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Journal articles on the topic 'Military 20th century'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Rich, Norman M., and David G. Burris. "“Modern” military surgery: 19th Century compared with 20th Century." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 200, no. 3 (March 2005): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.10.028.

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2

Knust, Martin. "20th-century Music in Sweden. An Overview." Musicological Annual 54, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.54.2.31-43.

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Sweden appeared as a music exporting country on the map in the beginning of the 20th century. Located between different shifting military and political blocks it maintained a politics that contributed to some extent to the specific shape of Sweden’s music life which this overview outlines.
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3

Gradmann, Christoph, Mark Harrison, and Anne Rasmussen. "Typhoid and the Military in the Early 20th Century." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_5 (October 15, 2019): S385—S387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz672.

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Abstract Background In the decades following the discovery of the bacillus causing typhoid, in 1880, understanding of the disease formerly known as enteric fever was transformed, offering new possibilities for prevention. Gradually, measures that aimed to prevent infection from human carriers were developed, as were inoculations designed to confer immunity against typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. These were initially introduced in European armies that were regularly ravaged by typhoid, especially garrisons stationed in the colonies. This article reviews the research undertaken in the armed forces and the measures that they implemented in the years up to and during the First World War. Methods The article is based on an analytical review of scientific literature from the early 19th century, focusing on the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. Results The armies of the United Kingdom, Germany, and France undertook important work on the transmission of typhoid in the years between 1890 and 1918. Many preventive measures were introduced to deal with the spread of typhoid but these varied between the 3 countries, depending largely on their political traditions. Inoculation was particularly successful in preventing typhoid and greatly reduced the number of casualties from this disease during the First World War. Despite this, it proved difficult to prevent paratyphoid infection, and debates continued over which vaccines to use and whether or not immunization should be voluntary. Conclusions By the end of the First World War, the value of inoculation in preventing the spread of typhoid had been proven. Its successful implementation demonstrates the importance of vaccination as a public health intervention during times of conflict and social upheaval.
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4

Zul’fugarzade, Teimur E., and Artyom Yu Peretyatko. "Military Traditions of the Don Cossacks in the Late Imperial Period." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 3 (2020): 771–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.305.

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The issue of the development of military traditions in the Cossack milieu on the eve of the 20th century is a matter of debate in contemporary Russian historiography. A number of scholars (e. g., A.V.Iarovoi and N.V.Ryzhkova) have argued that the Cossacks’ system of historical military traditions remained viable until 1917. Other researchers (e. g., O.V.Matveev) have claimed that the system of Cossack military traditions had actually experienced a crisis and collapsed by then. This paper seeks to establish the truth. To accomplish this, the authors draws upon a set of newly discovered responses from Russian generals to the report of the Maslakovets Commission. The paper shows that the Cossacks’ historical traditions of military training in the stanitsas were forgotten not by the beginning of the 20th century, but by the 1860s. During this time, declining combat capability of the Don units, with 50% of the young Cossacks entering military service by the beginning of the 20th century “poorly” and “unsatisfactorily” prepared, drew the attention of Alexander II. The War Ministry endeavored to revive the Cossacks’ martial games and military training in the stanitsas. However, according to certain Cossack generals, its actions, at the same time, had violated the historical Cossack traditions of military training, causing, by certain testimonies, their total ruin by the beginning of the 20th century. The main conclusion drawn in this paper is that the image of the Cossack as a “dashing equestrian warrior” going back to official pre-revolutionary historiography is highly idealized.
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Tratsiak, Zoya. "Да праблемы спецыфiкi аўтарэфлексii ў беларускай ваеннай прозе ХХ стагоддзя." Białorutenistyka Białostocka 13 (2021): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bb.2021.13.14.

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The article is devoted to some self-reflection examples in the 20th century Belarusian military prose. The role of Lev Tolstoy’s ouvre in the formation of the artistic method of Belarusian writers who embodied the events of the First and the Second World Wars has been considered. The ways how to awake the interest to Belarusian literature devoted to 1914–1918 thanks to the national historical prose of the second half of the 20th century are determined (for example, the novel ‘Refugees’ by V. Karamazau). The references to foreign military prose (books by E.M. Remarque or E. Junger) present in the books of Belarusian writers of the second half of the 20th century have been discussed.
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6

Polgár, Balázs. "The conflict archaeology of the 19th–20th century in Hungary." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2020 (March 3, 2022): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2020.197.

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Conflict archaeology has significant traditions in Hungary. This paper presents conflict archaeological research on three military sites of the 19th and 20th centuries (the battlefield of Kismegyer, the POW camp of Ostffyasszonyfa and the aircraft wreck of Bágyogszovát) associated with the Ministry of Defence Military History Institute and Museum. Finally, the Appendix concludes the study by presenting 25 more Hungarian conflict archaeological research projects from the Napoleonic Wars to the Cold War.
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7

Skorospelov, P. P. "The Russian Globalization Project in the XX Century. Anatomy of a Military-Political Strategy." Russia & World: Sc. Dialogue, no. 3 (August 21, 2022): 122–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53658/rw2022-2-3(5)-122-149.

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The article discusses the main components of the military-political strategy of Russia in the «short» 20th century – from 1900 to 1991. Special attention is paid to how the foreign policy and the use of Armed Forces were planned. Reconstructing the intellectual ideas that created the framework of the foreign and military policy of the Russian state at that time, the author focuses on the elements that unite the leaders of Russia of the 20th century from Nikolai Romanov to Mikhail Gorbachev. Such issues as the «globalization» of the USSR in world affairs, relations with neighboring Asian centers of power, such as China and Iran, the sphere of «special state interests» of the USSR in Eastern Europe are discussed in the work. The evolution of Russian military strategy in the 20th century is studied: from betting on victory in the World War in the first half of the century to focusing on the actions of expeditionary groups during the Cold War. The article analyzes in detail the strategic deterrence measures carried out by the Armed Forces of the USSR in the 1950-1970. The issue of the resources of military-political strategy is considered separately.
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8

Poddubny, M. V. "Military Medical Journal at the beginning of the 20th century." Военно-медицинский журнал 343, no. 8 (2022): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52424/00269050_2022_343_8_62.

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9

Bornmann, John. "Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century (review)." Anthropological Quarterly 76, no. 4 (2003): 823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anq.2003.0052.

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10

Blagojević, Veljko, and Dejan Petrović. "Military cliques in the Serbian strategic culture of the 20th century." Vojno delo 73, no. 3 (2021): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2103088b.

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Throughout the entire 20th century, the Serbian strategic culture was "torn" by various discontinuities, from the state system, through foreign policy and ideological, to strategic and doctrinal orientation, and it can be said that discontinuity is almost its only constant. Nevertheless, the existence of military cliques can be considered to be one of the constants of the Serbian strategic culture. They followed the Serbian Army and influenced the political life of the Kingdom of Serbia. The dynastic coup of May 1903 can be taken as an example of their actions. After that, younger conspirators established the so-called Black Hand, whose leader was Colonel Apis, who was shot after the Thessaloniki process in 1917. The interwar period was marked by the action of the so-called White Hand, under the leadership of General Petar Živković, which was active until the assassination of King Alexander Karađorđević in Marseilles in 1934. The Second Yugoslavia even had a formalized "military clique" represented in the League of Communists, which was an integral part of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia at federal level, together with the republican leagues. Thus, the influence of the party on the military organization was secured, and the influence of the army in the society was also "secured" by its representation in the party forum at federal level. Consequently, the Serbian political elite welcomed the dissolution of the SFRY with perhaps the only constant in its strategic culture, and that is the reliance on the military in resolving political crises, which can be vividly presented by the statement of Slobodan Milosević: "We do not know how to work, but we know how to fight".
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11

Yun,, Eul Yo. "A Study on the Military Camouflage Pattern Designs in 20th Century." Journal of Cultural Product and Design 47, no. 1 (December 30, 2016): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.18555/kicpd.2016.47.28.

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12

Kobiałka, Dawid. "Airborne Laser Scanning and 20th Century Military Heritage in the Woodlands." Ana­lecta Archa­eolo­gica Res­so­viensia 12 (2017): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/anarres.2017.12.14.

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13

Kh.I. SAIFETDINOV. "Alexander Svechin, an Outstanding Military Thinker of the Early 20th Century." Military Thought 27, no. 003 (September 30, 2018): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/mth.52543393.

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14

Lim, Nelson. "Book Review: Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century." Armed Forces & Society 30, no. 4 (July 2004): 687–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x0403000412.

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15

설인효. "Military Tradition of United States Before 20th Century: Forming and Development of Anti-Military Tradition." American Studies 35, no. 1 (May 2012): 149–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18078/amstin.2012.35.1.005.

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16

Da Silva P., José Luis. "Venezuelan Democracy in the 20th Century. The Struggle Between the Military and the Non–Military." Politeja 10, no. 24 (2013): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.10.2013.24.05.

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17

Ireland, Robert Roy, and John Michael Bostwick. "Why We Need Military Psychiatrists: 20th Century U.S. Military Psychiatry and Proposal for the Future." Military Medicine 162, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/162.4.278.

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18

Shokir Safarovich1, Gofforov, and Tursunova Gavhar. "Turkestan in the Russian Empire (The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century)." International Journal on Integrated Education 2, no. 6 (December 15, 2019): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v2i6.223.

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The Russian rulers seeker to establish the military-political supremacy of the Russian Empire in Turkestan and begun the mass migration of orthodox population who could be the reliable support to the Russian army in the area. The immigrants were settled in privileged conditions that served as the good basis for the establishment of colonial rules of governing. The have envisaged the plan of transforming the territory of Turkestan to the comfortable military-strategik base.
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19

Ivaniuk, Oleg. "Museumification of the military historical heritage in the Dnieper Ukraine and the Crimea in the 19th and early 20th centuries." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 2 (2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.2.8188.

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The article focuses on the beginning of the process of formation of museum collections relevant to the military past of the Dnieper Ukraine in the 19th — first decade of the 20th century. It is determined, in the research scope, that the process of creating museum exhibits, which consisted of monuments of military historical heritage, was influenced by the following: the development of archaeological research, which was stimulated by the domination of classicism, which induced interest in the ancient past, the imperial power ideologizing the historical process, the Ukrainian nobility (descendants of the Cossacks elders) preserving historical memory of the victorious past of their people, and so on. It is found, that during the 19th century, museumification of the 19th and early 20th centuries military heritage had several trends: the creation of “propaganda” exposition, which would remind of the key, from the tsarist regime point of view, imperial army victories, foster respect for the imperial family and the royal power institution self, commemorate imperial myths, the formation of the Cossacks antiquities collections, initiated by Ukrainian intellectuals and scholars; expositions formed by the military according to purely professional interest. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of museums, which had monuments of military history as a part of their collections, were founded. Some of the aforementioned museums are the following: the Museum of Ukrainian Antiquities in Chernihiv, the Museum of Heroic Defense and the Liberation of the City of Sevastopol, the Museum of Poltava Battle, etc. Museumification of the military heritage has stimulated the development of various areas of special military-historical research.
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20

Beach, Stephen, Bob Clarke, and Lorraine A. Mepham. "A Multi-Phase 20th-Century Military Landscape Near Shipton Bellinger, Salisbury Plain." Hampshire Studies 75, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 140–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24202/hs2020009.

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The investigation of a World War I (WWI) practice trench system on Salisbury Plain has revealed a wealth of detail about the construction and use of this military landscape. The archaeological works has also led to the recognition of at least three later periods of activity on the site, all connected with aspects of conflict, including World War II (WWII) and the Korean War. Finds comprising a mixture of issued equipment and personal objects from the excavations provide evidence of the conditions experienced by personnel while in training on Salisbury Plain. A particularly interesting find is a copper alloy cane finial marked O. T. C. (Officer Training Corps) and embellished with the coat of arms of William of Wykeham, the founder of Winchester College. The examination of aerial photographs further complements the excavation results available, allowing for the construction of a complex narrative for this corner of Hampshire.
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21

Cho, Jung-Mee, and Hee Yoo. "A Study on the Image Communication of Military Style in 20th Century." Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles 32, no. 8 (August 31, 2008): 1309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5850/jksct.2008.32.8.1309.

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22

Suryaev, Valery N. "MILITARY SERVICE IN THE PERCEPTION OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY THE EARLY 20th CENTURY." Journal of historical philological and cultural studies 2, no. 56 (June 30, 2017): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18503/1992-0431-2017-2-56-122-134.

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23

Oreskes, Naomi. ""Laissez-tomber": Military Patronage and Women's Work in Mid-20th-Century Oceanography." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 30, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27757836.

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24

Krynyukov, P. E., V. B. Simonenko, V. G. Abashin, and S. V. Beskrovnyy. "They remained the servants of Russia (the fate of military doctors of the Russian Imperial Army)." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 98, no. 6 (November 26, 2020): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30629/0023-2149-2020-98-6-473-479.

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The article presents the biographical data of military doctors of the Russian Imperial Army who continued to serve Russia after 1917 and participated in subsequent wars of the first half of the 20th century.
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25

CIOCANU, Sergius. "Lipovan wooden church in Chisinau (17th-20th centuries)." Arta 31, no. 1 (September 2022): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/arta.2022.31-1.17.

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The documents attest the presence in the city of Chisinau of the Lipovans (Russian Old Orthodox Believers) at the end of the 18th century. In the 18th century, the Chisinau’s Lipovans had their own wooden church, located at the south of the central market square of the city. It was seriously damaged by the fire which engulfed Chisinau during the military operations of 1788. Later, the wooden church was rebuilt in the same place. After the annexation of the eastern part of the Principality of Moldova by the Russian Empire, the Lipovan community was subjected to significant persecution by the tsarist authorities regarding to abridge freedom of their religion. This policy also had repercussion on the Lipovan church. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the church underwent several alterations and repairs that changed its appearance. In the middle of the 20th century, by the decision of the Soviet city authorities, this valuable object of the historical and cultural identity of the city of Chisinau was demolished.
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26

Kuzmin, Yuriy. "A New Interpretation of the History of the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 or a Subjective Assessment of the Researcher?" Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 20, no. 1 (April 5, 2019): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2019.20(1).109-123.

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The author of the book, O.S. Smyslov, interprets the military events in the area of the Khalkhin Gol river in 1939, defines the causes of the war, the role of commanders, military casualties and participants of military actions. The battle of Khalkhin Gol becomes the subject of much attention and study of Russian and Mongolian historians, especially the most complex and controversial issues of military and diplomatic history. Most of the research is original and contributes significantly to the interpretation of the military conflict, its geopolitical nature and its role in the world history of the 20th century. A new interpretation of the role of Georgy Zhukov in the crushing defeat of the Japanese troops at Khalkhin Gol is proposed in the monograph of the military historian O.S. Smyslov. The author of the book made an attempt to downplay and misrepresent the participation of Zhukov in the historical events. The author’s approach to the cause of the military conflict is critically examined as well as the methodology of historical research. The author of the review believes that the attempt of a new interpretation of the war in the Khalkhin Gol area is controversial and historically unconvincing. The matter merits professional discussion. There is a need to make a special encyclopedia, “The Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939”, which will enable to avoid misrepresentation of the tragic and heroic military events of history of the USSR and Russia of the 20th century.
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27

Chugunov, E. V. "Military towns for military-strategic function of Western Siberian towns (Omsk and Novo-Nikolaevsk) early in the 20th century." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-3-71-80.

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Purpose: Exploration of military towns as one of the components of military strategy of the cities of Omsk and Novo-Nikolaevsk in the 19–20th centuries.Design/methodology/approach: Archival and literary sources, buildings of the military department, quite autonomous in Siberian cities corresponding to all functional purposes.Research findings: The influence of the militarystrategic plans of the Russian Empire on the spatial development of military-strategic aspect of construction of barrack complexes in urban development.Practical implications: The research results can be applied in further study of military towns in Omsk and Novo-Nikolayevsk Originality/ value: Research results show the history of construction and architecture of military buildings of the 41st, 43rd, 44th Siberian Rifle Regiments, which were part of the Omsk Military District (Siberian Military District from 1899 to 1906) and stationed in Omsk and Novo-Nikolaevsk.
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28

Fitch, Kate. "Rethinking Australian public relations history in the mid-20th century." Media International Australia 160, no. 1 (August 2016): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x16651135.

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This article investigates the development of public relations in Australia and addresses calls to reconceptualise Australian public relations history. It presents the findings from an analysis of newspaper articles and industry newsletters in the 1940s and 1950s. These findings confirm the term public relations was in common use in Australia earlier than is widely accepted and not confined to either military information campaigns during the war or the corporate sector in the post-war period, but was used by government and public institutions and had increasing prominence through industry associations in the manufacturing sector and in social justice and advocacy campaigns. The study highlights four themes – war and post-war work, non-profit public relations, gender, and media and related industries – that enable new perspectives on Australian public relations history and historiography to be developed.
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29

Bobkov, Vladimir A. "Statutory Regulation of Living of Employees of Military Industry Enterprises of Russia in the Second Half of the XIX to the Beginning of the XX Century." Military juridical journal 2 (February 4, 2021): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2070-2108-2021-2-25-28.

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On the basis of historical documents that were not previously introduced into a wide scientific circulation, the features of the normative legal regulation of the life of workers of military-industrial enterprises (arsenals and factories) of Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries are reconstructed. The dependence of the social relations considered in the article on the development of civil and military legislation of the Russian Empire is shown. The publication found that the legal regulation sought to cover most aspects of the life of workers in military enterprises. The military authorities gave legislative incentives to impeccable and high-quality work, designated socio-economic guarantees for workers in the event of injury, injury or retirement. The corresponding punitive norms of the military legislation were applied to the workers of the military-industrial enterprises who were careless about the case, and sometimes committing antisocial actions. In general, civil and military legislation were harmoniously combined and successfully regulated the life of workers of military-industrial enterprises of Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. Effective legislative regulation helped boost productivity in military factories and arsenals, and ultimately ensured the strength of domestic weapons and increased Russia’s national security.
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30

Shishmonin, Sergey Vladimirovich. "EVOLUTION OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN THE WORLD." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 9 (2019): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2019-3-9-107-113.

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In a rapidly changing and unstable situation on the world stage, private military companies are present and developing very effectively in the military sphere. Relation to private military companies is a relatively new actors in the military sphere, is not clear. The history of formation and development of these organizations is short, but very bright. Mercenarism and prototypes of private military companies were known in ancient times. We show the evolution of private military companies from mercenaries to modern companies. In the modern sense of the term private military companies began to be actively created only in the middle of the 20th century. European states, in particular, the United States, played an active role in these processes. This state also went down in history as the first legally regulate the activities of military companies. In just over half a century, private military companies have been involved in many military conflicts and have proven to be a highly mobile and versatile tool for addressing geopolitical and state tasks. Since the early of 21th century, international private corporations and enterprises have become interested in the services of these organizations. The private-military segment of the market is developing very actively and steadily in the conditions of the modern world situation.
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31

Goga, Ramona Ioana. "Privatization of Security in the 20th Century. From Mercenaries to Private Military Corporations." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 63, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2018.1.11.

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32

Valencia Grajales, José Fernando, Mayda Soraya Marín Galeano, and Juan Carlos Beltrán López. "Dictatorships in Latin America and their influence of right and left movements since the 20th century." Ratio Juris 16, no. 32 (May 10, 2021): 17–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24142/raju.v16n32a1.

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Since the time of independence, the military has permeated politics by controlling the most important positions of the respective Latin American governments, these influences have caused a series of direct influences on the political, economic, cultural and social conception of the states. Directing the mythical-political referents accepted or formal, with a tendency to the right or conservatism-religious to the detriment of others, generating socio-political reactions against from a reactionary or raised in arms. But these responses from the left have provoked dictatorial political or military responses. The methodology used for the present analysis is based on critical historical construction, critical discourse analysis and normative and political hermeneutics, which will allow us to show the influence of the military within countries, as well as policy interference Exterior.
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33

Gates, Eugene, and Karla Hartl. "Vítězslava Kaprálová: a remarkable voice in 20th-century Czech Music." Tempo, no. 213 (July 2000): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004029820000783x.

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It was with enormous pride in the achievements of his 23-year-old protégé Vítězslava Kaprálová that Bohuslav Martinů wrote the following in his review of the 1938 International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) Festival, held in London:The very first item on the programme of the Festival was Military Sinfouictta by Vitězslava Kaprálová – an opening with great promise for both the festival and the composer. Her performance was awaited with interest as well as some curiosity – a girl with a baton is quite an unusual phenomenon – and when our ‘little girl conductor’ (as the English newspapers called her) appeared before the orchestra, she was welcomed by a supportive audience. She stood before the orchestra with great courage and both her composition and performance earned her respect and applause from the excellent BBC orchestra, the audience, and the critics. … Kaprálová's international debut is a success, promising and encouraging.
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34

KAJETANOWICZ, Jerzy. "POLISH SECURITY STRATEGIES IN THE LATTER HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 161, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3078.

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The article presents the main concepts of the Polish military security strategy after WW2. Three main periods have been identified: the first one in the years of 1945-1955, the second one in the years of 1955-1991 and the third one in the years of 1991-1999. The first period includes the development of domestic security concepts during the post-war period. In the second period the participation of Poland in the Warsaw Pact as a collective security system has been elaborated. The last one, the end of the 20th century, describes the concepts of the Polish national security under the conditions of forced military self-reliance.
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35

Zuziak, Janusz. "Lviv as the cradle of Polish independence organizations." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 201, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 534–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.3406.

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Lviv occupies a special place in the history of Poland. With its heroic history, it has earned the exceptionally honorable name of a city that has always been faithful to the homeland. SEMPER FIDELIS – always faithful. Marshal Józef Piłsudski sealed that title while decorating the city with the Order of Virtuti Militari in 1920. The past of Lviv, the always smoldering and uncompromising Polish revolutionist spirit, the climate, and the atmosphere that prevailed in it created the right conditions for making it the center of thought and independence movement in the early 20th century. In the early twentieth century, Polish independence organizations of various political orientations were established, from the ranks of which came legions of prominent Polish politicians and military and social activists.
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Badalov, Oleg. "Creative activity by G. Kkunkin in the context of the development of the military brass band’s culture of the Chernihiv region." Collection of scientific works “Notes on Art Criticism”, no. 39 (September 1, 2021): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32461/2226-2180.39.2021.238697.

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The purpose of the article is to study the activities of the military musician, conductor of the brass band of the Chernihiv Higher Military Aviation College of Pilots, one of the founders of the modern orchestral culture of the Chernihiv region, Major Gryhory Borysovych Kunkin (1927–2009) in the context of the development of military music of Chernihiv region, his contribution to the formation of regional cultural space of the second half of 20th century. The author examines the life of G. Kunkin against the background of the development of the military-musical performance of the Chernihiv region. The methodology is based on historical-chronological, source-study, logical-generalizing, and comparative methods for elucidating the chronology of the development of military musical art of Chernihiv region of the 20th century, the study of G. Kunkin's creative biography, and generalization of information about military conductors of Chernihiv region – his contemporaries, memoirs of G. Kunkin's colleagues, identification of factors influencing his work on the development of the cultural space of Chernihiv region. The scientific novelty of the publication lies in the first domestic musicology study of the life of G. Kunkin as one of the prominent figures of the military-musical culture of the Chernihiv region. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate that G. Kunkin during his career as a military conductor had a significant impact on the development of the military and musical culture of the Chernihiv region. With his activity he revived the regional military-musical life, outlined the main directions of its further development, which were realized in the works of military conductors of Chernihiv region at the beginning of the 21 century; G. Kunkin's concert activity of the military brass band popularized the brass art among the population of the region and, as a result, conditioned the social demand for learning to play wind instruments, intensifying the activity in this direction in art schools of Chernihiv region and music college named after L. Revytsky. The successful combination of musical experience, personal qualities, and organizational abilities allowed G. Kunkin to make a significant contribution to the potential of the spiritual culture of the Chernihiv region, which is worthily presented in Ukraine and abroad by military brass bands of the region.
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37

Popelková, Renata. "Changes in woodland cover in the Karviná district from the second half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 21st century." Ekológia (Bratislava) 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2018-0013.

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AbstractThis study analyses the changes in woodland cover from the mid-18th century to the turn of the 21st century in a distinctive region of the Czech Republic – the Karviná district. This region has been substantially affected by the process of industrialisation during the 19th and 20th centuries, which transformed a formerly agricultural landscape into a landscape heavily impacted by underground coal mining and related landscape processes. The occurrence of woodland cover in the Karviná district was determined from historical military maps (second half of the 18th century, first half of the 19th century, second half of the 19th century, first half of the 20th century) and from a colour orthophoto (2017) verified with reference to a contemporary map. The article interprets the occurrence of woodland cover depicted in the abovementioned sources and presents an interpretative key. The vectorisation of the woodland cover and the analysis of temporal–spatial changes in woodland cover were conducted using ArcGIS 10 software.
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38

Bijan, Amanj N. B. "Kurdish studies in Russia in the early 20th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 190 (2021): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2021-26-190-158-165.

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We consider the history of studying the history of Kurds in Russia in the early 20th century. The plans of cooperation between the Russians and Kurds against the Ottoman Empire are analyzed. We consider the socio-political and research activities of Russian politicians and scientists in the framework of solving the Kurdish issue. Research on Kurdistan, which began in the 19th century, continued and developed in Russia. Along with military and strategic studies, there were studies of Kurdish clans and Kurdish society. In addition to Russian scientists, Russian diplomats also contributed to the development of Kurdish studies. Before World War I, Russia tried to establish consulates and shopping centers in Kurdish cities. In the early of 20th century in Russia, Kurdish studies were developing rapidly, which was due to both the international situation and the activity of well-trained specialists-orientalists. Often they, like V.F. Minorsky and I.A. Orbeli, combined official (diplomatic) and research activities. Active role in the formation and development of Kurdish studies played N.I. Marr and A.S. Shamilov, who had no formal linguistic education and has been at the epicenter of political processes in the Soviet historiography and linguistics (repression, criticism of “marisma”). Despite the complex political processes of the early 20th cen-tury, it was during this period that the main ideas about Kurdish history and the Kurdish language were formed, and the main scientific schools were formed, which were developed after 1945.
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39

Muhammad, Fida, Muhammad Ayaz Khan, and Saif Ul Islam. "Role of religion in American politics: An analysis of the influence of Evangelical Church in Israeli Palestinian conflict." Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 2, no. 2 (November 23, 2021): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.2.12.

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The politics of the Holy land is of crucial importance to the followers of the three Abrahamic religions in terms of religious beliefs, which metamorphosed into military and political significance in the 20th Century. The United States (U.S) support for Israel is especially visible during the republican presidencies. The U.S had five republican presidents from 1980 to 2020, and their evangelical beliefs shaped American foreign policy toward this region, a policy that may loosely be termed as affected by Christian Zionism, which was originally a 16th Century religious Puritan movement, who latter shaped into Christian political movement. U.S Christian Zionism reiterates favourable images of Jews and is pessimistic about peace in Holy land. Christian Zionists believe Lord has bestowed the land of Palestine to Jews and have held up this claim since the turn of the 20th Century. This paper first describes the fundamental nature of Christian Zionism, their view of the modern Israel and resultant political and military policies. This also focuses Christian Zionists support of republican presidents and specially President Trump relationship with Christian Zionism. The shifting of U.S embassy to Jerusalem, the formal approval to Jerusalem as the capital of Israel by President Trump are studied.
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40

Dodson, Giles. "REVIEW: 'Digger' media out-manoeuvred by military." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i1.303.

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Review of: Witnesses to War: The History of Australian Conflict Reporting, by Fay Anderson and Richard Trembath. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2011, 501 pp, ISBN 978-0522856446 (pbk)Witnesses to War: The History of Australian Conflict Reporting provides a thorough-going account of the developments and, importantly, of continuities which have characterised Australian reporting of foreign wars since the 19th century. It is a welcome addition to the growing body of conflict reporting literature, in particular to that which concerns the local experience. It is clear the forces which structure Australian war journalism have remained relatively constant throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.
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41

Fal’ko, S. A. "Activity of European Military-Instruction Missions in the Countries of South-Eastern Europe at the beginning of the XX century." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 24–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-2.

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This article studies one of the components of the history of modernization processes in the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the latter half of the 19th century – the early 20th century – military modernization. The purpose of research is to analyze the role of foreign military assistance in formation of military forces of Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania and Greece. Separate directions of military assistance provided to the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the form of military missions, training of officers in Europe, arms export and other aspects are disclosed. One of the markers of military development during the period in question was the military instructor activity of the developed European countries in the framework of military modernization of possible military allies in these countries. The lower limit of research is the Bosnian crisis in 1908 caused by annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. The conflict was the reason of rapid militarization of the region. Military missions from the countries of Europe began their activity in Greece, Montenegro, Turkey. Thousands of officers from Balkan army studied in military establishments of Europe. The top limit of the research is the First world war І 1914-1918. The obvious success was attained with modernization of the armed forces of allies by military missions from Germany in Turkey and from France in Romania in that time. The work deals with the process of military modernization, i.e. the activities of military instructor missions of the leading European countries during the interwar period. The time interval of the study ranges within 1908-1918. This was the period marked by modernization of new national armies in Eastern Europe. Military missions played an important role in this complex process. The comparison of the results of transformations provides for better understanding of the regional specifics and concrete results of this form of military modernization of armed forces during the twenty-year interwar period. The method for comparing variations of military modernization of armies of Oriental countries occurring at the turn of the 20th centuries and reorganization of military forces of the countries of South-Eastern Europe is used. This method instantiates results, consequences, failures and success of military modernization. The research is relevant for studying modern processes of military modernization.
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42

KULYUKIN, A. A. "Organizational and legal framework for execution of punishments by the military police in the Russian Empire." Ius Publicum et Privatum 4, no. 14 (November 18, 2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2713-2811-2021-4-18-22.

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The article examines the issues of execution of punishments against military personnel by the military police in the Russian Empire. The functions of the military police related to the execution of punishments in the army are determined, a description of the stages of development of this institution (from the 17th century to the 20th century) is given, in particular, depending on the reform of legislation, the creation of new institutions for the execution of sentences, four stages are identified: 1) 1621–1716, 2) 1717–1826, 3) 1827– 1867, 4) 1868–1917. It is concluded that the genesis of the penal system is a structured and purposeful process of transforming the relevant institutions. The need to apply the experience accumulated in the army of the Russian Empire is emphasized.
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43

Gefner, Olga V. "“It Was Not Able to Live Without Work”: Military Medic Pavel F. Breytigam (1844-1920) in Memories of the Son Vladimir P. Breytigam." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical Studies 7, no. 2 (26) (October 8, 2020): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2020.7(2).140-144.

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The article describes the social and scientific activities of a member of the intelligentsia of Omsk at the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century military medic Pavel F. Breytigam. For the first time, the memoirs of his son, Vladimir P. Breytigam, about the father will be published.
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44

Sydorenko, Andrii. "Ukrainian Studies Direction in the Cultural and Scholarly Activity of the Ukrainian Military Emigration of the 20th-Century Interwar Period." Ukrainian Studies, no. 1(78) (May 20, 2021): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.1(78).2021.224214.

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The purpose of this article is to investigate the specifics of Ukrainian studies in the cultural and scholarly activities of the Ukrainian military emigration. Based on its archival documents and research publications, such issues are covered: the origins of cultural and scholarly activities of the Ukrainian military emigration in view of its internment in 1920–1921; the place of the Ukrainian studies direction in the activities of scientific military societies and respective museum departments; Ukrainian studies aspects concerned by the representatives of the Ukrainian military emigration in their scientific works.The research process provided such results: the cultural and scientific activities of the Ukrainian military emigration stemmed from the work of the Military Section of the Ukrainian Diplomatic Mission and cultural and educational commissions, which provided camp soldiers with lectures on Ukrainian studies, literary and theatrical arts, and library work. The activities of scientific military societies and museum departments presented the direction of Ukrainian studies in the collection of archival documents and materials on the National Liberation War of 1917–1921, publication of thematic editions, lectures on Ukrainian history, and participation in ceremonial and memorial events, which were conducted in the academic environment of the Ukrainian emigration. In their research works, representatives of the Ukrainian military emigration touched upon aspects of the history of Ukraine during the National Liberation War of 1917–1921, the Cossacks, Ukrainian ethnography and geography. They managed to have accumulated significant intellectual outcome in the field of Ukrainian studies, which is still relevant today. The achievement of the author of the study is a synthesis created on the basis of a comprehensive study of sources and historiography, which consider the problem of Ukrainian military emigration in the interwar period in the light of Ukrainian studies, which is quite unusual for the respective field of domestic historiography. This made it possible to obtain new conclusions.
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45

Piotrowski, Jacek. "Szablą, piórem i... stetoskopem! Gen. Stefan Hubicki w walce o granice Odrodzonej Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1918–1920." Annales Collegii Nobilium Opolienses 1, no. 10 (December 31, 2021): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/acno2021107.

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The results of historical research sometimes need updating – especially if some valuable new historical resources turn up. This is often the case of 20th century history, where iconographic materials are important, which are being gradually submitted for publication by families. This way valuable information can be revealed about, for example, the hero of this article. Stefan Hubicki is an extremely interesting person – a soldier by choice, a publicist by temper, a doctor by profession. He was a versatilely gifted, openminded man, descended from a family of strong independence traditions. It was at the beginning of 20th century when he was imprisoned by tsarism for subversive activity. During the Great War in the Russian army and later in Polish military formations, he employed all his talents to the effort of rebuilding the independent Polish Republic. He was fighting as a soldier, then as a French intelligence agent in Bolshevik Russia, then working as a publicist and politician in Polish National Committee in Paris. Since spring 1919, back in Poland, in frontlines of border wars he helped soldiers as the chief of sanitary service. For his service he received the highest military medal of honour Virtuti Militari. In meantime his personal life rolled on in the background – highly complicated, because he was in danger of being convicted for bigamy. He was a colourful person, rising above the limitations of his era. Despite of his inconspicuous looks and average height he possessed a leadership charisma.
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46

Salminen, Mirva, and Aki-Mauri Huhtinen. "The Comprehensive Approach as a Strategic Design to Run the Military-Industrial Complex in Operations." International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 2, no. 2 (April 2012): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2012040103.

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How to steer military actions that are concurrent both in the real world and in virtual networks? After the great wars of the 20th century and the Cold War with the threat of nuclear warfare, the information revolution, as well as the emergence of new wars and global threats, has led to an increasingly complex security space of the 21st century. A corner of this space is occupied by private military and security contractors that have been introduced to the wide public as previously undetected actors operating in conflict zones. These developments have required the re-thinking of military organisation, planning and conduct. This article scrutinises the basic principle and key concepts of a new western politico-strategic level military planning model called the Comprehensive Approach. It is a Wikileaks type of open door policy: everyone operating in the same real space can participate in the shared virtual planning space. The model’s usability in the new military atmosphere is under theoretical scrutiny. Challenges that the open planning creates to the military organisation are highlighted.
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47

Arlukevich, Aliaksandr B. "The military apartment fee in Belarus (second half of the 19th – early 20th century)." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 3 (August 10, 2021): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-3-52-70.

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The article reveals the influence of the military housing tax on the socio-economic development of municipal centers and the processes of urbanisation in Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. On the basis of a wide range of sources, it is proved that during the period under review, the amount of funds collected by the population in cities and towns with the active mediation of local self-government institutions for the rental of army headquarters, infirmaries, warehouses, officers’ apartments, rent and construction of soldiers’ barracks was comparable to the total income of magistrates and thus deprived them of the necessary reserve for saving and developing public utilities and infrastructure. On this basis, the collection of apartment money can be considered one of the key economic factors that determined the specifics of the development of the Belarusian city during the modernisation period. Until now the collection of funds in the framework of post-conscription in the territory of the Belarusian provinces has not become the subject of special research. Most of the facts presented in the work are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
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48

Trischler, Helmuth, and Hans Weinberger. "Engineering Europe: big technologies and military systems in the making of 20th century Europe." History and Technology 21, no. 1 (March 2005): 49–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341510500037503.

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49

Szulc, Tomasz. "A history of the Neisse Garrison." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 193, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5007.

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The Neisse Garrison always held a strategic position starting with its es-tablishment in the Early Middle Ages until the end of the 20th century. Its convenient location in the Sudety Foothills meant that it served de-fence functions protecting this area from both attacks from the north and the south. Over the centuries relations between the city and the military underwent numerous transformations depending on who con-trolled it. In the times of the Bishop’s Duchy and the rule of Habsburg only small troops stationed in the garrison, and the security of the whole area was provided by bulwarks. In 1741, after Neisse was seized by Frederick II, the town acquired enormous significance. The symbiosis between Neisse and the military, which lasted for the subsequent 260 years, had a considerable influence on the development and im-portance of the town. As a result of changes which took place in the Polish Army on the turn of the 20th and 21st century, the Neisse Garri-son was closed down.
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50

Gefner, Olga V. "Literacy Training for the Lower Ranks of the Russian Army in the Second Half of the 19th – Beginning of the 20th Century (on the Materials of the Cities of Western Siberia)." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical Studies 7, no. 4 (28) (December 28, 2020): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2312-1300.2020.7(4).24-33.

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The article analyzes the educational level of the lower ranks of the Russian army in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century on the example of military units serving in the cities of Western Siberia. The educational policy of the state in relation to the lower ranks, educational activities in the troops of the region are considered.
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