was that rural-residing veterans are at greater risk for homelessness. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The cohort consisted of veterans who had separated from the military between 2001 and 2011. The authors used a forwarding address provided by the service member at the time of separation from the military to determine rurality of residence and distance to care. The authors examined differences in the rate of homelessness within a year of a veteran’s first encounter with the VA following last military separation based on rurality and distance to the nearest VA facility using multivariable log-binomial regressions. Findings In the cohort of 708,318 veterans, 84.3 percent were determined to have a forwarding address in urban areas, 60.4 and 88.7 percent lived within 40 miles of the nearest VA medical center (VAMC), respectively. Veterans living in a rural area (RR=0.763; 95 percent CI=0.718-0.810) and those living between 20 and 40 miles (RR=0.893; 95 percent CI=0.846-0.943) and 40+ miles away from the nearest VAMC (RR=0.928; 95 percent CI=0.879-0.979) were at a lower risk for homelessness. Originality/value The unique data set allowed the authors to explore the relationship between geography and homelessness. These results are important to VA and national policy makers in understanding the risk factors for homelessness among veterans and planning interventions.
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Němečková, Tereza, Lea Melnikovová, and Natalia Piskunova. "Russia's return to Africa: a comparative study of Egypt, Algeria and Morocco." Journal of Modern African Studies 59, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 367–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x21000070.
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AbstractThe article analyses Russia's recent return to Africa. It attempts to answer the question to what extent Russia has abandoned its traditional tools of cooperation such as nuclear energy and military cooperation and engaged in new ‘smart’ ones as indicated by former Foreign Minister Ivanov in 2011. The paper builds on three case studies of African countries having the largest trade volume with Russia in 2018, i.e. Egypt, Algeria and Morocco, and analyses their changing relationship with Russia over the last decade. The results show that Russia has not abandoned its traditional tools but has intensified the use of new ones. The North African region as such has regained significance in Russia's foreign policy. Bilateral relations with all three North African countries have increased at both political and economic levels recently.
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Evangelisti, Francesco. "Bologna: un campo di sperimentazione tra Psc e Puv." TERRITORIO, no. 62 (September 2012): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2012-062004.
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The article presents the process of defining the Puv of Bologna, the feasibility study and their relationship with the local Structure Plan. It also describes the plan for the conversion of the former Sani Barrack within the broader set of interventions for Bolognina. The summary outlines the main critical issues and the new business and applied research opportunities to face such urban problems. In addition to the complexity of planning and managerial skills required, in this case emerge contrasts between the extraordinariness of conversions and ordinary urban planning, the difficulties to intercept and lead private interests towards the transformation of military areas and the regeneration of parts of the city.
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Milošević, Srđan. "THE GHOSTS OF THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE: THE CASE OF THE ARMY HEADQUARTERS IN BELGRADE, SERBIA." Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 39, no. 1 (April 14, 2015): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2015.1031448.
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When the construction of Dobrović's Army Headquarters in Belgrade, Serbia was finally finished in 1965, at a location continuously designated for the Army, it was thought that it would serve its purpose in a secured future, the socialist one. And it was thought that it would house the leadership of the Army, which was seen as the rightful heir of the most glorious examples of military tradition from the Second World War. With his building Dobrović filled the void left by the WWII, but he also left a true mystery – how to interpret it. Long after the date of inception, in 1960, he offered two clues, the philosophical one – through the Bergson's dynamic schemes and the void as the central dynamizing element of the composition and the symbolically appropriate one – through the story of the Sutjeska canyon. In this way he allowed everyone to find a reading suitable for them. But when the system changed, followed by a decrease in size of both the State and the Army, the question of the dual reading, which functioned so perfectly, suddenly became the cause of conflicts, conflicts of a more profound nature than ever before. Even in these changed circumstances the building performed its function, until the 1999 NATO aggression, when it was, although empty, bombed several times. The history repeated itself and this location once again experienced bombardment which left disturbing ruins, voids and shattered identities, in need of renegotiation. How to interpret a building from a socialist period in a society which is both post-socialist and post-conflict? How to find peace with the ghosts of the past, present and future, which permeate both the location and the building? How to approach different narratives surrounding the physical structure destroyed by war and considered as heritage even before those events, although officially listed only after the ruination and cessation of use. Those are the main subjects of this article.
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Gnatiuk, Oleksiy, Kostyantyn Mezentsev, and Grygorii Pidgrushnyi. "Rethinking of identity under war: Pryazovia renaissance and regional centre ambitions in Mariupol before 2022." Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 71, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15201/hungeobull.71.3.4.
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The article addresses identity transformation in geopolitical fault-line city under a semi-frozen military conflict. Until 2014, the Donbas, a region in the eastern Ukraine, had a strong identity cultivated by the local industrial and financial groups. The Russian-backed military conflict induced rethinking of Donbas identity, giving a chance for revival of silenced regional identities. Our case study is Mariupol, the second most populous city in Donetsk oblast and the informal capital of Pryazovia that stepped out from the shadow of Donetsk. The research is based on the survey data (n = 1,251) collected in 2020 through personal interviews, analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. The hypothesis that emerging Pryazovia identity should qualitatively differ from presumably stigmatized Donbas identity was confirmed only partially. The identity rethinking seems to be neither rapid no straightforward. Donbas identity appears quite persistent, while Pryazovia identity functions mainly as a complementary one. Instead of escape from the stigmatized Donbas identity, we observe rather its redefinition, including on local-centric (“Mariupolocentrism”) and Ukraine-centric bases.
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Kwon, Hyuck Shin, and Hyun Chae Park. "Creating Sustainable and Climate Shared Value in Public Institution: Lessons from a Case of Korea Army Cadet Military School." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 11, 2019): 3796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143796.
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The Creating Shared Value (CSV) strategy that companies are adopting to make their own sustainable management possible and solve social problems no longer remains in the business model for corporations alone. Not only state-run companies, but also social enterprises are using CSV strategies as a part of their management strategies to attain social values and achieve remarkable results. However, the majority of CSV studies conducted so far focus on only corporations and their contents are mainly covered to identify the correlation between the independent variables and financial or non-financial performance from a business perspective. In this context, the purpose of the study is to identify how public organizations can enhance their core competitiveness by using CSV strategies. Utilized case-based research and document analysis method, the study analyzes CSV activities carried out spanning the period of 2017-2018 in Korea Army Cadet Military School (KACMS) from the public organization’s point of view. As a result, CSV strategies done by public organizations can improve the performances of unique tasks, improve the level of safety, human rights, and increase job satisfaction and morale. Additionally, the strategies can also improve the sustainability of the region, activate the local economy, and contribute to the conservation and betterment of the local environment. This study presents case-evidence that public organizations, like private companies, may also achieve their intended performance through CSV activities. The study provides guidance to expand the scope and subjects of CSR research theoretically, and may also contribute to exploring new approaches that can lead to co-prosperity among social components, in practice.
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CHATTERJEE, KUMKUM. "Goddess encounters: Mughals, Monsters and the Goddess in Bengal." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 5 (March 12, 2013): 1435–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000073.
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AbstractThis paper makes a case for exploring the cultural facets of Mughal rule as well as for a stronger engagement with sources in vernacular languages for the writing of Mughal history. Bengal's regional tradition of goddess worship is used to explore the cultural dimensions of Mughal rule in that region as well as the idioms in which Bengali regional perceptions of Mughal rule were articulated. Mangalkavya narratives—a quintessentially Bengali literary genre—are studied to highlight shifting perceptions of the Mughals from the late sixteenth century to the eighteenth century. During the period of the Mughal conquest of Bengal, the imperial military machine was represented as a monster whom the goddess Chandi, symbolizing Bengal's regional culture, had to vanquish. By the eighteenth century, when their rule had become much more regularized, the Mughals were depicted as recognizing aspects of Bengal's regional culture by capitulating in the end to the goddess and becoming her devotees. This paper also studies the relationship of the Mughal regime with Bengal's popular cultural celebration—the annual Durga puja—and explores its implications for the public performance of religion and for community formation during the early modern period.
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Sütő, László, Erika Homoki, Zoltán Dobány, and Péter Rózsa. "Transformation of land use pattern in the East Borsod coal basin from the beginning of minig industry to the political changes." Landscape & Environment 10, no. 3-4 (September 18, 2016): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/10/3-4/16.
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Historical geographic studies on land cover may support the understanding of the recent state. Focusing on coal mining, this process was followed and analyzed in the case of the East Borsod Coal Basin from the early 20th century to the political change. The contemporaneous maps and manuscripts concerning the mining were evaluated using geoinformatic techniques. Moreover, digitalized topographic map coming from the early and late period of mining (1924 and 1989, respectively) were analyzed. To determine the degree of human disturbance hemerobic relations and changes of the given land cover patches were quantified on the basis of the maps of the three military surveys, too. It can be stated that montanogenic subtype of an industrialagricultural landscape has been formed in the Bükkhát area. Beside the concentrated artificial surfaces, however, relative dominance of forest forming the matrix of the landscape remained.
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MARKOVITS, CLAUDE. "The Indian Economy and the British Empire in the Company Period: Some additional reflections around an essay by David Washbrook." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 2 (March 2017): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000014.
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AbstractTaking as its point of departure David Washbrook's essay ‘The Indian Economy and the British Empire’, this article takes a more detailed look at some episodes in the history of British India in the era of the Company Raj, with a view to placing them within a broader imperial framework, as advocated by Washbrook. The first part of the article examines, through an array of case studies, the actual contribution made by the Company to ‘global’ British expansion, concluding that it invested a lot of (Indian) blood and money in ventures from which it derived little benefit, as in the case of the expeditions to Manila (1762), Ceylon (1795), and Java (1811). It is shown that the Company's interests were ultimately sacrificed to the necessity of maintaining the European balance of power through consideration of the colonial interests of minor European powers such as Portugal or the Netherlands. While the Company saw its interests thus overlooked in the ‘global’ imperial arena, it could not find compensation in increased economic activity in India itself. Although the compulsions of ‘military-fiscalism’ largely explain such an outcome, we should not lose sight of the role of Indian agency in limiting the Company's options, as is shown by a rapid look at the history of both labour and capital markets, which the Company did not succeed in bending completely to its needs.
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Boylan, Delia M. "Taxation and Transition: The Politics of the 1990 Chilean Tax Reform." Latin American Research Review 31, no. 1 (1996): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100017726.
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In the “fourth wave” of transitions to democracy sweeping the globe over the past twenty years, the Chilean case stands out as an exception. Although most instances of democratization following military rule have tended to yield rightist governments, Chile is one country in which the ruling coalition that emerged was Center-Left in ideological orientation.
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Bischof, Günter. "The Post–World War II Allied Occupation of Austria: What Can We Learn about It for Iraq in Successful Nation Building?" Journal of Austrian-American History 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 38–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jaustamerhist.4.1.0038.
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Abstract This article argues that in the run-up to the US occupation of Iraq after Saddam Hussein was toppled, there was much argument what could be learned from previous American occupations and nation building experiences (especially post–World War II Germany and Japan were seen as models). The successful Austrian occupation after World War II was ignored—“successful” in the sense that the country was politically democratized and economically stabilized. Running through the historiography of scholarship on the Austrian occupation then, the article draws four concrete lessons from the Austrian occupation case study for the US occupation of Iraq. In other words, the U.S. military tends to forget its rich previous occupation experiences for the contemporary world.
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Salazar Lozano, María del Pilar, and Antonio José Cidoncha Pérez. "Habitar una bóveda metálica. Quonset Huts en la Base Aeronaval de Rota." VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 8, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2021.13423.
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During World War II, and even in the years that followed, thousands of American soldiers lived in prefabricated semi-cylindrical metal huts that could be dismantled and reused: Quonset Huts. Their singular design and their multiple uses made Quonset Huts an American military design icon. The daring construction system made it possible to manufacture them in the United States and take them across the Atlantic, armed with a comprehensive instruction manual. The Seabees, American soldiers posted to Spain to build the Naval Station Rota, set up a provisional camp in 1959 comprising fifty-three Quonset Huts. Assembling them in Spain provided housing for 500 soldiers and they were fitted with all types of facilities for their functions. This text aims to shed light on this unknown case of prefabricated dwellings in our country, contextualising the history of their design, construction and installation, and analysing the repercussion of this constructive experiment in the early days of prefabricated construction in Spain.
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Figueroa-Helland, Leonardo E., Tim Lindgren, and Tori Pfaeffle. "Civilization on a Crash Course? Imperialism, Subimperialism and the Political-Ecological Breaking Point of the Modern/Colonial World-System." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 15, no. 1-2 (January 14, 2016): 255–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341387.
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Modern/colonial civilization has already breached several planetary boundaries and its ecological footprint is overwhelming the Earth’s carrying capacity. The ecological space for the growth of modern urban civilization is at its breaking point. We conduct two case studies, of Russia and Brazil, to show that the aspirations of semi-peripheral “emerging economies” to catch-up, clone and compete with the West within the hegemonic terms of an ecologically unsustainable and socially stratifying civilizational model requires their systematic practice of internal colonialism and regional subimperialism. Playing catch-up with the North and its unsustainable mode of political economy demands the present-day rehearsal, in accelerated, compressed and subimperial modes of the structurally violent practices that have underpinned the North’s “rise” to planetary dominance. Yet in striving to catch-up and join in the overconsumptive and exploitative lifestyle of economic cores, large “emerging economies” like thebricsare in an economic, political and military crash course against the hegemonically-entrenched Northern core powers they aspire to emulate, in what looks like an increasingly volatile scramble to grab whatever dwindling ecological space is left in a rapidly degraded planet.
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Rech, Matthew, Daniel Bos, K. Neil Jenkings, Alison Williams, and Rachel Woodward. "Geography, military geography, and critical military studies." Critical Military Studies 1, no. 1 (October 9, 2014): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2014.963416.
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Osuna Alarcón, Maria R. "Preservation and Accessibility of the Audiovisual Document of the Trial of the Argentine Military Junta." Latin American Research Review 57, no. 1 (March 2022): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lar.2022.8.
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AbstractThis research note outlines the current state of preservation and accessibility of an audiovisual document that contains complete video footage of the Trial of the Argentine Military Junta, whose verdict in 1985 found the accused guilty of crimes against humanity perpetrated during the last military dictatorship in Argentina (1976–1983).The project of digitization is the result of a joint effort by the University of Salamanca, the Argentine human rights organization Memoria Abierta, and the judges involved in the case, with the support of the Argentine Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Criminal y Correccional Federal. Its two main objectives are to preserve and provide open access to the audiovisual document. To date only digitized preservation has been attained, a nonetheless remarkable achievement. Despite legislation dates enforcing the protection of the parties involved in the trial, and the absence of legal constraints, open access to the document has not been obtained.
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Carter, Daniel. "Violence, Ideology and Counterrevolution: Landowners and Agrarian Reform in Cautín Province, Chile, 1967–73." Journal of Latin American Studies 51, no. 1 (September 21, 2018): 109–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x18000652.
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AbstractThe article analyses social and political conflict in Chile during the agrarian reform period of the 1960s and 1970s through a case study of the province of Cautín, in the indigenous heartlands of the south. Using a combination of written and oral sources, it analyses the responses and strategies of landowners descended from nineteenth-century settlers to the emancipatory projects carried out during the presidencies of Eduardo Frei and Salvador Allende. In the context of an increasingly radicalised agrarian reform programme and a growing number of territorial conflicts with the Mapuche communities, this little-studied political actor developed a collective identity, an ideological discourse and a readiness to use violence which provides important insights into the causes of the military coup carried out in 1973.
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Marcos, Carlos L. "CSH Program o el American way of life. Iconos domésticos californianos de los 50." VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2021.14762.
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<p class="Cuerpo">After World War II a new order emerged amongst the ruins, the devastation and the Allied triumph. The United States, more than any other country, emerged as a new world power with an optimism founded on victory as much as on its untouched territory and on its economy boosted by the military industrial complex. Architecture in the 50s could not avoid being part of the American dream. Would it be possible to find an architectural image to embody such an aspiration? In other words, would it be possible to conceive an architectural iconography tuned with technology, progress, freedom, individualism, and the familiar image for domestic architecture capable of assuming the symbolism and the characteristic optimism of the American way of life? That was the goal pursued by John Entenza, editor of the influential Arts & Architecture journal, and advocate of the Case Study House Program. The glazed box could assume much of the imagery associated with a new way of life for various reasons. Indeed, it served as an iconography for the domestic architecture of the period inspired in industrialisation or in the hybridisation of steel and the balloon-frame constructive system as a pretext diversely reinterpreted in the Case Study Houses later to become icons of a Californian modern domesticity.<em></em></p>
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Marcos Cobaleda, María, and Mª Lourdes Gutiérrez-Carrillo. "Almoravid Works on Defensive Architecture in Southeast Al-Andalus: Analysis of Their Remains and Proposal for Preventive Conservation." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 13597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413597.
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In the first half of the 12th century, several military works were developed throughout the territories under Almoravid rule, above all after 1126, both in the main towns and the rural areas of the Empire. Within this context, the aim of this paper is to present the results achieved in the framework of the PREFORTI R&D Project (BIA2015-69938-R) concerning the particular case of these military constructions built in the region of Southeast Al-Andalus (Granada and Almeria, Spain). To achieve this aim, we have studied their remains during field work, as well as documentation contained in archives, written sources and historiography, focusing on the risks that affect their conservation. The analysis of six cases of study has been included, where a sample of the systematic method based on preventive conservation measures has been detailed in two particular cases: the walls of the Alcazaba Qadīma (Granada) and the walls of La Hoya and Cerro de San Cristóbal (Almeria). The proposed method has been validated by the public bodies responsible for the protection of this heritage. Its importance lies in the guarantee to slow down the deterioration of this heritage, which facilitates the implementation of effective and economic strategies for its conservation.
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Mugnai, Francesco, Paolo Farina, and Grazia Tucci. "Exploiting a Semi-Automatic Point Cloud Segmentation Method to Improve the Quality of Rock-Mass Characterization. The Cima Grappa Conservative Restoration Case Study." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050276.
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This paper presents results from applying semi-automatic point cloud segmentation methods in the underground tunnels within the Military Shrine’s conservative restoration project in Cima Grappa (Italy). The studied area, which has a predominant underground development distributed in a network of tunnels, is characterized by diffuse rock collapsing. In such a context, carrying out surveys and other technical operations are dangerous activities. Considering safety restrictions and unreachable impervious tunnels, having approached the study area with the scan-line survey technique resulted in only partial rock mass characterization. Hence, the geo-mechanical dataset was integrated, applying a semi-automatic segmentation method to the point clouds acquired through terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). The combined approach allowed for remote performance of detailed rock mass characterization, even remotely, in a short time and with a limited operators presence on site. Moreover, it permitted extending assessing tunnels’ stability and state of conservation to the inaccessible areas.
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Martinho, Bruno, and João Reis. "United Nations (UN) Disaster Risk Reduction Framework: Case Study of the Portuguese Army on UN Challenges in the Context of Sustainable Risk Mitigation." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 5, 2022): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031834.
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The United Nations (UN) in the context of disaster risk reduction has been sensitizing governments and all citizens to the need to develop mechanisms that contribute to preventing risks and reducing vulnerabilities regarding serious accidents or disasters. The search for an adequate response to the different types of accidents is a social demand; leading civil protection authorities, together with other national entities, namely the Armed Forces, to create diverse response mechanisms. This research intends to call the reader’s attention and awareness to disaster risk reduction, characterizing the UN policy, and evaluating the Portuguese Army’s capacity for organizational change. This article follows a case study research strategy, considering a deductive reasoning structure and a qualitative methodological orientation. The evolution of the UN’s growing concern with disaster risk reduction over time will be studied, and the way in which the Portuguese military has adapted to the new challenges promoted by the UN will be discussed.
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Pieck, Sonja K. "What stories should a ‘National Nature Monument’ tell? Lessons from the German Green Belt." cultural geographies 26, no. 2 (December 7, 2018): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474474018815911.
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For four decades, Germany was ground zero of the Cold War, cut in two by an 870-mile-long wall and sophisticated military infrastructure that separated the capitalist west and the communist east. This border region, shaped by demographic and economic decline, became an ecological refuge for over a thousand of Germany’s endangered plant and animal species. In 1989, when the wall fell, West and East German conservationists launched an effort to convert the borderlands into a protected ecological corridor called the ‘Green Belt’. This essay takes a closer look at the on-the-ground implications of such a project by examining what, and whose, stories it tells. As a case study, it looks at the German federal state of Thuringia’s recent decision to create the country’s first ‘National Nature Monument’, a new protected area category, out of the section of the Green Belt that runs through that state. The article argues that there are three deftly interwoven narratives: the story of German Democratic Republic oppression, of ecological resurgence, and of the rural idyll. All are powerfully evocative of some of the historical meanings of this border space and together they manage to craft an intriguing, hopeful, and pragmatic story of nature–culture hybridity. In the process, however this storyline silences others, including that of local farmers, some of whom reject what they see as an overreach of conservation. Rethinking the audience and in turn developing narratives about protected areas that more accurately represent local histories could be one component of creating ownership and increasing the acceptance of these spaces among local communities. Conservation and restoration, both in Germany and beyond, may well require plurivocal narratives.
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BROŽIČ, LILIANA. "DARFUR PEACEKEEPERS, REVIEW." POSAMEZNIK, DRŽAVA, VARNOST/ INDIVIDUAL, STATE, SECURITY, VOLUME 2021/ISSUE 23/4 (November 30, 2021): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.23.4.rew2.
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In 2021, the French publishing house L'Harmattan published a monograph entitled Darfur peacekeepers the African Union peacekeeping mission in Darfur (AMIS) from the perspective of a Hungarian military advisor. The author of the 234-page monograph is Janos Besenyo. In addition to the author's preface and the conclusion, the monograph includes six substantive chapters. In the first chapter entitled Geography and history of Darfur, the author presents the geography, climate, flora and fauna, major cities, economy, infrastructure, different nationalities, ethnic groups and religions, and the history of Darfur. In the second chapter, entitled AMIS, he focuses on the African Union's mission in Sudan I (AMIS I), in which he presents the causes of the Darfur conflict, its outbreak and the African Union’s engagement in the conflict with the African Union's mission in Sudan. This is followed by a chapter entitled AMIS II, which presents the history, structure and operation following the decision to engage additional civilian and military observers, soldiers, police officers and additional financial and other resources. The fourth chapter presents a new mission called AMIS II E or AMIS III, which is also the title of the chapter. The letter E in the acronym stands for the word “enhanced,” which implicated the enhanced character of military presence in this mission. This chapter is composed of a subchapter entitled The Foreshadow of the Fall and the additional engagement of the United Nations, followed by the UN and African Union mission in Darfur, known as UNAMID. In the fifth chapter, entitled The Support Mission of the European Union, and its four substantive subchapters, the author presents several phases of the European Union's participation in the mission led by the African Union. Chapter six, entitled Hungarian Experience, describes Hungarian experiences from the missions in Darfur. Hungary first deployed its military observer to Darfur in 2004. Hungary's involvement in the mission in Africa seems unusual, as it was the only one of all the participating countries that had no colonial history, economic or any other interests in this part of the world, and at the same time had no previous experiences. The monograph has only one drawback, and that is the fact that it is not scientific. However, this is at the same time its advantage. Besenyo was an officer in the Hungarian Armed Forces for 31 years and was deployed in Darfur in the second half of 2005. He was strongly marked by his personal experience as a peacekeeper. Ever since, he has been devoting much attention to Africa-related security topics. His return from the mission of the African Union, the European Union, NATO, the United Nations and other organisations in Darfur coincided with his doctoral studies. Both of these activities have achieved the same effect as two rivers, which merge at the confluence and gain a lot of power and speed as their flow continues. After completing his military career, the author of the monograph being a prolific writer and restless researcher became actively involved in the academic environment as a university professor at the Obuda University in Budapest. In 2019, the Africa Research Institute was established within Doctoral School of Safety and Security Sciences, University of Óbuda, headed by Assistant Professor Besenyo, PhD. Considering the amount and quality of publications on the African continent, the institute is clearly very successful. From a European point of view, Africa is a very distant continent; however, the developments in that region and their results are increasingly affecting all of us in the European Union and beyond. The migration flow, which brought many African migrants to the shores of the Mediterranean over the last decade and peaked in 2015, has significantly changed and affected all the countries along their way, especially those that migrants had chosen as their target countries. Since everyone should have the right to live at home in peace, in their own way, with their family, it would be right that they are enabled to do so. Unfortunately, climate change, water scarcity, disease, poverty, differences in culture, religion, political order and natural resources, but sometimes only individuals or smaller associations, lead to various frictions, conflicts or even genocide, as was the case in Darfur. In such cases, the international humanitarian community and various security and other organizations are usually involved to assist the helpless population. In his monograph, Besenyo presented the full breadth and magnitude of international humanitarian efforts, but also the harsh reality where all those who want to help are exactly where they need to be, but despite all their efforts, they are completely powerless. I recommend Darfur Peacekeepers to be read by all those who care about the future of all of us and our descendants, but especially by those who have the opportunity and ability to influence the security of the country, the society and the individual. The content of the book provides an invaluable insight into the experience of a military officer. It is a valuable learning resource for all of us, but especially for members of the armed forces, police and civilian institutions that lead or support the activities within international missions.
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Ibold, Nura. "Post-Conflict Syria: From Destruction to Reconstruction – Who's Involved and to Which Extent." Open House International 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2019-b0002.
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The wave of popular unrest in the Arab world reached Syria in March 2011, and what started as peaceful demonstrations with simple demands of justice and freedom turned into a brutal armed conflict and a full-scale civil war. Over seven years of conflict resulted in the deaths of over half a million Syrians, the forced displacement of millions more, and a huge loss of the country's social and physical structures. What began as another Arab Spring movement against a dictatorial regime has turned into a proxy war that has attracted the interests of the world and regional powers. The paper discusses Syria's political history and investigates the motives for the Syrian uprising and argues that it is related to socio-economic deprivations rather than sectarianism. The work underlines the interests of the countries involved in the Syrian conflict focusing on Russia, USA, Iran, and Turkey, as well as their contribution to the future reconstruction of the country. Over the past few years, the Syrian regime and its allies targeted many cities and destroyed opposition-held neighborhoods. The work considers if this destruction was part of an overall strategy adopted by the al-Assad regime to terrorize those who opposed it and change Syria demographically, examining the new laws issued by the government to transfer public properties into the hands of its loyal businessmen factions, as in the case of the reconstruction project in the city of Homs. Seven years of war exhausted Syria's financial stocks, and the country (and in turn the regime) is suffering the consequences of military spending. But like any other war, destruction is also a great opportunity to generate money through reconstruction and growth. It is a “win-win situation”; the regime will use the fund designated for reviving the country to its own benefit, gaining future profits. Already invested in the conflict, involved countries will be part of the reconstruction process to secure their presence and control in Syria. United Nations agencies like UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) and UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) are working closely with the Syrian regime and its governmental representatives. This research examines their involvement and how their ‘humanitarian mission' is being exploited to prop up the al-Assad regime.
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Branagan, Marty. "Nonviolence and Sustainability: An Indivisible Connection." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 6426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116426.
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Nonviolence is an important element of sustainability for three main reasons. One is that nonviolent actions, including Australia’s Franklin River campaign, anti-nuclear blockades at Roxby Downs and Jabiluka, northern NSW old-growth forest blockades, and climate actions against coal seam gas and coal extraction, have long been effectively used by environmentalists, conservationists, and preservationists to protect environments from damage and to advocate for more sustainable societies, institutions, systems, and processes. Nonviolent environmental action has also opposed militarism for a range of reasons, one of which is concern about the large environmental footprint of militarism. The third reason why nonviolence is important for sustainability is because it offers an alternative to militarism as a means of national and regional self-defence and the removal of dictatorships, genocidal regimes, and military juntas. This alternative has much lower environmental, economic, and social costs. The article begins with the introduction and methods sections, introduces the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations and ‘sustainability’ and defines ‘nonviolence’ and introduces its connection to sustainability. This is followed by the case studies and a discussion of how these nonviolent actions contributed to environmental sustainability. Militarism and its impacts on the environment are described, and nonviolent defence and regime change are presented as viable and less environmentally-damaging alternatives.
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Wahl, Jeff, Seunghoon Lee, and Tazim Jamal. "Indigenous Heritage Tourism Development in a (Post-)COVID World: Towards Social Justice at Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, USA." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 14, 2020): 9484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229484.
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While a growing body of literature explores tourism impacts in search of sustainable outcomes, research on justice in diverse tourism settings is nascent. Theoretically informed studies drawing from interdisciplinary perspectives are just beginning to emerge to help examine contestations and injustices such as addressed in the case study presented here. The Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (or “Custer’s Last Stand” as some know it; LBH) is a protected heritage tourism site that commemorates a battle between Native American tribes and the U.S. military in 1876. Indigenous stakeholders have struggled for decades with the National Park Service to overturn a long legacy of misrepresentation and exclusion from the commemoration and development of the site for heritage tourism. Site closures and other effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic present additional challenges for Native American stakeholders like the Crow Tribe. Guided by Nancy Fraser’s principles of trivalent justice (redistribution, recognition, and representation), this qualitative study traces the conflict over heritage commemoration, and explores the potential for praxis through ethical tourism development and marketing. Fraser’s trivalent approach to justice demonstrates the importance of interdisciplinary research to examine historically entrenched discrimination, redress injustices, and facilitate healing and well-being of diverse groups at sites like LBH.
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Jiménez, Pilar, David María-Dolores, and Stephany Beltrán. "An Integrative and Sustainable Workplace Mobility Plan: The Case Study of Navantia-Cartagena (Spain)." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 10301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410301.
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The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals have been the strategic aims of many interventions in society recently. Navantia has developed a Sustainable Workplace Mobility Plan motivated by Sustainable Development Goal 11, Sustainable cities. Navantia is a leading Spanish company in the design and construction of high technology military and civilian vessels. This project is focused on the Navantia facilities in Cartagena. A workplace mobility plan has been developed to encourage sustainable mobility, promoting access on foot, by bike, by scooter, and using public transport to travel to and from the company’s facilities. The methodology used is based on the European Guidelines for developing and implementing a sustainable urban mobility plan. Thus, the current accesses and their mobility characteristics have been studied in detail, and surveys have been conducted among the company’s employees. A diagnosis of the situation has been elaborated. To solve the identified problems, three sets of measures have been developed: (i) improved access measures; (ii) management of car park areas; and (iii) soft measures. The economic cost of all these measures has been estimated, as well as the related carbon savings. As a result, a complete sustainable workplace mobility plan has been designed from an integrated point of view to encourage sustainable mobility, not only for the company’s employees but also for all the inhabitants of Cartagena, to transform the city into a place with good quality of life now and in the future. This practical case can serve as a reference for other companies that want to foster sustainable mobility among their employees, even when they are subject to urban constraints.
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Lambert, Francis J. D. "Charles Collins, Military Rule and the Reform of Local Government in Latin America: the Case of Brazil (Paper in the Administration of Development, no. 49, Development Administration Group, Institute of Local Government Studies, University of Birmingham, 1985)." Journal of Latin American Studies 20, no. 2 (November 1988): 485–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00003242.
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Ghani, Abdul. "Ketahanan Nasional Dalam Perspektif Al-qur’an." Kordinat: Jurnal Komunikasi antar Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam 19, no. 2 (October 4, 2020): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kordinat.v19i2.18983.
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The conclusion of this dissertation is that the concept of national resilience in the Qur'an supports the National Resilience concept of national resilience, which consists of 8 (eight) gatra, namely: geography, demographics, ideology, politics, economics, social culture, and natural resources. Besides that, through searching the words al-difa '(defense), al-amn (security), al-hifz (maintenance) and al-salam (safety in the Qur'an, this dissertation reveals 9 (nine) other gatras that support the national resilience, namely: conducive community environmental resilience, the community's physical and mental health, the quality of education, law enforcement, deliberative culture, technology, national character, leadership and faith of citizens.This disertation has different studies with Syarifuddin (2018): "Soldiers in the Qur'anic Perspective", which discusses the function of the army as guardians of national resistance in the perspective of the Koran. Thus with Muhammad Yahdi (2019): "Military in the perspective of the Koran", which discusses the mental development of the army with an approach used by Rasulullah Saw in mentoring the army as a guardian of national defense. This dissertation has the same opinion with Chasib (2015), Valentinus CP. (2014) Lotaria L atif (2017) which discusses global national resilience. This dissertation has a difference with Fitriyani from Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta (2015) entitled "Care for the Environment in the framework of national resilience", Study on the youth association of Environmental care in the Semarang area.This dissertation uses a qualitative method, whereas in interpretation, the writer uses the maudu'i interpretation method by extracting verses of the Koran as an argument to answer various reasons related to the title namely: "National resilience in the perspective of the Koran".
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Ghani, Abdul. "Ketahanan Nasional Dalam Perspektif Al-qur’an." Kordinat: Jurnal Komunikasi antar Perguruan Tinggi Agama Islam 19, no. 2 (October 4, 2020): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kordinat.v19i2.18983.
Full textAbstract:
The conclusion of this dissertation is that the concept of national resilience in the Qur'an supports the National Resilience concept of national resilience, which consists of 8 (eight) gatra, namely: geography, demographics, ideology, politics, economics, social culture, and natural resources. Besides that, through searching the words al-difa '(defense), al-amn (security), al-hifz (maintenance) and al-salam (safety in the Qur'an, this dissertation reveals 9 (nine) other gatras that support the national resilience, namely: conducive community environmental resilience, the community's physical and mental health, the quality of education, law enforcement, deliberative culture, technology, national character, leadership and faith of citizens.This disertation has different studies with Syarifuddin (2018): "Soldiers in the Qur'anic Perspective", which discusses the function of the army as guardians of national resistance in the perspective of the Koran. Thus with Muhammad Yahdi (2019): "Military in the perspective of the Koran", which discusses the mental development of the army with an approach used by Rasulullah Saw in mentoring the army as a guardian of national defense. This dissertation has the same opinion with Chasib (2015), Valentinus CP. (2014) Lotaria L atif (2017) which discusses global national resilience. This dissertation has a difference with Fitriyani from Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta (2015) entitled "Care for the Environment in the framework of national resilience", Study on the youth association of Environmental care in the Semarang area.This dissertation uses a qualitative method, whereas in interpretation, the writer uses the maudu'i interpretation method by extracting verses of the Koran as an argument to answer various reasons related to the title namely: "National resilience in the perspective of the Koran".
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Trinkunas, Harold A. "The Crisis in Venezuelan Civil-Military Relations: From Punto Fijo to the Fifth Republic." Latin American Research Review 37, no. 1 (2002): 41–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002387910001935x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractFor many who thought of Venezuela as a consolidated democracy, the 1992 coup attempts came as a complete surprise. Those familiar with the deterioration of its democratic regime, in contrast, were more surprised that the coups did not succeed. This article provides an institution-centered explanation of the puzzle of why the 1992 coup attempts occurred, why they failed, and why the Venezuelan military has remained quiescent in the years that followed. Institutions of civilian control created during the post-1958 “Punto Fijo” period, particularly those based on fragmenting the officer corps, prevented the collapse of the democratic regime in 1992. These same institutions allowed civilians to regain authority over the armed forces during the Rafael Caldera administration and have ensured the subordination of the armed forces to elected authorities to the present. It is also argued that the institutional basis for civilian control has been dismantled during the Fifth Republic, heightening the likelihood of future civil-military conflict and threatening regime stability.
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Henriot, Christian. "A Neighbourhood under Storm Zhabei and Shanghai Wars." European Journal of East Asian Studies 9, no. 2 (2010): 291–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156805810x548775.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWar was a major aspect of Shanghai history in the first half of the twentieth century. Yet, because of the particular political and territorial divisions that segmented the city, war struck only in Chinese-administered areas. In this paper, I examine the fate of the Zhabei district, a booming industrious area that came under fire on three successive occasions. Whereas Zhabei could be construed as a success story—a rag-to-riches, swamp-to-urbanity trajectory—the three instances of military conflict had an increasingly devastating impact, from shaking, to stifling, to finally erase Zhabei from the urban landscape. This area of Shanghai experienced the first large-scale modern warfare in an urban setting. The 1927 skirmish established the pattern in which the civilian population came to be exposed to extreme forms of violence, was turned overnight into a refugee population, and lost all its goods and properties to bombing and fires.