Journal articles on the topic 'Military art and science – Russia (Federation)'
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1
Yakovlev, V. "Legal Foundations of Russia’ Military Security." World Economy and International Relations, no. 3 (2015): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-3-56-63.
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The military security of the Russian Federation in the face of external and internal threats is still primarily important. In this context the rightful principles of defense and security in Russia play a discrete role. The article provides the analysis of these principles for a legal framework of the Russian military security regulation. It reveals system problems, gaps and contradictions of the legal regulation. Complex and urgent measures for the legal system and legal instruments improvement are suggested in the article. It is proposed to develop a number of regulatory acts needed by reason of the blanket character of the Federal Defense Act. Among these are: The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Act, The Operational Equipment of the Territory of the Russian Federation for the Purpose of Defense Act, The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Management and Control during the War Act, etc. Problems of the social relations legal regulation in the defense and security sphere are systemic and complex, require a constant attention on the part of government agencies and a painstaking daily work of legislators. It should facilitate bringing the defense and military security system of the Russian Federation to a fundamentally different, whole new level relevant to the present level of external and internal threats.
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GLADYSHEVSKII, Vladimir L., Evgenii V. GORGOLA, and Sambu R. TSYRENDORZHIEV. "What kind of war against Russia are enemies of the Russian State preparing for?" National Interests: Priorities and Security 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 66–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.18.1.66.
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Subject. This article discusses the role of intellectual capital in the development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, as well as aspects of the system of international relations and confrontation of military blocs. Objectives. The article aims to assess the ratio of military potentials of the Russian Federation and NATO. Methods. The study is based on advanced methods of military-political modeling, achievements of the modern Russian national defense science, and the scientific and methodological framework of military-economic analysis. Conclusions. Despite the excessive military spending and the powerful nominal military potential of NATO and, first of all, the United States, the probability of victory over Russia in a large-scale war both with and without the use of nuclear weapons, is decreasing. In the medium- and long-term, the downward trend in the role of the United States in the global political arena will get reinforced. Taking into account the change in the basic doctrinal attitudes of NATO in the forms, methods and methods of conducting a hybrid war against Russia, it is necessary to scrupulously and objectively assess all the components of the country's military power, justify the real needs of all power elements of the military organization, and achieve unconditional implementation of strategic plans in the planned period.
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Lukash, Sergey Nikolaevich, and Knara Vladimirovna Epoeva. "Socio-pedagogical aspect of the Russian civilizational identity." KANT 41, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2021-41.49.
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The purpose of the study is to analyze various approaches to the processes of formation of the Russian civilizational identity in the context of modern Russian nation-building and modernization of education. The article substantiates the relevance of the growing civilizational paradigm of Russian education in accordance with the value orientations of the updated Constitution of the Russian Federation, the foundation of which is the course of positioning Russia as one of the civilizational poles of multipolar world development. An important condition for the construction of the Russian civilizational identity is the dissemination of ideas about Russia as a state-civilization in the socio-pedagogical space. As a result of the analysis, the authors come to the conclusion that the modern model of national and civilizational identity should be built as a multi-level education, in which the Russian civilizational identity is complemented by the image of Russia as a Eurasian civilization. It is this image that can act as a certain supra-civilizational level, acceptable in other civilizational formations, which logically fits into the modern geopolitical vector of Russia, aimed at the formation of socio-economic, political and military institutions in the Eurasian space.
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TSARYK, Lyubomyr, and Ihor KUZYK. "RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 53, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.22.2.13.
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According to the results of the study of the nature protection aspect of the russian-Ukrainian war, it was established that since 2014, the russian federation illegally captured and destroyed about 500 objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine, with a total area of over 1.2 million hectares. Came under occupation 3 Biosphere Reserves, 14 Nature Reserves, 19 National Natural Parks, dozens Regional Landscape Parks, hundreds Reserves, Sights Nature, Reserve Tracts, Botanical gardens, Dendrological parks, Zoological parks and Parks-sights of garden and park art. Famous protected objects suffered from russian military aggression: Biosphere Reserve «Askania-Nova», Chornomorskyi Biosphere Reserve, National Natural Parks «Slobozhanskyi», «Gomilshan Lisy», «Svyati Hory», «Meotida», «Oleshkivsʹki Pisky», Nature Reserve «Khomutovsky Step». Practically all types of biodiversity in the protected areas have been destroyed, unique landscapes are disturbed, the scientific achievements of specialists of nature-reserved objects were liquidated or exported. Cases of mining of protected areas have been recorded, uncontrolled deforestation, destruction of rare species of flora and fauna, etc.
At the first stage of military aggression, in 2014, russia illegally occupied 100% of the natural reserve fund of the Crimean peninsula, 25.2% of the nature reserve fund of Donetsk region and 23.8% of the nature reserve fund of Luhansk region. In the second stage of aggression and full-scale war against Ukraine, from February 24, 2022, the russian federation completely seized all territories and objects of the nature reserve fund of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, as well as a significant part of valuable nature conservation of Kyiv, Sumy, Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson regions. As of September 1, 2022, a large part of the territory of Ukraine, including nature conservation areas, is freed from occupation. But it is still quite difficult to assess the damage caused to the national nature reserve fund. Therefore, the prospect of further scientific-practical research remains the assessment of damage caused to protected objects and territories in the east and south of Ukraine.
Key words: war, russian aggression, national natural parks, nature reserves, biosphere reserves, flora, fauna.
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Korzhevsky, A. S., V. V. Tolstykh, and I. A. Kopylov. "Modern development of the international system and its impact on the management of the national defense of the Russian Federation." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2205-02.
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The article analyzes the current state of the system of international relations in the context of the transformation of the modern world order. It is determined that cardinal changes in the system of international relations occur due to the destructive policy of the collective West led by the United States, aimed at maintaining a unipolar world and dominance in the world political process. Under these conditions, the new centers of world development, to which the authors include Russia, China and India, tend to pursue an independent and uncontrolled foreign policy, which is not supported by Washington. It is noted that the confrontation between the leading centers of regional and world development for global leadership is accompanied by the destruction of the architecture of international security and the unleashing of a new arms race. It is stated that during the presidency of D. Trump, the United States, trying to stop the economic development of China, unleashed world sanctions wars, which resumed with the greatest force after the arrival of the new US President D. Biden and the start of a special military operation in Ukraine. It is determined that the sanctions wars gave rise to global risks, to which the authors include the destruction of the institutions of international law, the support of the West for organized transnational criminal groups in the areas of drug traffi cking and the organization of illegal migration, the fi nancing and support of the United States and its allies of terrorist and extremist organizations, radicals and Nazis. Numerous examples of numerous sanctions imposed against the Russian Federation in the political, economic, military, social, legal and other spheres of public life are given, which required the states to coordinate their actions to ensure the national security of the Russian Federation, and the federal executive authorities to develop and apply numerous countermeasures against them. The modern activities of the military-political leadership of the Russian Federation are analyzed, which made it possible to neutralize the main challenges and threats to the Russian state, increase the level of the country's defense capability, and protect the main spheres of public life of Russian society from the destructive impact of foreign policy factors. The results are summed up and the authors make a forecast about the further development of the system of international relations, as well as the place and role of the Russian Federation in them.
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Yurchenko, Eduard. "The large-scale invasion of the russian federation in Ukraine and the futurology of war: lessons and tasks for the future." Filosofiya osvity. Philosophy of Education 28, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2309-1606-2022-28-1-5.
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The article attempts to raise the question of the impact of the large-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine on the modern war, аs a phenomenon and its understanding within the framework of modern science and philosophy. At the same time, dramatic social experience is considered in the context of social training of societies involved in war. The question of the significance of a large-scale war for the formation of Ukrainian society and its transformation is raised. The basic modern concepts of «new generation war» are analyzed. In particular, attention is paid to such concepts as «the war of the fourth generation», «rebellion», «gerasimov`s doctrine», «hybrid war». The article formulates the following seven questions, which indicate a certain research perspective. First, what will be the ratio of state and non-state actors in a large-scale conflict of the new generation in a situation where it is not a confrontation between the state and irregular forces, but a large-scale war between two major powers, in which non-state factors range from national and dance-national forces – to self-organized segments of society? Secondly, what will be the significance of the psychological factor in a large-scale war, when it will be able to acquire the maximum value? Attention to it is inherent in all concepts of war of the new generation, but in any case, it will be balanced by others – such as technological, organizational and others. Third, how will the war affect the social structure and what social structure will the forces involved in it have? Fourth, how far will changes in military affairs due to state-of-the-art technology move? What are the moral and legal problems? Fifth, how far will the blurring of the line between the military and non-military spheres go? Sixth, how will the new principles of governance affect the organizational aspect of war and how will the new principles of military governance affect governance and civilian areas, particularly in economics and politics? Seventh, how will the war of the new generation shape the new civilization of the future, and how will the civilization of the future affect the formation of the war of the new generation?
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Osmaev, Abbaz. "Socio-Political Processes in the Chechen Republic in the Context of the Counter-Terrorist Operation (1999—2009)." ISTORIYA 12, no. 10 (108) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017107-6.
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The events in the Chechen Republic of the late 20th — early 21th century, especially the counter-terrorism operation (the second “Chechen war”), have become the object of close attention of politicians of various levels and political views, as well as historians, political scientists, sociologists of Russia and the world. The existing assessments of the counterterrorist operation in Chechnya are extremely polarized and numerous also because it almost immediately outgrew a local-regional character, becoming a higher-order phenomenon that has a serious impact on the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation. The problems of preserving territorial integrity and the right of nations to self-determination, the need for a tough fight against terrorism and respect for human rights, conducting military operations using the army on their territory and preserving the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens are intertwined in one tangle. The Russian, European and American expert communities have paid and continue to pay considerable attention to various aspects of the problems related to the conduct of the counter-terrorism operation in the Chechen Republic, its consequences, results, and the current situation in the region, giving assessments according to their political views and preferences. However, in general, the huge volume of accumulated sources and various research papers on this problem can be stumped — at least the most preliminary work is required to assess the historiography of the “Chechen wars” and specific problems related to the nature of the source base. The peculiarities of the internal policy of the Russian Federation, its involvement in armed conflicts in Ukraine and Syria, the unstable situation in the Caucasus as a whole, undoubtedly have an impact on the intensification of terrorist manifestations in Russia. Moreover, the roots of a number of emerging problems go back to the period of the counter-terrorist operation in the Chechen Republic. Terrorism has evolved in recent years, destabilizing the internal State security for a long time. And although at present the situation in this direction is steadily normalizing, new threats nevertheless appear, and they require scientific understanding and the organization of counteraction on a scientific basis.
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Budnyk, Andriy, and Kateryna Gamaliia. "Images of "Hero" and "Enemy" in Posters of War." Demiurge: Ideas, Technologies, Perspectives of Design 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2617-7951.5.2.2022.266901.
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Research aims. To analyze artistic techniques (metaphors, hyperbole, associations, etc.), used to reveal opposite themes – heroes and enemies. To establish the connection between these tasks and the tasks formulated in the curricula of the discipline "Design Projecting". Research methods. Сomparative and art analysis. Scientific novelty. Introduction into scientific sphere some previously unexplored visual data, invented by creative individuals in a critical situation, namely – the samples of poster activities by students and teachers of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts and Kyiv University of Culture during the period of active military operations. The research was made on the base of the corpus of works, made in the group Creative resistance of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts and Kyiv University of Culture. Conclusions. Modern times have defined new heroes and antiheroes, as well as certain rules of their visual interpretation. Heroic images are presented through the sacralization, monumentality of the image, revealing the features of their national identity and relationship with the "pillars of the nation", national ideals. Emphasis is placed on rootedness in historical tradition, such as the troops of Kievan Rus or the Ukrainian Cossacks, the rebel movement, and so on. Interpretation of antiheroes ranges from demonization or dehumanization to caricature, equating to certain animals, shown as comic characters. Personification of enemy forces in the image of the President of the Russian Federation continues to extend hierarchically to the occupying army, court propagandists, and later to all of Russia as a state and the Russian population itself, as the majority supported the so-called "special operation." The stylistics of poster works, borrowing some elements from the pair "anti-hero vs hero" in the Soviet poster, finds and uses modern techniques and means of graphic solutions, involving an arsenal of the latest technical means that allow the use of modern computer technology.
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MIKHAILOVA, IRINA. "On the issue of the civil legal status of the beneficiary under the compulsory state insurance of life and health of civil servants." Public Administration 24, no. 3 (2022): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2070-8378-2022-24-3-77-81.
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The article considers issues connected with defining the legal status of persons receiving insurance payments in case of death of persons insured under the contract of compulsory state insurance described in the Federal Law No. 52-FZ. The peculiarities of this type of insurance payments arise because the beneficiary is not defined in advance and will be determined from a list of persons named in paragraph 3 of Art. 2 of Federal Law No. 52-FZ when the insured event occurs. Comparing the list of persons described in Federal Law No. 52-FZ with the list of heirs provided for in Art. 1142-1148 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation leads the author toward the idea of its progressive nature; in particular, including the stepfather and stepmother of a deceased public servant in the list of beneficiaries reflects the general trend towards humanization of the current civil legislation. The article demonstrates that the list of beneficiaries enshrined in Federal Law No. 52-FZ includes the persons closest to the great majority of citizens. According to the author, the inclusion of these persons in the category of «beneficiaries» used in various civil institutions does not correspond to the essence of the legal structure under consideration. These legal relations provide for insurance payments in case of death of military personnel, regular and superior staff of internal affairs bodies, and other persons who performed their duty. For this reason, insurance payments cannot be considered an acquired benefit. In this regard, the author proposes to amend Federal Law No. 52-FZ and instead of using the current term «the beneficiaries», define the new term – «persons entitled to receive insurance payments».
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Mikhalev, Alexey. "Transformation of the System of Political Symbols in the Russian Far East in the 21st Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.3.20.
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Introduction. The presented paper is a study of political symbols in the Russian Far East. We are going to discuss not only memorials, but also state symbols, works of art, texts – all the things that shape a world view. The aim of the study is to find political symbols that are universal for the entire Far East region, and to assess their political mobilization capacity. Methods and materials. The article is based upon field study materials conducted in regional centers of the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation in the spring of 2019. In theoretical terms, the work is based on symbolic politics studies of O.Yu. Malinova, S.P. Potseluev, M. Edelman. Analysis. In the course of the study, we identified several groups of political symbols with mobilization capacity. The first corpus of political symbols is related to the Soviet symbols of victory over Japan. Struggle for the use of these symbols is between the regional branches of the Communist Party and regional authorities. To put things into perspective it is important to assess the impact of Japanophobia on the further development of regional partnership with Japan. The second corpus is the symbols of Russian expansion to the Far East (worship crosses, monuments to pioneers). These symbols are a focal point of struggle between representatives of indigenous peoples, on the one hand, and Cossacks and military-patriotic organizations, on the other hand. Results. In the course of the study of the Russian Far East, we found out that, despite the complicated transformations of the past thirty years, the region is still represented as a unified symbolic space. At the same time, a number of symbolic conflicts and the devaluation of meanings have been observed.
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Деркач, В. Г. "GROUNDS AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINALIZATION OF VIOLATION OF THE PROCEDURE OF ENTRY INTO THE TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED TERRITORY OF UKRAINE AND EXIT FROM IT." Juridical science 2, no. 4(106) (April 3, 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-106-4-2.03.
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The article examines the current state of the law on criminal liability for violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine, as a result of which Art. 332-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to decriminalize at least because the regime of the temporarily occupied territories is temporary, and the temporary articles of the criminal law to the world have not yet been known. The Constitution of Ukraine in Art. 17 declared that the protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, ensuring its economic and information security are the most important functions of the state, the business of the entire Ukrainian people. The defense of Ukraine, protection of its sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability are entrusted to the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Ensuring state security and protection of the state border of Ukraine are entrusted to the relevant military formations and law enforcement agencies of the state, the organization and procedure of which are determined by law. In late 2013 - early 2014, the Russian Federation, taking advantage of the problems in our army to perform such functions, launched an open armed aggression, which, in addition to killing tens of thousands of Ukrainians, led to the illegal annexation of Crimea and occupation of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. In fact, the state border with the Russian Federation in eastern Ukraine has become a line of demarcation between the territory controlled by the state of Ukraine and the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. The Ukrainian Parliament reacted to this acute problem in a rather predictable way - on April 15, 2014, the Law of Ukraine № 1207-VII “On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens and the Legal Regime in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine” was adopted. 332-1 "Violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine." Such a decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine provoked both sharp discussions in the science of criminal law and problems in the application of this norm in practice. Thus, during the period under study from 2014 to February 2021, we registered 212 cases of violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. However, according to the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine, the courts of Ukraine have handed down 30 court convictions for violating the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. Of these, 7 were handed down in 2015, 21 in 2016, and one sentence each in 2017 and 2019.
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Деркач, В. Г. "CURRENT STATE OF THE LAW ON CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR VIOLATION OF THE PROCEDURE OF ENTRY INTO THE TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED TERRITORY OF UKRAINE AND EXIT." Juridical science, no. 3(105) (March 30, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32844/2222-5374-2020-105-3.04.
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The article examines the current state of the law on criminal liability for violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine, as a result of which Art. 332-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine to decriminalize at least because the regime of the temporarily occupied territories is temporary, and the temporary articles of the criminal law to the world have not yet been known. The Constitution of Ukraine in Art. 17 declared that the protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, ensuring its economic and information security are the most important functions of the state, the business of the entire Ukrainian people. The defense of Ukraine, protection of its sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability are entrusted to the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Ensuring state security and protection of the state border of Ukraine are entrusted to the relevant military formations and law enforcement agencies of the state, the organization and procedure of which are determined by law. In late 2013 - early 2014, the Russian Federation, taking advantage of the problems in our army to perform such functions, launched an open armed aggression, which, in addition to killing tens of thousands of Ukrainians, led to the illegal annexation of Crimea and occupation of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. In fact, the state border with the Russian Federation in eastern Ukraine has become a line of demarcation between the territory controlled by the state of Ukraine and the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. The Ukrainian Parliament reacted to this acute problem in a rather predictable way - on April 15, 2014, the Law of Ukraine № 1207-VII “On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens and the Legal Regime in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine” was adopted. 332-1 "Violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine." Such a decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine provoked both sharp discussions in the science of criminal law and problems in the application of this norm in practice. Thus, during the period under study from 2014 to February 2021, we registered 212 cases of violation of the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. However, according to the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine, the courts of Ukraine have handed down 30 court convictions for violating the procedure for entering and leaving the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. Of these, 7 were handed down in 2015, 21 in 2016, and one sentence each in 2017 and 2019.
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Смирнов, Александр Михайлович. "NECESSARY DEFENSE OR NECESSARY PROTECTION?" Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 2(43) (August 19, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2021.37.86.012.
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В статье актуализируется вопрос замены наименования ст. 37 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации «Необходимая оборона» на «Необходимую защиту» как более четкого с точки зрения языка закона и юридически грамотного. Приводятся научно обоснованные аргументы в пользу подобного изменения в российский уголовный закон. Отмечается, что оборона, по своей сути, это военный термин, содержание которого выходит за пределы нормативных границ реализации действий в состоянии самозащиты права, регламентированного в данной статье. О защите правового статуса личности, интересов общества и государства от общественно опасного посягательства говорится в диспозиции данной статьи. Вместе с тем Конституция Российской Федерации предоставляет каждому лицу право на самостоятельную защиту, а не самостоятельную оборону своих прав и свобод в различных сферах жизнедеятельности всеми не запрещенными законом способами (ч. 2, ст. 45). Именно о защите, а не обороне социальных благ и интересов говорится в Европейской конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод (ч. 2 ст. 2 Раздел I). С содержательной точки зрения оборона предполагает совершение подготовительных, заблаговременных действий, а также контрнаступление (нападение на противника, его полную ликвидацию), что с законодательной точки зрения выступает превышением нормативных границ необходимой обороны, согласно действующей редакции рассматриваемой уголовно-правовой нормы. Помимо этого в науке уголовного права и ряде других отраслей юридической науки вопросы реализации необходимой обороны рассматриваются в рамках правового института «самозащиты права». The article updates the issue of replacing the name of Art. 37 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation «Necessary Defense» to «Necessary Protection» as the most correct in terms of the language of the law and legally competent. Scientifically grounded arguments are presented in favor of such a change in the Russian criminal law. It is noted that defense, in its essence, is a military term, the content of which goes beyond the normative boundaries of the implementation of actions in the state of self-defense of law, regulated in this article. The disposition of this article speaks about the protection of the legal status of the individual, the interests of society and the state from socially dangerous encroachment. At the same time, the Constitution of the Russian Federation grants each person the right to independent defense, and not independent defense of their rights and freedoms by all in various spheres of life, in ways not prohibited by law (part 2, article 45). It is about the protection, not the defense of social benefits and interests that is said in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Part 2 of Art. 2 Section I). From a substantive point of view, defense involves the commission of preparatory, early actions, as well as a counteroffensive (attack on the enemy, his complete elimination), which from a legislative point of view is an excess of the normative boundaries of necessary defense, in accordance with the current version of the criminal law in question. In addition, in the science of criminal law and a number of other branches of legal science, the implementation of necessary defense is considered within the framework of the legal institution of «self-defense of law».
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Ivanova, Maryna І., Olena V. Tryfonova, Olena V. Varianychenko, and Olena O. 0000-0002-1331-9673. "Planning of Exhibition Business as a Component of Successful Administration in the Context of Military Aggression in Ukraine and the Global Pandemic." Business Inform 9, no. 536 (2022): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-9-120-128.
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The article is aimed at defining the role of administration in the planning of the exhibition business in the context of military aggression in Ukraine and the global pandemic. Over the past four years, Ukraine has been facing problems that have inevitable force and directly affect all spheres of activity. Firstly, the COVID pandemic, which paralyzed business not only in Ukraine, but throughout the world, and secondly, military aggression by the Russian Federation, which increased the risk of carrying out any type of economic activity due to shelling, occupation of territories and hostilities in our country, along with an increase in migrants to many countries of Europe, Asia and America. Modern administration of organizations is based on two main components: firstly, it is the activity of the top management of the organization and, secondly, it is the science and art of business management in the dynamic business environment and intense competition. At this, general scientific and special methods of system-structural analysis and synthesis were used to isolate the exo- and endogenous pandemic risks that manifest themselves at the enterprises of the exhibition business, and systematize additional opportunities for participants of the interactive dialogue-based conference; SWOT analysis to identify factors that affect activities and to determine the factors taken into account when planning a dialogue-based interactive conference. According to the results of the literature review, the stages of organizing a dialogue-based interactive conference were distinguished. An approbation of the theoretical research was implemented on the basis of the results of the activities of LLC «Firm «Metal-Courier», specialized in publishing activities and holding conferences during the organization of exhibitions. An analytical research showed that the effect obtained through the administration of a dialogue-based interactive conference can be used as a target indicator in the administration of the exhibition activities of an enterprise. Further research in this direction is the search and analysis of promising world markets for conducting the dialogue-based interactive conferences.
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Onufriv, Yaryna. "FEATURES OF THE STYLISTICS OF WOODEN ENTRANCE DOORS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS OF THE XIX-EARLY XX CENTURY IN LVIV." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 4, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2022.02.122.
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The problem of research and preservation of architectural heritage is more relevant than ever in Ukraine today. This problem is exacerbated under the influence of modern unstable socio-political processes and possible risks associated with the threat of military aggression from the Russian Federation. Therefore, the historical site of the city of Lviv, the oldest part of which is included in the UNESCO world heritage, needs increased attention and security measures from the authorities, the public and the scientific community. Door and window fillings need special protection, as the materials they are made of, namely wood, metal and glass, are short-lived, which emphasizes the relevance of this research. The Secession period in the art and architecture of Lviv was studied by many scientists, architects and art critics, among whom Yuriy Biryulyov is considered the main researcher in this topic. The purpose of the study is to determine the stylistic features of the solution of the entrance wooden doors in residential buildings built in the period between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. in Lviv. The study of the stylistic features of the gates was carried out using the methods of compositional analysis (Idak, 2011), which included, in particular, the analysis of the compositional scheme of the doors (grid of axes: first, second and third order), analysis of the placement and shape of light openings (slit openings), analysis of placement, the configuration and nature of the decorative elements that decorate the door, as well as the analysis of the ratio of the proportions of the main elements of the door to the human scale. After that, the study conducted a comparative analysis of the selected doors, on the basis of which common and distinctive characteristics were determined. Based on this, as well as based on the works of researchers of Lviv architecture, the characteristic features of the Secession style were formulated, which were used by craftsmen on Lviv gates made of wood in the Kin period. 19-beginning 20th century.
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NAWROTEK, Jarosław. "SMALL ARMS OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION ARMED FORCES." PROBLEMY TECHNIKI UZBROJENIA 152, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0879.
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Russia has been for many years one of main producers and exporters of arms and military equipment. But even if the Russian Military-industrial Complex still maintains a leading position, there is at least one domain where it was forced to quit positions kept during the Soviet Union and does not present any new achievements. The question refers to firearms where relatively low costs of manufacture are transformed on a few percentage share in the world arms trade. This market has a significant symbolic meaning for Russia despite of its modest financial dimension. Military operations require a deployment of infantry with its firearms, independently on state of the art technology of the arms used by the armies. Beside the armed forces, the firearms are used by special and antiterrorist services, police, border and coastal guards, and also by the structures dedicated for fighting the drugs trafficking.
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Astramowicz-Leyk, Teresa, and Yaryna Turchyn. "The European Union’s Eastern partnership initiative under the polyhybrid aggression of the Russian Federation." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 13, no. 2 (January 8, 2023): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.8455.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the article is to reveal the essence and to determine the levels of the polyhybrid aggression of the Russian Federation to the EU’s Eastern Partnership initiative and to develop recommendations for its improvement in terms of the geopolitical influences of Russia. To achieve its goals in the Eastern European region, the Russian Federation uses a multidimensional hybrid aggression, namely a polyhybrid aggression, when non-military crises are provoked and maintained in order to weaken the adversary, as a preparatory stage for a direct military invasion. In the case of the Eastern Partnership initiative, it is introduced by attempts to prove its inexpediency and ineffectiveness. The study shows that the Russian polyhybrid aggression has been extended not only to the countries of the Eastern Partnership, but also to the EU – aimed at weakening its transformative power in Eastern Europe, and to the Russian society – aimed at shaping negative stereotypes about the EU and legitimizing the actions of the Russian government. Achieving the Eastern Partnership goals depends on Russia’s democratization and its compliance with international law. The following methods were used to solve the research problem: descriptive and historical method, sociological data analysis, forecasting method and structural-functional method.
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Golubovsky, Vladimir Yu. "SOME PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR EVASION OF MILITARY SERVICE (PART 1 OF ART. 328 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION)." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2022-1-77-82.
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This article substantiates that the constitutional duty of a Russian Federation's citizen is to serve in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. This form is of great importance, since the legislator fixed the obligation of every citizen of Russia to do military service in accordance with Article 59 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Fatherland protection is not only a constitutional duty, but a moral demand for every citizen as well, it is a moral duty. It is aimed at protecting the state and its citizens, material and spiritual values. It is noted that both in theory and in practice there is no unity in interpreting and applying Part 1 of Article 328 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which provides for liability for evasion of military service. According to the results of the study, it is noted that there is no uniformity in approaches to understanding the objective signs of a crime provided for in Part 1 of Article 328 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The current criminal law does not ensure inevitability of criminal liability for crimes related to evasion of military service in Russia.
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Domakov, V., Alexandr Matveev, and Vladimir Matveev. "The entrepreneurship in the scientific and pedagogical sphere and its legal service." National Security and Strategic Planning 2020, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37468/2307-1400-2020-1-104-117.
Full textAbstract:
State of matter:
At all historical stages, the category «undertake or undertake» was actively used both in the framework of Xenophon's economy and in the framework of Aristotelian chrematistics, and, therefore, its application could not but affect such a component of social reality as the scientific and pedagogical sphere. It has always been the basis for both the creation of property objects and the training of professional specialists. It follows that science has always acted, in the language of higher mathematics, as «primitive», and «derived» from it has always been «education»", which in turn has influenced science.
However, contrary to the above, was created by «the Ministry of education and science the Russian Federation», which, as the name implies, a «primitive» began to speak «education» and «science» has become a derived from it. The transformation of the Ministry of education of the Russian Federation into the «Ministry of education (ME) of the Russian Federation» «Ministry of science and higher education (MSHE) of the Russian Federation» and here, as can be seen, gave priority to «education» and only outwardly made «higher education» a derivative of «science», but in practice were preserved and still operate «training scientific centers» and «military training scientific centers».
Under these conditions, «entrepreneurial activity» in the pedagogical sphere resulted in a direct «transfer of funding» for training from those interested in specialists with higher education of Federal government bodies and legal entities directly to the citizens of their country, and in the scientific sphere turned into a unique «scientific market», where only «intermediaries-entrepreneurs» who are very far from science began to earn money.
Results: It is proposed to develop a functional structure for the MSHE of the Russian Federation and the MP of the Russian Federation, i.e. «some complex, elements of which are functions or groups of functions that act as «directed effects», expressed by verbs, and the relationship (relationship) between them reflect the order and sequence of their implementation», which must be supplemented by «strategic level», associated with «the best location and use of all ... forces and means», as well as tactical (operational) level, which characterizes the «ability to have ... forces» and used when there is a mismatch between the managing effect and its result.
Based on the principles of «division of labor and specialization» on the basis of this functional structure is designed to MSHE of the Russian Federation and ME of the Russian Federation organizational structure, which represents «the totality of certain operating facilities, operating groups of objects, and the relationships (links) between them reflect the order and sequence of their work» and includes three interrelated groups operating close to «sources», «authority decision» and «controls».
The scope of the results: The results obtained can be widely used in practice in a constantly changing business environment.
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Seliverstov, Nikolay. "Problems of distinction of articles 243 and 2434 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2021, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2021-2-99-103.
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The article is devoted to the study of such elements of crimes as Article 243 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation destruction or damage of cultural heritage objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation included in the unified State register of cultural heritage objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, identified cultural heritage objects, natural complexes, objects taken under state protection, or cultural values) (hereinafter Article 243 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and art. The article 243.4 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation destruction or damage of military graves, as well as monuments, steles, obelisks, other memorial structures or objects that perpetuate the memory of those who died in the defense of the Fatherland or its interests or dedicated to the days of military glory of Russia (hereinafter Article 243.4 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). As an article 243.4 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is a novel in the criminal law of Russia, it was necessary to compare it with other related crimes in order to study possible problems and controversial questions of qualification. The article provides a comparative analysis of crimes against public morality provided for in Articles 243 and 243.4 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The article examines their similarities and differences in such parameters of a socially dangerous act as: subject, object, subjective part and objective pa of the crime, as well as responsibility for the crime committed. The controversial issues of qualification of related crimes are studied and possible ways of their solution are given.
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Kondrashev, Andrey A. "Administrative liability for “disrespect” to the authorities in Russia: Gross defects in legislative regulation and enforcement." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 4 (2021): 965–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.410.
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The article analyzes the new composition of an administrative offense introduced in Art. 20.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation in 2019 on the initiative of several well-known senators and deputies, which received the name in public discourse — “liability for disrespect to the authorities”. The author, using the practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the ECHR, proves the legal inconsistency of the introduced measure of liability, both from the point of view of its inconsistency with constitutional principles, and from the standpoint of contradiction with international standards for the implementation of freedom of speech, developed by the ECHR and binding on Russia. Moreover, the article notes that in democratic European countries there is a tendency to exclude or not apply criminal liability for insulting the head of state, at the same time in nondemocratic countries there is an opposite trend: the expansion of the list of sanctions and their tightening in relation to citizens insulting the highest official of the respective state. The article analyzes that the evaluative formulations chosen by the legislator: “an indecent form that offends human dignity and public morality” and “a clear disrespect for society, the state, official state symbols of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Russian Federation or bodies exercising state power”, during a short judicial application (several months), have already led to the emergence of controversial situations in the application of this norm and the issuance of not entirely substantiated judicial acts against Russian citizens. The author proposed to the legislator to exclude from the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation parts 3–5 of Art. 20.1 and also consider the exclusion of Art. 148, 297, 319, 336 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation since they violate the provisions of Articles 19 and 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. These two articles of the Constitutions establish excessive, disproportionate and discriminatory guarantees for the legal protection of certain categories of Russian citizens (civil servants, law enforcement officials, judges, military personnel), to the detriment of the general legal constitutional principle of equality of all before the law and court.
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Zhuravel, Valerii. "USA, Russia and European Countries in the Arctic: Cooperation or Confrontation?" Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 4 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760017799-5.
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Based on the analysis of the military-political and operational situation in the Arctic region, the article reveals the actual and potential threats to the national security of the Russian Federation from the United States and the countries of the NATO bloc. The directions of strengthening the military presence in the Arctic of the Arctic states and other alliance countries are characterised. It is emphasised that the North of Norway is becoming one of the most militarised regions in Scandinavia. It is concluded that the activation of NATO in the High North may lead to a reconfiguration of relations in the security sphere. The article reveals the measures of the Russian Federation to strengthen the defence capability in the Arctic direction, protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and normalise the situation and relations between Russia and the United States.
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Golub, Y., and S. Shenin. "Russia in American Climate Strategies." World Economy and International Relations 67, no. 1 (2023): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-1-36-45.
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The article is devoted to the study of the role of the Russian Federation in American plans to combat global warming. In the context of the Soviet and Russian participation in solving environmental problems, the possibility of using the potential of interaction between Moscow and Washington, previously developed in the climate sphere, to initiate constructive relations is analyzed. It is indicated that since the beginning of the 21st century, the Russian Federation has shifted its focus in this area from reducing carbon emissions to neutralizing them, as well as adapting to changes. The administration of J. Biden criticized this approach because it sought to draw Russia into the United States’ anti-Chinese climate plans based on a general reduction in emissions. However, in the ranks of the American political class, the administration’s approach did not have full support. Within the Democratic Party, a group of centrists believed that Moscow had chosen the right climate strategy for itself, and therefore, the administration’s “separate” policy could be quite effective. Their fellow party members from the progressive camp denied the “separate” approach and talked about the possibility of serious strategic concessions to Russia for climate cooperation. In the Republican Party, “moderate realists” argued that Russia’s climate strategy has more minuses than pluses for the country, and the West should have chosen a policy of combining pressure on the Russian Federation with incentives for regional cooperation. Experts from the conservative group feared that in the context of the radical “green transit” of the Biden administration, Russia’s climate policy could give Moscow a military and geopolitical advantage. In general, most political groups in the United States are confident that Russia, although it does not agree with Western methods of combating warming, will not get off the green trajectory. It is concluded that in the previous period, a fairly solid foundation of the climate dialogue between the United States and Russia had been formed, and the beginning of the special military operation in Ukraine only preserved it, but did not destroy.
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Bryczek-Wróbel, Patrycja, and Maciej Moszczyński. "The evolution of the concept of information warfare in the modern information society of the post-truth era." Przegląd Nauk o Obronności, no. 13 (August 9, 2022): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/pno/152620.
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ObjectivesCompare selected concepts of information warfare and show the evolution of the Western concept of WI,resulting from the development of the information society, social-media and the resources by which information warfare is conducted.MethodsThe research method used is a systematic review of Western political science literature, as well as military literature, publications on international relations, international politics, security and cyber security from the perspective of information warfare. Techniques such as analysis of background material, causal analysis and scientific and self-observation in this area were used, taking into account the dynamics of technological and geopolitical changes occurring in the modern information society.ResultsThe analysis made it possible to show the evolution of the Western concept of information warfare and outline the main differences from the concept of information warfare adopted by the Russian Federation. The study also points out the threats to the information society posed by the realities of modern information warfare.ConclusionsThe Western conception of WI differs from that of the Russian Federation, placing the emphasis on WI as technological warfare, while the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China (PRC) place the emphasis on psychological warfare first. This discrepancy could pose a significant threat to the information environment of Western democracies, since the weakest link in the security of not only an information system, but also an information system, is the human being. This is well known not only to hackers, cyber criminals, but also to hostile state or non-state forces that conduct WI against Western countries.
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Grigore, Laurențiu Mihail. "The Strategic Determinations of the Gherasimov Doctrine on the Military Actions and the Protection of the Critical Infrastructure in the Russian-Ukrainian War." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 28, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2022-0007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Sun Tzu stated that “if you know the enemy and you know yourself, you should not fear the results of a hundred fights.” It seems, however, that in the last period of time, this maxim of the famous Chinese general has been forgotten and the results of international relations are marked by many and frequent strategic surprises. The most recent of these, the invasion or special military operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine comes to show us that the opponent can only be counteracted if you know how he thinks and acts or will act in the future. This article brings into focus the correlation between Russian strategic thinking and the actional reality of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The article also contains new ideas on the real undeclared purpose of the war, namely the control of the critical infrastructures of Russian European interest.
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Zhuravel, Valery. "THE PROBLEM OF ARCTIC DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE SANCTION PRESSURE ON RUSSIA." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran220223240.
Full textAbstract:
The development of the Arctic region was strongly influenced by the international situation – on February 24, the Russian Federation launched a special military operation in Ukraine. The United States, Great Britain and the EU, a number of international and regional organisations condemned Russia’s actions and imposed extended sanctions against it in the areas of politics, economics (transport, finance, trade, defense industry, aviation) and scientific research, which also had regional consequences. The article analyses the manifestation of sanctions against the Russian Federation in the first 4 months of 2022, as well as the measures taken by the Russian government to ensure sovereignty, economic, and technological independence. The author pays special attention to the situation in the Arctic Council, in which Denmark, Iceland, Canada, Norway, the USA, Finland and Sweden refused to take part in all meetings held under the chairmanship of the Russian Federation and on its territory.
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Vasil'cheko, N. "Cadet Education in Russia." Standards and Monitoring in Education 10, no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1998-1740-2022-10-5-10-19.
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The article contains a complete classification of cadet educational establishments in the Russian Federation of which the cadet secondary school is singled out and being examined thoroughly. During the examination the distinguishing features and benefits of studying at cadet secondary schools in comparison with cadet military corps on the one hand and secondary schools on the other hand are accentuated. The features and benefits lay the basis for high social demand and prospects of such schools. After that, by means of juxtapositional analysis the so called cadet component, indices of effectiveness of the educational process, regulatory and legal framework, facilities and equipment of randomly selected cadet secondary schools are being highlighted and described. In the conclusion the author suggests an updated and more precise definition of a cadet secondary school, emphasises the necessity of modernisation of its legal framework, and indicates a roadmap to further development of the cadet secondary education in Russia.
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Telenko, Olha, and Yuriy Prysiazhniuk. "Cursory Viewpoint on Transnistria as the Focus of the Russian Federation Policy." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 14 (December 29, 2021): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2021.1.13.
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The article outlines cursory viewpoint on Transnistria as the focus of the Russian Federation policy. Russia pursues political interests in Transnistria connected with its geostrategic ambitions on the post-Soviet state. It is revealed that Moscow has a great impact on the life of Transnistria and cooperates with Tiraspol in political, military, social, cultural, and economic spheres. It is discussed that Russian military presence in this de facto state helps not only to control Transnistria but also Moldova concerning its geopolitical choice. In the article Russia’s activity concerning conflict resolution in Transnistria is shown. A special attention is paid to the Kozak Plan aiming at unification of Transnistria and Moldova, according to which too-extensive rights to Transnistria had to be given. Although this plan was not implemented, in fact now its idea is promoted gradually through convergence of Moldova and Transnistria. In the article it is stressed that russification of the region influences on the mood of the population concerning the future status of the region. Social and economic relations between Russia and Transnistria are researched. It is revealed that all three presidents of this de facto state had close ties with the Russian government and coordinated their politics with it. It is discussed that officially Russia supports territorial integrity of Moldova but at the same time it gives comprehensive support of Transnistria. Although it is not declared in the documents, now the Russian Federation favours status quo in Transnistria.
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Fazlyeva, E. A., G. A. Galieva, and R. A. Izmailova. "Market Analysis of assisted reproductive Technologies in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan." Manager Zdravoochranenia, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/1811-0185-2022-3-10-16.
Full textAbstract:
The increase in the prevalence of infertility among the population determines the need for further development and use of assisted reproductive technologies. Purpose of the study: to study the state of the market of assisted reproductive technologies in Russian Federation and Bashkortostan Republic. Material and methods: analysis of statistical information in the field of healthcare of Russian Federation and Bashkortostan Republic. Results: the number of ART centers and cycles in Russia are steadily growing, while the part of state centers and cycles performed in them is just 1/3 and tends to decrease. Private clinics, both in Russia and Bashkortostan Republic, actively participate in state guarantee programs and account for more than half of all ART treatment cycles.
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Sinitsyn, Fedor. "Czechoslovak Military Units Formed in the USSR During the Second World War: Stages of Formation, Completion, and the Combat Path." ISTORIYA 13, no. 9 (119) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840022923-4.
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The article is based on documents of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History and the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. It focuses on the stages of the formation, completion and combat use of the Czechoslovak military units created in the USSR during the Second World War. The special attention is paid to the identification of the trends and problems of the history of these formations. These topics were not developed in historiography. The history of the Czechoslovak military units passed several stages due to the creation and reorganization of these units. The Emigrant Government of Czechoslovak to eliminate these formations. The trends of the historical path of the Czechoslovak military units were, firstly, in the subordination of the formation of new, higher units due to the emergence of new mobilization contingents. The path of the Czechoslovak military units accompanied the diverse problems associated with their completion and supply. The overwhelming part of the problems was resolved only by the end of the war. The value of the Czechoslovak military units cannot be expressed in numbers, because their participation in the war was huge from the perspective of political importance for both Czechoslovakia and the USSR. In general, the formation and combat activities of the Czechoslovak military units should be recognized as a unique and very successful experience.
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Gordienko, Dmitry V. "THE ACTIVITIES OF THE USA AND CHINA IN THE REGIONS OF THE WORLD, AFFECTING THE REALIZATION OF RUSSIA'S INTERESTS. Part 3: Activities of the People's Republic of China in the regions of the world." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 12 (2021): 120–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.12.01.016.
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The paper examines the interests of Russia, the United States and China in the regions of the world and identifies Russia's priorities in Europe, Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Asia-Pacific region, the Arctic, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America, as well as a comparative assessment with the interests of the United States and China. The results of the study can be used to substantiate recommendations to the military-political leadership of our country. It is concluded that the discrepancy between the interests of the United States and China with the interests of Russia is important for the implementation of the current economic and military policy of the Russian Federation.
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Demina, Vera N., and Andrey B. Golovin. "The Main Stages of Formation and Development of the 24th Military Band of the Joint Strategic Command of the Southern Military District: Traditions and Modernity." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 18, no. 5 (October 10, 2022): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2022-18-5-60-69.
Full textAbstract:
The article considers the formation of Russian military musical performance in the regions of the Russian Federation. The history of the development of the 24th Military Band of the Joint Strategic Command of the Southern Military District is the object of study; traditions and innovations in the military band’s activities are the subject. The article aims to reveal the significance of the traditions of military wind bands for the development of national musical culture. The tasks set in the article included the study of scientific literature, revealing the specifics of the military musical art development in Russia, and archival sources from collections of textual and musical (notated) documents related to the history of military music and the band itself. The history of the band was studied using archival sources from the collection of documents of the 24th military band with the documents from the collection collected by A.Golovin - Head and Artistic Director of the band, Honoured Artist of the Russian Federation, Lieutenant Colonel. In the course of the study, documents from the band's collection of notes, including handwritten, printed and electronic scores of the author's arrangements and transcriptions, were analysed. It is noted that even though the music library began to form after 1962, it includes scores made at an earlier time. The authors determine the date and conditions for the formation of the military band of the headquarters of the Southern Military District: the band was turned into an independent unit as the 15th military band of the headquarters of the North Caucasian Military District with a permanent location in Rostov-on-Don on the basis of the military band of the 106th Communications Regiment on August 2, 1962. In 2012, the band became part of the 175 Luninets-Pinsky Southern Military District Command Brigade (military unit 01957) with the Order of Alexander Nevsky and twice the Order of the Red Star. In 2018, the 24th Military Band of the Joint Strategic Command of the Southern Military District was formed on its basis. It is noted that the band has repeatedly become the winner of the All-Army competitions of military bands, and various festivals, demonstrating the highest professionalism and being one of the best creative teams of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Scientific and practical novelty, as well as the relevance of the study, is determined by a new perspective found in the study of the history of the military band. A comprehensive study of documents made it possible to identify continuity in the collective’s activities and innovations related to the modern band’s functionality expansion.
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Kholikov, Ivan V. "Values and meanings of the main judicial act xx century: axiological concepts of the book A.N. Savenkov “Nuremberg: A Verdict for name of Peace” (Discussion materials)." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 10 (2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520021788-7.
Full textAbstract:
In 2021, the Prospect Publishing House published the monograph “Nuremberg: A Verdict for name of Peace” by the Director of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation A.N. Savenkov. Publication of this book aroused cognitive scientific interest, a response in the legal community and a wide discussion on the pages of leading legal publications. The author invites the reader to return to the most dramatic pages of human history through a consistent description and explanation of the prerequisites for the emergence of the International Military Tribunal, the events that led to its creation, as well as the actions of all participants in the main trial of the 20th century. From the point of view of the author’s analysis, this article can be called axiological notes on the margins of A.N. Savenkov’s monograph “Nuremberg: A Verdict for name of Peace”. When considering the essence and content of the monograph, the authors apply an axiological approach, which implies a consistent study of existential, legal, moral and other values characteristic of the Nuremberg Trial in terms of its universal purpose and the meanings that the author himself reveals and gives it. The outcome of the discussion and conceptualization is the fixation of the values and meanings characteristic of the main international legal humanistic act of judicial law enforcement of the 20th century.
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Gordienko, Dmitry V. "THE ACTIVITIES OF THE USA AND CHINA IN THE REGIONS OF THE WORLD, AFFECTING THE REALIZATION OF RUSSIA'S INTERESTS. PART 2: ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE REGIONS OF THE WORLD." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 11 (2021): 164–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.11.01.020.
Full textAbstract:
The strategic and doctrinal documents of the United States, China and the Russian Feder-ation set out the views of the military and political leadership of these countries on how each country presents its main priorities in the field of foreign policy and ensuring global and regional security. This will allow us to formulate the interests of Russia, the United States and China. The paper examines the interests of Russia, the United States and China in the regions of the world and identifies the priorities of Russia's activities in Europe, Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Asia-Pacific region, the Arctic, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America, a comparative assessment with the interests of the United States and China. The proposed ap-proach to assessing the impact of the possible consequences of the activities of the United States and China on the realization of Russia's interests makes it possible to identify the priorities of the policy of the Russian Federation in various regions of the world. The results of the study can be used to substantiate recommenda-tions to the military-political leadership of our country. It is concluded that the discrepancy between the inter-ests of the United States and China is important for the implementation of the current economic and military policy of the Russian Federation.
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Ananyeva, Ekaterina. "Russia in the Arctic region: Going bilateral or multilateral?" Journal of Eurasian Studies 10, no. 1 (January 2019): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1879366518814655.
Full textAbstract:
The Russian Federation has been for several years characterized as having both domestic resources and the corresponding desire to re-establish some of the influences in the international affairs, resembling the ones it used to have during the Soviet times. In this manner, it seeks to re-establish the status not only by military means, but by diplomatic tools as well, which are at the center of this research. To be more concrete, the purpose of this research paper is to map and explain Russian non-military strategies on the Arctic region. The main questions are, therefore, as follows: (a) What is the attitude of the Russian Federation toward the Arctic region? and (b) What are the factors that contribute to this attitude? As indicated by many, the states with political ambitions share conservatism mainly related to economics and relative suspicion toward the well-established multilateral institutions, while preferring bilateral relations or being establishing partners in emerging organizations. Apart from what has been mentioned above, this paper intends to develop such an argument and test it on the particular case of the Arctic region. It, in essence, argues that Russia prefers bilateral approach in case of negotiations over the issues of its core national interests and is inclined to multilateral options in case of soft issue areas. However, although Russian bilateral relations attract sufficient scholarly attention, its presence in multilateral institutions is still an under-researched area. This research paper aims at contributing to global discussion by providing an answer on what is Russian attitude in multilateral institutions and what factors contribute to this behavior. As for the hypothesis, it shall be tested on the empirical data from content analysis of official documents (press releases and governmental statements), provided by the online archive of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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MAISAIA, Vakhtang. "GRAND STRATEGY AND MILITARY IMPLICATIONS OF NEW RUSSIA’S MILITARY DOCTRINE IN 21ST CENTURY: GEOSTRATEGIC ASPECTS OF HYBRID WARFARE STRATEGY AGAINST GEORGIA AND UKRAINE." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERINCE "STRATEGIESXXI" 18, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2971-8813-22-01.
Full textAbstract:
: A paper reflects new dimensions of New Cold War geostrategic balance implications at pan-regional (European) and regional (Black Sea) levels that already has been transformed into classical hybrid warfare between the Russian Federation and NATO due to the Russia’s invasion into Ukraine. Currently adopted military doctrine of the Russian Federation envisages engagement into two military conflicts simultaneously and constructed its strategic operational framework founded on incorporation of three combat elements: military, non-military and information warfare measures and proper concepts. Hence, it means that Russia can begin war-game scenarios at the same time against two neighboring nations as it occurs at time being against Ukraine and Georgia. At that respect, the incumbent Russian military leadership in aegis of so-called “Gerasimov Doctrine” is promoting hybrid warfare as a key dominant grand strategy with relevant theater strategy and operational art elements (for instance, operational – strategic command HQ “South” and 5 Army Corp HQs). The military “muscle” could easily skew and twist European security environment that is much unprepared to the geostrategic challenge – Crimea occupation and annexation in 2014, war with Georgia in 2008, hybrid attack to Estonia in 2007 and very recently large-scale military intervention in Azov Sea and pending regional hegemony conditions in Caspian Basin. These military asymmetric challenges and risks deriving from the arms race derailed by the Russia’s incumbent authority, and security dilemma embroiled with by the elements of WMD are sufficient indications why the European security is plausible fragile against such challenges. From academic standpoint, the thesis deals in analyzing with the most dangerous threat targeting the European security architecture – asymmetric military challenge and realization of which is pursued in wagging hybrid war against Georgia and Ukraine. The new type of warfare is a probe stone perfected against these two post-Soviet nations indicates and poses real menace, mainly geostrategic origin, easily targeted NATO member-states, including Poland. The article predisposes reflection and understanding true meaning of so-called “Gerasimov Doctrine” and the whole new version of Military Doctrine of Russia and how it is implemented at the stage. A shift transformation takes place in realms of contemporary century warfare doctrinal planning and the transformation has already implicated of identifying new type of warfare strategy – asymmetric war with representation of hybrid warfare that contributing in re-shaping a grand strategy that allows policymakers to steer through the uncertainties of a complex international security environment; Elaboration real content and new definition of “hybrid war” and its dualfold implications how to quell and deal with asymmetric military challenges and risks and how to cause the challenges on its matter. Moreover, it describes and review reformatting modality in planning and wagging war due to the military technology development that contributed to a far more complicated strategic environment for war than that of previous century. In that respect is to be identified new style of warfare – Urbanistic warfare presented in 2008 August Russia-Georgia war as well as in war in Ukraine (Mariupol battle) new definition of the warfare in general matter.
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Gordienko, Dmitry V. "THE ACTIVITIES OF THE USA AND CHINA IN THE REGIONS OF THE WORLD, AFFECTING THE REALIZATION OF RUSSIA'S INTERESTS. Part 1: country interests and activities." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 10 (2021): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.10.01.017.
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The paper examines the interests of Russia, the United States and China in the regions of the world and identifies the priorities of Russia's activities in Europe, Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Asia-Pacific region, the Arctic, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America, their comparative assessment with the interests of the United States and China. An approach to assessing the impact of possible consequences of the activities of the United States and China on the realization of Russia's interests is proposed. This makes it possible to identify the priorities of the policy of the Russian Federation in various regions of the world. The results of the analysis can be used to substantiate recommendations to the military-political leadership of our country. It is concluded that the discrepancy between the interests of the United States and China is important for the implementation of the current economic and military policy of the Russian Federation.
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Kaszuba, Malina. "The Russian vision of strategic balance in the 21st century in the spirit of political realism." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6879.
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Over the past two decades, Russian foreign policy has evolved significantly. Its aim is to seek a change in the global balance of power. This evolution proceeded from attempts to establish cooperation with the West, through a confrontational narrative, ending with political and military actions. The purpose of this article is to analyze the present Russian view of the current international order and to define its future shape based on assumptions and specific actions in the sphere of the aforementioned foreign policy. Particularly useful for the needs of the conducted research is the reference to the theory of political realism. This is determined by the fact that the Russian Federation, contesting the current hegemonic international order, aims to create a multipolar world with the key balancing role of the great powers.
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Kvashnina, I. "Restrictiosn on cross-border capital flows in the context of foreign sanctions and Russia’s retaliation." Obshchestvo i ekonomika, no. 7 (2022): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020736760021096-4.
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The article deals with foreign sanctions and retaliation measures imposed by Russia in connection with the Special military operation in Ukraine. The subject of the study is reciprocal measures to restrict the movement of capital. It is emphasized that of the sanctions already imposed by "unfriendly" countries, the most painful was the freezing of the assets of the Bank of Russia. The retaliation measures of the Russian Government and the Bank and their adjustment as the economy adapts are analyzed. It is noted that strategically, the most negative consequences are supposed to be the curtailment of foreign direct investment and the possible withdrawal of foreign business from the Russian Federation.
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AKHMADOVA, MARYAM. "THE PROCEDURE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND THE DELIMITATION OF OWNERSHIP RIGHTS TO ITS RESULTS BETWEEN THE BRICS COUNTRIES - THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND BRAZIL, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND SOUTH AFRICA." Gaps in Russian Legislation 14, no. 6 (November 20, 2021): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2072-3164-2021-14-6-151-156.
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The article discusses the procedure for the implementation of military-technical cooperation and the delimitation of ownership rights to its results between the BRICS countries - the Russian Federation and Brazil, the Russian Federation and South Africa. At the same time, the focus of the author's attention is on the transfer and use of previous intellectual property, the distribution of rights to the results of intellectual activity and the procedure for resolving disagreements and disputes between the contracting parties and (or) participants to contracts. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that military-technical cooperation has a strategic role for modern Russia, designed, on the one hand, to strengthen the country's military and political positions in the world, and on the other, serves the purpose of maintaining the country's defense capability and military security at the proper level. The research conducted based on such methods of scientific cognition as: general scientific dialectical, formal legal and comparative legal methods, etc. At the same time, the author proceeds from the subjective-objective determination of processes and phenomena, and their interconnectedness. The novelty of this research is determined by its very purpose, subject and range of sources under consideration. In this format, the author came to the conclusion that the approaches of the BRICS countries under consideration on some key aspects of regulating the protection of intellectual property, both transferred and created within the framework of military-technical cooperation, are largely similar. At the same time, the regulation of the use of the results of intellectual activity is the basis of relations between the Russian Federation and the BRICS countries in military-technical cooperation and is aimed at excluding unauthorized use of such products, therefore, the conclusion is formulated that the regulatory framework in the field of military-technical cooperation in terms of its international legal component on ensuring the protection of intellectual property transferred and received within the framework of such cooperation needs further improvement.
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Fuley, T. "The European human rights protection system: challenges as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 72 (November 16, 2022): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.72.19.
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The article analyzes the challenges faced by the European human rights protection system since the beginning of a new full-scale phase of armed aggression on the territory of Ukraine. Attention is focused on the gender-based nature of the argumentation used by the Russian military-political leadership to justify the invasion, in particular, its similarity to the typical explanation of the offender who commits domestic violence. Two large groups of challenges caused by the impact of the armed conflict since 24 February 2022 are singled out: the first includes challenges related to the consequences of the cessation of membership of the Russian Federation in the Council of Europe (CoE), i.e. the Russian Federation no longer has the right to be represented in the CoE’s organs or bodies, it is bound to fulfil its full financial obligations, to implement the ECtHR judgements, etc.; the second relates to the likely change in the nature and scope of application to the European Court of Human Rights. Based on statistical data and taking into account that the Court remains competent to deal with applications directed against the Russian Federation in relation to acts or omissions capable of constituting a violation of the Convention provided that they occurred until 16 September 2022, as well as in view of the planned campaign of submissions of thousands of applications against Ukraine in order to discredit it made by lawyers from Russia and the occupied Ukrainian territories, it is predicted that the share of applications against Russia in the ECtHR would be decreasing while the share of applications against Ukraine would be increasing. Depending on the subject composition of the applicants and respondent states, the author singles out four types of potential applications to the ECtHR made by: everyone within the Ukrainian jurisdiction against Ukraine; everyone within the Ukrainian jurisdiction against the Russian Federation (until 16 September 2022); citizens of the Russian Federation residing in Europe against the CoE member state(s); citizens of Ukraine residing in Europe against the CoE member state(s).
It is assumed that one of the biggest challenges for both the ECtHR and the domestic legal system would be applications to the ECtHR against Ukraine submitted not only by victims of armed conflict (or their relatives), but also by convicted persons, in particular, for the commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide, and by persons who have suffered restrictions of their rights due to assistance to the aggressor state or as a result of the legal regime of martial law. In this context, for domestic legal system is crucial to comply with procedural obligations under Art. 2 and Art. 3 of the Convention regarding the effective investigation of deaths, allegations of torture and inhuman treatment, the right to a fair trial under Art. 6, the right to liberty and security under Art. 5, in particular when it comes to pre-trial detention, no punishment without law under Art. 7. In non-criminal cases the justification of interference in non-absolute rights guaranteed by the Convention should be done in accordance with the three-step test, and reflected in he well-reasoned court decisions.
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Fesenko, Ievgen. "Stop the War! Europeans, Homes, Kindergartens, Hospitals, Universities, and Global Science Are under the Missiles!" Journal of Diagnostics and Treatment of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23999/j.dtomp.2022.2.3.
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5:00 a.m. of February 24, 2022… The citizens of peacefully sleeping Kyiv woke up from several powerful explosions. Russia insidiously attacked our beloved capital, flashed in our heads. The announced USA intelligence data published in recent reports turned out to be true, we thought. Quick internet news search revealed that similar explosions happened in other cities and villages of Ukraine―a European country with more than 40 million of citizens. Large-scale invasion of Russian troops and missile attacks, which were warned by world intelligence, began. Breaking news reported the invasion noted from the multiple border sides―the territory of Belarus, Russia, and temporary occupied Crimean peninsula. The multiple deaths of civilians, children, and the military, the shelling of hospitals, kindergartens, multi-storey residential buildings, and missile strikes on critical infrastructure are not a complete list of all Russian war crimes against humanity which have been recorded during the last five days of February. And today, at evening of February 28, 2022, we are noticing how the life of all Ukrainians is changed forever. Five days of military resistance of our phenomenally brave Ukrainian defense forces against Russian occupants clearly showed the enemy how strong is the spirit of Ukrainians and the state political apparatus. International support of Ukraine and sanctions being imposed on Russia by civilized countries continues to grow making a significant pressure on Russian Federation to stop the war.
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Rabush, Taisiya V. "Regional Russian Books of Memory as a Form of Preservation and Transfer of Cultural-Historical Memory about the Afghanistan War of 1979-1989." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-2-247-257.
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The historical memory of the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan (1979-1989) is studied through the prism of memory books dedicated to the participants of the war and those who died in it. The present paper is the first study of the Afghan books of memory that were published over the past decades in different regions of Russia. The first part of this paper analyzes the regional books of memory published in various regions of the Russian Federation from 1991 to the present day; the second part analyzes the books of memory published in small cities of Russia as a separate cultural phenomenon. In conclusion, the author describes the main features of regional Afghan books of memory, emphasizing that the memory books are published with the active participation of various regional organizations - from local archives to representatives of municipalities - revealing that the publication of these books is part of cultural policy in the regions. Many memory books have been reprinted, which indicates the continued collection and processing of information about the military casualties in Afghanistan. The regional books of memory are one of the most important forms of preserving and transmitting the historical memory of the Afghanistan war.
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Chapska, Marta. "Territorial Defense Forces in Poland After the Second World War." Przegląd Nauk o Obronności, no. 12 (June 23, 2022): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/pno/151534.
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ObjectivesThe aim of the research was to solve the research problem contained in the question: What is the origin of the Territorial Defence Forces, what transformations accompanied this formation in the past and how is this type of troops prepared to combat military, paramilitary, non-military and hybrid threats?MethodsThe methods adopted in the research process include, above all, a critical analysis of a wide range of source materials, including monographs, scientific articles, legal acts, competence documents and information materials of the TDF Command. The theoretical methods characteristic of the security sciences, i.e. analysis, synthesis, comparison, inference and abstraction, were supplemented by participatory observation.ResultsThe research results confirmed the relationship between the state's defence strategy and the shape of the territorial defence formation. Financial conditions are of great importance in the creation of territorial defence but the need for an adequate response to new threats, including hybrid threats, is becoming an absolutely key determinant.ConclusionsThe conclusions from the research clearly indicate the legitimacy of keeping the Territorial Defence Forces within the state security system. The establishment of the Territorial Defence Forces in Poland after World War II was associated with the involvement of operational troops in the structures of the former Warsaw Pact. After the political transformation, the units of Territorial Defence Forces were significantly reduced until their complete decommissioning. The emergence of new threats, including hybrid threats from the Russian Federation, implied the need to rebuild the Territorial Defence Forces.
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Imasheva, Marina. "Russian Expeditions to the Turkmen Coast of the Caspian Sea in the First Quarter of the 19th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021993-1.
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In this article, based on the analysis of Russian literature, memoirs of participants and published materials, documents from the archives of the Russian Federation, the author reconstructed the history of expeditions organized by the Russian authorities to the eastern (Turkmen) shore of the Caspian Sea in the first quarter of the 19th century. The purpose of the expeditions was to find and organize a place for the foundation of the Russian commercial and naval fortifications. Military, officials, scientists, merchants were involved in the expeditions, which were of an intelligence and economic nature. The program of the expeditions was formulated by representatives of the highest authorities of the Russian Empire, the treasury also paid for all the costs of their organization and implementation. The expeditions were equipped and sent to the Turkmen coast from the Astrakhan port, the main Russian point on the Volga-Caspian route. During the expeditions, extremely important scientific data were obtained: on ethnography, socio-economic and cultural life of Turkmen tribes and cartography. It was possible to enlist the support of the heads of the Turkmen coastal tribes, to form a list of goods that was interesting for the local population. The results of the expeditions eventually allowed the Russian authorities to decide on a place to establish their trading post (and port) and begin building the Novo-Petrovsky fortification on Mangyshlak in the 1840s.
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Ryabov, B. "Introduction of a Common Currency in the Union of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus: Problems and Prospects." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 10 (October 20, 2004): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-10-129-140.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of introduction of a common currency in the Union of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. The article discusses costs and benefits of the currency union and the existence of an optimal currency area between Russia and Belarus. Possible directions of the process of institutional integration are considered, description of state-of-the-art is presented, future prospects and current handicaps are analyzed.
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Sidorov, Sergey. "V International Scientific Conference “Military History of Russia: Problems, Search, Decisions” Devoted to the 75th Anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War (September 11–12, 2020, Volgograd)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (March 2021): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.22.
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The article presents information about the V International scientific conference “Military history of Russia: problems, search, solutions” held in Volgograd on September 11–12, 2020, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The conference was held at Volgograd State University. The conference was informative and representative in its composition: more than 220 representatives of scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, civil and military universities and centers, archives, museums and libraries in 48 cities of Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, USA, Turkmenistan and Ukraine. Among the participants of the conference there was a corresponding member of RAE, 39 doctors and 82 candidates of sciences. Along with professors and associate professors, the conference was attended by young scientists: assistant lecturers, postgraduate students, master students, students and schoolchildren. The article analyzes the work of the plenary session, sections, round tables and the discussion platform. The mainstream sections were the following: “Patriotic War: history and modernity”, “National economy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War”, “Social history of the Great Patriotic War”, “Lower Volga and the Don during the Great Patriotic War”, “Source base for the study of the Great Patriotic War”, “Problems of historiography of the Great Patriotic War”. The permanent sections presented reports on military history in ancient times, the middle ages, modern and contemporary times, social protection of the population in wartime, and international aspects of the Battle of Stalingrad. The round tables discussed issues of military and political security of society and the state, problems of military memorial tourism in the Russian Federation, and international aspects of military conflicts. The discussion platform was dedicated to patriotic education of children and youth.
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Ermukhambetova, M. V., and S. I. Mironov. "Fifty years of nuclear nonproliferation: results, problems, prospects." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2205-03.
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The article analyzes the preparation and conduct of the last six Review Conferences on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) since 1995. At the same time, some historical aspects of the development of the NPT, the most important articles of this treaty are considered fi rst, and the merits of Soviet diplomacy in the formation of the most important provisions of this treaty are particularly noted. The Review Conferences of 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2022 are considered sequentially. For each conference, a brief analysis is given of the international situation that had developed by the beginning of the conference, the positions of States on the eve and during the conferences, as well as what was achieved during each of them. Thus, according to the 1995 conference, it is concluded that this conference was of particular importance for the nuclear nonproliferation regime (NWFZ), since the unconditional achievement of the 1995 conference was the indefi nite extension of the NPT, although the fi nal document was not adopted at this conference. Considering the 2000 Review Conference, it is concluded that, despite all the contradictions between the participating countries of the conference, it ended successfully. The OK participants were able to adopt the fi nal document. The statement adopted at the conference was aimed at the practical implementation of the provisions of article VI of the NPT, which contained 13 practical steps for the implementation of this article. With regard to the 2005 OK, a conclusion is made about a signifi cant deterioration of the international situation on the eve of its holding. The analysis of the events that had a negative impact on compliance with the NPT and led to the emergence of new threats is carried out. Ultimately, it is concluded that the 2005 conference ended in failure because States failed to adopt the fi nal document. On the eve of the 2010 conference, a landmark event was the conclusion of the START III Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States. At the same time, new threats emerged from the nuclear programs of Iran and North Korea. As a result of the conference, no measures were taken to suspend the nuclear programs of Iran and the DPRK, but the participants of the OK managed to form the fi nal document of the conference, which was adopted unanimously. According to the 2015 conference, it is stated that it was considered unsuccessful, since the participants of this conference failed to agree and adopt an IT document. It is noted that the main reasons for this were acute contradictions between Russia and the United States, as well as the tense international situation against the background of the Ukrainian and Syrian military-political crises. According to the tenth Review Conference, which nevertheless took place in August 2022 after its postponement due to the coronavirus pandemic, it is concluded that it also ended in failure, since States could not agree and adopt the fi nal document at it. At the same time, the responsibility for the absence of a fi nal document at the tenth OK lies entirely with the United States and its allies, since the agenda of the NPT Review Conference was interrupted by the Ukrainian issue. In conclusion, the article summarizes some results of the state of the nuclear nonproliferation regime after 50 years of its existence. The forecast estimates of changes in the international situation in the fi eld of nuclear nonproliferation in the period between the last tenth Review Conference and the next one, which will be held in 2026, are given. At the same time, it is predicted that in the next fi ve years, the situation in the fi eld of international relations and nuclear nonproliferation is likely to only become more complicated.
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Savel'ev, A. "US Security Policy: Shift towards China." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2014): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-8-5-13.
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The article focuses on the main aspects of the US rebalancing towards Asia Pacific which was declared by President Obama in November 2011. The examination of numerous US official and non-official documents shows that practically all US activities in this direction are connected with rapid economic and military growth of China. The United States are mostly concerned about Chinese attempts to transfer its economic strength into political influence and military strength which expand fare beyond the present frontiers. A number of examples of Chinese “unacceptable behavior” are given, such as: aggressive way of resolving its maritime disputes with neighbors; rejection of multilateral approach to such problems; China’s “cyber-activities” in the field of large scale cyber-espionage; military modernization aimed to limit the US free access to the region; the development of advanced short- and medium-range conventional ballistic missiles, land-attack and anti-ship cruise missiles, counter-space weapons and military cyberspace capabilities. The article also analyses the main implementation stages of this new American policy, and the role of the US Congress in formulating it. The positions of different US Agencies are also under consideration, including the position of the US Treasury, State Department and Defense Department. The author comes to a conclusion that a number of serious limitations and difficulties exist on the way of the US security interests promotion into the region. As for the position of Russian Federation, it is suggested that Russia can become one of important participants in resolution of security problems in the region. At the same time possible benefits may be gained if Russia managed to preserve the “equal distance” from the main players in the region – China and the US. But if the situation demands to make a clear choice, Russia will most probably take the Chinese side, regarding the present state of the US-Russian relations.
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Drzewiecki, Andrzej. "Morski wymiar polsko-radzieckiej współpracy wojskowej w latach 1945-1989." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 13, no. 2 (January 8, 2023): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.8461.
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The term cooperation in reference to its Polish-Soviet dimension has few adherents today. The dominant terminology emphasizes our across-the-board dependence on the eastern "partner"; many of those people write and speak of "Soviet occupation". I think it is a consequence of a certain historical policy, which, on the one hand, aims at obliterating the real image of the People's Republic of Poland in the memory of contemporary generations, and, on the other hand, takes recourse to a quite common opinion about the hostility of the USSR (also of the Russian Federation) in order to shape anti-Soviet and anti-Russian attitudes of Poles. The political and military reality of the years 1945-1989 was more complex, also in the area of the Polish-Soviet naval cooperation, and hence I intend to reflect on it in order to deepen its understanding beyond the known and oft-repeated political clichés.