Academic literature on the topic 'MILD STEEL PINS'
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Journal articles on the topic "MILD STEEL PINS"
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Rong, Qi, Yong Li, Xiaoguang Sun, Zhusheng Shi, Lichun Meng, and Jianguo Lin. "Experimental studies of the efficient use of flexible tool in creep age forming." MATEC Web of Conferences 190 (2018): 13002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819013002.
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Application of a newly developed flexible forming tool to creep age forming (CAF) process has been investigated in this study. The flexible tool mainly consists of sparsely distributed forming pins, splines and elastomeric sheet. The effect of key factors related to the forming tool on the shape of the formed parts has been studied through various CAF experiments. The key factors investigated in this study include: the interval between forming pins, the arrangement of pins, the accuracy requirement of pin height and the material of splines. It has been found that reducing the interval between pins can efficiently smooth the shape of CAFed plates. The feasibility of asymmetric arrangement of pins has been proven, which can decrease the number of used pins, reduce tool weight, and increase efficiency. The forming results are very sensitive to the pin height, thus the experimental set-up error should be carefully controlled. Additionally, compared with mild steel, spring steel is more suitable as the spline material.
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Sidik, Muhamad Harith Izdiyad, N. Amir, and Subhash Kamal. "Wear Mechanism of Wear Resistant HVOF Thermal Spray Coating: Chromium Carbide Nickel Chrome on 304 AISI Steel." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 06017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822506017.
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One of the common ways to overcome wear is by surface modification which is a coating process. The application of cermet of chromium (Cr carbide) in Nickel-Chromium (Ni-Cr) matrix is widely used as coating material since it provides high wear resistant. Besides, thermal spray process is widely known as the most suitable technique to produce cermet coating. In this study, chromium carbide-nickel chrome (Cr3C2- NiCr) powder is used as the feedstock. High Velocity Oxy Fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying is used to deposit the coating on mild steel substrate to study the behaviour of wear of the coating. The wear test is conducted by using TABER Linear Abrasion Wear Test machine. The wear rate of both coated and uncoated pin is measured by measuring the weight loss of the samples. The Cr3C2-NiCr coated pins have shown less weight loss than the uncoated pins. The lifetime prediction of Cr3C2-NiCr coated pins is higher than the uncoated pins at different time duration and applied loads. The results showed that the wear resistant properties of Cr3C2-NiCr coated pins are higher than the uncoated pins. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) integrated with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are used to determine the microstructure of Cr3C2-NiCr coating. The microstructure of Cr3C2-NiCr coated pin after the wear testing showed no presence of crack and the wear track was homogenous.
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Allen, C. B., T. F. J. Quinn, and J. L. Sullivan. "The Oxidational Wear of High-Chromium Ferritic Steel on Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal of Tribology 107, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261016.
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Experiments are described in which high-chromium ferritic steel pins were slid, without lubrication, against austenitic stainless steel disks, under loads varying from 7 to 95N and speeds varying from 0.23 to 3.3 ms−1. Although no external heating was supplied, all the worn surfaces were oxidized, as also was the wear debris, indicating that some form of mild wear always occurred under these conditions. Measurements were made, using a special tilt correction facility on the Scanning Electron Microscope, of the thicknesses of the oxide formed both on the pin and the disk surfaces, due to the evolution of frictional heating at the interface. The division of heat at the interface was also deduced from thermocouple measurements. These measurements, combined with the surface model used as the basis for the Oxidational Wear Theory, are shown to give rise to independent estimates of the contact temperature (Tc), the number of contacts beneath the pin at any instant (N), and the radius (a) of each of those contacts, that are consistent with those obtained in earlier published experiments involving the mild wear of low-alloy steels. In these earlier experiments, the validity of the estimates of N, Tc and “a,” depended upon the validity of the choice of Arrhenius Constant used in the Oxidational Wear Theory. The correlation between the two sets of estimates is discussed. Suggestions are made for further work to validate the Oxidational Theory of the mild wear of these industrially-important materials, particularly at elevated temperatures.
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Mandal, Indranil, Thia Paul, Shibam Sen, Sourav Biswas, Subhaditya Chakraborty, and Sabyasachi Dey. "Sustainable Analysis of Process Parameters During MIG Welding of 1018 Mild Steel." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.293255.
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The present work analyses MIG in terms of strength and consumption of energy during joining of similar AISI 1018 Mild Steel plates. Sustainable manufacturing is the creation of various manufactured products that generally use different processes that will minimize negative impact on environment, conserve natural resources and energy, are also safe for the employees, consumers and communities as well as economically sound. Sustainable manufacturing highlights on the necessity of an energy effective process that optimize consumption of energy. AISI 1018 mild steel is extensively used in automotive industries for pins, worms, dowels gears, non-critical tool components etc. Main important output responses are Tensile Strength and energy consumption during MIG Welding Process by taking Current, Travel Speed and Voltage as effective input variables. The main objective is to optimize energy consumption as well as tensile strength also determination of main influential process parameters on energy Consumption and tensile strength by using Taguchi Method. Contour plot has been also shown.
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Das, Sarmistha, K. Varalakshmi, V. Jayaram, and S. K. Biswas. "Ultra Mild Wear in Lubricated Tribology of an Aluminium Alloy." Journal of Tribology 129, no. 4 (May 20, 2007): 942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2768615.
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Flat faces of steel pins were slid on an eutectic aluminium silicon alloy under lubricated condition in the 1–100MPa mean contact pressure range and 0.2m∕s sliding speed. Two transition in wear rate were observed, at 10MPa and 70MPa. The wear rate in the 1–10MPa regime was found to be very small and within the measuring instrument resolution and also insensitive to contact pressure. The regime is designated ultramild wear. Lack of plastic flow, minimal fragmentation of silicon particles, and the presence of undistorted voids on the fractured and unfractured silicon particles in the subsurface suggest that the state of stress in the near surface region is elastic. Contact mechanical calculations demonstrate that at contact pressures <13.7MPa, the system is likely to shakedown to an elastic state.
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Quinn, T. F. J., and W. O. Winer. "An Experimental Study of the “Hot-Spots” Occurring During the Oxidational Wear of Tool Steel on Sapphire." Journal of Tribology 109, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261358.
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This paper describes some interesting preliminary results obtained with tool steel pins sliding against a rotating sapphire disk without lubrication. It is shown (i) that mild (oxidational) wear of the pin surface can be obtained with this combination of materials, (ii) that the “hot-spots” between the pin and the disk surfaces can be seen and photographed for size analysis, and (iii) that the temperature of the hot-spots can be estimated from the photographs. Some scanning electron micrographs were also taken of the pin surfaces at the end of the experiments, the objective being to complement the optical analyses, and thereby provide information about the number, size, and temperature of the hot-spots. The revelance of these estimates to the mechanisms involved in mild (oxidational) wear is also discussed.
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Kaya, Ali Arslan, E. S. Kayali, Dan Eliezer, G. Gertsberg, and N. Moscovitch. "Addition of B4C to AZ91 via Diecasting and Its Effect on Wear Behaviour." Materials Science Forum 488-489 (July 2005): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.488-489.741.
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The dry sliding wear behavior of magnesium-matrix-composites (MMC) reinforced by boron carbide particulates (B4Cp) has been investigated. Magnesium is the lightest structural material and is a good choice as a metal matrix for boron carbide and silicon carbide addition. Magnesium and its alloys, without reinforcement, are generally not suitable for mechanical applications due to their low wear resistance. The MMCs used in this study were produced via highpressure die-casting technique. The wear resistance of B4C/AZ91D composite reinforced with 12 and 25 wt% B4C were studied, compared with unreinforced diecast AZ91D. As-cast microstructures of the materials and boron carbide particules were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The hardness values of the control sample and the composites were determined via Vickers hardness measurements. Pin on disk dry sliding wear tests were carried out to study wear rate and wear mechanisms. The magnesium matrix composites were used as pins while mild steel as disc material. The worn surfaces of pins were examined by using SEM. The wear performance of magnesium matrix composites was improved with increasing volume fraction of B4C up to a certain level.
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Nahvi, Hamdan Gowhar. "Study for Improvement in the Surface Properties and Wear Behavior of Mild Steel." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 938–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38538.
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Abstract: Surface of a material can be improved by depositing the filler metal for the enhancement of various properties. Surface should be harder than substrate material for surface improvement. This surface improvement is also known as surfacing. In present research Mild steel specimens of size 140×35×40 were used to deposit surfacing layers and study the feasibility of iron/aluminum with varying compositions on low carbon steel deposited by GTAW process. Specimens for hardness and oxidation resistance were prepared. While studying oxidation of surfaced and un-coated area (base material), oxidation test resulted that the oxidation occurred on surface of base metal (un-coated area) after heating at different temperatures and time intervals. Specimens kept at 500˚C, 700˚C temperatures for 3, 6, 9 hours to get oxidized from un-coated surface but no mark of oxidation and pitting was visible at surfaced area but pitting of un-coated area occurred at 700˚C temperature. Oxidation had no effect to surfaced area. Low temperature oxidation test specimens gave only weight loss from un-coated portion but high temperature oxidation gave high amount of weight reduction due to pitting occurred on un-coated portion. The amount of weight loss of specimens increased with increase in furnace holding time at constant temperature. With increase in temperature oxidation of un-coated area of specimens also increased and pitting action occurred on un-coated area of specimens at high temperature. Further, for the various wear tests the cylindrical pins of 8 mm diameter with spherical tip 4 mm radius was made. Wear tests were carried out on pin on disc sliding wear testing machine. The comparison of wear rate loss was studied with constant sliding distance, varying load and sliding velocity of different compositions of iron/aluminum surfacing and substrate material. Hardness and wear resistance of composition were increased with increase in percentage of Fe element in composition. Composition C1 (Fe:Al/70:30) had high hardness and high wear resistance as compared to composition C2 (Fe:Al/30:70) and C3 (Fe:Al/50:50). Composition C3 (Fe:Al/50:50) had better hardness and wear resistance as compared composition C2 (Fe:Al/70:30). Keywords: Surface improvement, Fe-Al intermetallic, GTAW process, Sliding wear.
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N, Gunavathy, and Sangeetha M. "CORROSION INHIBITION PERFORMANCE OF PINK, ORANGE AND WHITE COLOURED BOUGAINVILLEA GLABRA BRACT EXTRACT ON MILD STEEL IN 1N HCl." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj289.
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The present study was undertaken to find out the phytochemicals present in Bougainvillea glabra bracts extract and to compare the corrosion inhibition efficiency between B.glabra Pink, Orange and White coloured bract extract on mild steel in 1N HCl. Phyto chemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and tannins in the extract as confirmed by implying different qualitative tests specified for these phytochemical. Corrosion rate, inhibition efficiency, FTIR analysis was determined. The corrosion of mild steel in 1N HCl acid media was significantly reduced upon the additions of BG bract extracts. The inhibition efficiency increased with the increasing concentration of the inhibitor. Maximum inhibition efficiency was observed at an optimum concentration of 2 % v/v.
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Hafizi, Ikmal, Widjijono Widjijono, and Marsetyawan HNE Soesatyo. "Perbandingan Hipersensitivitas Tipe IV Akibat Paparan Remanium Gm800 Dan Stainless Steel 316L." Jurnal Material Kedokteran Gigi 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32793/jmkg.v6i1.264.
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Stainless steel and cobalt chromium is a metal that is used in dentistry. Stainless steel (SS) 316L has good corrosion resistance, but there are still many cases of hypersensitivity due to the use of such materials. Remanium GM800 is a cobalt-based alloy which is relatively mild with the advantages of having a high fracture resistance, high modulus of elasticity and resistance to corrosion. The research aims to know type IV hypersensitivity reactions for cobalt chromium GM800 applications compared with 316L Stainless steel. The research was conducted through the test GPMT (Guinea Pig Maximization Test). The pre-research phase does CoCr patch/SS/control application to 3 guinea pigs of each group with concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80%. Primary research begins with intradermal induction on the backs of guinea pigs for 7 days with a suspension of A (50% FCA emulsion dan 50% Propylene glycol), B (SS/CoCr/blank dan Propylene glycol) and C (50% SS/CoCr/blank suspension and 50% FCA) on the left and right backs of guinea pigs. On the 8th day induction results topical concentration of 40% for 24 hours, then opened to see the reaction and closed again for 48 hours. After that, the research was continued with challenge phase by attaching patch 5% concentration for 14 days. On the 28th day was observed erythema and edema on the skin of guinea pigs followed by sacrifice in order to obtain specimen to do immunohistochemical staining by ED antibodies. The result showed 316L SS cause 40% of the samples sensitized that were grouped in moderate classification, while CoCr GM800 cause 20% of the samples sensitized so classified in the mild classification in triggering type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Histopathology examination showed that 42% of the visual field SS 316L specimen expressed macrophages, while only 28% expressed macrophages in CoCr GM800 specimen. The conclusion of this study CoCr GM800 trigger type IV hypersensitivity reaction is lower than SS 316L.
Book chapters on the topic "MILD STEEL PINS"
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Mishra, Bal Mukund, Supriyo Roy, and Goutam Kumar Bose. "Tribological and Micro-Structural Characterization of Ni-Cu-P-W Coatings." In Advanced Surface Coating Techniques for Modern Industrial Applications, 209–25. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4870-7.ch009.
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Ni-Cu-P-W coating was deposited by electroless method on mild steel substrate to study the crystallization and tribological behavior at different annealing temperatures. Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to study the composition, surface morphology, phase behavior, and thermal behavior of the coating, respectively. Tribological study was conducted using Pin-on-Disc tribotester. EDX analysis confirms the presence of Ni, Cu, P, and W in the deposit. SEM image shows the surface is dense, smooth, and without any observable nodule. Some of the samples were heat treated to 300°C, 500°C, and 700°C for 1 hour to observe the crystallographic change by XRD. One sharp crystalline peak of Ni (111) is present in all condition, but the intensity increases rapidly with the heat treatment temperature. The phase transition temperature of this quaternary coating analyzed by DSC was 431.8°C.
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Gnanasekaran, S., Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, G. Padmanaban, and S. Sivananthan. "Microstructural and High Temperature Wear Characteristics of Plasma Transferred Arc Hardfaced Ni–Cr–Si–B-C Alloy Deposits." In Liquid Metals [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98622.
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Due to the tough working environments, wear damage to nuclear reactor components is frequent. Usually, nuclear elements run at 573 k to 873 k. The feed water controller valves, used for the thundering of coolant flow, wear out faster among the reactor components. Austenitic stainless steels, using different methods for hardfacing, improve wear resistance to the cobalt and nickel alloys. Nickel based hardfacing is more resistant to wear than cobalt based hardfacing at high temperatures thanks to the solid oxide layers. Austenitic stainless-steel substrates generally favor nickel-based hardfaced (Ni–Cr-Si–B-C) over cobalt-driven hardfacing because this reduces radiation-induced nuclear activity. A well-known surface method for depositing nickel hardfacing, minimal dilution, alloys is the Plasma Transfer Arc (PTAs) weld technique. In this study the Ni-based alloy is hardfaced over a 316 L (N) ASS substratum with PTA hardfacing, for a dense of approximately 4–4.5 mm. The substrates and deposits were tested at different temperatures with a pin on disc wear (room temperature, 150 and 250°C).When grinding with 1000 grain SiC abrasive paper, the wear test samples were polished to the roughness value (Ra) of less than 0,25 m.The deposit showed a variety of wear mechanisms regarding the test temperature. Using friction and wear values and wear analysis, the wear mechanisms were determined. There was a considerable wear loss at room temperature (RT).At 423 K operating heat, mild ploughing at short sliding distances and tribo-oxidation were carried out with increasing sliding time.The primary wear mechanism was adherence at the time of operating temperature at 623 K, but as the sliding distance widened, tribo-oxidation improved. In combination with a working hardened substrate, the formation of an oxide layer could significantly reduce the wear loss of nickel-based alloys.
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Orr, David W. "Verbicide." In The Nature of Design. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148558.003.0010.
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He entered my office for advice as a freshman advisee sporting nearly perfect SAT scores and an impeccable academic record—by all accounts a young man of considerable promise. During a 20-minute conversation about his academic future, however, he displayed a vocabulary that consisted mostly of two words: “cool” and “really.” Almost 800 SAT points hitched to each word. To be fair, he could use them interchangeably as “really cool” or “cool . . . really!” He could also use them singly, presumably for emphasis. When he became one of my students in a subsequent class I confirmed that my first impression of the young scholar was largely accurate and that his vocabulary, and presumably his mind, consisted predominantly of words and images derived from overexposure to television and the new jargon of computer- speak. He is no aberration, but an example of a larger problem, not of illiteracy but of diminished literacy in a culture that often sees little reason to use words carefully, however abundantly. Increasingly, student papers, from otherwise very good students, have whole paragraphs that sound like advertising copy. Whether students are talking or writing, a growing number have a tenuous grasp on a declining vocabulary. Excise “uh . . . like . . . uh” from virtually any teenage conversation, and the effect is like sticking a pin into a balloon. In the past 50 years, by one reckoning, the working vocabulary of the average 14-year-old has declined from some 25,000 words to 10,000 words (“Harper’s Index” 2000). This reflects not merely a decline in numbers of words but in the capacity to think. It also reflects a steep decline in the number of things that an adolescent needs to know and to name in order to get by in an increasingly homogenized and urbanized consumer society. This is a national tragedy virtually unnoticed in the media. It is no mere coincidence that in roughly the same half century the average person has learned to recognize more than 1,000 corporate logos but can recognize fewer than 10 plants and animals native to their locality (Hawken 1993, 214).
Conference papers on the topic "MILD STEEL PINS"
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Jiang, Xiaoli, and C. Guedes Soares. "Ultimate Capacity Behavior of Pitted Mild Steel Plates Under Biaxial Compression." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49980.
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The aim of the present paper is to investigate the effects of corrosion pits on the ultimate capacity of rectangular mild steel plates under biaxial compression. A series of non-linear FEM analysis on plates with partial depth pits are carried out, changing geometrical attributes of both pits and plates, i.e., the radius, depth, location and distribution of the pits and the slenderness of the plates. Possible interaction between transverse and longitudinal axial compression is studied applying different level of loading ratio and considering the effects of partial depth pitting corrosion. It is shown that biaxial loading ratio is a dominant factor affecting the behavior of pitted plates besides pits intensity and thickness loss at pits. When longitudinal compression is dominant load with loading ratio lower than 1, the interaction relationship curves for different DOP levels tend to be parallel with each other and the distance between every two parallel curves seems to be dependent mainly on the deviation of their DOP values and thickness loss at pits. Moreover, pits distribution along long and shirt edges could also affect the ultimate strength behavior of plates. The work done in the paper illustrates that the ultimate capacity of pitted plate could be derived from intact plate by introducing important influential parameters like DOP, thickness loss and possible pits distribution.
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Jiang, Xiaoli, and C. Guedes Soares. "Residual Strength of Pitted Mild Steel Plates Subjected to Biaxial Compression." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54243.
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The present paper focus on the residual strength of pitted mild steel rectangular plate under biaxial compression. This paper aims to propose a general and practical formula to predict the residual strength of pitted rectangular plates under biaxial compression starting from the classic formula for intact rectangular plates and assessing whether it can be applicable to pitted plates, where the degree of pitting corrosion is modelled as one key parameter. Firstly, the numerical model is verified with an existing case study. Afterwards, a series of nonlinear FEM analysis are performed, changing geometrical attributes of both pits and plates, i.e., the radius and location of pits and the slenderness of plates. Based on those simulation results, it is found that the classic formula for intact rectangular plates can be applied reasonably well for pitting corroded plates. A unique parameter DOP (degree of pitting), which is easily determined, is employed to evaluate the effect of pitting corrosion with adequately accuracy and without bias to either longitudinal or transverse compressive stress. The proposed formula can provide guidance during the process of ship structural maintenance decision-making and strength reassessment conveniently.
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Gadkari, A., A. S. Khanna, and N. B. Dahotre. "Wear Resistance of Laser Alloyed ZrB2 Coatings on Mild Steel." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0999.
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Abstract Borides are promising materials with good wear and corrosion resistance properties. Boride coatings are expected to perform better where wear and corrosion resistances are simultaneously required. Zirconium diboride is an important emerging material for such applications, due to its high hardness, high melting point, good wear resistance and corrosion as well as high temperature oxidation resistance. Special properties of laser beam like beam directionality, high intensity and spatial resolution makes laser alloying a fast and efficient technique for producing improved wear resistance coatings. In the present work, mild steel was laser alloyed with ZrB2, using "two-stage" technique of laser alloying. These coatings after characterization by optical microscopy, SEM, EDAX and XRD techniques were tested on a "Pin-on-Disk" machine for determining their wear resistance.
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Iqbal, Zafar, Abdel Rahman Shuaib, Fadi Al-Badour, Nesar Merah, and Abdelaziz Bazoune. "Experimental Evaluation of Wear Features of W-25%Re Pin Tool Used in Friction Stir Welding Mild Steel." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38916.
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This paper presents the results of studying butt welding of 4 mm thick mild steel plate with a W-25% Re pin tool using the relatively new friction stir welding (FSW) process. The study includes investigating the wear behavior of the pin tool and the effects of process conditions such as rotational speed on the quality of the weld, microstructures and hardness of mild steel. The results reveal that the traverse (welding) force increases with the increase in the traveled distance of the pin tool, whereas torque decreases with the increase in the travelled distance of the pin tool. The tool has shown wear resistance at lower rotational speed, but with the increase of the rotational speed, wear of the tool became prominent. All welded samples revealed grain size refining. Furthermore, at high rotational speed martensitic structure phase developed due to phase transformation. Different distinct regions of stir zones, thermomechanical heat affected zones and heat affected zones were present in the weld.
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Chesney, Peter. "A New Spray Coating Process for Manufacture of Stainless Steel Clad Construction Steel with Resistance to Corrosion by De-icing Salts & Seawater." In ITSC2003, edited by Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2003p0329.
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Abstract The world’s first plant for manufacture of stainless steel clad structural steel is now operational in the USA. The process consists of coating round steel billets with a spray of stainless steel. A metallurgical bond is achieved so that the billets can be reheated and hot worked into long products while retaining the integrity of the coating. The process consists of teeming stainless steel from a ladle into a spray chamber and atomizing the emerging stream with jets of nitrogen to form a spray of semi-liquid particles. The spray is directed onto a 140mm diameter preheated carbon steel billet to form a thick coating (4 – 5mm). The spraying rate of 50Kg/minute produces clad billet at the rate of 15tonnes/hr. Billet is then hot rolled in a conventional bar mill to make corrosion resistant clad steel sections such as rebar and dowel pins. Coating thickness after rolling is in the range 0.5 – 1.0 mm depending on the final section. Clad products have a life expectancy of 75 – 100 years in high chloride environments such as tidal zones, bridge decks and highways treated with de-icing salts. The spray coating process is described together with mechanical properties of the clad bar and results of corrosion tests. The economics of stainless clad steels vs. other corrosion resistant materials are reviewed.
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Jiang, Xiaoli, and C. Guedes Soares. "Ultimate Compressive Capacity of Rectangular Plates With Partial Depth Pits." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-21050.
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Pitting corrosion has been one of main corrosion type of immersed ship hulls, which can bring heavy damage and even accidents to in-service ships, particularly to aged ships. To investigate the effects of pits on the ultimate compressive strength of mild steel plates, a series of non-linear FEM analysis on plates with partial depth corrosion pits are undertaken in the paper, changing the size, intensity and location of pits and the slenderness of plates. It is shown that the eccentricity induced by single side distributed pits has considerable degrading effects on the ultimate compressive capacity of plates. Although the degree of pit corrosion (DOP) does reflect the effect of pits to a large extent, it is not enough to rely on DOP exclusively to represent the extent of damage caused by pits, as “volume effect” should be considered.
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Iqbal, Z., A. N. Shuaib, F. Al-Badour, N. Merah, and A. Bazoune. "Microstructure and Hardness of Friction Stir Weld Bead on Steel Plate Using W-25%Re Pin Tool." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20546.
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One of the challenges that impede the use of the relatively new friction stir welding (FSW) process in joining steels and high temperature alloys, as well as dissimilar materials, is the development of the right pin tool material that can stand the severe welding conditions of these alloys. Recent developments in FSW tool materials include tungsten rhenium (W-Re) alloys. The ductile to brittle transition temperature of pure tungsten is reduced by the addition of rhenium (Re).. The addition of Re also improve fracture toughness of the alloy. The major focus of this paper is studying the process of making a friction stir welding bead on mild steel using a proprietary W-25%Re alloy pin tool and investigating the effects of process parameters (i.e. tool rotational and welding speeds) on microstructure, microhardness as well as tool reaction loads. Grain refining of the steel microstructure was observed in all beads. Certain process conditions produced a bead with needle like microstructure with the highest values of hardness. Reaction forces were found to increase with the increase in the tool welding speed and to decrease with the increase of the tool rotational speed. Although the spectroscopic analysis of the beads confirmed the diffusion wear of the tool, the overall tool has shown excellent resistance to mechanical wear.
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Younis, Aimen M., and Ahmed A. Akbar. "Effect of Operating Variables With Heat Treatment and Their Interactions on Wear Behavior of High Carbon Steels in Dry Sliding." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80740.
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The present study deals with the wear data analysis of high carbon steels to investigate the relationship between the operating variables and the heat treatment. The steel selected was 1095 in the AISI standard which is equivalent to C105W1 in the German standard. The wear studies were carried out by using pin on disc apparatus at room temperature in dry sliding. The wear data were carried out based on an experimental design (24 factorial design ) following by analysis of variance method (ANOVA) to examine the main effect of sliding velocity, normal load, sliding distance, heat treatment, and their interactions on wear behavior. The results show that severe deformation of annealed and quenched 1095 steels on the contact surface was responsible for high wear loss at high normal loads and low sliding velocities. At high normal load and low sliding velocity, severe wear by oxidative-metallic was main mechanism and at low normal load for the same sliding velocity, mild wear by oxidative was main mechanism. The ANOVA results show that the operating variables have more significant effect on wear loss than that of heat treatment.
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Fang, B., R. Eadie, W. Chen, M. Elboujdaini, and E. H. Han. "The Effect of Microstructure on Pit-to-Crack Transition and Crack Growth in an X-52 Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Environment." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64112.
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X-52 pipeline steel specimens that had been pitted using a passivation/immersion technique were cyclically loaded in a near-neutral pH solution sparged with 5% CO2/balance N2 gas mixture at a peak normal stress of 109% of the yield strength (YS), a stress ratio, R, of 0.8, and a frequency of 0.0001 Hz. Blunt cracks were seen to have initiated from the corrosion pits. There were many more cracks on the radial transverse (R-T) surface than on the axial transverse (A-T) surface. On the R-T surface, there were a lot of non-metallic inclusions particularly at mid-wall in this steel and these resulted in the nucleation of large pits that were particularly prone to pit-to-blunt-crack transition. At higher peak normal stress, 109% of YS, compared to previous studies at a little lower stresses, there was more rapid crack formation on the R-T surface. In the end, the cracks along the large elongated inclusions penetrated into the steel samples and led to failure. The crack path was transgranular in nature and the fracture surface displayed quasi-cleavage features. Analysis revealed that the pit depth to width ratio for individual pits was a little higher than that for linked pits, however, the ratio of crack depth to crack mouth width was observed to be much larger than the ratio for the linked pits. Strong preferential dissolution was believed to be responsible for the pit nucleation from these non-metallic inclusions, with the plastically deformed regions at the pits acting as the anodic phases.
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Jiang, Xiaoli, and C. Guedes Soares. "Effect of Initial Distortions on the Ultimate Capacity of Pitting Corroded Plates." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10226.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the present paper is to investigate the effects of the initial deflection shape on the ultimate capacity of pitting corroded plates under biaxial compression. A series of nonlinear FEM analysis of plates with partial depth pits are carried out, changing the geometrical attributes of both pits and plates, i.e., the radius, depth and location of the pits and the slenderness of the plates. A realistic thin-horse shape initial deflection and a simplified buckling shape initial deflection are assumed and compared. It is shown that the initial deflection shape has a tremendous effect on the ultimate strength of pitted mild steel plates. The ultimate strength of a pitted plate with thin-horse shaped initial deflection is generally lower than that of a plate with buckling shaped initial deflection provided that other influential factors are same. Their deviation is sensitive to plate slenderness and pit intensity. The simplified buckling shaped initial deflection could be sufficient to predict the ultimate strength of the plate under longitudinal uniaxial compression. However, in case of less predominant biaxial compression, the buckling shaped initial deflection may overestimate the prediction and give non-conservative results. In this respect, it is preferable to use the initial deflection measurements as input data for the analysis of the plate collapse behavior.
Reports on the topic "MILD STEEL PINS"
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Chen, Weixing. PR378-173601-Z01 Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on the Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012112.
Full textAbstract:
This report summarizes the work completed in PRCI SCC-2-12A project: The Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on the Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC, which is Phase 3 of the work on the same subject of investigation. The following insights from the current phase of the PRCI SCC-2-12A project are thought to be the most important: - Near neutral pH crack initiation is pressure-fluctuation dependent. Severe pressure fluctuations accelerate the fracture and spallation of mill scale on the pipeline steel surfaces, making it harder to initiate SCC cracks from the bottom of pits that are developed at flawed mill scale sites. On the other hand, the presence of a primer layer before application of the protective coating preserves the mill scale on the pipe steel surface and promotes crack initiation. - The early-stage crack growth primarily features crack length extension on the pipe surface but limited crack growth in the depth direction. Three different mechanisms of crack length extension have been identified, including that determined by the geometry of coating disbondment, a chaotic process of crack coalescence, and the ability of existing cracks to induce further crack initiation and growth. This latter process is pressure-fluctuation sensitive. - A complete set of equations governing crack growth in Stage 2 has been established based on experimental specimens with surface cracks under mechanical loading conditions realistic to pressure fluctuations during the operation of oil and gas pipelines. - The contribution to crack growth by direct dissolution of the steel at the crack tip has been determined, which has been found to be crack depth-dependent and pressure-fluctuation-sensitive. Gas pipelines operated under high mean pressure show higher rates of dissolution. - The severity of crack growth and the accuracy of the predictive model can be significantly affected by crack tip morphology, either sharp or blunt, and this would yield different threshold values for Stage 2 crack growth and therefore different lengths of remaining life. - Full scale testing was performed and has validated the crack growth models contained herein. - The PipeOnline software has been revised to incorporate the new experimental results obtained from the current PRCI SCC 2-12A project. This PipeOnline software was previously developed from the two earlier phases of the PRCI project.