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Academic literature on the topic 'Mild steel Cracking'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mild steel Cracking"

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SATO, Eiji, and Tomomi MURATA. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel in Coal Gas Liquid." Tetsu-to-Hagane 72, no. 7 (1986): 847–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.72.7_847.

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Chu, W. Y., R. T. Ma, and C. M. Hsiao. "Technical Note:Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel under Compressive Stress." CORROSION 43, no. 4 (April 1987): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3583145.

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Parkins, R. N., and R. Usher. "the stress-corrosion cracking of mild steel in coal gas liquors." Journal of Applied Chemistry 9, no. 9 (May 4, 2007): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010090901.

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Fayomi, Ojo Sunday Isaac, J. Akpoborie, Omotayo Sanni, J. Ren, Wan B. Wan Nik, J. A. Oyebanji, K. M. Oluwasegun, J. O. Ojediran, and F. Zulkifli. "Stress Corrosion Cracking and the Effects of <i>Citrus x aurantiifolia</i> on Mild Steel - A Green Approach." Key Engineering Materials 917 (April 13, 2022): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2ok39h.

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The inhibition performance of citrus x aurantiifolia extract (CXA) on the corrosion of mild steel in 1.5 M H2SO4, 2 M H2SO4, 3 M H2SO4, and 4 M H2SO4 solutions was evaluated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization techniques, and scanning electron spectroscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. CXA inhibited the mild steel corrosion in the sulphuric acid solutionswith optimal inhibition results of 96.06% in 1.5 M H2SO4 and 86.57% in 4 M H2SO4 from weight loss measurement. Weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and scanning electron microscopy tests confirm the inhibitive performance of this compound and the increase in inhibitor efficiency increases with inhibitor concentration. The polarization data showed that the inhibitor acts as a mixed-type inhibitor, and fits the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption studies clarify the excellent adsorption of this compound on the mild steel surface. The inhibited steel in the acid solution displayed improved surface morphology due to the surface protection effect of CXA molecules. The citrus x aurantiifolia studied here easily mitigates the effect of stress corrosion cracking on mild steel in a sulphuric acid environment. Keywords: Mild steel, Stress corrosion, Adsorption, Corrosion inhibitor, Sulphuric acid, Citrus X Aurantiifolia
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Huang, H., and W. J. D. Shaw. "Sulfide Stress Cracking Fractography of Mild Steel and Effects of Cold Work." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 32, no. 4 (October 1993): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1993.32.4.341.

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Parkins, R. N. "The intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of mild steel in clarke's solution." Corrosion Science 36, no. 12 (December 1994): 2097–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-938x(94)90009-4.

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Scully, J. R. "Environment-Assisted Intergranular Cracking." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 7 (July 1999): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400052684.

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Intergranular separation in polycrys-talline materials involves breaking metallic bonds along grain boundaries in response to stress. The surfaces created in this manner expose the grain facets on either side of the original boundary, as shown in Figure 1. This mode of fracture often occurs at much lower fracture stress and energy than cracking by ductile processes through the interior of grains. The exposure of specific materials to certain environments and stress can promote this low-energy, intergranular mode of separation, even when fracture of the same material in vacuum would occur along a ductile transgranu-lar path. Three types of environment-assisted intergranular cracking can occur in a wide variety of alloy/environment systems: intergranular stress-corrosion cracking (IGSCC), intergranular hydrogen embrittlement, and intergranular liquid-metal embrittlement.Figure 1 shows an example of IGSCC. This type of cracking is a pervasive problem in many technological applications, leading to extensive repairs, loss of service function, and safety concerns. IGSCC occurs in the weld-heat-affected zones of stainless-steel pipes in high-purity primary coolant waters within nuclear power plants, and in nickel-based alloys utilized as heat-exchanger tubing when exposed to the high-purity primary as well as secondary coolant waters in power plants. It is also seen in Al-based alloys used for fuselage skins and structural components in military and commercial aircraft when exposed to humid atmospheric conditions. Ferrous alloys used in the oil and gas industry are also susceptible. For instance, IGSCC of mild steels used in buried gas-transmission pipelines is a widespread international problem, leading to explosions when leaking natural gas ignites.
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Sindelar, Robert L., Poh-Sang Lam, George R. Caskey,, and Leta Y. Woo. "Flaw Stability in Mild Steel Tanks in the Upper-Shelf Ductile Range—Part I: Mechanical Properties." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 2 (November 2, 1999): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.556173.

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Mechanical properties of 1950’s vintage, A285 Grade B carbon steels have been compiled for elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis of storage tanks (Lam and Sindelar, 2000). The properties are from standard Charpy V-notch (CVN), 0.4T planform compact tension (C(T)), and tensile (T) specimens machined from archival steel from large water piping. The piping and storage tanks were constructed in the 1950s from semi-killed, hot-rolled carbon steel plate specified as A285 Grade B. Evaluation of potential aging mechanisms at both service conditions shows no loss in fracture resistance of the steel in either case. Site and literature data show that the A285, Grade B steel, at and above approximately 70°F (21°C), is in the upper transition to upper shelf region for absorbed energy and is not subject to cleavage cracking or a brittle fracture mode. Furthermore, the tank sidewalls are 1/2 or 5/8-in. (12.7 or 15.875 mm) thick, and therefore, the J-resistance JR curve that characterizes material resistance to stable crack extension under elastic-plastic deformation best defines the material fracture toughness. The JR, curves for several heats of A285, Grade B steel tested at 40°F (4.4°C), a temperature near the average ductile-to-brittle (DBTT) transition temperature (CVN at 15 ft-lb or 20.3 J), are presented. This data is applicable to evaluate flaw stability of the storage tanks that are operated above 70°F (21°C) since, even at 40°F (4.4°C), crack advance is observed to proceed by ductile tearing. [S0094-9930(00)00402-9]
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Izumiya, M., N. Shimizu, and M. Yamamoto. "Stess Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel in a Cooling Water System due to Nitrobacteria." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 2001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.2001.

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Raicheff, R., J. Marcheva, and L. Fachikov. "Effect of Solution Concentration on Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steel in Phosphate Medium." Key Engineering Materials 20-28 (January 1991): 2133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.20-28.2133.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mild steel Cracking"

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"Stress Corrosion Cracking in a Mild Steel Autoclave Used in the Manufacture of Dyestuffs' Intermediates." In ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Chemical Processing Equipment. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.chem.c9001437.

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Zhao, Yuxi, and Weiliang Jin. "Mill Scale and Corrosion Layer at Concrete Surface Cracking." In Steel Corrosion-Induced Concrete Cracking, 79–92. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-809197-5.00005-0.

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Delafosse, D., B. Bayle, and C. Bosch. "The roles of crack-tip plasticity, anodic dissolution and hydrogen in SCC of mild and C-Mn steels." In Environment-Induced Cracking of Materials, 267–78. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044635-6.50064-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mild steel Cracking"

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Gawor, S., J. B. Wiskel, D. G. Ivey, J. Liu, and H. Henein. "Time Dependence of Hydrogen Induced Cracking of X70 Pipeline Steel Under Severe and Mild Sour Service Conditions Using Ultrasonic Analysis." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9787.

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Abstract A standard NACE hydrogen induced crack test was used to evaluate the resistance of two compositions of X70 steel (X70-X (Ca/S ratio of 2.5) and X70-B (Ca/S ratio of &lt; 0.5)) under severe (pH = 2.7 and 100% H2S) and mild (pH = 5.5 and 100% H2S) sour service conditions. An ultrasonic technique was developed to quantify the severity of hydrogen cracking in both steels as a function of test conditions, steel type and time. In this procedure, a series of local ultrasonic measurements was taken for each test sample to determine a local crack to backwall signal ratio (LCBR). The LCBR values were integrated over the entire sample to give a global crack to backwall ratio (GCBR). A larger GCBR value corresponds to greater hydrogen cracking severity in the sample. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and glancing angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the surface corrosion products that formed during testing. For severe sour service conditions, the GCBR value reached an asymptotic value of approximately 33% and 47% for X70-X (after 4 days) and X70-B (after 2 days) steels, respectively. For mild sour service conditions, no cracking was observed for testing of less than 16 days. After 32 days, X70-B showed a GCBR of approximately 18%. The onset of cracking of X70-X steel occurred between 32 and 64 days. Samples tested for 64 days showed a GCBR of 30% and 16% for X70-X and X70-B, respectively. Glancing XRD measurements showed the presence of surface FeS on both steels tested under mild sour service. Quantitative XRD (QXRD) analysis was used to obtain the surface coverage of FeS as a function of test time. EDX mapping confirmed the presence of a high sulfur content over a significant fraction of the surface. XRD measurements of X70-B steel under severe sour service after 8 days did not show a significant amount of FeS. The surface FeS is believed to alter hydrogen ingress into the steel, making it difficult to directly compare measured GCBR values obtained under mild and severe sour service.
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Yang, G., S. Zhang, Y. Wang, C. Li, and C. Li. "Comparing Study of High Temperature Erosion of HVOF Sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr Coating and Mild Steel for Boiler Tube." In ITSC2008, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2008p1491.

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Abstract The significant erosion of the boiler tube at high temperature becomes an important problem for the safe operation of circulating fluidized bed boiler. This paper investigated the erosion behavior of the HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr coating at high temperature comparing with the typical mild steel for boiler tube. Results showed that the erosion rate of the mild steel increased with the increase of temperature. The erosion rate of the mild steel at 800°C was 4 times that at 300°C at an erosion angle of 30°. However, the erosion rate of the HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr coating was not influenced by the temperature in the range of 300 to 800°C. It is found that the erosion resistance of HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr coating was more than 3 time higher than that of the mild steel at 700 to 800°C. In addition to the ploughing on the surface of the worn coating, the cracking along splats interfaces in the coating was clearly observed on the cross-sectional microstructure of the coating. The results indicate that the erosion performance of the HVOF sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr coating is controlled by the cohesion between splats in the coating and can be further enhanced by improving splat cohesion.
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Takahashi, Kazunari, Shuichi Yamatoki, Tetsuya Namegawa, Masahiko Kinoshita, and Masaaki Fujioka. "Dominant Factors Influencing Ductile Fracture on Cutting Surface During Cold Forming." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77177.

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Cracks caused by cold bending during shipyard construction were found to be longer in mild steel than in high tensile steel. Because mild steel has better elongation, the cause of such cracking was difficult to ascertain. Bending tests of large number of steel pieces to confirm the effects of multiple parameters, nonlinear finite-element analysis to check strain distribution, and fractography to determine the nature of the fracture indicated that ductile fracture initiated where the strain value was highest, as is generally expected. In the bending tests, the fractures were reproducibly longer in alloys with better ductility. One of the reasons for this phenomenon was that the surface was more hardened by plasma-arc cutting in mild steel because of its high carbon content according to hardness tests on the cutting surfaces. We therefore proposed a new equation to estimate crack length, taking into account three factors: strain, elongation and surface hardness. We showed that the relationship between crack length and the values by the equation explains the results of the bending tests. Additionally, we suggested the possibility that inclusions within an alloy affect the crack length. Cold forming is a general procedure used in shipyards. If inspections fail to find a crack, it may propagate to fatal damage after delivery. This study is therefore useful in preventing the initiation of cracks.
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Shih, Hua-Chu, Constantin Chiriac, and Ming F. Shi. "The Effects of AHSS Shear Edge Conditions on Edge Fracture." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34062.

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Edge cracking is one of the major issues for stamping Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS). This type of cracking is influenced by three major factors: the material property, the die condition and the shearing/blanking process. The current shearing/blanking process has been applied to traditional mild steels for years and has not been modified for shearing AHSS. Other than the high energy laser cutting process, the traditional die cutting process would generate a rough edge (burr) with micro cracks in shearing/blanking edges for AHSS, which could serve as the crack initiation during forming. This study is to investigate the effects of shear edge conditions on edge cracking for AHSS. A special hole shearing process has been developed on a laboratory hydraulic press. Different shearing parameters, including die clearance, cutting angle and material orientations, were investigated in terms of shear edge conditions. The hole expansion test was conducted to evaluate the effects of shear edge conditions on the material edge stretchability. Results showed that an optimal selection of die clearance and shearing angle can greatly increase the edge stretchability for AHSS.
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Schmengler, C., A. Hitzek, and A. Wank. "Capability of High-Speed Laser Cladding Process with Iron-Based Alloys." In ITSC2019, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Koivuluoto, Y. Lau, H. Li, K. Shinoda, F. Toma, J. Veilleux, and C. Widener. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2019p0659.

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Abstract This study assesses the applicability of high-speed laser cladding for producing iron-based alloy coatings, in particular, CrNi duplex steel, FeCrV, and FeCrNiB. Process parameters are optimized for 150 µm thick claddings on mild steel using different laser power levels, surface speeds, and preheating temperatures. Claddings are also produced on cylindrical substrates of different diameters to investigate dependency on component geometry. Duplex steel was found to be highly processable by high-speed laser cladding. In contrast, crack-free FeCrV claddings can only be produced on small diameter surfaces, and only with preheating, while FeCrNiB could not be applied at all without cracking.
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Singh, Gurdeep, and Gurinder Singh Brar. "An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Residual Stresses in Butt Welding of Two Mild Steel Plates." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57024.

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Welding is a reliable and efficient joining process in which the coalescence of metals is achieved by fusion. Welding is carried out with a very complex thermal cycle which results in irreversible elastic-plastic deformation and residual stresses in and around fusion zone and heat affected zone (HAZ). A residual stress due to welding arises from the differential heating of the plates due to the weld heat source. Residual stresses may be an advantage or disadvantage in structural components depending on their nature and magnitude. The beneficial effect of these compressive stresses have been widely used in industry as these are believed to increase fatigue strength of the component and reduce stress corrosion cracking and brittle fracture. But due to the presence of residual stresses in and around the weld zone the strength and life of the component is also reduced. To understand the behavior of residual stresses, two 10 mm thick Fe410WC mild steel plates are butt welded using the Metal Active Gas (MAG) process. An experimental method (X-ray diffraction) and numerical analysis (finite element analysis) are carried out to calculate the residual stress values in the welded plates. A three-pass V-butt weld joint is considered in this study. In multi-pass welding operation the residual stress pattern developed in the material changes with each weld pass. In X-ray diffraction method, the residual stresses were derived from the elastic strain measurements using a Young’s modulus value of 210 GPa and Poisson’s ratio of 0.3. Finite element method based, SolidWorks Simulation software is used to develop a coupled thermal-mechanical three dimension finite element model. The finite element model was evaluated for the transient temperatures and residual stresses during welding. Also variations of the physical and mechanical properties of material with the temperature were taken into account. It can also be concluded that when temperature distribution increases then the residual stress in the weldment also increase. The results obtained by finite element method agree well with those from experimental X-ray diffraction method.
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Nebel, J., E. Vogli, and W. Tillmann. "Arc Spraying of WC-FeCSiMn Cored Wires – Part 1: Bending, Compression and Tension Behavior." In ITSC2010, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. DVS Media GmbH, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2010p0592.

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Abstract This is the first of two papers concerning the intrinsic mechanical properties of arc-sprayed WC-FeCSiMn coatings. In part 1 the elastic and plastic forming behavior of the layers are investigated by indentation, bending and tensile tests. They were performed on coated mild steel substrates as well as freestanding as-sprayed samples with different geometries. Considering the coatings microstructure, element and pore distribution, as well as the local microhardness the results of the indentation, bending, and tensile tests were evaluated. The critical role of pores and inhomogeneities within the sprayed coating was examined in detail. Micro- and macrocracking were investigated by SEM after the indentation and tensile tests. In-situ surface observation by optical 3D-microscopy was used to study the onset of cracking during the 3-point bending test.
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Bolelli, G., B. Bonferroni, L. Lusvarghi, A. Milanti, K. Niemi, J. Laurila, and P. Vuoristo. "Characterisation of HVOF-Sprayed Fe-Based Alloy Coatings." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0597.

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Abstract The dry sliding wear behaviour of two HVOF-sprayed Fe-Cr-Ni-Si-B-C (Colferoloy) alloy coatings was studied by ball-on-disk tests performed at room temperature (against alumina and 100Cr6 steel balls), at 400 °C and at 700 °C (against alumina balls only). HVOF-sprayed Ni-Cr-Fe-B-Si-C and Cr3C2-NiCr layers were also tested for comparison. Under all test conditions, the wear rate of the Colferoloy coatings is lower than that of the Ni-Cr-Fe-B-Si-C coating but larger than that of the Cr3C2-NiCr cermet. Specifically, at room temperature, the Colferoloy coatings exhibit a combination of mild abrasion, delamination and tribo-oxidative wear against alumina, whereas, against steel, they undergo very limited delamination with negligible wear loss. By contrast, the Ni-Cr-Fe-B-Si-C coating suffers larger wear against steel and undergoes more severe abrasive grooving against alumina. Although the Colferoloy and Ni- Cr-Fe-B-Si-C coatings possess similar microstructure and micro-hardness, their scratch behaviours, which depend on cracking resistance and plastic deformability, differ, thus explaining the micromechanical reason for the different wear mechanisms. At 400°C and 700°C, all of the metal alloy coatings are softened and suffer more severe abrasive grooving; by contrast, the behaviour of the Cr3C2-NiCr layer at 700 °C is controlled by the formation and delamination of an oxidised layer.
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Wire, Gary L., and William J. Mills. "Fatigue Crack Propagation from Notched Specimens of 304 SS in an Elevated Temperature Aqueous Environment." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1232.

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Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rates for 304 stainless steel (304SS) were determined in 24°C and 288°C air and 288°C water using double-edged notch (DEN) specimens of 304 stainless steel (304 SS). Tests performed at matched loading conditions in air and water at 288°C with 20–60 cc H2/kg H2O provided a direct comparison of the relative crack growth rates in air and water over a wide range of crack growth rates. The DEN crack extension ranged from short cracks (0.03–0.25 mm) to long cracks up to 4.06 mm beyond the notch, which are consistent with conventional deep crack tests. Crack growth rates of 304 SS in water were about 12 times the air rate. This 12X environmental enhancement persisted to crack extensions up to 4.06 mm, far outside the range associated with short crack effects. The large environmental degradation for 304 SS crack growth is consistent with the strong reduction of fatigue life in high hydrogen water. Further, very similar environmental effects were reported in fatigue crack growth tests in hydrogen water chemistry (HWC). Most literature data in high hydrogen water show only a mild environmental effect for 304 SS, of order 2.5 times air or less, but the tests were predominantly performed at high cyclic stress intensity or equivalently, high air rates. The environmental effect in low oxygen environments at low stress intensity depends strongly on both the stress ratio, R, and the load rise time, Tr, as recently reported for austenitic stainless steel in BWR water. Fractography was performed for both tests in air and water. At 288°C in water, the fracture surfaces were crisply faceted with a crystallographic appearance, and showed striations under high magnification. The cleavage-like facets on the fracture surfaces suggest that hydrogen embrittlement is the primary cause of accelerated cracking.
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Adam, Marcel, Sebastian Schmitz, Suhas Suresh, Dirk Kulawinski, Alexander Erbe, Lucas Mäde, Sesha Gundavarapu, Christian Kontermann, and Matthias Oechsner. "Experimental LCF Study of a Probabilistically Optimized Double Notch Specimen Geometry for Validation of Deterministic and Probabilistic Design Concepts." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14557.

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Abstract In this work, the design and testing of a new LCF double notch specimen geometry is presented. The deterministic CMB model and a probabilistic model for LCF which considers size effects are simultaneously applied as shape optimization functional. In order to demonstrate the potential of the statistical size effect consideration, the probability of crack initiation is maximized in the milder notch while the deterministic LCF life is minimized in the sharp notch. This also increases the likeliness of an experimental validation success considering the issues of high scatter in material properties and limited test resources (test plan optimization). Specimens of a high-chromium forged steel for elevated application temperatures have been manufactured according to this specimen design and a systematic and advanced experimental testing campaign is conducted to prove the hypothesis. In-situ time-resolved alternating current potential drop measurements in combination with load-triggered digital image acquisition at both notches are applied in order to enable determination and quantification of crack initiation and growth at superior accuracy during LCF cycling. These experimental and further post-experimental analyses confirm that cracking in the mild notch always occurred in the first place which has been expected for most test outcomes according to the probabilistic model predictions. Crack initiation in the sharp notches on the other hand, which has been expected to occur first on the basis of conventional deterministic predictions, could not be detected at all.
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