Relevant bibliographies by topics / Military 20th century

Academic literature on the topic 'Military 20th century'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Military 20th century"

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Rich, Norman M., and David G. Burris. "“Modern” military surgery: 19th Century compared with 20th Century." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 200, no. 3 (March 2005): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.10.028.

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Knust, Martin. "20th-century Music in Sweden. An Overview." Musicological Annual 54, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.54.2.31-43.

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Sweden appeared as a music exporting country on the map in the beginning of the 20th century. Located between different shifting military and political blocks it maintained a politics that contributed to some extent to the specific shape of Sweden’s music life which this overview outlines.
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Gradmann, Christoph, Mark Harrison, and Anne Rasmussen. "Typhoid and the Military in the Early 20th Century." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, Supplement_5 (October 15, 2019): S385—S387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz672.

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Abstract Background In the decades following the discovery of the bacillus causing typhoid, in 1880, understanding of the disease formerly known as enteric fever was transformed, offering new possibilities for prevention. Gradually, measures that aimed to prevent infection from human carriers were developed, as were inoculations designed to confer immunity against typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. These were initially introduced in European armies that were regularly ravaged by typhoid, especially garrisons stationed in the colonies. This article reviews the research undertaken in the armed forces and the measures that they implemented in the years up to and during the First World War. Methods The article is based on an analytical review of scientific literature from the early 19th century, focusing on the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. Results The armies of the United Kingdom, Germany, and France undertook important work on the transmission of typhoid in the years between 1890 and 1918. Many preventive measures were introduced to deal with the spread of typhoid but these varied between the 3 countries, depending largely on their political traditions. Inoculation was particularly successful in preventing typhoid and greatly reduced the number of casualties from this disease during the First World War. Despite this, it proved difficult to prevent paratyphoid infection, and debates continued over which vaccines to use and whether or not immunization should be voluntary. Conclusions By the end of the First World War, the value of inoculation in preventing the spread of typhoid had been proven. Its successful implementation demonstrates the importance of vaccination as a public health intervention during times of conflict and social upheaval.
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Zul’fugarzade, Teimur E., and Artyom Yu Peretyatko. "Military Traditions of the Don Cossacks in the Late Imperial Period." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 3 (2020): 771–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.305.

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The issue of the development of military traditions in the Cossack milieu on the eve of the 20th century is a matter of debate in contemporary Russian historiography. A number of scholars (e. g., A.V.Iarovoi and N.V.Ryzhkova) have argued that the Cossacks’ system of historical military traditions remained viable until 1917. Other researchers (e. g., O.V.Matveev) have claimed that the system of Cossack military traditions had actually experienced a crisis and collapsed by then. This paper seeks to establish the truth. To accomplish this, the authors draws upon a set of newly discovered responses from Russian generals to the report of the Maslakovets Commission. The paper shows that the Cossacks’ historical traditions of military training in the stanitsas were forgotten not by the beginning of the 20th century, but by the 1860s. During this time, declining combat capability of the Don units, with 50% of the young Cossacks entering military service by the beginning of the 20th century “poorly” and “unsatisfactorily” prepared, drew the attention of Alexander II. The War Ministry endeavored to revive the Cossacks’ martial games and military training in the stanitsas. However, according to certain Cossack generals, its actions, at the same time, had violated the historical Cossack traditions of military training, causing, by certain testimonies, their total ruin by the beginning of the 20th century. The main conclusion drawn in this paper is that the image of the Cossack as a “dashing equestrian warrior” going back to official pre-revolutionary historiography is highly idealized.
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Tratsiak, Zoya. "Да праблемы спецыфiкi аўтарэфлексii ў беларускай ваеннай прозе ХХ стагоддзя." Białorutenistyka Białostocka 13 (2021): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bb.2021.13.14.

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The article is devoted to some self-reflection examples in the 20th century Belarusian military prose. The role of Lev Tolstoy’s ouvre in the formation of the artistic method of Belarusian writers who embodied the events of the First and the Second World Wars has been considered. The ways how to awake the interest to Belarusian literature devoted to 1914–1918 thanks to the national historical prose of the second half of the 20th century are determined (for example, the novel ‘Refugees’ by V. Karamazau). The references to foreign military prose (books by E.M. Remarque or E. Junger) present in the books of Belarusian writers of the second half of the 20th century have been discussed.
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Polgár, Balázs. "The conflict archaeology of the 19th–20th century in Hungary." Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae 2020 (March 3, 2022): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.54640/cah.2020.197.

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Conflict archaeology has significant traditions in Hungary. This paper presents conflict archaeological research on three military sites of the 19th and 20th centuries (the battlefield of Kismegyer, the POW camp of Ostffyasszonyfa and the aircraft wreck of Bágyogszovát) associated with the Ministry of Defence Military History Institute and Museum. Finally, the Appendix concludes the study by presenting 25 more Hungarian conflict archaeological research projects from the Napoleonic Wars to the Cold War.
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Skorospelov, P. P. "The Russian Globalization Project in the XX Century. Anatomy of a Military-Political Strategy." Russia & World: Sc. Dialogue, no. 3 (August 21, 2022): 122–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53658/rw2022-2-3(5)-122-149.

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The article discusses the main components of the military-political strategy of Russia in the «short» 20th century – from 1900 to 1991. Special attention is paid to how the foreign policy and the use of Armed Forces were planned. Reconstructing the intellectual ideas that created the framework of the foreign and military policy of the Russian state at that time, the author focuses on the elements that unite the leaders of Russia of the 20th century from Nikolai Romanov to Mikhail Gorbachev. Such issues as the «globalization» of the USSR in world affairs, relations with neighboring Asian centers of power, such as China and Iran, the sphere of «special state interests» of the USSR in Eastern Europe are discussed in the work. The evolution of Russian military strategy in the 20th century is studied: from betting on victory in the World War in the first half of the century to focusing on the actions of expeditionary groups during the Cold War. The article analyzes in detail the strategic deterrence measures carried out by the Armed Forces of the USSR in the 1950-1970. The issue of the resources of military-political strategy is considered separately.
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Poddubny, M. V. "Military Medical Journal at the beginning of the 20th century." Военно-медицинский журнал 343, no. 8 (2022): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52424/00269050_2022_343_8_62.

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Bornmann, John. "Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century (review)." Anthropological Quarterly 76, no. 4 (2003): 823–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anq.2003.0052.

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Blagojević, Veljko, and Dejan Petrović. "Military cliques in the Serbian strategic culture of the 20th century." Vojno delo 73, no. 3 (2021): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo2103088b.

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Throughout the entire 20th century, the Serbian strategic culture was "torn" by various discontinuities, from the state system, through foreign policy and ideological, to strategic and doctrinal orientation, and it can be said that discontinuity is almost its only constant. Nevertheless, the existence of military cliques can be considered to be one of the constants of the Serbian strategic culture. They followed the Serbian Army and influenced the political life of the Kingdom of Serbia. The dynastic coup of May 1903 can be taken as an example of their actions. After that, younger conspirators established the so-called Black Hand, whose leader was Colonel Apis, who was shot after the Thessaloniki process in 1917. The interwar period was marked by the action of the so-called White Hand, under the leadership of General Petar Živković, which was active until the assassination of King Alexander Karađorđević in Marseilles in 1934. The Second Yugoslavia even had a formalized "military clique" represented in the League of Communists, which was an integral part of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia at federal level, together with the republican leagues. Thus, the influence of the party on the military organization was secured, and the influence of the army in the society was also "secured" by its representation in the party forum at federal level. Consequently, the Serbian political elite welcomed the dissolution of the SFRY with perhaps the only constant in its strategic culture, and that is the reliance on the military in resolving political crises, which can be vividly presented by the statement of Slobodan Milosević: "We do not know how to work, but we know how to fight".
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Military 20th century"

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Saliba, Peter. "Exploiting the weather gap : meteorology and naval operations in the 20th Century." Thesis, Hanover, N.H. : Dartmouth College, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02May%5Fsaliba.pdf.

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McGovern, Jeffrey. ""Seeing" an Everyday State: The Geopolitics of 20th Century United States Military Veterans." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293481.

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This dissertation is a critical engagement with the myth of the reified modern state - that Leviathan that seemingly exists outside of the social while residing within the natural. In doing so it joins an effort to move the field of critical geopolitics beyond critiquing classical geopolitics to one that includes a transformative component, as expressed in the overarching field of critical theory. The undergirding methodological and theoretical approaches of this dissertation are rooted in the interplay between the semiotic, the performative, and the visual, an eclectic framework that grapples with the shifting representational practices of geopolitics - practices that are centered on maintaining a particular meta-narrative of the state - i.e., the myth of the state as a reified subject. As a means to demystify this particular paradigm of the state I look at the contradictions and the challenges proffered by a unique set of actors, soldiers and veterans. I accomplish this: military actors. This is accomplished by bringing to the forefront, through imagery, the visual and communicative performances of their everyday geopolitical practices as military actors and citizens. The three cases that make up this dissertation each address particular interconnections between soldiers, veterans, and the myth of "the state," with each employing an approach that visually interrogates the spatial and material relationships as a means to explore "the everyday" performances of their geopolitical practices. Soldiers and veterans are uniquely situated in geopolitical discourses about the state, as they are framed and/or frame themselves, depending on the context, as both "state" and "non-state" actors and, as such, through their conjoined identities can collapse the meta-narrative of the state-as-object by their very "being." In this interrogation, therefore, I add to an effort to push for a reconceptualization of the state, arguing that "it" should be re-imaged or reframed as an everyday relationship between citizens - a state as relationship rather than a state as object. This shift moves a critical geopolitical inquiry away from reproducing what it critiques, to critically engaging with the practices that produce the representations that help to constitute it.
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Jones, Alexander David. "Pinchbeck regulars? : the role and organisation of the Territorial Army, 1919-1940." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:38dc5164-f858-4bba-9bfb-a1c4b4a59550.

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This thesis examines how Britain's government and military establishment conceptualised the role of the voluntary Territorial Army (TA) between the World Wars, and explores the relationship with British defence policy during the period. It also evaluates whether or not the TA was capable of carrying out its ascribed role, through a balanced assessment of its organisation, training and military efficiency. It posits that the TA was integral to British defence planning and played a key part in the Army's mobilisation plans, although the priority given to its role shifted throughout the period in accordance with the direction of Britain's strategic focus. Additionally, this thesis will emphasise that the Territorial Army had not one purpose but several. Alongside its central function as the framework for a conscript National Army it held key responsibilities for both home and imperial defence. This thesis examines the TA's role and organisation in a thematic and broadly chronological manner. Part I deals with the TA's expeditionary role and its function as the framework for all future military expansion, as well as its role as a voluntary imperial reserve for any medium scale wars conducted without resorting to conscription. Part II focuses on the Territorial Army's home defence responsibilities, in particular its domestic role in aiding the civil power and its contribution to Britain's increasingly important air defence capabilities.
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Festa, Janice. "Anschluss 1938 : Austria's potential for military resistance." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0004/MQ43863.pdf.

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Alphin, Judson Wayne. "The early military thought of Winston S. Churchill." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:be81c453-5166-4e6a-b4ce-c443706e2dd9.

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Winston S. Churchill was a war leader during two world wars, and yet there are few substantive studies of his younger years when he was a practising soldier. This thesis aims to study the early intellectual development of Churchill in those areas which have direct impact on the art of war. The chapters are arranged narratively (Chapters 2-3) and thematically (Chapters 4-8). The introduction covers the scope and methodology of the work. Chapters 2-3 give an account of Churchill's early years, and trace the development of several prominent features of his character that helped form and inform the presuppositions of his later military intellectual development. Chapter 4 addresses Churchill's interactions with late Victorian cavalry doctrine and debate. Chapters 5-7 each address themes of an expanding scope of influence and conceptualization: first, the tactics of war; second, the policy and strategy of war; and finally, Churchill's conceptions of war. The conclusion summarizes the hallmarks and syntheses of Churchill's early military intellectual development, and identifies judgments which can be drawn about his perspicacity as soldier and commander.
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Witherspoon, Ralph Pomeroy. "The military draft and the all-volunteer force: a case study of a shift in public policy." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40408.

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This dissertation is a case study of a public policy decision, the decision to shift the military manpower policy of the United States from conscription to a policy of complete volunteerism--the all-volunteer force. The case study approach is largely historical and is concentrated on the turbulent period between 1965, when the United States' combat role in South Vietnam escalated sharply, and 1973, the year of American withdrawal from the war and the last Selective Service System draft call. A brief history of the military manpower policy of the United States is outlined in order to set the case study period within the proper context and to permit a fuller understanding and appreciation of the policy decision. In order that the case study may have potential application to the study of other public policy decisions, a theoretical model for changes in public policy-making is developed based on the research of public policy-making theorists. This model, which is largely adapted from the theoretical work of ~he Agenda-Building Theorists, is compared to the events and inter-actions of key players in the case study. Although conclusions about a wider applicability of the model is not possible, it can be concluded that the theoretical model does fit the events and circumstances contained in the case study. In addition to attempting to derive a working theoretical model of change in public policy-making, a secondary purpose of the research is to address the nonnative aspects of the shift in policy from conscription to volunteerism. Based on the pattern of American military manpower policy, it appears that Anglo-Saxon liberalism, rooted in the freedom of the individual, is an extremely strong strain in American thinking, and that the relatively long period of conscription in the United States after World War II was an anomaly in the history of American military manpower policies.
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Von, Herff Michael. ""They walk through the fire like the blondest German" : African soldiers serving the Kaiser in German East Africa (1888-1914)." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60565.

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The maintenance of German colonial rule in East Africa depended on a strong military presence. The Kaiserliche Schutztruppe fur Deutsch Ostafrika was established to meet this need, but financial and political constraints dictated that this force be manned by an African rank and file. Initially, most of the African recruits came from outside of the colony, but, as time passed, the Germans began recruiting from a few specific ethnic groups in the colony.
The relationship between the African soldiers and their German employers yielded military successes for the new colonial government and, by extension, an enhanced status for the soldiers themselves. Over time, the Africans within the Schutztruppe distanced themselves from other Africans in the colony and began to develop separate communities at the government stations, which in turn fostered the growth of an askari group identity. The interests of these communities became inextricably linked to the German presence in the region. The development of this relationship helps to explain the askaris' support of the German campaign against the British during the First World War.
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O'Keeffe, Eleanor Katherine. "Localities of memory, localities of mobilisation : British military communities and the Great War, 1919-1939." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/13035.

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This thesis examines the role of British localities in the production of military force during the 1920s and 1930s. I argue that, during an era so disenfranchising for the armed forces in national politics and culture, the 'Local' provided a haven for servicemen and military units. Rather than theorising mobilisation as a set of state centred economic or technocratic proscriptions, this research takes the social and cultural renewal of military units as a starting point. Drawing on a range of historical and anthropological methodologies, I have set out to uncover what were - to borrow Foucault's phrase - 'regimes of truth': multiple ideological currents and social contexts that legitimised service identities during this period. Local spaces are not only useful arenas for dissecting these operations; local people and identities were crucial formative elements in these processes. Two case studies have provided the ground for this investigation: Newcastle and Glasgow. The thesis dissects the body of the British military machine at these entry points, viewing the configuration of military and naval power at ground level and the emergence of manpower from the collision between state directives and local society. It also examines the communities (soldiers, veterans) that arose through this. Focus moves from military to urban spaces, revealing the characters (pressmen, politicians) and practices (sociability, ritual, performance) that legitimised these communities. Much of this cultural work evoked the memory of the Great War and here the thesis intervenes in academic debates surrounding Commemoration after 1918. The final chapter unites these perspectives in a chronological elaboration of the period 1935-1939, detailing the ground level effort for national and civil defence. As well as enlivening our understanding of 20th century mobilisation, this research explores the depths of British local and national identities and the intricate ways in which the armed forces were framed within both.
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Deupree, William Erik. "Innovation on a budget the development of military technology during the interwar period, 1919-1939." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4934.

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This thesis investigates the progress of technological development during the interwar period of 1919 to 1939. The interwar period was a time of slashed military budgets and isolationist policies. However, despite political, financial, and organizational handicaps, each branch of the military made significant progress in the development of military technology, and the air corps and navy achieved significantly better results. The reason these two branches were able succeed was through a combination of organizational policy and the development of an overarching goal for their respective branch. Within this thesis, I investigated each of the major military branches during the interwar period, specifically the United States Army, Army Air Corps, and Navy. The air corps is considered a separate branch despite being a segment of the army due to its different strategic goal and its growing independence during the interwar period. In my research I found that the army made by far the least technological progress, but did make significant strides in terms of the development of individual components for larger projects. For example, the army developed the M1 rifle and state-of-the-art shock absorbers for tanks. The air corps succeeded in transforming from a small army auxiliary made up of wood-and-fabric biplanes into a largely independent branch of the military made up of all-metal monoplane bombers. The navy developed the aircraft carrier and aircraft to accompany the new ships, in addition to making substantial upgrades to existing ships. These upgrades included strengthening ships against torpedo attacks, making engines more efficient, and adding anti-aircraft guns to the ships' arsenals.
ID: 030422712; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-105).
M.A.
Masters
History
Arts and Humanities
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Coates, Oliver Richard. "A social history of military service in South-Western Nigeria, 1939-1955." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607779.

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Books on the topic "Military 20th century"

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1978-, Snow Dan, ed. 20th century battlefields. [London]: BBC Books, 2008.

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Neil, Grant. Chronicle of 20th Century Conflict. New York, New York, United States of America: Smithmark Publishers, 1993.

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S, Weeks John, ed. Military small arms of the 20th century. 7th ed. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2000.

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Bull, Stephen. 20th-century arms and armor. New York: Facts On File, 1996.

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Burridge, David. 20th century defences in Britain, Kent. London: Brassey's, 1997.

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Texans of valor: Military heroes in the 20th century. Austin, Tex: Eakin Press, 1998.

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Coffey, Michael. Days of infamy: Military blunders of the 20th century. New York: Hyperion, 1999.

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Turtledove, Harry, and Jean Little. The Best Military Science Fiction of the 20th Century. New York: Ballantine Pub. Group, 2001.

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Thompson, Jenny. War games: Inside the world of 20th-century war reenactors. Washington [D.C.]: Smithsonian Books, 2004.

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Peterson, Dorothy Burns. Military presence in 19th and 20th century Galveston County, Texas. [Philadelphia]: Xlibris, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Military 20th century"

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Jaeger, Lars. "The Pyrrhic Victory of Big Science—How Science Was Domesticated by the Military and Industry." In The Stumbling Progress of 20th Century Science, 199–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09618-1_11.

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Bromhead, E., M.-L. Ibsen, and D. Tapete. "19th and 20th century coastal military installations affected by coastal erosion in the UK." In Geotechnical Engineering for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic Sites, 191–98. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14895-22.

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"The Political Outlook of the Ottoman Military at the Turn of the 20th Century." In The Birth of Modern Turkey. I.B.Tauris, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755612369.ch-001.

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Takehiko, Inoue. "Buddhist Devotion to the Russian Tsar : The Bicultural Environment of the Don Kalmyk Sangha and Russian Orthodox Church in the 1830s." In The Early 20th Century Resurgence of the Tibetan Buddhist World. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728645_ch07.

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Inoue Takehiko’s paper analyses how the close and long-lasting relationship between Kalmyk Buddhists and Don Cossacks (in the Don Cossack province) developed during the nineteenth century. This relationship was mediated both by Kalmyk Buddhist monks and the requirements of military and religious services to the Tsar, leading to transformations in the identity of this Kalmyk group. He uses the example of the ceremony surrounding the opening of a Kalmyk Parish school in 1839 to demonstrate how both parties sought to combine their socio-religious cultures in furtherance of the alliance of their interests.
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Lenik, Stephan T., and Zachary J. M. Beier. "Military Material Life in the British Caribbean." In Archaeologies of Slavery and Freedom in the Caribbean. University Press of Florida, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400035.003.0012.

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Previous research in British Caribbean colonies investigates the lives of free and enslaved military personnel during the period of Atlantic slavery, within the context of each outpost’s strategic significance. Less well known are militia infantry and artillery that were stationed at military sites from the late 19th to the mid-20th century. In Jamaica, Rocky Point Battery, later Fort Rocky, defended Kingston Harbor from the 1880s until the Second World War. Jamaican volunteer militia and enlisted men as well as European officers and engineers stationed at this battery chose a British military life that dictated a regime of rigid spatial and temporal segregation whereby imperial thinking was deployed as military strategy. This paper examines ceramics, tobacco pipes, and uniform parts as objects that reflect institutional material culture which strove for homogeneity, while simultaneously leaving room for asserting a complex set of affiliations and individuality in a setting structured by British imperialism and geographic isolation.
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Stone, Dan. "2. Origins." In Concentration Camps: A Very Short Introduction, 10–29. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723387.003.0002.

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‘Origins’ traces the concentration camp’s origins in 19th- and early 20th-century colonial settings in Australia, the United States, Cuba, South Africa, and German South-West Africa (today Namibia), and in the Armenian genocide at the end of the Ottoman Empire. By studying the early concentration camps, we can understand how and why the camps emerged when they did, and clarify the links and differences between them and the fascist and communist concentration camps of the mid-20th century. European racism, military culture, more rapid forms of communication, and increasingly available print media all contributed to the global diffusion of concentration camp concept, which by the end of World War I became accepted as a technique of rule.
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"State Making, State Failure and Revolution in Military Affairs: War at the End of the 20th Century." In The Future of War, 147–66. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004482579_014.

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Nolan, Cathal J. "Medics." In Mercy, 142–64. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077280.003.0009.

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Abstract Before the 17th century most wounded soldiers received little medical care beyond that provided by fellow soldiers or women traveling with the baggage train or orders of nursing monks. Ming armies and Ottoman Janissaries were notable exceptions: they built dedicated military hospitals. The chapter highlights the first military hospitals in Europe, which did not replace barebones monasteries and a few charitable hospices until several decades after the Thirty Years War: Les Invalides in Paris in 1676 and Chelsea in London in 1682. French armies pioneered modern military medicine during the wars of Louis XIV. They were the first to utilize mobile field hospitals and “flying ambulances” during the Wars of the French Revolution. France also set up the first corps of modern medics, soldiers minimally trained in battlefield medicine and set up the first female nursing orders. Military medicine expanded immensely in the 20th century, keeping pace with the general expansion of war. That meant female nurses and doctors moved closer to the front while male medics moved directly into combat. Their stories form the bulk of the chapter.
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Avidzba, Vasiliy Sh. "Abkhazia in books published by Russian authors of the 19th century." In Abkhazia in Russian Literature of the 19th — 20th Centuries: in 3 vols. Vol. 1, 13–91. A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/arl-2021-1-13-91.

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An analytical review of books dedicated to Abkhazia written by the 19th century Russian authors is presented in the article. Information about the history and culture of Abkhazia as well as of other regions of the Caucasus and parts of southern Russia can be found in the publications. The material under review revealed a trend of increasing interest in Abkhazia among Russian authors. If in the first half of the said century, information about Abkhazia had been published only in two books, all other books date back to the second half of the century. Their authors include the military, state officials, publicists, scientists, people of civil professions and religious figures. As a rule, they would write about the history of Abkhazia, the ethnographic and religious condition of the region; they reported on the ethnic composition of the peoples (tribes), the number, borders, monuments of Christian architecture; to a lesser extent, they paid attention to the political structure of the Abkhazian principality. Many of them wrote about the dramatic events of the 1860s and 1870s. Despite the fact that the books included in the review are not scientifically and artistically equivalent, they can serve as a significant source for the study of the history and culture of 19th-century Abkhazia as a whole.
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Miloradović, Goran. "USTASHA IDEOLOGY IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT IN THE 20TH CENTURY: AN ATTEMPT AT A TYPOLOGY OF MODERN DICTATORSHIPS AND EXTREME IDEOLOGIES." In REPEATING HISTORY 1941-1991? TWO BREAK-UPS OF YUGOSLAVIA AS REPEATED HISTORY? SERBIAN PERSPECTIVES, 193–212. Institut za savremenu istoriju, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/2589.mil.193-212.

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The aim of this article is to classify modern European dictatorship and extreme ideologies according to their relations with the opposition: historicism – utopianism, which is equivalent to the political right-left wing axis. The Right encompasses ideologies and dictatorships based on historicism as a view of the world. Thеse are military-authoritarian and fascist regimes, commonly known as authoritarianism. The Left are ideologies and dictatorships based on utopianism as a view of the world. These are Stalinist and Nazi regimes commonly known as totalitarianism. Ustasha ideology is characterized as autochthonism and eclecticism. Numerous ideas, as those of racism and chauvinism, the Ustasha imported form Croatian political tradition, mainly from Antun Ante Starčević and his followers. During its existence between 1941 and 1945, Ustasha Croatia persecuted and exterminated Serbs, Jews, and Roma. The Yugoslav territories experienced all forms of modern dictatorship: military-authoritarian (1929-1935), National-socialist/Nazi (1941-1945), Ustasha or Clero-Nazi (1941-1945), Fascist (1941-1943), and Communist (1945-1990). This experience is unique in Europe.
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Conference papers on the topic "Military 20th century"

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Mieczysław, Sprengel. "RUSSIA'S MILITARY COOPERATION WITH CHINA IN THE LAST DECADE OF THE 20th CENTURY." In Россия и Китай: история и перспективы сотрудничества. Благовещенск: Благовещенский государственный педагогический университет, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.48344/bspu.2021.42.34.055.

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Puzienė, Rūta, and Asta Anikėnienė. "Investigation of Forest Area Change in the 19th–21st Century Using Military Topographic Maps." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.659.

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Long-term changes of the Earth’s cover are imperceptible. Several generations change, people do not see what had been there before they were born, they do not see what happens after they are gone, meanwhile, maps preserve the image of the surroundings that was prevailing hundreds of years ago and the analysis of which allows highlighting certain occurring tendencies. The present study aims at the analysing the change in the forest coverage on the territory of Lithuania employing statistical data and analysing the change in the forest land area from the 19th c. until the 21st c. in the Elektrenai municipality using military topographic maps. During the study, digitalised archival maps and devectorised forest areas were used, and the obtained results were compared. The information provided in the maps reveals a decrease in the forest land area during during 19th–20th c. and an increase during the 20th–21st c., however, the current increase has not compensated the earlier decrease.
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Gubskaya, Olga, and Olga Jilevich. "FACT AND ALLEGORY: TWO POLES IN THE REPRESENTATION OF WAR (ON THE EXAMPLE OF “WAR’S UNWOMANLY FACE” BY S. ALEXIEVICH AND “THE CURSED AND THE SLAIN” BY V. ASTAFIEV)." In Aktuální problémy výuky ruského jazyka XIV. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9781-2020-19.

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The military actions of the 20th century (Revolutions, the First and Second World Wars, the Cold War, the war in Kosovo, Chechnya, Iraq) left a terrifying mark on the history. The article discusses traditional and innovative forms of recreating the military context in the Russian and Russophone Belarusian military prose on the example of V. Astafiev and S. Alexievich’s works.
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Kurguzov, Pavel. "From the History of the Quartering of the 20th Eastern Siberian Region in Troitskosavsk in 1908." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.10.

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Based on archival and data of Russian historiography, the article analyzes the course and main results of the cantonment of the 20th East Siberian Regiment of the 2nd Army Corps of the Russian Imperial Army in Troitskosavsk (now Kyakhta) in 1908–1909, XX century. The main problems associated with the deployment of this military unit, the consequences of this event for the economy of Troitskosavsk and the county of the same name are analyzed. For the first time, data on the number of rank-and-file and regiment officers placed at the time of the study (1908–1909) in Troitskosavsk are being put into scientific circulation.
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Simović, Slobodan, and Mihajlo Manić. "USLUGE PRIVATNOG OBEZBEĐENjA U SRBIJI – EKONOMSKI ZNAČAJ." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.145s.

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The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century are characterized by privatization of the public goods, border transparency is getting bigger, common market and primarily the basic functions of the state are getting weaker, which leads to weakening of her efficiency in law enforcement, as well as fragmentation of the security sector, which was traditionally in jurisdiction of the state. Pressed from all sides, political, economical and variety of different threats, processes and actors, countries have lost monopoly over conducting organized violence. The consequence of that process is that countries, some voluntarily, led by economic reasons, and some regarding political and security pressures, have given up their role of the ultimate legitimate provider and guarantor of security to the private military and security companies. Development of the private security sector, inside which private and non- state providers of security are functioning, elsewhere, excessively independent of the parent state, represent very significant moment in the development of the contemporary international relations, as well as for functioning the states themselves. Private security industry, private security companies and private military companies have built, in the world, industrial chain which is functioning freely on global market, and it is organized along permanent and firm corporation relations and it is constantly growing and getting stronger.
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Norovsambuu, Khishigt, Leonid Kuras, and Bazar Tsybenov. "From Intelligence to the Beginning of Revolutionary Cooperation: the Evolution of Russian Policy in Respect of Mongolia (1905–1918)." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2021. Baikal State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3040-3.43.

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The article is devoted to the evolution of the policy of the Russian Empire and Soviet Russia on the issue of Mongolia. The period under study begins with the Russo-Japanese War at the beginning of the 20th century and ends with the attempts of Soviet Russia to establish relations with Mongolia in 1917–1918. The authors analyzed in detail the military-intelligence, diplomatic and revolutionary aspects of Russian politics in Mongolia. The article also examines the question of the probable meeting in 1917 of Mongolian representatives with the revolutionaries of the Central Executive Committee of Soviet power in Siberia and the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
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Pais, Maria Rita, Katiuska Hoffmann, and Sandra Campos. "Post-militar landscape patrimony as a climate emergency escape to waterfront resilience." In Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/apoc5973.

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Coastal Artillery Regiment (RAC) is a unit of the Portuguese Army with the mission of guaranteeing the coastal defense of the ports of Lisbon and Setúbal. The set consists of fixed, secret, camouflaged and fortified batteries, installed along the entrance to the Sado and Tejo rivers. The structures are equipped with heavy artillery pieces. RAC was deactivated in 1998 and its archive was recently declassified. In times of technological advances, there is an inevitable change in the paradigm of military architecture. Technically obsolete structures have fallen into extinction. These territorial voids must be discussed in the inevitable territory reorganization. Should they display archeology or just be absorbed by surroundings? How to deal with post-military heritage? And lastly, how can we deal and operate in such a territorial resilience example, in a way to take profit from this particular long extension of waterfront regarding Climate Emergency. Present paper is a result within two main research projects: “SOSClimateWaterfront” (Marie Skłodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) program) and “Bunker architecture from mid 20th century and the post military Portuguese classified heritage” project. In this sense proposes a active research that means an accurate research about Portuguese bunkers and around military areas together with the discussion around the possible use of these areas as resilience areas to climate improvement within waterfronts around Lisbon.
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Dzhundzhuzov, Stepan, and Larisa Polshkova. "THE USE OF THE MILITARY POTENTIAL OF BAPTIZED KALMYKS IN THE RUSSIAN ARMY AS A MANIFESTATION OF THE IMPERIAL POLICY OF ACCULTURATION (18TH – THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY)." In 44th International Academic Conference, Vienna. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2018.044.015.

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Khropov, A. "EARLY STAGES OF TOPOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE TERRITORIES OF CRIMEA AND THE BLACK SEA COAST OF THE CAUCASUS (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)." In Man and Nature: Priorities of Modern Research in the Area of Interaction of Nature and Society. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2610.s-n_history_2021_44/240-247.

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Proper topographic study of Crimea started not earlier than in the late 18th century when, after the incorporation of the peninsula into the Russian Empire, first rather detailed maps of this area were compiled by both military and civil agencies. Crucial breakthrough in topographic knowledge on Crimea occured from 1886 to 1911 as a result of its 1:21 000 survey representing relief features with contours. In comparison with other northern Black Sea regions, topographic studies of today’s Krasnodar Krai coastal areas started significantly later. The first review topographic maps of the area were compiled in the 1830s, but their quality remained unsatisfactory for a long time because of survey difficulties in the mountains and under conditions of the Caucasian War 1817–1864. «Map of the Caucasus with adjacent parts of Turkey and Persia» on 58 sheets at a scale of 1:210 000 definitely belongs to distinguished fundamental cartographical works of the 19th–20th centuries. Its compilation began in 1866 and continued over several decades. Its revised sheets continue to be issued up to 1941. In the Caucasus, the period of instrumental surveys representing relief features with contours started in the 1880s. These surveys were performed at a scale of 1:42 000.
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YEŞİLBURSA, Behçet Kemal. "THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN TURKEY (1908-1980)." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.08.

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Political parties started to be established in Turkey in the second half of the 19th century with the formation of societies aiming at the reform of the Ottoman Empire. They reaped the fruits of their labour in 1908 when the Young Turk Revolution replaced the Sultan with the Committee of Union and Progress, which disbanded itself on the defeat of the Empire in 1918. Following the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, new parties started to be formed, but experiments with a multi-party system were soon abandoned in favour of a one-party system. From 1930 until the end of the Second World War, the People’s Republican Party (PRP) was the only political party. It was not until after the Second World War that Turkey reverted to a multiparty system. The most significant new parties were the Democrat Party (DP), formed on 7 January 1946, and the Nation Party (NP) formed on 20 July 1948, after a spilt in the DP. However, as a result of the coup of 27 May 1960, the military Government, the Committee of National Union (CNU), declared its intentions of seizing power, restoring rights and privileges infringed by the Democrats, and drawing up a new Constitution, to be brought into being by a free election. In January 1961, the CNU relaxed its initial ban on all political activities, and within a month eleven new parties were formed, in addition to the already established parties. The most important of the new parties were the Justice Party (JP) and New Turkey Party (NTP), which competed with each other for the DP’s electoral support. In the general election of October 1961, the PRP’s failure to win an absolute majority resulted in four coalition Governments, until the elections in October 1965. The General Election of October 1965 returned the JP to power with a clear, overall majority. The poor performance of almost all the minor parties led to the virtual establishment of a two-party system. Neither the JP nor the PRP were, however, completely united. With the General Election of October 1969, the JP was returned to office, although with a reduced share of the vote. The position of the minor parties declined still further. Demirel resigned on 12 March 1971 after receiving a memorandum from the Armed Forces Commanders threatening to take direct control of the country. Thus, an “above-party” Government was formed to restore law and order and carry out reforms in keeping with the policies and ideals of Atatürk. In March 1973, the “above-party” Melen Government resigned, partly because Parliament rejected the military candidate, General Gürler, whom it had supported in the Presidential Elections of March-April 1973. This rejection represented the determination of Parliament not to accept the dictates of the Armed Forces. On 15 April, a new “above party” government was formed by Naim Talu. The fundamental dilemma of Turkish politics was that democracy impeded reform. The democratic process tended to return conservative parties (such as the Democrat and Justice Parties) to power, with the support of the traditional Islamic sectors of Turkish society, which in turn resulted in the frustration of the demands for reform of a powerful minority, including the intellectuals, the Armed Forces and the newly purged PRP. In the last half of the 20th century, this conflict resulted in two periods of military intervention, two direct and one indirect, to secure reform and to quell the disorder resulting from the lack of it. This paper examines the historical development of the Turkish party system, and the factors which have contributed to breakdowns in multiparty democracy.
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Reports on the topic "Military 20th century"

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BALYSH, A. HOUSING CONSTRUCTION IN THE USSR IN THE 20T-30TH OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE INFLUENCE OF THIS FACTOR ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEAVY AND DEFENSE INDUSTRY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-2-14-23.

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The aim of the article. How state-of-the-art in the field of home building influenced onto capital constructing in defense industry, putting into exploitation and operation of the new military plants during the industrialization period is examined. Methodology. General principles of historism and objectivity are the theoretical-methodological base of this work. Author also uses special historical methods: logic, systematic, chronological, actualisation and periodizing. Results. This article is based on documents storing in the Russian State Archive and Russian State Economical Archive. Collections of historical documents related to the Soviet period of Russian history are also used. On the base of these documents it is shown that poor situation in the field of home building was the reason of persistent deficits of building and exploitation workers. Due to this fact it was impossible to apply the funds given by the Government for building some plants (especially at the periphery), building works were delayed and proper operation of already built ones was spoiled. These problems were not completely solved till the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. All this effected negatively to the Red Army combat readiness before and during the war, especially at the beginning period. Practical application. The field of results application. Practical significance of this work is as follows: the archive data, which are for the first time used for scientific investigation and also the conclusions formulated in this article can be used for further scientific research on the USSR military industry in the industrialization period and also for scientific research on the USSR period in general.
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