Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Milieu. energie'
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Sassine, Nahia. "Etude du comportement thermo-mécanique d'un milieu granulaire et interactions milieu-réservoir." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI082/document.
Full textThermal Energy Storage (TES) systems are central elements of various types of power plants operated using renewable energy sources. Packed bed TES can be considered as a cost effective solution in concentrated solar power plants (CSP). Such a device is made of a tank filled with a granular bed through which a heat-transfer fluid circulates. However, in such devices, the tank might be subjected to an accumulation of thermal stresses during cycles of loading and unloading due to the differential thermal expansion between the filler and the tank wall. This research was devoted to investigate the thermo-mechanical behavior of the granular bed inside a packed bed TES tank. To achieve this objective, two approaches were undertaken in this work, i.e. numerical and experimental. A numerical model was defined to describe the tank's behavior under thermal cycling based on the discrete element method (DEM). The evolution of tank wall stresses over thermal cycles, taking into account both thermal and mechanical loads, as well as the kinematics of the granular material at the particles scale (i.e. discrete elements), are studied here. The deformability of the tank itself under thermo-mechanical loads is also included in the numerical model. Simulations were performed for different thermal configurations (i.e. the tank is heated homogeneously along its height or with a moving vertical gradient of temperature) and different boundary condition cases (i.e. rigid wall, tank wall with a higher thermal expansion coeficient than the bed or inversely). The behavior of the tank is dependent on the imposed thermal and boundary conditions. In addition to this, a thermocline prototype was designed and constructed at the CEA laboratory, aiming at studying the stress accumulation over the thermal cycles. The experimental setup, called ESPERA, is equipped with force measurement devices, installed at different height positions on the wall. The force measurement devices were developed and calibrated at the CEA. Their sensitivity was also tested using a different developed setup, P'tit-Pousse. Experimental tests were carried out proving the stress accumulation over the cycles. Eventually, a comparison between the numerical results and the lately-obtained preliminary experimental measurements is proposed
Martin, Guy. "La fermentation methanique : une solution ecologique aux problemes energetiques dans le milieu agricole." Strasbourg 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR10723.
Full textHassan, Daher Daha. "Modélisation et analyse expérimentale d'une centrale solaire photovoltaïque en milieu désertique maritime." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI102/document.
Full textThe objective of this work has been to develop a model for the behavior of a photovoltaic (PV) plant in an arid zone, to optimize instantaneous production and maintain performance over time. Monitoring data were collected for a solar power plant, which were then studied to infer the impact of climatic factors (temperature, irradiation and dust deposits). Performance analysis techniques including "transposition to reference conditions" (eg. PVUSA) and "estimation of standard performance measures" (eg. PR) were applied to evaluate the annual degradation rate of the facility. A first indication of expected lifetime of PV installations for the climate of Djibouti was thus obtained, as well as a capacity to predict the long-term evolution of the plant and future installations. In parallel, a numerical model of the photovoltaic installation was constructed using TRNSYS, including the modules and inverters, to transcribe the behavior of the PV system as a whole, and also the environmental conditions in which it evolves. The model included in the standard TRNSYS library was improved with the aid of experimental results, in particular with regards the thermal dependence. A predictive model was thus developed combining dust accumulation, an empirical model of module temperatures and degradation. Finally, a parametric study was undertaken with the complete model, to evaluate the impact of cleaning schedules under various dust scenarios. The results will contribute to the optimization of solar power plant design and operation in this type of climate
Feknous, Nadia. "Etude de la resistance a la propagation des fissures dans un milieu heterogene coherent." Toulouse, INSA, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ISAT0012.
Full textMege, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution a l'etude des doses en milieu limite dans des faisceaux de photons de haute energie." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30168.
Full textBarré, Kévin. "Mesurer et compenser l’impact de l’éolien sur la biodiversité en milieu agricole." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0002/document.
Full textLand-use planning and agricultural intensification are two major causes of biodiversity loss. Most of development projects have to apply the mitigation hierarchy, i.e. avoid, reduce then offset impacts on biodiversity, in order to achieve the no net loss. Wind farm installation makes the mitigation hierarchy application difficult due to the lack of knowledges regarding the quantification and the prediction of impacts, characterized by collisions of birds and bats with turbines. In a preliminary study we showed that the current fail of impact assessment studies in i) the avoidance and the reduction as well as ii) the offsetting of impact, are mainly linked to a lack of theoretical knowledges and a low quality of studies. Installation constraints often imply to implement wind turbines in farmland areas. Such areas have the triple function of food production, renewable energy and biodiversity carrier, but they also have to offset impacts on biodiversity, which are generated by wind turbines. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve the consideration of impacts on biodiversity in projects, which would have underestimated effects on populations. In a first time, we quantified a new type of impact: the wind turbine revulsion on bats. This impact is so far little known and not taken into account in assessment studies for wind farm installations. We highlighted a negative long distance impact (over 1000 m) of wind turbine proximity on bat activity at hedgerows, which is a highly attractive habitat for this taxa. These strong negative impacts currently lead to high losses of habitat use. Moreover, at the region scale study (north-west France), 89% of turbines are implemented at less than the European recommendations (200 m to wooded edges -hedgerows or forests). Thus, this study improved knowledges in order to optimize avoidance of this impact and made them measurable allowing their offsetting. We then compared different commonly used offsetting measures (i.e. fallows and agroecological elements), by developing a method for calculating ecological equivalences between offset measure. This allowed in complete transparency to find alternative measures as efficiently as an initial low acceptable measure (i.e. fallows in open field area). Such a method allowed an effective implementation of measures. Finally, we assessed the ecological gain provided by new types of measures such as changes in farming practices. Unlike classic measures which are usually an implementation of new elements in the landscape, changes in farming practices consist in quality improving of arable land features. Because we studied changes which do not implies losses of yield, or low in first years after changes, such measures are potentially more acceptable for farmers. We showed that tillage and herbicide reduction could positively impact birds and bats. However, to reduce tillage (i.e. no ploughing) implies to adapt the method to control weeds, previously performed by ploughing. Several possibilities can be used such as cover cropping or herbicide use intensification. In this context, our results also highlighted that positive impacts could vary significantly among underlying weed control possibilities. For instance, tillage reduction, when one herbicide pass is removed, generates as much ecological gain than organic farming system. This PhD thesis highlights the urgent need to adapt wind energy planning and these exploitation in farming areas, due to high habitat loss and systematic mortality. This thesis also shows that despite the current lack of knowledges, preventing to design offsetting measures facing to quantified impacts, implementation of acceptable measures for stakeholders may provide effective gains for bats and birds
Raybaud, Blaise. "Evaluation de l’impact des propriétés optiques large-bande de l’environnement sur le productible (énergie incidente) en milieu urbain." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI126.
Full textThe performance of a photovoltaic module is conditioned by the environment in which it is installed. Indeed, the amount of solar energy converted into electricity depends on the incident irradiance on the module. Progress in the integration of photovoltaic modules on buildings and the reduction of their costs leads us to consider the solar potential in urban environments, both on roofs and facades. In an urban environment, the density of buildings limits solar gain on the facade by the presence of masks. Public institutes encourages an increase in the local production of renewable energies. It is therefore necessary to acquire digital tools to accurately assess the solar potential in cities, and thus evaluate the profitability of photovoltaic installations. In particular, it is necessary to evaluate the solar contributions resulting from reflections on the various surfaces that make up the urban scene. Visual integration issues, raising the question of colours and incident spectra on surfaces in different wavelength ranges must also be considered. Finally, these tools must also make it possible to assess the impact of photovoltaic integration in an urban environment in order to avoid reinforcing heat island phenomena. The PhD work is therefore focused on methods for simulating sunshine in an urban environment, through the development of two modelling strategies (radiosity and ray throwing). The simulation models are compared under the hypotheses of equivalent optical reflections, allowing a validation of the hypotheses used in each of the methods. At the same time, a qualification of the optical properties of typical materials from the urban environment allows the construction of optical reflection models based on Bidirectional Reflectivity Distributions Functions (BRDF). These models are integrated into the irradiance models. Therefore, it possible to evaluate the ratio of energy resulting from the different reflection modes. In addition, irradiance measurements are carried out in an external environment. A test bench is designed to measure the irradiances perceived on the facade and on the ground. Different configurations are tested using this mock-up. The measurements obtained are then compared with the numerical results under real conditions, enabling the models to be validated
Giovannoni, J. M. "Energie et environnement atmosphérique : contribution à l'analyse de l'effet de convection engendré par un îlot de chaleur en milieu calme et stratifié /." Lausanne, 1986. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=632.
Full textJin, Dongliang. "Thermodynamique et cinétique de la formation de l'hydrate de méthane confiné dans un milieu nanoporeux : théorie et simulation moléculaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY076/document.
Full textMethane hydrate is a non-stoichiometric crystal in which water molecules form hydrogen-bonded cages that entrap methane molecules. Abundant methane hydrate resources can be found on Earth, especially trapped in mineral porous rocks (e.g., clay, permafrost, seafloor, etc.). For this reason, understanding the thermodynamics and formation kinetics of methane hydrate confined in porous media is receiving a great deal of attention. In this thesis, we combine computer modeling and theoretical approaches to determine the thermodynamics and formation kinetics of methane hydrate confined in porous media. First, the state-of-the-art on the thermodynamics and formation kinetics of methane hydrate is presented. Second, different molecular simulation strategies, including free energy calculations using the Einstein molecule approach, the direct coexistence method, and the hyperparallel tempering technique, are used to assess the phase stability of bulk methane hydrate at various temperatures and pressures. Third, among these strategies, the direct coexistence method is chosen to determine the shift in melting point upon confinement in pores, $Delta T_m = T_{m}^{pore} - T_{m}^{bulk}$ where $T_m^{pore}$ and $T_m^{bulk}$ are the melting temperatures of bulk and confined methane hydrate. We found that confinement decreases the melting temperature, $T_m^{pore}
BONNEFOY, Olivier. "Influence des cristaux d'hydrates de gaz ou de glace sur la perméabilité d'un milieu poreux." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009658.
Full textLa deuxième partie est consacrée aux expériences. Leur but est de mesurer la perméabilité d'un sédiment contenant des cristaux. Pour nous rapprocher des conditions géologiques naturelles, les cristaux sont réalisés en l'absence de phase gazeuse. Il s'avère que les hydrates se forment de manière très hétérogène dans le milieu poreux et ceci rend les mesures non représentatives. Nous pensons que ce résultat est général et qu'à l'échelle de temps du laboratoire, la formation d'hydrates de gaz répartis uniformément dans un milieu poreux est très difficile. Pour contourner cette difficulté, nous montrons de manière théorique que les cristaux de glace ont un comportement analogue aux cristaux d'hydrate (du point de vue des forces de Van der Waals qui gouvernent l'agglomération). Ceci nous permet de calculer la constante de Hamaker des hydrates. La deuxième série d'expériences s'intéresse donc à la perméabilité d'un milieu poreux non consolidé et sous contrainte dont les pores sont occupés par des cristaux de glace. Deux populations de grains de silice sont utilisées pour former le milieu poreux : 3 mm et 200 microns. Avec les gros grains, les résultats font apparaître deux seuils : pour des saturations plus faibles que le seuil inférieur, la présence des cristaux n'affecte pas la perméabilité. Pour des saturations plus grandes que le seul supérieur, la perméabilité est quasiment nulle (phénomène de percolation). Entre les deux, la perméabilité décroît exponentiellement en fonction de la saturation. Avec les grains fins, la perméabilité décroît avec la même vitesse.
La dernière partie est une étude numérique sur le champ Mallik. Après avoir posé les équations décrivant les transferts massiques et de chaleur dans l'espace et au cours du temps, nous étudions un cas limite unidimensionnel. Ceci nous permet de voir l'influence de la courbe 'Perméabilité = f(saturation)' obtenue expérimentalement sur la quantité de gaz produite. Le code proposé permet également d'évaluer différents scénarios de production, dont la dépressurisation assistée par formation de glace.
Doronin, Mikhail. "Adsorption on interstellar analog surfaces : from atoms to organic molecules." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066254/document.
Full textGas-grain interaction plays an important role in the chemistry of the cold interstellar medium and protoplanetary disks. A key parameter for modeling the exchange between grain surfaces and gas phase is adsorption energy, Ea. This work aims to develop a reliable and systematic experimental/theoretical approach to determine the adsorption energies of relevant atoms and molecules on models of interstellar grain surfaces. Employed experimental technique is the Temperature Programmed Desorption. Developed experimental protocol and data treatment technique based on distribution of adsorption energies and use of a set of heating rates enable to determine the coupled parameters of Polanyi-Wigner equation: adsorption energy Ea and prefactor N. Computational chemistry approach, Density Functional Theory (DFT) as implemented in Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) is used to get the insight on the behaviour of the surface-adsorbate systems at the atomic level. This approach allows as well to determine adsorption energies. A presence of multiple adsorption sites with different adsorption energies is predicted. Methanol CH3OH adsorption on graphite is used as a known example to validate the technique. Ar/Kr/Xe adsorption on water ice is studied as a case relevant for planetology. Acetonitrile (CH_3CN) and methyl isocyanide (CH_3NC) adsorption on water ice, quartz and graphite is investigated since those two molecules are both detected in the interstellar medium. Adsorption energies determined in this work will be included in KIDA database
Salot, Raphaël. "Influence de la radiolyse sur la cinétique d'oxydation des alliages de zirconium en milieu R. E. P." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0083.
Full textRoyer, Pascale. "Contribution de l'homogénéisation à l'étude de la filtration d'un gaz en milieu déformable à double porosité : application à l'étude du système gaz-charbon." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10186.
Full textBen, Nasrallah Sassi. "Contribution à l'étude des transferts couplés de chaleur et de masse : application aux phénomènes d'évaporation par convection naturelle et du séchage convectif de milieux poreux." Poitiers, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987POIT2026.
Full textKergavarat, Jean-François. "Influence de la microstructure sur la sensibilité à la corrosion sous contrainte des alliages 600 et 690 en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau sous pression." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0012.
Full textMithieux, Jean-Denis. "Influence de la teneur en chrome et de la structure des alliages de nickel sur leur comportement en corrosion sous contrainte en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau pressurisée." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0146.
Full textLe, Gall Ronan. "Étude expérimentale et modélisation du phénomène de givrage dans les échangeurs de chaleur." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0064.
Full textParimal, Jayant. "Energy services in WTO a recommended course /." Bern : World Trade Institute (WTI), 2004. http://www.wti.org/images/stories/MILE/MILE%20Theses/Energy%20Services%20in%20WTO.pdf.
Full textCarron, Véronique. "Etude du mécanisme d'oxydation des formes dissoutes du ruthénium dans les solutions d'acide nitrique : application à l'élimination du ruthénium des solutions de dissolution des combustibles nucléaires irradiés." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10227.
Full textStoddard, Edward James Armstrong. "European upstream energy cooperation : political risk, milieu-shaping and politico-commercial relations in the Caspian Sea region." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/european-upstream-energy-cooperation(d586315c-29bc-481b-a07f-80a2e76ebb89).html.
Full textFitoussi, Thomas. "Les cascades électromagnétiques cosmologiques comme sondes du milieu intergalactique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30235/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at studying "cosmological electromagnetic cascades". These cascades are initiated by the absorption of very high energy gamma-rays through gamma-gamma annihilation with optical / UV background photons of the intergalactic medium. In this interaction, electron/positron pairs are produced. The newly created leptons interact with photons of the Cosmological Microwave Background producing new gamma-rays through inverse Compton scattering which can also annihilate producing a cascade of secondary particles from a single primary photon. Observationally, the development of this cascade has three effects : the observed high energy spectrum is altered, observed photons arrive with a time delay with respect to primary photons and the source appears extended. Cosmological electromagnetic cascades start to being studied in the early sixties. But it is during the 2010's with the Fermi satellite and GeV to TeV observations that the field has really started to being explored. In the fast evolving backgound of gamma-ray astronomy, understanding the cascade physics has become a crucial stake. First the observed spectrum from a distant source is altered, which directly affects the modelling of high energy sources. Secondly, the cascades develop in the extragalactic medium and are very sensitive to its composition (background light, magnetic field). This medium is hard to study because it is extremely thin. Hence the cosmological cascades are a formidable probe to access its comprehension and its origin coming from the very beginning of our Universe. Yet the cosmological cascades are a complex phenomenon which involves complicated interactions (complex cross sections) and transport of particles in an expanding Universe. Analytical expressions are rapidly limited and numerical computations are required. In this thesis a Monte Carlo simulation code has been developed aiming at reproducing the cosmological cascades. This code has been tested and validated against analytical expressions. With the simulation code, a systematic study of the parameters impacting the development of the cascade has been led. This study allows a better understanding of the cascade physics. Especially, the impact of the intergalactic medium properties (extragalactic background light, extragalactic magnetic field) on the observables has been highlighted. Finally, a second study has been done to measure the contribution of cascades to the extragalactic gamma ray background. Recent works show that a great part of the diffuse emission at very high energy is explained by unresolved sources (blazars in particular). These gamma sources (resolved and unresolved) must in principle initiate cosmological cascades which can also contribute to the extragalactic gamma ray background. Starting from a modeling of the blazars at different redshifts, absorption and contribution of the cascades have been estimated with the simulation code. The results show that the contribution of the cascades might violate the Fermi limits but the excess must be confirmed
Cajot, Florian. "Modeling water transfer in soil in the presence of amphiphilic matter : application to the rhizosphere." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AVIG0623.
Full textOrganic matter is an important component of soils. Its distribution and properties determine the global properties of this heterogeneous porous medium. In particular, this organic matter may be amphiphilic to a greater or lesser degree, i.e. it can have variable hydrophilicity, changing from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic state and vice versa, depending on the water status of the medium. This multidisciplinary thesis proposes an original approach to modelling soil-amphiphilic organic matter systems. It aims to better quantify the effects of amphiphilic matter on the physical properties of wettability and surface tension of a soil and its impact on the transfer of water in the soil. This generic modelling is applied to the rhizosphere soil, which contains ExoPolySaccharides (EPS), amphiphilic polymers exuded by roots and micro-organisms, which can influence the hydric properties of the soil near the roots and thus play a role in regulating water uptake by the roots. The approach adopted in this thesis is based on innovative modelling that takes into account the presence of more or less hydrophobic organic matter in the soil, using a free energy concept that includes the partial wetting, gravitational and macroscopic surface tension energies of the medium in the flow laws. The transfer equations resulting from this flow energy approach are implemented and solved numerically using finite element methods with tools available in the Oomph-lib library. This development is built for 1D domains (Cartesian or axisymmetric) and 2D domains (rectangular or ringed) including classical boundary conditions (periodic, Dirichlet, homogeneous Neumann and constant flow). The algorithm developed tracks the spatial and temporal dynamics of the transfer while reducing numerical errors using adaptive numerical schemes based on Z2ErrorEstimator estimators for the spatial part and prediction-correction schemes using multi-step schemes for the temporal part. Applied to a stratified soil with respect to hydrophobicity, this modelling highlights the dynamics of water transfer in unsaturated soil, such as water trapping and the appearance of fingers, but also 'classic' transfer (as the medium approaches saturation). In addition, this modelling highlights hysteresis phenomena through a study of bifurcations and continuation codes developed for a periodic situation using the pde2path library. Transfer regimes can coexist in distinct branches of solutions in the wetting or drying phase. By characterising the physical properties of a model medium, consisting of sand in the presence of EPS, this transfer model with variable wettability is applied to the infiltration of a drop of water on a rhizosphere soil analogue. The behaviour of the model is tested according to the volume of the drop and the saturation of the medium. This provides a better understanding of the effects of amphiphilic matter at the soil-drop interface and enables the model parameters to be calibrated. Finally, this model is applied to water uptake at the scale of a root segment, including the rhizosphere, in which there is a gradient of EPS concentration according to distance from the root. This application enables us to study the impact of the amphiphilic characteristics of the EPS in the rhizosphere during the water extraction phase by the root or during the nocturnal re-moistening phase of the rhizosphere, with or without external water supply. Integrated into a broader, applied framework, this modelling could contribute to the analysis of rhizospheric traits likely to improve water use by plants in a context of climate change and practices (limiting irrigation)
Joubert-Garnaud, Carole. "Les énergies renouvelables dans l’agriculture de la Charente-Maritime : l’émergence en milieu rural d’un nouveau moteur du développement économique et social non dépourvu d’incidences sur l’environnement local." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LAROF035/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the newly role given to the renewable energies in a still rural French area, The Charente Maritime, while here and there, two issues are at stake : the question of climate change as well as the dramatic decrease of fossil energy stocks, in a period more and more turning towards the implementation of environment protection measures.Our research makes a review of the different renewable energies. Firstly the ones already produced and used in Charente Maritime, secondly the ones whose implementation is planned and eventually those which are in a state of project. (hydroelectric, solar, wind and biomass energies). The thesis is also about the potential of these energies expansion, about their consequences on environment, and in the way farmers, local representatives, association leaders and inhabitants view them.As a conclusion the thesis shows that environment results that we can draw from all these innovations is mixed : while the use of renewable energies reduce a little the dependence of Charentaises countries from fossil energies, the direct environment impact of these new energy sources appears ambiguous and especially contrasted. The study has been made in a quite little geographical area. It is all the same representative of the current changes in the French as well as the European countryside, the local and national specificities having been clearly underlined
Hasert, Uli Frieder. "Les énergies renouvelables en milieu polaire applications aux pompes à chaleur à absorption." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL031N.
Full textCroquelois, Benjamin. "Comportement à rupture des matériaux hétérogènes fragiles : application au comprimé pharmaceutique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0206.
Full textThe tablet is one of the main pharmaceutical dosage form for drug delivery. It is produced using die compaction from a powder mixture. Although compression has been used for over a century and is one of the most widely used processes in the pharmaceutical industry, its use remains largely empirical. This makes it difficult to predict the occurrence of issues that arise during the manufacturing of tablets like capping. This mechanism corresponds to a sudden failure of the tablet after its ejection from the die. Due to the lack of fundamental understanding of this mechanism there is yet no universal solution to this problem. Solving this issue first requires a thorough understanding of the mechanical behavior of tablets and more particularly of the various mechanisms involved in their failure. As part of this thesis, the tablet fracture was studied from the test conventionally used in the pharmaceutical field: the Brazilian test. Initially, the tablet fracture was analyzed from a stress approach. Since the capping is caused by fracture due to local over-stresses, we were particularly interested in the failure of the tablets under a stress concentration induced by the introduction of a controlled size defect. The study first made it possible to show the differences in sensitivity to a stress concentration of the different materials studied. In addition, thanks to the implementation of an adapted fracture criterion, the average stress, coupled with an analysis of the materials microstructure by X-ray tomography, it was possible to link the sensitivity to a stress concentration and the microstructure of the tablet. Finally, using the L.E.F.M. formalism (Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics), an energetic approach to the tablets fracture in a Brazilian test was implemented. Rapid propagation of macroscopic cracks was observed. In order to estimate the inertia effects induced by this rapid crack propagation, a high speed camera was used to follow the crack tip position over time while performing the Brazilian test. The finite element method (FEM) made it possible to simulate dynamic fracture by implementing a node release technique. This numerical analysis of the experimental data made it possible to define a dynamic correction factor adapted to the test geometry in order not to over-estimate the energy release rate in dynamic state
Bertin, Aurélien. "Contribution au développement des énergies renouvelables intermittentes en milieu insulaire : étude du couplage photovoltaïque, éolien, et stockage en Guadeloupe." Institut de physique du globe (Paris), 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GLOB0602.
Full textCurt, Jordan. "Damage detection for wind turbine towers with Digital Image Correlation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPAST008.
Full textWind turbine technology is mature and the market has become very competitive over time. A lever to reduce the costs of wind turbine operation lies in optimizing turbine maintenance. In this context, this study focuses on the wind turbine tower. The lifetime of the tower is influenced by uncertain parameters related to the environment and material hazards. This makes it very difficult to predict the tower lifetime, and large safety factors are used when dimensioning it. However, around the world, a few wind turbines have already collapsed, each time during extreme climatic episodes. The two identified ruin causes are the local buckling of the tower and the tearing off of its upper part. Academic and industrial sources have also reported the discovery of cracks on some turbines at the weld-material interfaces. An investigation of the criticality of a crack with respect to buckling and its fatal propagation has been carried out in the case where the tower is subjected to violent loads. Finite element simulations showed that the fatal crack propagation was the limiting phenomenon for the life extension of a cracked wind turbine tower.To ensure structural integrity, health monitoring techniques were developed over time. These are generally carried out using sensors extrapolating a global state of health from local data (accelerometers, strain gauges). The risk is that a defect remains invisible but is nevertheless critical for the structure. It is therefore essential to revisit the prediction tools based on site data. Within the framework of this work, methods based on imagery and more particularly Digital Image Correlation (DIC) have been developed. To address the problem, two approaches at different scales have been considered.The first, at structural scale, consists in reconstructing the wind turbine displacement field considered as a one-dimensional structure. The presence of damage will induce a loss of lateral stiffness, and thus a (quasi-)discontinuity in the field of rotation. The challenges for this part are twofold: the lack of contrast on the tower and the capture of outdoor photographs on a large structure. An integrated DIC technique was used in order to reduce the number of unknowns in the problem and to lower the measurement uncertainties. It was shown that the influence of a damage, especially a crack, would be too small regarding the measurement uncertainties. However, an innovative method of wind turbine tower modal analysis was developed and the first two natural frequencies could be determined accurately.The second strategy is focused on a mesoscopic scale. It is based on a low-cost camera system, inside the wind turbine, covering the circumferential welds in the regions of highest stress. The idea is to establish for each camera, when the structure is considered sound, a displacement modal basis using model reduction techniques. Over time, if an underlying or through defect appears, it will induce a disturbance in the displacement field which can be detected using global indicators such as displacement deviation or DIC residuals.In order to determine whether the detection of damage at both scales is feasible or not, it is essential to take into account the measurement uncertainty. Therefore, a mathematical framework of the optimal CIN with N fields has been proposed and validated
Garcia, Vergara Mauricio. "Impulsions électromagnétiques dans des milieux ultra-dispersifs nanostructurés : une approche théorique et numérique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0301/document.
Full textThe study of the interaction between electromagnetic pulses with dispersive and possible passive materials has a long tradition that can be traced, at least, to the works of Sommerfeld and Brillouin. As time has passed many scientist have contribute to a better understanding of this kind of phenomena. However some well established concepts need to be revisited and some questions remain open. The aim of this thesis is then, to tackle in a very systematic way, some of the most representative problems in this area that has been called “classical electrodynamics in matter”: I) We have developed a mathematical procedure that allows to find analytical models that in the frequency domain fulfils two fundamental physical properties: reality in time domain and causality. II) Our second task is to determine the velocity of an electromagnetic pulse that propagates in a highly dispersive medium. III) The problem of describing the electromagnetic field generated by an oscillating charge and itsinteraction with some dispersive 3D-object is also studied. The first part deals with the pure description of an EM field generated by arbitrary charge density $\rho$ and corresponding current density $j$. Second part is related to the interaction of this polyharmonic EM field and a dispersive object (a sphere). IV) Finding the resonant frequencies and consequently the resonant modes is a well known problem in physics, when the fields are not strictly confined and can leak to the whole universe we can say that we are dealing with Quasi Normal Modes (QNMs). In this thesis we give a brief and straightforward way of deriving the QNMs of a Fabry-Perot cavity
Lemonsu, Aude. "Modélisation des processus de surface et de la couche limite en milieu urbain." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30140.
Full textBressoux, Richard. "Phénomènes de transport de la lumière dans les milieux non linéaires." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10080.
Full textDrouin, Marie. "Modélisation des écoulements turbulents anisothermes en milieu macroporeux par une approche de double filtrage." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0066/document.
Full textThis works deals with the modelling if anisothermal turbulent flows in macroporous media. This topic concerns many practical applications such as heat exchangers, nuclear reactors, canopies... Our aim is to model flows through porous matrices by means of a multi-scale approach. A macroscopic description of the flows is obtained thanks to a spatial average operator, while a statistical average operator is used to handle turbulence. The successive application of both filters leads to a loss of information. Therefore, at macroscopic scale, unknown contributions linked to turbulence (Reynolds stresses) and the presence of the solid matrix (dispersion) appear. We focus on dispersion terms. We propose a thermal dispersion model for hydrodynamically established flows. Mean temperature predictions obtained with this model are very accurate for channel flows with strong temperature and wall heat flux gradients. We also derive a wall temperature model based the mean temperature model. It gives good macroscopic results for thermally developping flows. In order to be able to simulate hydrodynamically developping flows, a turbulence model is needed. A two-scale analysis of energy transfers within the flow shows that the dynamic behaviour of unbalanced flows can be described using the dispersive kinetic energy. A turbulence model that accounts for dispersive energy is derived. It predicts very well the dynamics of a flows near a channel inlet and provides accurate boundary conditions for exit flows. Finally, a dynamic model based on the dispersive energy and its dissipation rate is proposed for the dispersion tensor
Litaize, Olivier. "Contribution a la determination de l'albedo doublement differentiel en angle et en energie des neutrons. Application a la propagation dans les milieux lacunaires." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR13038.
Full textLabat, Jean-Philippe. "Dynamique et modelisation d'un echelon trophique de l'epibenthos des sables de l'infralittoral, philocheras trispinosus (caridea : decapoda), region de banyuls-sur-mer." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066461.
Full textVidal, García Alba. "Modeling and interpretation of the ultraviolet spectral energy distributions of primeval galaxies." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066667/document.
Full textI combine state-of-the-art models for the production of stellar radiation and its transfer through the interstellar medium (ISM) to investigate ultraviolet-line diagnostics of stars, the ionized and the neutral ISM in star-forming galaxies. I start by assessing the reliability of the stellar population synthesis modelling by fitting absorption-line indices in the ISM-free ultraviolet spectra of 10 Large-Magellanic-Cloud clusters. In doing so, I find that neglecting stochastic sampling of the stellar initial mass function in these young low-mass clusters affects negligibly ultraviolet-based age and metallicity estimates but can lead to significant overestimates of stellar mass. Then, I develop a simple approach, based on an idealized description of the main features of the ISM, to compute in a physically consistent way the combined influence of nebular emission and interstellar absorption on ultraviolet spectra of star-forming galaxies. My model accounts for the transfer of radiation through the ionized interiors and outer neutral envelopes of short-lived stellar birth clouds, as well as for radiative transfer through a diffuse intercloud medium. I use this approach to explore the entangled signatures of stars, the ionized and the neutral ISM in ultraviolet spectra of star-forming galaxies. I find that, aside from a few notable exceptions, most standard ultraviolet indices defined in the spectra of ISM-free stellar populations are prone to significant contamination by the ISM, which increases with metallicity. I also identify several nebular-emission and interstellar-absorption features, which stand out as particularly clean tracers of the different phases of the ISM
Lara, Moreno Miguel. "Etude des mécanismes possibles de formation et de destruction d'anions dans le milieu interstellaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0220/document.
Full textThe mechanisms of formation and destruction of molecular anions have become a field of special interest after the recent detection of six molecular anions (C4H-,C6H-, C8H-, CN-, C3N-, C5N-) in the interstellar medium. The main channel of formation of these anions is expected to be radiative electron attachment in environments where the density of electron is relatively important. There is however at themoment a lack of experimental and theoretical data allowing to assess this hypothesis. Photodetachment, on the other hand, is the main source of destruction of the anions in diffuse clouds and photodissociation regions. A single center expansion approach is applied to the study of both processes: photodetachment and radiative electron attachment. The results obtained with the present method are compared to previously reported experimental and theoretical data and show a good agreement.This method is then employed to determine the rate constants which are needed to confirm whether or not these mechanisms are crucial for the chemistry of the interstellar anions. Along with the formation and destruction rates, rotational excitation rate coefficients are needed to accurately model the observed anions abundances.We focus on the calculation of state-to-state rotational transitions rate coefficients of the C3N- molecule in its ground vibrational state in collisions with H2 and He using new potential energy surfaces
Zabiba, Mohammed. "Variational approximation of interface energies and applications." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0419/document.
Full textMinimal partition problems consist in finding a partition of a domain into a given number of components in order to minimize a geometric criterion. In applicative fields such as image processing or continuum mechanics, it is standard to incorporate in this objective an interface energy that accounts for the lengths of the interfaces between components. The present work is focused on thetheoretical and numerical treatment of minimal partition problems with interface energies. The considered approach is based on a Gamma-convergence approximation and duality techniques
Fontaine, Antoine. "De la source à la ressource : Territoires, héritages et coopération autour de la valorisation de l'énergie solaire en Rhône-Alpes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH006/document.
Full textThis research deals with the construction of renewable energy resources, and along the way, the construction of the energy transition sustainability in the wake of the new geography of resources (Bridge, Castree). It is argued that an energy resource emerges from a set of relations woven between an energy source and a value perspective progressively associated to it. Thus, resource qualities are not given by the physical characteristics of the energy source (e.g. the diffuse and abundant solar radiation) but by the relations (material, social, spatial) woven around this source to associate it to several materialities (e.g. the electric grid, the roofs, the landscape) in order to construct its value. Within this framework, the energy resources sustainability is presented as a relational quality that emerges while the “associated milieu” (Simondon) of photovoltaic projects is structured.The thesis is organized around an inquiry about the emergence within the Rhône-Alpes region of photovoltaic cooperative projects (i.e. the “centrales villageoises”) that try to construct the solar energy resource in a collective and multidimensional manner (e.g. landscape, value redistribution) in the context of the early 2010s. The inquiry underlines that these projects relies on heritages (e.g. networks of actors, skills and political visions) from a series of pioneering energy projects developed in Rhône-Alpes between the 1970s and the 1990s. Through these heritages, the collectives learn to deal with a national photovoltaic policy that does not seem favourable for them. Their contribution to the construction of sustainable energy resources rests on the ability of these collectives to constantly adapt themselves to overcome the many trials they face
Pérez, Frédéric. "Étude du transport des électrons suprathermiques en milieu solide ou comprimé dans le cadre de l'allumeur." Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/65/33/PDF/these_Perez.pdf.
Full textOn trouve sur la plateforme de thèse en ligne Tel le résumé suivant en anglais : The inertial confinement fusion (ICF) concept is widely studied nowadays. It consists in quickly compressing and heating a small spherical capsule filled with fuel, using extremely energetic lasers. Since approximately 15 years, the fast-ignition (FI) technique has been proposed to facilitate the fuel heating by adding a particle beam - electrons generated by an ultra-intense laser - at the exact moment when the capsule compression is at its maximum. This thesis constitutes an experimental study of these electron beams generated by picosecond-scale lasers. We present new results on the characteristics of these electrons after they are accelerated by the laser (energy, divergence, etc. ) as well as their interaction with the matter they pass through. The experimental results are explained and reveal different aspects of these laser-accelerated fast electrons. Their analysis allowed for significant progress in understanding several mechanisms: how they are injected into solid matter, how to measure their divergence, and how they can be automatically collimated inside compressed matter
Al, Zohbi Fatima. "Etude de Polyanilines et de nanocomposites Polyaniline/Graphène en milieu liquide ionique protique pour la réalisation de supercondensateurs." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4026/document.
Full textThe work carried out during this PhD thesis is based on the preparation of conducting polymers such as polyaniline (Pani) and their composites associated with graphene for use as electrode materials for supercapacitors application. This work was first dedicated to the synthesis of new protic ionic liquids (PILs) combining pyrrolidinium (Pyrr+) or imidazolium (Imi+) cations with p-toluene sulfonate (PTS-), hydrogen sulfate (HSO4-) or (+)-camphor-10-sulfonate (Cs-) anion, and the study of their physico-chemicals properties (conductivity, viscosity) in binary mixtures PILs/water. After determining the formulations needed to achieve the optimum of transport properties, the specific capacitance of Pani/HCl in these PILs medium was determined, and we have shown that the performance of symmetrical devices are improved in capacitance, specific energy and specific power (400F/g, 7Wh/kg and 4kW/kg for the higher values) in comparison to those obtained in a H2SO4 1M medium. These PILs mediums were also used as a synthesis medium of Pani. We have shown that the nature of PILs, acting as soft template, could change the electronic, morphological and thermal properties of Pani. An optimum of electronic conductivity of Pani (22 S/cm) was obtained with a synthesis realized in the binary mixture [Imi][HSO4]/water 70/30 generating a fibrillar morphology and a good cyclability (93% capacitance retention over 1000 cycles in H2SO4 1M at 2 A/g). For Pani synthesis in [Pyrr][PTS]/water, a thermal stability gain (360 °C) is obtained thanks to a PTS- doped Pani. Finally, a preliminary study on the preparation of composite Pani/graphene and Pani/graphene oxide was performed. The syntheses of nanocomposites were realized in PILs/water mixtures. The optimization of the composition of the Pani nanocomposites was studied and it was found that a mass ratio of about 15% in weight of graphene or graphene oxide enables to obtain promising nanomaterials with higher electrochemical performances compared with pristine Pani
Loucif, Abdelhalim. "Caractérisation photoélectrochimique des oxydes formés sur alliages base nickel en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau pressurisée." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842998.
Full textBatier, Cécile. "Confort thermique et énergie dans l’habitat social en milieu méditerranéen : d'un modèle comportemental de l’occupant vers des stratégies architecturales." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS019/document.
Full textThe current design of energy-efficient buildings used to be performed by dynamic thermal simulations using conventional hypotheses like those of the 2012 French thermal regulations (weather reports, occupancy, temperature set, operations of windows and shutters by occupants, etc...). However, feedback highlights a great difference in energy consumption between forecasts on the one hand and in situ measurements in winter as well as overheating in summer on the other hand. According to the scientific community, even if many factors can account for this gap, the inhabitants seem to play a major role in it as well. Indeed, by acting on their windows and shutters, they modify the renewal rate of fresh air and the management of solar contributions. As the matter of fact, the use and the type of windows and shutters affect the energy consumptions and the comfort. The aim of this study is to analyse the thermal evolution of occupied apartments in order to establish a behavioral model of the occupants. This will allow us to quantify the impact of architectural modifications on the thermal comfort and the energy performances of buildings.Two residential buildings are investigated in Vauvert (a city in southern of France). Both of them were built in 1969 using the same constructive techniques and have lately been renovated in a similar way (CMV, boilers, windows). The only difference is that on the facade of one of them an external thermal insulation has recently been installed. The analysis of the real thermal conditions, of the actual human behavior and of the amount of energy consumed is built on surveys and on an extensive year-round in situ instrumentation in the living rooms of 13 apartments. It allows us to define a behavioral model of occupants based on 32 different combinations in the operations of windows and shutters. We can divide them into three occupants' profiles (the “expert” occupant, the “active” occupant and the “counterproductive” occupant). Digital Pléiades+COMFIE simulations are made in order to validate this model. The refined modeling of the dynamic thermal simulation parameters helps to understand the impact on the thermal comfort and the energy consumption of different architectural strategies in the Mediterranean area.In winter the thermal analysis of the two residential buildings (insulated and non insulated) shows similar levels of consumption, but a lower level of thermal comfort in the non insulated case. However during temperature peaks in summer, overheating appears in the insulated dwellings, but human behavior is the key to limit occupants’ discomfort. The analysis of in situ measurements shows that strategies to cool down the apartments are not always implemented by occupants. Architectural solutions mitigating “counterproductive” occupants’ behavior are finally examined
Joubert-Garnaud, Carole. "Les énergies renouvelables dans l'agriculture de la Charente-Maritime : l'émergence en milieu rural d'un nouveau moteur du développement économique et social non dépourvu d'incidences sur l'environnement local." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576083.
Full textItawi, Ahmad. "Dispositifs photoniques hybrides sur Silicium comportant des guides nano-structurés : conception, fabrication et caractérisation." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112363/document.
Full textThis work contributes to the general context of III-V materials on Silicon hybrid devices for optical integrated functions, mainly emission/amplification at 1.55µm. Devices are considered for operation under electrical injection, reaching performances relevant for data transfer application. The main three contributions of this work concern: (i) bonding InP-based materials on Si, (ii) nanostructuration of the Si guiding layer for spatial and spectral control of the guided mode and (iii) technology of an hybrid electrically injected laser, with a special attention to the thermal budget. Bonding has been investigated following two approaches. The first one we call heterohepitaxial or oxide-free bonding, is performed without any intermediate layer at a temperature ~450°C. This approach has the great advantage allowing electrical transport across the interface, as reported in the literature. We have developed oxide-free surface preparation for both materials, mainly InP-based layers, and established bonding parameter processing. An in-depth STEM and RX structural characterization has demonstrated an oxide-free reconstructed interface without any dislocation except on one or two atomic layers which accommodate the large lattice mismatch (8.1%) between InP and Si. Photoluminescence of quantum wells intentionally grown close to the interface has shown no degradation. We have also developed an oxide-based bonding process operated at 300°C in order to be compatible with CMOS processing. The original ozone activation of the very thin (~5nm) oxide layer we have proposed demonstrates a bonding surface without any unbonded area due to degassing under annealing. We have developed an original method based on nanoindentation characterization in order to obtain a quantitative and local value of the surface bonding energy. Related to the absence or to the very thin intermediate layer between the two materials, our modal design is based on a double core structure, where most of the optical mode is confined in the Si guiding layer, and no taper is required. The Si waveguide on top of the SOI stack is a shallow ridge. A nanostructured material on both sides of the waveguide core ensures the lateral confinement, the nanostructuration geometry being at a sub-wavelength period in order to operate this material well below its photonic gap. It behaves as an uniaxial material with ordinary and extraordinary indices calculated according to the structuration geometry. Such a structuration allows modal and spectral control of the guided mode. 3D modal and spectral simulation have been performed. We have demonstrated, on a double-period structuration, a wavelength selective operation of hybrid optical waveguides. Such a double-period geometry could be included in a laser design for DFB operation. This nanostructuration has larger potential application such as coupled waveguides arrays or selective resonators. We have developed all the technological processing steps for an electrically injected hybrid laser fabrication. Main developments concern dry etching, performed with the Inductive Coupled Plasma Reactive Ion Etching ICP-RIE technique of both the nanostructuration of the Silicon material, and the mesa of the hybrid laser. Efficient electrical contacts fabrication is also a complex step. First lasers operating performances could be improved. We have investigated a specific design in order to overcome the thermal penalty encountered by all the hybrid devices. This penalty is due to the thick buried oxide layer of the SOI stack that prevents heating related to the current flow to be dissipated. Taking advantage of the electrical transport we have shown at the oxide-free interface, we propose a design where the n-contact is defined on the guiding Si layer, suppressing thermal heating under electrical operation. Such an approach is very promising for densely packed hybrid devices integrated with associated electronic driving elements on Si
Hani, Younes. "Étude des paramètres digestifs chez l'épinoche à trois épines (Gasterosteus aculeatus) : intérêt en tant que biomarqueurs." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS048.
Full textIn a large context of global warming (temperature increase), anthropogenic activities introduce significant amounts of organic and inorganic pollutants causing chemical and physical disruption on the aquatic ecosystems and there living organisms. This work is therefore part of a context that covers both the need for the development of new tools for assessing the quality of aquatic environments, as required by regulations such as the DCE, and the provision of new knowledge on multistress effects on living organisms. Specifically, we examined different energy metabolism parameters and their interest as novel biomarkers in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a model species in ecotoxicology. This thesis aims to: (i) characterize the influence of biotic and abiotic parameters on the chosen parameters, (ii) to specify the response pattern of digestive enzymes in a multistress context (chronic exposure to a very low concentration of cadmium and / or thermal stress), and (iii) to study the consequences of this multiple exposure on sticklebacks' reproduction, in relation with the modulation of the energy parameters. Results show that temperature is the major stress factor with negative effects on most of the studied parameters (i.e. growth parameters, some parameters of energy metabolism, oxidative stress parameters and parents' reproduction parameters). Concerning cadmium, this chemical stress had effects at the molecular level (digestive enzymes) but did not affect the reproductive parameters of adult fish. However, consequences of cadmium exposure are nevertheless observed on the offspring (survival capacity). The negative impact of the double stress sticklebacks' reproduction may be due to an altered parental investment, which probably followed an alteration of one of the parameters in relation to energy acquisition, such as digestive enzymes. Thus, the parameters associated with energy metabolism, and especially with the acquisition of energy (digestion), show an interesting sensitivity to the different stresses studied, highlighting their potential as new biomarkers
Semassou, Guy Clarence. "Aide à la décision pour le choix de sites et systèmes énergetiques adaptés aux besoins du benin." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14450/document.
Full textThe analysis of the wind sites and the solar possibilities of Benin led the works towards the energy systems, of the autonomous photovoltaic type, coupled with batteries of storage. These appropriate energy systems were analyzed, modelled and optimized. The criteria of optimization arise from a survey realized in near the persons in charge who take care of questions of electrification in rural areas, of selected professionals who play a major role in the decision-making of the projects of electrification in rural areas, local associations which benefited from these projects in Benin, from technicians and from users of these systems. These criteria are organized into a hierarchy according to the method AMDEC. A method of adapted optimization was realized; she appeals to an original vision of level-headedness
Oueslati, Khaled. "Caractérisation et modélisation de la production des radicaux libres oxygénés par la chimie de Fenton dans un milieu mimétique de la viande." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC014/document.
Full textControl of meat quality during meat processes (storage, cooking, curing, digestion) requires a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible of the oxidative phenomena and of the kinetic laws that govern them. The initiation stage of oxidation is crucial and characterized by the rate of reaction of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide with iron; this latter compound is more or less rich depending on muscles, animals and species. Superoxide radical (O2°- ) and hydroxyl radical (OH°) are produced and initiate the cascade of reactions implicated in protein and lipid oxidations. To investigate the impact of the physicochemical parameters on the free radicals production our trials were carried out with a mimetic model of meat using two specific probes (nitroblue tetrazolium and terephthalate) and a stoichio-kinetic mathematical model composed of interactive chemical reactions. This approach enables to measure many production kinetics of O2°- and OH° and to assess unknown kinetic parameters (rate constant and activation energy and iron reactivity) by comparison of calculations to measurements. The experimental results show: (1) a synergistic effect of oxidants and temperature on oxidations (2) a significant effect of counter ions and pH on iron complexes and oxidation levels (3) a significant effect of oxidants and antioxidants on oxidation. Controversial rate constants and activation energies of some reactions as well as iron reactivity coefficients were adjusted. The predictions of the stoechio-kinetic model reproduce experimental trends except for high reactants concentrations, for extreme temperatures and for some antioxidants. A global optimization of k, Ea and iron reactivities values could improve predictive results
Ledoux, Valentin. "Matériaux nanocomposites à base d'oxydes conducteurs pour la génération d'énergie électrique en milieux humides et pour de nouvelles applications électrocatalytiques." Thesis, IMT Mines Alès, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAL0002.
Full textAn "Unusual" behavior of oxide anodes in aqueous media, compared with metal anodes, began to attract the attention of researchers as early as the 1960s. During the activation process, electrons placed in the valence band (VB) of a semiconductor material leave their energy level and move towards the conduction band (CB) thereby forming electronic holes able to proceed at the direct oxidation of adsorbed hydroxyl anions, thereby transforming them into hydroxyl radicals HO•, which are extremely powerful oxidizing agents. This consideration makes it possible to explain why the oxidation of organic pollutants in water is always higher on the oxide anodes than on the metal anodes. The reaction cycle is as follows:H2O + MOx ["Catalytic" site] MOx•HO•ads + H+ + 1 e- then MOx•HO•ads + RH MOx + H2O + R’Although widely used in electrocatalysis water depollution processes, the mechanism describing the interactions between oxide anodes and water is poorly understood.The ambition of this thesis is to demonstrate the feasibility of recovering electrical charges from water using a metal oxide anode, SnO2:F was chosen as the model anode. The demonstration of this hypothesis follows 5 steps: 1. Understand why water is able to behave as a reducing agent and therefore share its electric charge with external consumers through metal oxide surfaces. 2.Conceptualize the mode of action of oxide anodes in humid environments. Develop a clear vision on the mechanism of this phenomenon, study it in detail and objectively confirm its main stages through experimental results. 3.Conceptualize, from the point of view of chemical compositions as well as physicochemical and electro-physical properties, promising active materials applicable as generators of elementary electrical charges from wetlands. 4.Choose, develop and test appropriate active materials, that is to say, meet the requirements, in terms of chemical compositions and electro-physical properties, fixed in the previous point. 5.Conclude by the proposal of a method of estimating the energy efficiency of the process under development and the prospects of applications
Grahovac, Milica [Verfasser]. "Modeling and Optimization of Energy Generation and Storage Systems for Thermal Conditioning of Buildings Targeting Conceptual Building Design / Milica Grahovac." Aachen : Shaker, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1051575230/34.
Full textRakotoson, Vanessa. "Intégration de l'analyse de cycle de vie dans l'étude de la production électrique en milieux insulaires." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0035/document.
Full textPopulation growth, the raising of the standard of living and quality of life, and energy-intensive activities are key parameters affecting the territory energy demand, through electricity consumption. To meet this demand, reliance on fossil fuels is the main adopted solution, particularly in insular context. The downside of this method is the large amount of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emitted, and vulnerability of the territories. Current policies are now in favor of the energy self-sufficiency as a medium-term objective, and put in place measures to support the use of sustainable energy sources to mitigate GHG emissions. This work aims to assess environmental impact of electricity production in Reunion island, to establish a territorial diagnosis. Based on a life cycle assessment approach, according to ISO 14044 standards, varying environmental impacts have been evaluated from existing power plants. An evaluating tool has been developed to identify the most emissive life cycle stage from 1 kWh electricity produced. The obtained results serve as a reference point to develop prospective scenarios. Eight scenarios have been presented and aim to satisfy environmental, technical, social and economic constraints
Limane, Abdelhakim. "Modélisation thermo-aéraulique des écoulements d’air avec transfert de chaleur et de masse dans un milieu fermé et humide. Application à une piscine intérieure." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11060.
Full textAbstract : The swimming pool is one of the most popular public establishments in our society and is not just a place for physical activities but also a space for relaxation, play, education and family ties. It is therefore important to ensure a healthy and comfortable indoor environment for the occupants. However, given the size, energy requirement and complexity of the physical phenomena that take place within such space, it is difficult to achieve an optimum balance between interior air quality, thermal comfort of occupants and energy efficiency of the building. This requires a description of the mechanisms, which determine the structure of the airflow by a profound analysis of these phenomena, which are the origin of the heat and mass transfers involved inside such spaces. The objective of this thesis is to present a numerical thermo-ventilation study using CFD (computational fluid dynamic) in stationary and transient regime that allows to evaluate the dynamic, thermal and thermodynamic behaviors of the various phenomena that take place inside the semi-Olympic closed swimming pool at Bishop's University (Sherbrooke, Qc, Canada). The aim is to improve the indoor air quality and thermal comfort of occupants as well as its energy efficiency. The simulations are carried out using OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation and Manipulation) using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. To do this, a CFD thermo-ventilation study was first carried out on a rectangular cavity with heated floor in order to understand the thermo-ventilation simulations. This has led to the determination of the best ventilation configuration for optimum air quality and thermal comfort. Several CFD simulations of the three-dimensional airflow with heat and mass transfer were also carried out later for the indoor swimming pool to evaluate the effects of outdoor climatic conditions and swimmers on the indoor atmosphere of the pool. By adopting several RANS turbulence models, the comparison of the results obtained with the experimental data allowed to validate the OpenFOAM code. The experimental data were collected in the pool at Bishop's University using a device designed and adapted to the pool’s internal conditions. The devise is equipped with several sensors to measure temperature, relative humidity and velocity. Finally, a thermo-ventilation study of the swimming pool in transient turbulent regime for a duration of 24 hours for typical days of summer and winter was conducted in order to predict the distribution of the various parameters such as velocity, temperature and relative humidity. A statistical analysis showed that the external climatic conditions have no effect on the internal environment of the swimming pool. Moreover, its good thermal insulation demonstrated by a detailed calculation of the thermal losses through building envelope confirms this observation. On the other hand, the evaluation of the indoor air quality and the thermal comfort of occupants revealed that the conditions inside the pool are unacceptable. After which, an adjustment of the air conditioning parameters was made for improvements.