Relevant bibliographies by topics / Militarism Japan History 20th century

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Academic literature on the topic 'Militarism Japan History 20th century'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Militarism Japan History 20th century"

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Grzybkowska, Teresa. "PROFESSOR ZDZISŁAW ŻYGULSKI JR.: AN OUTSTANDING PERSON, A GREAT PERSONALITY, A MUSEUM PROFESSIONAL, A RESEARCHER ON ANTIQUE WEAPONS, ORIENTAL ART AND EUROPEAN PAINTING (1921–2015)." Muzealnictwo 58, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.5602.

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Professor Zdzisław Żygulski Jr. (1921–2015) was one of the most prominent Polish art historians of the second half of the 20th century. He treated the history of art as a broadly understood science of mankind and his artistic achievements. His name was recognised in global research on antique weapons, and among experts on Rembrandt and Leonardo da Vinci. He studied museums and Oriental art. He wrote 35 books, about 200 articles, and numerous essays on art; he wrote for the daily press about his artistic journeys through Europe, Japan and the United States. He illustrated his publications with his own photographs, and had a large set of slides. Żygulski created many exhibitions both at home and abroad presenting Polish art in which armour and oriental elements played an important role. He spent his youth in Lvov, and was expatriated to Cracow in 1945 together with his wife, the pottery artist and painter Eva Voelpel. He studied English philology and history of art at the Jagiellonian University (UJ), and was a student under Adam Bochnak and Vojeslav Molè. He was linked to the Czartoryski Museum in Cracow for his whole life; he worked there from 1949 until 2010, for the great majority of time as curator of the Arms and Armour Section. He devoted his whole life to the world of this museum, and wrote about its history and collections. Together with Prof. Zbigniew Bocheński, he set up the Association of Lovers of Old Armour and Flags, over which he presided from 1972 to 1998. He set up the Polish school of the study of militaria. He was a renowned and charismatic member of the circle of international researchers and lovers of militaria. He wrote the key texts in this field: Broń w dawnej Polsce na tle uzbrojenia Europy i Bliskiego Wschodu [Weapons in old Poland compared to armaments in Europe and the Near East], Stara broń w polskich zbiorach [Old weapons in Polish armouries], Polski mundur wojskowy [Polish military uniforms] (together with H. Wielecki). He was an outstanding researcher on Oriental art to which he dedicated several books: Sztuka turecka [Turkish art], Sztuka perska [Persian art], Sztuka mauretańska i jej echa w Polsce [Moorish art and its echoes in Poland]. Prof. Zdzisław Żygulski Jr. was a prominent educator who enjoyed great respect. He taught costume design and the history of art and interiors at the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow, as well as Mediterranean culture at the Mediterranean Studies Department and at the Postgraduate Museum Studies at the UJ. His lectures attracted crowds of students, for whose needs he wrote a book Muzea na świecie. Wstęp do muzealnictwa [Museums in the world. Introduction to museum studies]. He also lectured at the Florence Academy of Art and at the New York University. He was active in numerous Polish scientific organisations such as PAU, PAN and SHS, and in international associations such as ICOMAM and ICOM. He represented Polish art history at general ICOM congresses many times. He was also active on diverse museum councils all over Poland.
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Matsumoto, Valerie J. "“A Living Artist with Open Eyes”: the Transnational Journey of Mitsu Yashima." Asian Diasporic Visual Cultures and the Americas 6, no. 1-2 (July 6, 2020): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23523085-00601005.

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Mitsu Yashima (1908–1988) was a political dissident and artist in two countries. In prewar Japan, she became a proletarian rights activist; during World War ii she continued to oppose Japanese militarism by working for the United States government. In her later years, she opposed US militarism during the Vietnam War. In San Francisco, she became an admired cultural worker in the Asian American movement. Examining her life offers rare glimpses of a woman’s efforts to forge a career in the male-dominated art worlds of twentieth-century Japan and the US. Her transnational life expands the boundaries of Japanese American history, which has long focused on late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century immigration to the US West and Hawaiʻi. Her activism also challenges the perception that only third-generation Japanese Americans joined the Asian American movement of the 1960s-1970s. Yashima’s concern for human rights and peace fueled her art, political engagement, and community building.
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Kiba, D. V. "Humanitarian Cooperation of Japan and the USSR in the Second Half of the 20th Century." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 1 (2021): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.113.

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The article provides a periodization of humanitarian cooperation between Japan and the USSR. The first stage was activity of the Press Office of the Soviet Union Council for Japan and the Soviet Information Office in the Land of the Rising Sun in 1946–1957. The second stage was the period of active policy of the USSR Embassy, together with the State Committee for Cultural Relations under the USSR Council of Ministers in 1957–1967. The third stage was defined by the activity of Soviet Embassy and Regional Authorities of Japan and the USSR in establishing cultural relations in 1967–1985. The fourth stage was humanitarian cooperation of both countries carried out under terms of the Soviet-Japan cultural agreement signed in 1986. The fourth stage covers the period from 1986 to 1991. The article identifies the main forms of humanitarian cooperation between two countries. The author believes that connections in the sphere of art were dominant. The Japanese public was an active subject of bilateral relations. The author considers the membership of the Soviet-Japan Friendship Movement and its participants (public organizations, Piece Movement, choral and musical collectives, private companies of Japan) and reveals the reasons for the Japanese public’s interest in Soviet culture based on archival documents and materials of the Japanese and Soviet periodicals. The author points out that the regional cooperation between two countries developed significantly and emphasizes the special role of the USSR Far East as a contact region with Japan.
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Benesch, Oleg. "CASTLES AND THE MILITARISATION OF URBAN SOCIETY IN IMPERIAL JAPAN." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 28 (November 2, 2018): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440118000063.

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ABSTRACTCastles are some of Japan's most iconic structures and popular tourist destinations. They are prominent symbols of local, regional and national identity recognised both at home and abroad. Castles occupy large areas of land at the centre of most Japanese cities, shaping the urban space. Many castles have their roots in the period of civil war that ended in the early seventeenth century, and now house museums, parks and reconstructions of historic buildings. The current heritage status of Japan's castles obscures their troubled modern history. During the imperial period (1868–1945), the vast majority of pre-modern castles were abandoned, dismantled or destroyed before being rediscovered and reinvented as physical links to an idealised martial past. Japan's most important castles were converted to host military garrisons that dominated city centres and caused conflict with civilian groups. Various interests competed for control and access, and castles became sites of convergence between civilian and military agendas in the 1920s and 1930s. This paper argues that castles contributed both symbolically and physically to the militarisation of Japanese society in the imperial period. The study of these unique urban spaces provides new approaches to understanding militarism, continuity and change in modern Japan.
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Wu, Yu‐chuan. "Seeking double personality: Nakamura Kokyō's work in abnormal psychology in early 20th‐century Japan." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 56, no. 4 (June 27, 2020): 258–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.22045.

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Waley-Cohen, Joanna. "Nationalism and Militarism in China and Japan: Comment on Shin'ichi Kitaoka, "Army as Bureaucracy: Japanese Militarism Revisited," and Arthur Waldron, "War and the Rise of Nationalism in Twentieth-Century China"." Journal of Military History 57, no. 5 (October 1993): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2951806.

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Allinson, Gary D., and Thomas R. H. Havens. "Architects of Affluence: The Tsutsumi Family and the Seibu Enterprises in 20th-Century Japan." Monumenta Nipponica 50, no. 4 (1995): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2385604.

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Yegorova, Anna A. "The “Raku Ceramics:” Japanese Tradition in Western Interpretations of the 20th Century." Observatory of Culture, no. 6 (December 28, 2014): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2014-0-6-136-141.

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Traces the history of the raku-ware tradition in Japan and reveals its influence on the Western decorative arts of the 20th century. The author distinguishes between technological characteristics of the Raku family ware and the meaning of the “raku­ware” term coined in the West for the particular artistic style and demonstrates the contribution of the Raku ware to the development of contemporary decorative arts.
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Dixon, Chris. "Book Review: Onishi, Transpacific Antiracism: Afro-Asian Solidarity in 20th-Century Black America, Japan, and Okinawa, by Chris Dixon." Pacific Historical Review 84, no. 2 (2014): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2015.84.2.256.

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Khen, G. V. "HISTORY OF PETER THE GREAT BAY DISCOVER AND OCEANOGRAPHIC SURVEYS IN THE JAPAN SEA TILL THE MIDDLE 20TH CENTURY." Izvestiya TINRO 200 (March 26, 2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-3-23.

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Peter the Great Bay (PGB) was not known to Europeans for a long time. The first European ship reached PGB in 1852. She was the French corvette Capricieuse commanded by captain G. de Rocquemaurel who was sent by his government for exploring the western coast of the Japan Sea; actually he had described the Posyet Bay only. Later the British HMS Winchester and Barracuda visited PGB in August, 1856. They discovered the Golden Horn Bay, them as Port May, and gave names to many other geographical locations. Large Russian expedition of 7 vessels was sent to Primorye coast under the leadership of N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, in the summer of 1859. They described thoroughly the entire PGB and changed many (not all) foreign geographical names to Russian ones. Scientific researches in the Japan Sea were started soon by L.I. Schrenk, who summarized the results of Russian observations in two books published in 1869 and 1874. Great success in understanding of oceanographic regime was the work of S.O. Makarov «The «Vitiaz» and the Pacific Ocean» (1894). S. Ogura created in 1927 the general chart of currents in the Japan Sea on the base of Japanese observations in 1900–1911 that was more detailed and comprehensive than the first chart of L.I. Shrenk. Moreover, S. Ogura plotted the water temperature and salinity distribution over the whole Japan Sea for February and August. Oceanographic studies in PGB were made in 1920s by K.A. Gomoyunov, the first professional oceanographer who lived constantly in the Russian Far East; he began from the Amur Bay survey in the summer of 1925. The USSR Hydrographic Office conducted the oceanographic survey in PGB and the Tatar Strait in 1926–1928, with measuring of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen content, pH, and water transparency, with the deepest measurements at the depth of 3500 m. In 1932, the Pacific Res. Inst. of Fisheries in Vladivostok together with the State Hydrographic Institute in Leningrad organized the large-scale Pacific expedition that covered all Far-Eastern Seas. In the framework of this expedition, the 5 cruises of RV Rossinante to the Japan Sea headed by N.I. Tarasov explored PGB, too, that allowed to analyze seasonal variations of temperature, salinity, oxygen content, and currents. Oceanographic researches in the Japan Sea became more active in the times of WWII, 4 small research vessels made observations at Primorye coast every month from April to October under general supervision of A.M. Batalin; in total, more than 100 exits to the sea were recorded in 1941–1946. The data collected in those years was the basis for the big atlas of the Japan Sea created under the leadership of A.I. Rumyantsev and published in 1951.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Militarism Japan History 20th century"

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Matsubara, Nao. "The prospect for Okinawa's initiative : towards getting rid of the U.S. Military presence in Okinawa." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armm4344.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves [56]-[62]) Focusses on issues concerning the U.S. military presence on the island. Elaborates on Okinawa's suffering due to the military bases which have hindered Okinawa's economic development, created serious pollution and encouraged crime
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Ng, Kin-yuen. "Constitutional developments in China and Japan from the mid 19th century to the early 20th century." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13280181.

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Ng, Kin-yuen, and 吳健源. "Constitutional developments in China and Japan from the mid 19th century to the early 20th century." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31950395.

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Willems, Nadine. "The agrarian foundations of early twentieth-century Japanese anarchism : Ishikawa Sanshirō's revolutionary practices of everyday life, 1903-1945." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:25f7fd44-e2c2-4a71-a9f6-b922b0bc3936.

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This dissertation examines the link between anarchism and agrarian thought in modern Japan through the investigation of the life and ideas of radical intellectual Ishikawa Sanshiro (1876-1956). I track its emergence from the time of Ishikawa's involvement in the socialist movement in the early 1900s to its development during his exile years in Europe between 1913 and 1920 and then after his return home through to the end of the Pacific War. I show how concern for the traditions and condition of farming communities informed a certain strand of non-violent anarchism premised on environmental awareness and cooperative principles fostered through the practices of everyday life. By rescuing from near historiographical oblivion a major dissenting figure of modern Japan, this study gives prominence to a distinctive anarchist intellectual contribution. I examine both the theoretical premises and related socio-political applications, highlighting Ishikawa's role for over five decades as a creative force of social change and a bulwark against authoritarianism. Thus, this work puts forward a more nuanced understanding of the movement of popular agrarianism that marked the interwar period, often pigeon-holed by historians as an adjunct of radical nationalism. I also probe the ecological critique embedded in Ishikawa's vision of the man-nature interaction, which remained vital over the decades and has direct relevance to presentday concerns. The tracing of Ishikawa's connections, both transnational and within Japan, provides the main methodological axis of this study. It appraises dissenting politics through the lens of actual praxis rather than categorization of ideological differences. Likewise, transnational connections are given agency as a mutually creative process rather than as a unidirectional transmission of ideas and values from West to East.
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Choi, Hoi-sze Elsie, and 蔡凱詩. "Working women in China and Japan in 20th century history: a comparative analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31952975.

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Choi, Hoi-sze Elsie. "Working women in China and Japan in 20th century history : a comparative analysis /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23425556.

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Norvenius, Mats. "Images of an Empire : Chinese Geography Textbooks of the Early 20th Century." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för orientaliska språk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-75397.

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In 1901 the Qing regime, in power 1644-1911, took wide-ranging measures to reform the Chinese Empire. Fundamental changes were carried out within the field of education, resulting in the completion of China’s first modern educational system in 1904. Modern schools mushroomed across China and modern textbooks introducing non-traditional knowledge became common reading in the classrooms. Modern geography textbooks informed schoolchildren about the circumstances within the Empire and, to some extent, about the conditions in foreign countries. Thus these textbooks gave them an idea of their own nation in relation to the rest of the world.   The thesis examines the images of the inhabitants of the multiethnic Qing Empire, as encountered in a wide range of textbooks and other teaching materials, on the school subject of geography, used at various institutions of modern learning during the closing years of the Qing era. The focus is on the Han Chinese majority of China Proper (i.e. the eighteen provinces), although the images of the other major ethnicities of the Qing Empire are also examined, as well as the peoples of neighbouring Korea and Japan. This study highlights the extent to which the late Qing era was influenced by Japanese approaches towards reforms and modernization, especially in the field of education. During the process of introducing modern school geography in China, Chinese textbook compilers largely relied on Japanese sources on geography, thereby facing a Japanese, nationalistic and colonial discourse, which implied that Japan, as the most civilized nation in the East, was also in her right to dominate the region. Although Chinese educationalists hardly accepted Japan’s self-proclaimed position as the rightful leader of Asia, they were nevertheless influenced by Japanese descriptions of the continent and its peoples.
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Price, John. "Labour relations in Japan's postwar coal industry : the 1960 Miike lockout." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26904.

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The essay explores the events and background of the 1960 lockout at the Miike colleries of the Mitsui Mining Co. in Kyushu, Japan. The dispute, one of the longest and most violent in postwar labour history, occurred at the same time as the anti-U.S.-Japan security treaty struggle and the two events capped 15 years of social turbulence after the war. At issue in the Miike case was the designated dismissal of 1200 miners. In analyzing the events at Miike the author challenges current assumptions about the so-called three pillars of Japanese labour-management relations (lifetime employment, enterprise unions, and seniority-based wages). Couterposed are four factors—capitalist rationalism, worker egalitarianism, enterprise corporatism, and liberal democracy—the combination of which lend Japanese labour-management relations their specific character in any given instance. The essay also explores the particular role of the Japan Federation of Employers Organizations (Nikkeiren) in other labour disputes in the 1950s as well as at Miike. The economic background to the Miike strike is also analyzed, in particular, the political aspects of the rationalization of the coal industry. The final chapter deals with relief measures for unemployed coal miners and coal companies during the 1960s.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
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Zhao, Hui. "Rethinking Constitutionalism in Late 19th and Early 20th Century China." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10631.

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In the tenets of Western political science, “limited government” is usually seen as the touchstone of modern constitutionalism. Yet significant issues can arise when one applies this framework to East Asia. By studying the origin of constitutionalism in China and Japan, my dissertation reexamines the idea that “limited government” is the core of modern constitutionalism. I argue that constitutionalism, as it was introduced in Meiji Japan and late Qing China, focused on strengthening the government rather than limiting it. Many might feel this affirms the popular belief in an inherent affinity for authoritarianism in the Chinese mind, but this dissertation disagrees, finding such a conclusion to be unfairly reductive, and dangerous to achieving a true cross-cultural understanding. It argues instead that Chinese constitutionalism’s desire to strengthen the state was not the manifestation of a cultural predisposition toward authoritarianism, but was instead consciously adopted and constructed in response to the chaotic realities of late 19th and early 20th century China. By studying the constitutional thought of Aristotle, Cicero, Machiavelli, Hobbes, the early English constitutionalists, Locke, Montesquieu, the American founding fathers, and others, I shine light on a dilemma that was as critical to late Qing China constitutionalism as it was to Aristotle’s ancient Greece, Machiavelli’s Renaissance Florence, and Lincoln’s splitting 19th century America: to achieve the delicate balance between a strong state and the limiting principles of a Republic. My argument calls for a reevaluation not only of Chinese constitutional thought, but also of current liberal constitutional theory, which tends to define the goal of constitutionalism simply as the limiting of governmental power. My research shows that the essential goal of constitutionalism, whether it takes place in the East or the West, in the present or the past, is not to move closer to one pole of authoritarianism or the other of limited government, but to strike an ideal balance between the two, depending on the specific context of a state’s time and place in history.
East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Handa, Atsuko. "Bridging Sōseki and Murakami : the modernity of Japan through modernist and postmodern prose." Monash University, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5230.

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Books on the topic "Militarism Japan History 20th century"

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Berger, Thomas U. Cultures of antimilitarism: National security in Germany and Japan. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

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Birkhäuser architectural guide Japan: 20th century. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1997.

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Prindle, Tamae K. Japan in the 20th century: International perspectives. Denver, Colo: Center for Japan Studies, 1999.

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William, Johnston. The modern epidemic: A history of tuberculosis in Japan. Cambridge, Mass: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1995.

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Japan and Britain in Shanghai, 1925-31. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.

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Gewalt und Zärtlichkeit: Einführung in die Militärbelletristik der DDR 1956-1986. New York: Lang, 1990.

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The spirit of 1914: Militarism, myth and mobilization in Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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Singminji sigi chŏnhu ŭi ŏnŏ munje: Language problems in Korea and Japan of the early 20th century. Sŏul-si: Somyŏng Ch'ulp'an, 2012.

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Lyall, Sutherland. Herron notebooks: Buildings in Japan : Ron Herron, Simon Herron, Andrew Herron. London: Artemis, 1993.

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Dodd, Jan. The rough guide to Japan. 2nd ed. London: Rough Guides, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Militarism Japan History 20th century"

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Iijima, Wataru. "A Hidden History of Malaria in 20th Century Japan." In Epidemien und Pandemien in historischer Perspektive, 355–67. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13875-2_26.

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Kataoka, Kei. "Descriptive geometry in middle school mathematics teaching in Japan (1905-1946)." In “DIG WHERE YOU STAND” 6. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the History of Mathematics Education, 57–72. WTM-Verlag Münster, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37626/ga9783959871686.0.05.

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Teaching of descriptive geometry began in 18th-century France and became widespread in tertiary and secondary education worldwide throughout the 19th century. Until the 20th century, educators often described two aims of descriptive geometry – technical education and mathematics education. In Japan, descriptive geometry was introduced into engineering and artistic higher education after the Meiji Restoration of 1868. Descriptive geometry became part of the general secondary school curriculum in the 1880s, but it had been taught under the auspices of arts and crafts education rather than mathematics. In the early 20th century, Japanese mathematics educators began to focus on descriptive geometry as a way to reform solid geometry. When Japan’s secondary school curriculum was revised in 1942, descriptive geometry was included in solid geometry and mathematics for the first time. Although this curriculum lasted only until 1946, it was the fruit of many educators’ labors and is worthy of examination. This paper examines several books and documents from the early 20th-century Japan and shows that there was a technical, mathematics-oriented debate about the aim of descriptive geometry teaching as seen in Europe. Keywords: descriptive geometry, solid geometry, secondary school, middle school, Nobutaro Nabeshima, Minoru Kuroda
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Brock, William H. "6. Synthesis." In The History of Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction, 110–32. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198716488.003.0007.

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‘Synthesis’ considers how the shape and scale of chemistry has been transformed since the start of the 20th century. A series of world wars; a shift from coal to oil as the feedstock for the chemical industry; the introduction of physical instrumentation, quantum mechanics, and electronic theories; the organization of academia and industry to create Big Science as opposed to the more individualized research of previous centuries; a shift from European dominance of the subject to the US and then Russia, Japan, and China; and more women joining the profession have all been important. Underlying these changes was the theme of synthesis of natural chemicals and the creation of artificial materials.
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Conference papers on the topic "Militarism Japan History 20th century"

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Themelis, Nickolas J. "Current Status of Global WTE." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7061.

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This paper is based on data compiled in the course of developing, for InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB), a WTE Guidebook for managers and policymakers in the Latin America and Caribbean region. As part of this work, a list was compiled of nearly all plants in the world that thermally treat nearly 200 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and produce electricity and heat. An estimated 200 WTE facilities were built, during the first decade of the 21st century, mostly in Europe and Asia. The great majority of these plants use the grate combustion of as-received MSW and produce electricity. The dominance of the grate combustion technology is apparently due to simplicity of operation, high plant availability (>90%), and facility for training personnel at existing plants. Novel gasification processes have been implemented mostly in Japan but a compilation of all Japanese WTE facilities showed that 84% of Japan’s MSW is treated in grate combustion plants. Several small-scale WTE plants (<5 tons/hour) are operating in Europe and Japan and are based both on grate combustion and in implementing WTE projects. This paper is based on the sections of the WTE Guidebook that discuss the current use of WTE technology around the world. Since the beginning of history, humans have generated solid wastes and disposed them in makeshift waste dumps or set them on fire. After the industrial revolution, near the end of the 18th century, the amount of goods used and then discarded by people increased so much that it was necessary for cities to provide landfills and incinerators for disposing wastes. The management of urban, or municipal, solid wastes (MSW) became problematic since the middle of the 20th century when the consumption of goods, and the corresponding generation of MSW, increased by an order of magnitude. In response, the most advanced countries developed various means and technologies for dealing with solid wastes. These range from reducing wastes by designing products and packaging, to gasification technologies. Lists of several European plants are presented that co-combust medical wastes (average of 1.8% of the total feedstock) and wastewater plant residue (average of 2% of the feedstock).
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