Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Migratory experiences'

Trans-Atlantic mothers are separated from their families by the vast Atlantic Ocean because they work off-shore. The unique history, culture, and economic circumstances of St Helena contribute a different dimension to developing migration theory. Disparate characteristics such as the remote location geographical location, the small community setting, nationality and the absence of immigration barriers, as well as the historical aspects of British colonisation all make up a distinct context for migration. Whilst some St Helenians are domestic workers in Britain, most work for the British military support services. The militarisation of the South Atlantic after the Falklands War, and the restoration of British citizenship shape mother migration and the feminisation of increased migration outflows. Using qualitative in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of22 migratory working mothers, this 'insider' researcher used a phenomenological approach to analyse their detailed accounts of their migration experiences. The findings show that income differentials, family needs and relative deprivation fuel mother migration. Evidently Trans-Atlantic motherhood is constrained by socio-cultural ideologies but the findings reinforce that mothers who are physically absent, can be emotionally available. The research reveals that regardless of costs and inconvenience, emotional intimacy can be maintained across the distance. Although migratory work transforms the meaning of St Helenian mothering, the study argues that this group of mothers did not 'trade- in' motherhood - they redefined it. Clearly Trans-Atlantic mothers changed the structure of the nuclear family, but strengthened the extended family. The value of kin networks is strong but there is confirmation of matriarchal conflict and the significance of the role of estranged fathers.

Increasing number of pregnancy applications (apps) are complementing healthcare systems to educate expectants and improve their maternal well-being. Using similar kind of applications for people from multicultural background might have varied impact on their pregnancy experiences. Especially for immigrants, cultural beliefs first set in their home country, might conflict with practices followed in country of residence and information provided in digital resources. This study aimed to compare the perceptions on pregnancy app usage by first-time expectants living in Sweden from native and migrant perspectives. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews through an online platform, Zoom, and explored the users’ opinions on app’ usage. Twelve first-time expectants were recruited through snowball sampling technique using social media group. Data was then analyzed using thematic qualitative analysis. The findings indicate the importance of understanding healthcare practices and social support in country of residence. Participants expressed that they developed a connection with unborn through pregnancy apps. However, app usage raised conflicts between user expectations from knowledge gained by apps and information provided by healthcare system, also exposed potential problems faced by immigrants due to different approaches followed by Swedish healthcare system. Participants using English apps expressed that they are receiving updates according to American healthcare system, while participants using Swedish apps asserted that they are getting relevant information adapted to Swedish society. The study advocates that the apps are not well-suited for migratory background users and provided possible solutions to improve existing pregnancy apps for maximum number of users to benefit.

Situated at the crossroads of family studies and migration research, this thesis discusses the experiences of Polish migrant mothers raising their children in Germany and the United Kingdom from a gender-centred feminist perspective. The literature review chapters of this work show the scholarly works relevant to a discussion on the migrant lives of the study’s respondents as migrants, being both Poles and mothers. On the one hand, it highlights scholarly research on the processes of mobility, particularly in relation to transnationalism, migration of mothers and children, as well as the specific conditions faced by contemporary migrants from Poland to Western Europe. On the other hand, it reflects on modern families and parenting, offering in particular a feminist critique of mothering. The thesis then supplies details on the data collection and includes a discussion of the researcher’s reflexivity in the field. The empirical evidence was obtained through a qualitative, small-scale field study – a feminist inquiry using an in-depth interviewing technique. By showcasing the findings, the thesis demonstrates a range of choices that Polish mothers abroad make when it comes to raising children. The study delineates the following ideal-type models: Mother-Pole connected to the Polish heritage, Intensive Motherhood adopted as a mainstream model of Western Europe, the peripheral instances of Feminist Mothering, and, finally, the New Migrant Mothering. The latter is an original, key contribution of this thesis, illustrated by women’s stories of the transnational integrative practice of mothering that aims at hybridization of Polish and Western influences. While addressing the earlier knowledge gap, namely the absence of the voices of Polish mothers as agents of mobility, the thesis ascertains a need for acknowledging diversity in parenting practices within the contemporary intra-European transnational families.

L’objectif de cette recherche consiste à identifier et comparer les potentialités de l'entrepreneur migrant de retour à celles de son homologue Local. Rappelons que bien qu'un nombre important de recherches a traité l'entrepreneuriat et les caractéristiques entrepreneuriales, aucune, à notre connaissance, n'a étudié les potentialités de l'entrepreneur migrant de retour. Le souci de combler le manque de recherches gestionnaires et de contribuer au débat scientifique sur cette thématique nous a conduit à nous appuyer sur deux principaux paradigmes des traits et des faits de l'entrepreneur pour asseoir le concept de potentialités entrepreneuriales. Le corpus théorique obtenu s'appuie sur le modèle d'Yvon GASSE. Il établit un lien entre les différentes approches des traits et faits (caractéristiques et comportements), intègre les facteurs extrinsèques (milieu) et conduit à faire émerger le modèle conceptuel de notre thèse. Ce corpus théorique est relayé par le questionnaire adapté de Gasse qui a été administré à un échantillon de 393 entrepreneurs Marocains MRE (40%) et Locaux (60%). Les MRE sont les Marocains Résidents à l’Etranger revenus au Maroc pour créer leur entreprise. Les Locaux sont ceux qui résident depuis toujours au Maroc et qui sont entrepreneurs. Ce sont donc deux types d'entrepreneurs d'origine Marocaine mais avec des parcours de vie différents (migrants et non-migrants). Les 393 questionnaires sont soumis aux techniques multidimensionnelles d’analyse de données approfondies. Les résultats obtenus permettent de répondre à notre question de recherche : le niveau des potentialités de l’entrepreneur migrant de retour est diffèrent de celui de l’entrepreneur Local. L'expérience migratoire a permis à l'entrepreneur MRE de développer un niveau de potentialités entrepreneuriales plus élevé que celui de son homologue Local. De tels résultats font émerger des leviers originaux pouvant alimenter les dispositifs d’accompagnement endogènes. Leur combinaison au test de Cronbach fournit une grille réduite et adaptée du modèle de Gasse augurant un accompagnement différencié des futurs entrepreneurs MRE et Locaux
The objective of this research is to identify and compare the potentiality of the return migrant entrepreneur back to those of his Local counterpart. It should be recalled that while a significant number of research has addressed entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial characteristics, none, to our knowledge, has studied the potential of the returning migrant entrepreneur in relation to his Local counterpart. The concern to fill the lack of managerial research and to contribute to the scientific debate on this topic has led us to rely on two main paradigms of the traits and the facts of the entrepreneur to establish the concept of entrepreneurial potentials. The theoretical corpus obtained is based on the model of Yvon GASSE. It establishes a link between the different approaches of traits and facts (characteristics and behaviors), incorporates extrinsic factors (middle) and leads to the emergence of the conceptual model of our thesis. This theoretical corpus is relayed by the adapted questionnaire of Gasse which was administered to a sample of 393 Moroccan entrepreneurs MRE (40%) and Local (60%). The MRE are Moroccan residents abroad who have returned to Morocco to create their business. The premises are those who have always been resident in Morocco and who are entrepreneurs. They are therefore two types of entrepreneurs of Moroccan origin but with different life paths (migrant and non-migrant). The 393 questionnaires are subject to multi-dimensional data analysis techniques. The results obtained allow us to answer our research question: the level of the potential of the returning entrepreneur is different from that of the Local contractor. The migratory experience has enabled the MRE entrepreneur to develop a higher level of entrepreneurial potential than that of his Local counterpart. Such results are emerging from the original levers that can feed the endogenous accompaniment devices. Their combination with the Cronbach test provides a reduced and adapted grid of the Gasse model, auguring a differentiated accompaniment of future MRE and Local entrepreneurs

This thesis examines the history of black British Caribbean migrants in Cuba during the early twentieth century. It centres on their experience of social and racial discrimination within Cuban society, and how this was influenced by the historical legacy of black fear in Cuba and the social, political, and economic changes the country experienced from 1898 to 1938 (i.e., foreign intervention, social and political revolts, and economic depressions). The racial, ethnic, and identity dynamics in the interaction between the migrants, Cuban society, and the consular representatives are examined in detail. The study avoids the generalisations that are prevalent in the historiography, and contributes with new insights into the history of this migration through its emphasis on different migration patterns, the experiences of the various islanders, and the complex identity politics and social practices of resistance, adjustment, and accommodation in which the migrants were involved The thesis looks at the triangular relation between the black British Antilleans, Cuban society, and the representatives of the British Empire at various levels, and reveals the otherwise unacknowledged agency of the migrants in gaining consular support. The complex debates on race, ethnicity, identity, and nation arising from this case study are of prime relevance not only for the understanding of migration processes in Caribbean societies, but also for the study of nation formation in Cuban society and British colonial and imperial history, At the same time, these debates are connected to wider issues concerning the relationship between race and nation, and racism and migration in the Caribbean past and present. The study is of an interdisciplinary nature and combines archival and documentary research with interviews, ethnographic data, and anthropological and sociological literature.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Este trabalho tem como foco analisar a experiência migratória de jovens peruanos que se dirigem ao Brasil como estudantes universitários. Entendendo a experiência migratória como um conjunto de vivências proporcionadas pelo deslocamento por diferentes espaços geográficos e simbólicos concomitantemente, a tese examina os significados que preenchem de sentido a mobilidade estudantil internacional. Baseando-se no método etnográfico, que tem na intersubjetividade uma condição para produção de conhecimento, a presente pesquisa analisa como os estudantes se apropriam das condições oferecidas pela sociedade peruana e brasileira para a realização deste tipo particular de mobilidade. Quando ainda estão no Peru, os jovens descobrem através de suas redes as oportunidades de estudar no Brasil, um país próximo geograficamente, mas distante culturalmente. No país de destino, as redes apoiam a adaptação dos jovens à vida cotidiana no Rio de Janeiro. Se tornar um estudante no exterior é a estratégia que os jovens peruanos elaboram para se integrar ao fluxo internacional de pessoas de forma mais socialmente prestigiada, lidando com as hierarquias de poder da sociedade peruana, que atribuem um maior valor àqueles que já viveram no exterior. Negociando com as condições estruturais dentro e fora do seu país, estes jovens encontram na mobilidade estudantil uma oportunidade para almejar novos horizontes. Neste processo, os jovens peruanos encontram um terreno fértil para (re)pensar a si mesmos, seu país de origem, o destino e o mundo.
This work aims to analyze the migratory experience of Peruvian young people who go to Brazil as university students. Understanding the migratory experience as a set of experiences provided by displacement towards different geographical, and symbolic space concomitantly, this thesis examines the meanings that give a sense to international student mobility. Through ethnographic method, which consider intersubjectivity as inherent to knowledge production, the present study examines how peruvian students appropriate the conditions that Brazilian and Peruvian society offers to make this specific kind of mobility possible. Still in Peru, their network inform them about oportunities to study in Brazil, a country that is geographic close, but cultural distant from them. Once peruvian students arrive there, network in Brazil uphold their adaption to everyday life in Rio de Janeiro. To become an international student is a strategy that Peruvian young people ellaborate to be integrated into international people flow in a more prestigious way. In this process, they deal with power hierarchy of Peruvian society, that attribute greater valeu to those who have lived abroad. Negotiating against structural conditions in and outside their homecountry, these young people find in student mobility an opportunity to crave new horizons. In such process, they find a fruitful terrain to (re)think themselves, their homeland, the destination and the world.

A partir de la pregunta principal de investigación: ¿qué funciones sociales cumple la fotografía en las migraciones humanas internacionales, particularmente en la experiencia migratoria de pobladores de Tonatico, Estado de México, a Chicago, Illinois?, la tesis: (a) transcurre desde la indagación en los antecedentes de la fotografía de la migración entre México y Estados Unidos; (b) se apoya en obras de John Berger y Jean Mohr (Un séptimo hombre, y, Otra manera de contar), de Pierre Bourdieu (La fotografía: un arte intermedio, y, en Pierre Bourdieu. Argelia imágenes del desarraigo, obra concebida por Franz Schultheis y Christine Frisinghelli), y de Bruno Latour (París ciudad invisible, con fotografías de Emilie Hermant), en las que estos autores usan la fotografía ―y reflexionan sobre ese uso― para comprender la experiencia migratoria, la experiencia social, y los indicios, las huellas, los mapas y panoramas a que da lugar la fotografía ―o se hacen visibles a partir de ésta―; (c) desde la perspectiva de quien ha emigrado y de quien permanece en el lugar de origen, abunda en casos para comprender ―y aprehender― las funciones sociales que la fotografía cumple desde una experiencia migratoria de importancia histórica, social, demográfica, económica y cultural, como es la emigración de habitantes de Tonatico, Estado de México, a Chicago y el norte de su área metropolitana, particularmente a la municipalidad de Waukegan, Illinois ―ahí, y en comunión con el lugar de origen─, es donde la experiencia se concreta, se hace individual y única; ahí, en ese contexto, se define ―casi siempre― su rumbo y su destino; (d) la interpretación de la experiencia migratoria y el papel que la fotografía tiene en ésta, deviene de la mirada de los que emigraron y de los que permanecen en (o han retornado a) el lugar de origen. La fotografía da origen a la palabra de quienes viven la experiencia migratoria directamente, y su voz a las interpretaciones y supuestos que intentan recoger lo aprehendido; (e) finalmente, platea (e.1) que la fotografía de los emigrados (en su migración), y la fotografía que se hace para ellos (de su migración), se asocia a una búsqueda de sentido, de una razón práctica, objetiva, de la migración, y por tanto, de la separación y las rupturas que ésta produce. En la experiencia migratoria nada es impersonal, y cualquier conjetura involucra a las personas que la viven directamente. (e.2) que en Tonatico, si bien la experiencia migratoria es compartida socialmente, las fotografías siguen siendo fundamentalmente parte de la experiencia familiar y personal; aun en el contexto actual de producción, circulación, intercambio y almacenamiento masivo de imágenes fotográficas. (e.3) Mediante la fotografía se comunica y se comparte la experiencia social, aun en donde (como en Tonatico) la migración es tan común que no da ya lugar al asombro, pero sí a la memoria colectiva e individua. En ésta última, las fotografías más valoradas son las que no se comparten, son las que quedan reservadas al espacio privado. (e.4) La fotografía no totaliza la experiencia migratoria, pero es una forma de comunicar y significar ésta. El papel que la fotografía tiene en esa experiencia está ligado a pensamientos y sentimientos ─muchas veces impenetrables─ motivados por ausencia, distancia, zozobra, afectos, discontinuidades, pérdidas, rupturas, abandonos. La fotografía, entonces, se valora en la experiencia migratoria por su capacidad de evocar personas, lugares, tiempos, circunstancias, relaciones; de hacer las veces de alguien ausente; de animar la memoria, la nostalgia, la melancolía; de descubrir e informar novedades, advenimientos, logros, cambios, progresos, éxitos, realizaciones; de estimular o de reprimir el deseo de emigrar.

The Third Milleniun shows a world with a great population mobility where to some extendpeople try to hedge the great income disparities among regions. Migrations are a human pro- cess of socio-relational and multi-dimensional character, highly selective and differential that obligates at distinct levels of interaction degrees not only migrant individuals but also receptive societies that support the adaptation processes, which later may give birth to cultural hybrids very significant to the places. In this paper I analyze the condition factors of migration and their effects on the definition of migratory potential and decision to emigrate.
El mundo del tercer milenio muestra una gran movilidad de población en donde en cierta formase tratan de cubrir las grandes disparidades de ingresos existentes entre regiones. Las migraciones son un proceso humano de carácter socio-relacional y multidimensional, altamente selectivo y diferencial que compromete en distintos tipos de grados de interacciones no solo a individuos migrantes sino también a las sociedades receptoras que sufren procesos de adaptación y resultan en mestizajes muy interesantes. En este artículo se analizan los factores condicionantes de la migración y sus efectos sobre la definición de la potencialidad migratoria y la decisión de emigrar.

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) undergo arduous upstream migrations In order to spawn. To date, much scientific attention has focused on why certain migrants succeed in reaching their destination while others die trying. Less is known about how 'successful' spawners differ in the quality of the progeny they produce. Using sockeye salmon O. nerka (Walbaum) as a model, two artificial fertilization experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships between individual salmon and their offspring. In the first experiment, I evaluated survival, size, and burst swimming ability in fry of known parentage (spawners from the Weaver Creek population). After four months of exogenous feeding, fry size remained under significant maternal influence. Paternal identity did not affect size but significantly influenced both egg and fry survival. Burst swimming ability was not affected by parentage and only weakly associated with offspring size. In the second experiment, I evaluated an 'energetic trade-off' hypothesis which proposes that because adults migrate with a fixed energy budget while completing sexual maturation, investments to reproductive development may be impaired by an increase in the costs of swimming to reach spawning grounds. This hypothesis was evaluated by subjecting migrants to two different 'migration difficulties' (i.e. current speeds). Fish in the 'fast' treatment expended more energy than those in the 'slow' and also showed signs of greater physiological stress. However, these differences did not appear to influence allocations to reproductive development in terms of sex trait morphology, ovulation timing, and reproductive hormone levels. Likewise, the survival, incubation time, and size of progeny were not related to the treatments experienced by their parents. These traits were nonetheless influenced by parental identity, with significant contributions from both male and female parents. Regression models showed that offspring size and survival were linked to certain aspects of maternal condition at the time of fertilization, including size, stress, and energy levels.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate

La thèse étudie la socialisation et l’éducation des enfants issus de couples mixtes formés par un parent italien et un parent originaire d’Afrique sub-saharienne, en Italie. Le travail s’inscrit dans une perspective écologique des familles et s’appuie sur les acquis théoriques des études sur la mixité et sur les processus d’acculturation. La démarche vise à comprendre les stratégies identitaires, culturelles et éducatives réalisées par les parents à partir de leur point de vue. Trois axes complémentaires sont explorés : expérience migratoire et formation du couple, transmission identitaire et culturelle, et stratégies éducatives parentales. La démarche empirique suit une approche compréhensive. L’étude concerne 19 familles. Des entretiens narratifs ont été menés auprès de 18 mères et 11 pères. Les résultats mettent en évidence les interactions entre expérience migratoire du parent africain et dynamiques familiales. La multi-dimensionnalité des contextes familiaux mixtes (linguistique, religieuse, ethnique, culturelle, sociale) crée des profils familiaux uniques. Une multi-factorialité impacte les stratégies parentales (vécu migratoire, origine socioéconomique, stigmatisation, « migration de contact et intérieure », relations avec les familles élargies et transnationalisme, relations sociales). Le rôle du contexte social est déterminant. La perception de discriminations raciales complique la gestion des différences. L’appartenance à des réseaux sociaux soutenant, la valorisation de la culture du parent migrant et le partage de valeurs communes aident les parents à dépasser ces difficultés. L’étude fournit des connaissances nouvelles sur un milieu familial émergeant
This research studies socialization and education of children born from mixed-couples formed by an Italian and an African sub-Saharan parent, living in Italy. The study is developed within an ecological framework of families, and it is based on theoretical knowledge gained from studies concerning mixedness and acculturation processes. Our aim is to better understand identity, culture and education strategies developed by parents, and the way parents perceive such strategies. Three complementary directions of research are explored: migratory experience and union formation, transmission of identity and culture, and parenting strategies. The empirical stage of the research is based on a qualitative methodology. The investigation concerned 19 families; 18 mothers and 11 fathers were interviewed by narrative techniques. The results show the interaction between the African parent migratory experience and family dynamics. The various dimensions of the mixed familiar contexts (linguistic, religious, ethnic, cultural, social) create unique family profiles. Several factors impact parenting strategies: migration, socioeconomic background, stigmatization, « migration of contact and internal migration », relationships with the extended family and transnationalism, and social relationships. Social context is decisive. The perception of racial discrimination hinders dealing with differences. Supportive social networks, valorization of migrant culture, and sharing common values help parents to overcome these difficulties. This research provides a new knowledge about an emerging familiar context

Le motif du voyage repose au sein de la littérature mexicaine comme l’un des principes constitutifs d’une diversité de générations et de pratiques littéraires dans le pays. Il est certain que la littérature mexicaine témoigne, à travers de divers optiques et discours, du sens de la nation et de l’identité mexicaines tout en montrant les basculements qui les conforment. Le motif en question s’y prononce de manière aussi bien directe qu’indirecte, et fait l’objet d’une transformation existentiel et littéraire qui obéi tout un éventail de changements esthétiques. Sous l’écorce vaste du motif viatique il y a une relation étroite entre la mémoire, les espaces vécus et toutes sortes de déplacements. Celle-ci est perceptible dans une multiplicité de manifestations littéraires au Mexique, notamment à partir du XXe siècle grâce au déploiement de techniques et d’explorations littéraires. Cette investigation analyse les dialogues et les correspondances parmi trois écrivains mexicains du XXe siècle : Sergio Pitol, Esther Seligson et Fabio Morábito. Bien qu’ils appartiennent à des différentes générations littéraires, cette étude se focalise sur un corpus sélectionné vis-à-vis le partage de certains mécanismes d’intersection entre la littérature et l’expérience du voyage, c’est-à-dire, de ce que nous appelons « écritures migrantes et pratiques d’espaces », idée que nous empruntons de Michel de Certeau, Robert Tally et Astrid Erll. Ainsi, nous montrerons les manières dont la thématique du voyage articule l’identité, la mémoire et l’écriture à l’aune d’une hétérogénéité d’espaces, de migrations et de géographies existantes au cœur de trois propositions littéraires représentatives à ce sujet
Travel is a subject that remains in Mexican Literature as a constituent element over different generations and literary practices in the country. It is certain that Mexican Literature testifies, through many discourses and viewpoints, about Mexican nation and identity sense by displaying issues around it. Travel queries about it as direct as indirect form and is the object of an existential and literary transformation according to esthetic changes. Inside the huge appearance of travel subject there is a relation between memory, life spaces et all types of displacement. This relation is perceptible over multiple literary manifestations in Mexico, especially in twentieth century because of literary techniques and explorations deployment. This work aims to analyse dialogues and similarities in three Mexican writers of twentieth century: Sergio Pitol, Esther Seligson et Fabio Morábito. If they become from different generations, that is not an obstacle to focus in a selection of literary works regarding some mechanisms where literature and travel experience converge, in other words, that we call “migrant writing and practice of spaces”, ideas that we took from Michel de Certeau, Robert Tally et Astrid Erll. Thus, we will discuss forms of which travel subject organise identity, memory and writing in the light of a heterogeneity of spaces, migrations and geographies in all three representatives literary works

Este estudio trata de interpretar el proceso de reintegración laboral de los peruanos que previamente migraron y trabajaron en Japón entre 1989 y 1999, y retornaron al país después del año 2000. El objetivo central de estudio es analizar cómo estos migrantes se reintegran al mercado laboral peruano después de varios años de ausencia, y después de vivir experiencias de movilidad vertical descendente de clase social durante su proceso de migración (de clase media en el Perú a clase obrera en Japón). Es necesario analizar cómo ellos superan esta dinámica y barreras estructurales. Para investigarlo, se utiliza entrevista semiestructurada que provee datos cualitativos que ayudan a analizar esta trayectoria migratoria, donde ocurren diferentes situaciones y causas. En efecto, los retornantes se movilizan a espacios donde pueden ejercer su capacidad, y a donde encuentran una acumulación del capital social y el capital humano, que es una estrategia de este grupo de población frente a los hitos estructurales. A partir de ello, este estudio apunta a interpretar el proceso de reintegración laboral de los peruanos que trabajaban en Japón desde punto de vista de que la posesión de los capitales intangibles influye en superar la dificultad después del retorno.
Tesis

Notre questionnement autour des politiques linguistiques familiales au sein des familles plurilingues vivant dans l’environnement multilingue et multiculturel luxembourgeois est motivé par le trilinguisme qui caractérise le Luxembourg, la forte mixité de la population, l’intérêt que suscite les questions linguistiques des enfants issus de l’immigration et scolarisés au Luxembourg ainsi que notre expérience personnelle avec les langues au quotidien. À cet effet, nous cherchons à comprendre comment les parents issus de divers socles linguistiques ou ayant la même langue d’origine communiquent entre eux avant la naissance des enfants et comment la naissance des enfants reconfigure les usages linguistiques familiaux. Entre autres, nous cherchons à comprendre les motivations des choix linguistiques parentaux, les stratégies de communication mises en place par les parents pour établir un climat de communication en famille et l’influence des enfants sur l’environnement linguistique familial. Pour ce faire, sur le plan méthodologique, en couplant les entretiens ethnographiques avec les enregistrements des conversations familiales, nous avons eu accès aux pratiques linguistiques déclarées et effectives de dix familles aux profils linguistiques très variés et dont la résidence des parents au Luxembourg varie entre sept et quarante-deux ans. La méthodologie de l’analyse de contenu nous a permis de comprendre que l’expérience migratoire de chaque parent, les conditions d’acquisition/d’apprentissage et d’utilisation des langues qu’offre l’environnement luxembourgeois et le désir de développer le capital linguistique des enfants sont certaines des raisons qui poussent les parents à adopter une attitude positive envers le plurilinguisme. Plus loin, nos résultats suggèrent que bien que les enfants ne participent pas activement aux prises des décisions sur les choix des langues à véhiculer en famille, ils exercent cependant une influence sur l’environnement linguistique familial. Dans la même lignée, nous avons découvert que dès les premiers contacts des enfants avec des langues autres que celles de la famille, ces enfants ont tendance à avoir une préférence pour les langues dominantes de l’extérieur. En outre, nos résultats suggèrent qu’il n’y a pas de stratégie de communication parentale standard pour la transmission des langues familiales, mais que dans chaque famille, en fonction des objectifs que les parents se sont fixés, ces derniers peuvent adopter diverses stratégies face aux usages linguistiques de leurs enfants. En somme, nos travaux ouvrent de nouvelles pistes de recherche en politiques linguistiques familiales dont la dimension éducative des enfants issus de l’immigration nous semble particulièrement importante
The importance of investigating the family language policies within multilingual families living in Luxembourg is primarily based the trilingualism that characterizes Luxembourg, the heterogeneity of its population, problems faced by immigrant children schooling in Luxembourg’s school and individual’s personal experience with everyday language use as well. Hence, this thesis’s aim is to investigate how parents from different linguistic backgrounds or having the same language of origin communicated with each other prior to the birth of their children and how the birth of these children reshapes the family language environment. Specifically, we aim to understand the parents’ motivations with regard to their language choices and the communication strategies they implement in order to establish a family communication environment. In addition, considering the effects of language contact, we focus on the school languages and their influence on the children’s language at home. In order to achieve this, from a methodological point of view, by combining ethnographic interviews with the recordings of a family conversation, we gained access to the declared and real linguistic practices of ten families with highly diverse linguistic profiles. These families reside between seven and forty-two years in Luxembourg. Further, content analysis was used to examine the migratory experience of each parent. Some of the major reasons why parents adopted a positive attitude towards multilingualism were (a) the language learning and use opportunities offered by Luxembourg and (b) the desire to develop the linguistic capital of their children. Our results later suggest that although children do not participate actively in the language use decision-making process they actively influence the family language environment. Because the languages they learn in school impact the ways in which they speak at home. Moreover, we discovered that once these children have contact with the officially recognised languages in Luxembourg, which might be different from that of the family, they tend to shift their preference towards these dominant languages. In addition, we discovered that there is no standard parental communication strategy for passing the family languages on to the children. Rather, depending on the parents' objectives, they can adopt different strategies. Overall, this thesis opens new perspectives for research that investigates the family language policies of multilingual families byhighlighting the relevance of educational dimensions of children with immigrant backgrounds
Die Relevanz der Untersuchung der Sprachenpolitik von mehrsprachigenFamilien im Großherzogtum Luxemburg gründet sich vor allem auf die vorhandene Dreisprachigkeit als einzigartiges Charakteristikum von Luxemburg, die gesellschaftliche Heterogenität, die schulischen Probleme von Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund, sowie auf die individuelle Sprachnutzung von Personen im Alltag. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es daher zu untersuchen in wie fern die Geburt eines Kindes und der Austausch mit den eigenen Kindern den Sprachgebrauch von Eltern mit unterschiedlichen Herkunftssprachen beeinflusst. Ein großes Interesse galt dabei insbesondere der Untersuchung der persönlichen Motive der Eltern bezüglich der Auswahl von Sprachen und der Entwicklung dazugehöriger familiärer Kommunikationsstrategien. Zusätzlich wurde der schulische Sprachkontakt der Kinder betrachtet sowie dessen Einfluss auf den Sprachgebrauch der Kinder zuhause untersucht. Die Kombination von ethnographischen Interviews und Tonaufzeichnungen von Gesprächen der Familien zuhause ermöglichte die Gegenüberstellung des explizit angegebenen und des tatsächlichen Sprachgebrauchs von zehn Familien mit äußerst vielfältigen Sprachprofilen. Zum Zeitpunkt der Untersuchung wohnten diese Familien zwischen sieben und 42 Jahre in Luxemburg. Darüber hinaus wurde eine qualitative Inhaltsanalyse durchgeführt, um die Migrationserfahrungen beider Elternteile genauer zu beleuchten. Die Hauptgründe, welche zu einer Entwicklung einer positiven Einstellung der Eltern gegenüber Mehrsprachigkeit geführt haben, waren demnach (a) das (eigene) Erlernen der Sprachen und die Möglichkeiten zum vielfältigen Einsatz dieser Sprachen in Luxemburg sowie (b) ihr Wunsch sich das sprachliche Repertoire ihrer Kinder anzueignen. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Sprachen der Kinder, welche sie in der Schule gelernt haben einen Einfluss auf den familiären Sprachgebrauch haben, obwohl die Kinder keine aktive Rolle im Entscheidungsprozess bezüglich der familiären Sprachennutzung trugen. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Kontakt mit den offiziellen Sprachen in Luxemburgs Schulen dazu führte, dass Kinder eine Präferenz für diese dominanteren Sprachen entwickelten, selbst wenn die Familie eine andere Sprache spricht. Bezüglich des von denEltern initiierten Sprachenlernens konnten keine standardisierten Kommunikationsstrategien festgestellt werden. Vielmehr scheint es so, dass verschiedene Strategien in Abhängigkeit der individuellen Ziele der Eltern angepasst werden können. Insgesamt zeigt diese Arbeit neue Perspektiven zur Erforschung der familiären Sprachenpolitik in mehrsprachigen Familien auf, indem die Bedeutung der Bildungsinstitutionen in den Vordergrund gestellt wird

El presente estudio realiza un análisis de la pobreza en El Salvador con un enfoque de género y ha sido el resultado de dos fases de investigación, en las cuales se han hecho un análisis de la mujer salvadoreña que vive en el país y de las mujeres que han migrado hacia Italia. En la primera fase de investigación (Mayo 2006- Septiembre 2007) se ha realizado un análisis de la mujer salvadoreña que en el país vive en condición de pobreza, con el objetivo de valorar la importancia de la formación de capital humano femenino y el rol de la cooperación al desarrollo en la cuestión de género. El objetivo general ha sido lo de valorar desde adentro la eficacia o menos de un proyecto de desarrollo local realizado en El Salvador, cuya finalidad ha sido la promoción y el desarrollo de la mujer salvadoreña; mientras que el objetivo especifico ha sido lo de valorar la hipótesis de un escenario local salvadoreño (lo de comunidades campesinas que viven en condiciones de pobreza) como entorno favorable para una cooperación eficaz. En la segunda fase de investigación (Septiembre 2007- Abril 2009) se indaga sobre los sentidos e impactos de la experiencia migratoria de las mujeres salvadoreñas inmigradas en las ciudades de Roma y de Milán. El objetivo general ha sido la construcción de sentido sobre la experiencia migratoria y recupero de la diversidad y la complejidad de la agencia femenina; mientras que el objetivo especifico ha sido el análisis del impacto biográfico que puede producir la migración, abordando específicamente el campo familiar, laboral y socioeconómico, identificando procesos de acción y procesos de sufrimiento presentes en la migración.
This study provides an analysis of poverty in El Salvador. It has a gender specific perspective: has been the result of two phases of research and has analysed Salvadoran women living in their country and those who have migrated to Italy. In the first phase of investigation (May 2006 - September 2007) that was carried out, an analysis of Salvadoran women living in poverty in the country was undertaken, with the aim of assessing the importance of female human capital formation and the role of development cooperation on the issue of gender. The overall objective was to assess the efficiency of a local development project carried out in El Salvador, the aim of which was the promotion and development of Salvadoran women, whilst the specific objective was to assess an hypothesis of a local Salvadoran scene (i.e. the peasant communities living in poverty), as a favorable environment for effective cooperation. In the second phase of research (September 2007 - April 2009) the meanings and impacts of the migration experience of Salvadoran women in the cities of Rome and Milan were investigated. The overall objective was understanding the migration experience and recovery of the diverse and complex women's agency. Whilst the specific objective has been to review the biographical impact that occurred due to migration. This was done by specifically addressing the family field, employment and socio-economic issue, hence identifying processes of action and consequent suffering that are present in the processes of migration.

Malgré la politique d’ouverture à l’immigration, à la diversité et au multiculturalisme du Québec, les immigrants récents rencontrent de nombreuses barrières sur le marché du travail. Selon la vision néo-classique, le capital humain détermine l’intégration des immigrants et leur degré de déqualification. Bien que l’origine puisse influencer les caractéristiques professionnelles et personnelles des immigrants qualifiés, certains d’entre eux peuvent être de même origine mais avoir des caractéristiques différentes. L’expérience migratoire, définie comme le fait pour un individu d’avoir émigré une 1ère fois de son pays d’origine vers un pays étranger, avant d’émigrer de nouveau de ce pays vers un 3ème, pourrait modifier ces caractéristiques du capital humain et qui influence l’intégration des immigrants ainsi que leur degré de déqualification. Arrivés d’un pays très diversifié, étant instruits, et allophones, les immigrants d’ex-URSS se constituent un groupe représentatif pour cette étude. De surcroît, certains immigrants de ce groupe possèdent une expérience migratoire. Cette recherche a pour but d’examiner le rôle de l’expérience migratoire antérieure dans l’intégration des immigrants russophones sur le marché du travail québécois et de voir son impact sur la présence et le degré de déqualification. L’approche qualitative adoptée pour ce travail permet d’observer pleinement les opinions des immigrants quant à leur intégration professionnelle et d’examiner l’effet de l’expérience migratoire. Nous avons découvert que l’expérience migratoire peut modifier la situation des immigrants sur le marché du travail. D’une part, elle leur permet d’acquérir un diplôme et une expérience de pays économiquement développés, ce qui a plus de valeur au Québec que les diplômes et l’expérience de pays d’ex-URSS. En plus, cette expérience permet aux immigrants d’améliorer leurs compétences linguistiques. D’autre part, l’expérience migratoire peut modifier les caractéristiques comportementales, telles que les méthodes de recherche d’emploi ou l’adoption d’un comportement ouvert et flexible qui peut aider à l’intégration. De surcroît, l’amélioration des caractéristiques professionnelles et personnelles par une expérience migratoire peut avoir un effet de compensation qui diminue l’effet de la stratégie familiale sur la présence et le degré de déqualification. En somme, nous pouvons conclure que l’expérience migratoire antérieure a un effet sur l’intégration des immigrants russophones sur le marché du travail québécois, et particulièrement, sur la présence et le degré de déqualification.
Despite the policy of open immigration, diversity and multiculturalism in Quebec, recent immigrants face many barriers in the labor market. According to the neo-classical view, human capital has an influence on the integration of immigrants and their degree of deskilling. While origin can influence the professional and personal characteristics of skilled immigrants, some of them might be of the same origin, yet possess different characteristics. The anterior migratory experience is defined as the act for someone, to migrate for the first time from their country of origin to another country, prior to migrate again from this country to a third one. That allows to the immigrants to alter characteristics of human capital, which then influence the integration of immigrants and their degree of deskilling. Being from a very diverse country, being educated, and being allophones, immigrants from the former USSR are a good representative group for this study. In addition, some immigrants in this group have previous migratory experience. This research aims to examine the role of previous migratory experience in the integration of Russian-speaking immigrants in the Quebec labor market, and to evaluate its impact on the presence and level of deskilling. The qualitative method adopted for the work allows for clear observation of the immigrants’ opinions relative to their professional integration, and an evaluation of the effect of the migratory experience. We have found that migratory experience can change an immigrant’s situation in the labor market. On the one hand, it allows them to get a degree and experience from an economically developed country, which holds more value in Quebec than qualifications and experience gained in countries of the former USSR. In addition, it allows them the opportunity to improve their language skills. On the other hand, migratory experience can shape behavioral characteristics, such as job search methods or the adoption of open and flexible behaviors which could help with integration. The improved professional and personal characteristics derived through migratory experience can also have a compensating effect which reduces the impact of family strategy on the presence and level of deskilling. In the end, we can conclude that previous migratory experience does have an impact on the integration of Russian-speaking immigrants in the Quebec labor market and, in particular, on the presence and level of deskilling.