Journal articles: 'Migratory change'

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Morganti, Michelangelo. "Birds facing climate change: a qualitative model for the adaptive potential of migratory behaviour." Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 85, no. 1 (December 23, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rio.2015.197.

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Recent climate change is altering the migratory behaviour of many bird species. An advancement in the timing of spring events and a shift in the geographical distribution have been detected for birds around the world. In particular, intra-Palearctic migratory birds have advanced arrivals in spring and shortened migratory distances by shifting northward their wintering grounds. These changes in migratory patterns are considered adaptive responses facilitating the adjustment of the life cycle to the phenological changes found in their breeding areas. However, in some cases, populations exposed to the same selective pressures do not show any appreciable adaptive change in their behaviour. Basing on the comparison of realized and non-realized adaptive changes, I propose here the formulation of a qualitative model that predicts the potential of migratory birds populations to change adaptively their migratory behaviour. The model assumes that the adaptive potential of migratory behaviour is fuelled by both genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity. Populations of long-distance migrants are exposed to strong environmental canalization that largely eroded their phenotypic plasticity and reduced genetic variability, so that they show a very low amount of adaptive potential regarding migratory behaviour. On the contrary, partial-migrant populations have a highly varied genetic profile and are more plastic at the phenotypic level, and consequently show the highest amount of adaptive potential. Species with mainly social and mainly genetic determination of the migratory behaviour are separately treated in the model. Specific empirical models to foresee the adaptive strategies of wild bird populations that face to climate change can be derived from the general theoretical model. As example, a specific model about the shortening of migratory distances in Western European migratory bird is presented. Finally, a number of future research lines on the topic of adaptive potential of migratory behaviour are discussed, including some examples of concrete study cases. In conclusion, partial-migration emerge as the less known system and future research efforts on this topic are expected to be especially fruitful.

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Nourani, Elham, Noriyuki M. Yamaguchi, and Hiroyoshi Higuchi. "Climate change alters the optimal wind-dependent flight routes of an avian migrant." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1854 (May 3, 2017): 20170149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0149.

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Migratory birds can be adversely affected by climate change as they encounter its geographically uneven impacts in various stages of their life cycle. While a wealth of research is devoted to the impacts of climate change on distribution range and phenology of migratory birds, the indirect effects of climate change on optimal migratory routes and flyways, through changes in air movements, are poorly understood. Here, we predict the influence of climate change on the migratory route of a long-distant migrant using an ensemble of correlative modelling approaches, and present and future atmospheric data obtained from a regional climate model. We show that changes in wind conditions by mid-century will result in a slight shift and reduction in the suitable areas for migration of the study species, the Oriental honey-buzzard, over a critical section of its autumn journey, followed by a complete loss of this section of the traditional route by late century. Our results highlight the need for investigating the consequences of climate change-induced disturbance in wind support for long-distance migratory birds, particularly species that depend on the wind to cross ecological barriers, and those that will be exposed to longer journeys due to future range shifts.

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Howard, Christine, Philip A. Stephens, Joseph A. Tobias, Catherine Sheard, Stuart H. M. Butchart, and Stephen G. Willis. "Flight range, fuel load and the impact of climate change on the journeys of migrant birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1873 (February 21, 2018): 20172329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2329.

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Climate change is predicted to increase migration distances for many migratory species, but the physiological and temporal implications of longer migratory journeys have not been explored. Here, we combine information about species' flight range potential and migratory refuelling requirements to simulate the number of stopovers required and the duration of current migratory journeys for 77 bird species breeding in Europe. Using tracking data, we show that our estimates accord with recorded journey times and stopovers for most species. We then combine projections of altered migratory distances under climate change with models of avian flight to predict future migratory journeys. We find that 37% of migratory journeys undertaken by long-distance migrants will necessitate an additional stopover in future. These greater distances and the increased number of stops will substantially increase overall journey durations of many long-distance migratory species, a factor not currently considered in climate impact studies.

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Doko, Tomoko, Wenbo Chen, and Hiroyoshi Higuchi. "DEVELOPMENT OF MATCHED (MIGRATORY ANALYTICAL TIME CHANGE EASY DETECTION) METHOD FOR SATELLITE-TRACKED MIGRATORY BIRDS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-2 (June 2, 2016): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-iii-2-61-2016.

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Satellite tracking technology has been used to reveal the migration patterns and flyways of migratory birds. In general, bird migration can be classified according to migration status. These statuses include the wintering period, spring migration, breeding period, and autumn migration. To determine the migration status, periods of these statuses should be individually determined, but there is no objective method to define 'a threshold date' for when an individual bird changes its status. The research objective is to develop an effective and objective method to determine threshold dates of migration status based on satellite-tracked data. The developed method was named the “MATCHED (Migratory Analytical Time Change Easy Detection) method”. In order to demonstrate the method, data acquired from satellite-tracked Tundra Swans were used. MATCHED method is composed by six steps: 1) dataset preparation, 2) time frame creation, 3) automatic identification, 4) visualization of change points, 5) interpretation, and 6) manual correction. Accuracy was tested. In general, MATCHED method was proved powerful to identify the change points between migration status as well as stopovers. Nevertheless, identifying “exact” threshold dates is still challenging. Limitation and application of this method was discussed.

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Doko, Tomoko, Wenbo Chen, and Hiroyoshi Higuchi. "DEVELOPMENT OF MATCHED (MIGRATORY ANALYTICAL TIME CHANGE EASY DETECTION) METHOD FOR SATELLITE-TRACKED MIGRATORY BIRDS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-2 (June 2, 2016): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-2-61-2016.

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Satellite tracking technology has been used to reveal the migration patterns and flyways of migratory birds. In general, bird migration can be classified according to migration status. These statuses include the wintering period, spring migration, breeding period, and autumn migration. To determine the migration status, periods of these statuses should be individually determined, but there is no objective method to define 'a threshold date' for when an individual bird changes its status. The research objective is to develop an effective and objective method to determine threshold dates of migration status based on satellite-tracked data. The developed method was named the “MATCHED (Migratory Analytical Time Change Easy Detection) method”. In order to demonstrate the method, data acquired from satellite-tracked Tundra Swans were used. MATCHED method is composed by six steps: 1) dataset preparation, 2) time frame creation, 3) automatic identification, 4) visualization of change points, 5) interpretation, and 6) manual correction. Accuracy was tested. In general, MATCHED method was proved powerful to identify the change points between migration status as well as stopovers. Nevertheless, identifying “exact” threshold dates is still challenging. Limitation and application of this method was discussed.

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Sudarsono, Hamim, Rosma Hasibuan, and Damayanti Buchori. "BIOLOGI DAN TRANSFORMASI BELALANG KEMBARA LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA MANILENSIS MEYEN (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) PADA BEBERAPA TINGKAT KEPADATAN POPULASI DI LABORATORIUM." Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 5, no. 1 (March 12, 2005): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.1524-31.

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Biology and Transformation of the Migratory Locust Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen (Orthoptera: Acrididae) at Several Laboratory Population Density Levels. The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis Meyen (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is one of insect pests in Indonesia that undergoes a unique polymorphic biology. The locust develops a transformation phase which is triggered mainly by high population density. Its recent outbreaks in several regions of Indonesia cause major concern and control strategies must be developed to strengthen control efforts in the future. Its unique polymorphic phenomenon, therefore, must be investigated thoroughly for the basis of management of the outbreak. Due to its agility and its long range flying ability, the most realistic technique to study behavioral and morphological change of the locust is in controlled condition at a laboratory or a green house facility. The experiment was aimed to study effects of colony densities on the biology and transformation process of the migratory locust. More specifically, the experiment was to study effects of population density on the feeding activity, mortality rate, and the ratio of F/C and E/F of the migratory locust L. migratoria manilensis. The population densities were simulated in colonies at 2, 5, 10, 20, dan 30 couples per cage (cage size: 45x45x90 cm) reared in a green house. Results of the experiment show that, in general, higher densities of the migratory locust colonies tended to feed more rigorously than those of the less dense colonies. The locust remained in solitary phase at the density of 2-5 couples per cage whereas the transient phase occured at the density of 10-20 couples per cage. The colonies transformed to gregarious stage when their densities were 30 couples per cage or higher. Mortality percentage tended to be higher at colonies with higher density, especially for the third instar of the migratory locust.

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Prytula, E. D., A. E. McKellar, L. Schwitters, and M. W. Reudink. "Rapid advancement of spring migration and en route adjustment of migration timing in response to weather during fall migration in Vaux’s Swifts (Chaetura vauxi)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 100, no. 1 (January 2022): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2021-0089.

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Climate change has generated earlier springs, later falls, and different weather patterns. These changes may prove challenging to migratory species if they are unable to adjust their migratory timing. We analyzed changes in migratory timing of Vaux’s Swifts (Chaetura vauxi (J.K. Townsend, 1839)) by examining first arrivals (date the first swift arrived) and peak roost occupancy (date the maximum number of swifts were observed) at migratory roosts in both spring and fall from the citizen science organization Vaux’s Happening. First arrivals and peak occupancy date in Vaux’s Swifts advanced over time from 2008 to 2017, and the timing of first arrivals advanced with an increase in local wind gust speeds. In contrast, fall migration timing did not change over time from 2008 to 2016, but higher temperatures were associated with later fall migration (both first arrival and peak roost occupancy) and higher local wind speeds were associated with earlier fall migration (peak roost occupancy only). Like many other migratory birds, Vaux’s Swifts may be tracking earlier spring phenology, and may also be altering their migratory timing in response to local weather conditions, especially during fall migration. Our results indicate that swifts may be able to adjust their migration to a changing climate, at least in the short term.

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Taylor, Caz M., Andrew J. Laughlin, and Richard J. Hall. "The response of migratory populations to phenological change: a Migratory Flow Network modelling approach." Journal of Animal Ecology 85, no. 3 (February 11, 2016): 648–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12494.

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9

Watts, Heather E., Jeffrey L. Rittenhouse, Kendra B. Sewall, and J. Michael Bowers. "Migratory state is not associated with differences in neural glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptor expression in pine siskins." Animal Migration 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2019-0001.

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Abstract Although the endocrine system likely plays an important role in orchestrating the transition to a migratory state, the specific mechanisms by which this occurs remain poorly understood. Changes in glucocorticoid signaling are one proposed mechanism that may be important in migratory transitions. Although previous work has focused on the role of changes in circulating glucocorticoids, another potential mechanism is changes in the expression of its cognate receptors. Here, we test this hypothesis by comparing mRNA expression of the genes for the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in two brain regions implicated in the regulation of migratory behavior (the hippocampus and hypothalamus) in pine siskins (Spinus pinus) sampled before or after the transition to a spring nomadic migratory state. Compared to pre-migratory birds, migratory birds had body conditions more indicative of physiological preparations for migration (e.g., larger body mass), and greater levels of nocturnal migratory restlessness. However, we found no differences between pre-migratory and migratory birds in the expression of GR or MR mRNA in either the hippocampus or hypothalamus. Thus, differences in expression of receptors for glucocorticoids do not appear to underly the observed differences in physiology and behavior across a migratory transition. Taken together with previous results showing no change in circulating corticosterone levels during this transition, our findings provide no evidence for a role of glucocorticoid signaling in the spring migratory transition of this species.

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10

Holling, C. S. "TEMPERATE FOREST INSECT OUTBREAKS, TROPICAL DEFORESTATION AND MIGRATORY BIRDS." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 120, S146 (1988): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm120146021-1.

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AbstractEcosystems that are managed for resource production are under continual structural change. Changes imposed by local management aggregate to produce regional patterns and new regionwide responses. Anthropogenic influences on hemispheric and global processes add another level of change. The result is a bewildering variety of real or anticipated changes unique to experience. For example, in the spruce/fir and budworm interaction of eastern North America, a syndrome of causes affects the vulnerability of renewable resources, and the triggers of change can never be predicted. Yet, it is possible to identify key features that affect resilience of ecosystems and robustness of regulation and to reject other possibilities. This approach provides a way to assign priorities for research and for contingency planning to adapt to change.

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Gill, Jennifer A., José A. Alves, and Tómas G. Gunnarsson. "Mechanisms driving phenological and range change in migratory species." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20180047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0047.

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Many migratory systems are changing rapidly in space and time, and these changes present challenges for conservation. Changes in local abundance and site occupancy across species' ranges have raised concerns over the efficacy of the existing protected area networks, while changes in phenology can potentially create mismatches in the timing of annual events with the availability of key resources. These changes could arise either through individuals shifting in space and time or through generational shifts in the frequency of individuals using different locations or on differing migratory schedules. Using a long-term study of a migratory shorebird in which individuals have been tracked through a period of range expansion and phenological change, we show that these changes occur through generational shifts in spatial and phenological distributions, and that individuals are highly consistent in space and time. Predictions of future rates of changes in range size and phenology, and their implications for species conservation, will require an understanding of the processes that can drive generational shifts. We therefore explore the developmental, demographic and environmental processes that could influence generational shifts in phenology and distribution, and the studies that will be needed to distinguish among these mechanisms of change. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

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Marques, Paulo A. M., David Sowter, and Paulo E. Jorge. "Gulls can change their migratory behavior during lifetime." Oikos 119, no. 6 (January 15, 2010): 946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18192.x.

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Khan, Makidul, Goutam Kundu, Mosammat Akter, Bishawjit Mallick, and Md Islam. "Climatic Impacts and Responses of Migratory and Non-Migratory Fishers of the Padma River, Bangladesh." Social Sciences 7, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120254.

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This study empirically assesses the impacts of climatic events on the inland fishers (i.e., migratory and non-migratory) in Bangladesh and explores their responses to those events. Here, the migratory refers to the fishers who change their fishing location seasonally and voluntarily, whereas the non-migratory fishers fish in the same area. It is assumed that there exist differences in both the impacts of an event and the responses to the event between migratory and non-migratory fishers and therefore, a ‘difference triangle’ conceptual framework is developed and tested empirically under this research. Employing mix-method (qualitative and quantitative), a field study was conducted during July–October 2015 from the Padma River depended fishers. Identified climatic events under this study are: storms, changes in rainfall and temperature and riverbank erosion. The migratory and non-migratory fishers were affected quite similarly by storms and changes in rainfall and temperature. However, riverbank erosion affected only non-migratory fishers. Both the migratory and non-migratory fishers adopted different strategies to cope with different climatic events, like, they took shelter in safe places, sold productive assets, reduced food consumption, took credit from informal sources and employed their school-going children. As adaptation strategies, they modernized their fishing boats, intensified fishing, built embankments and diversified livelihoods. Unlike the impacts, considerable differences were found in their coping and adaptation strategies. Comparing to non-migratory fishers, a smaller number of migratory fishers sold their assets, took informal credit and intensified fishing and diversified their livelihoods. The result of this study indicates the significance of differences in the impacts of climatic events for the migratory and non-migratory fishers and therefore, this research has policy implication for the betterment of fishers’ community in general.

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Saino, Nicola, Diego Rubolini, Esa Lehikoinen, Leonid V. Sokolov, Andrea Bonisoli-Alquati, Roberto Ambrosini, Giuseppe Boncoraglio, and Anders P. Møller. "Climate change effects on migration phenology may mismatch brood parasitic cuckoos and their hosts." Biology Letters 5, no. 4 (May 14, 2009): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0312.

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Phenological responses to climate change vary among taxa and across trophic levels. This can lead to a mismatch between the life cycles of ecologically interrelated populations (e.g. predators and prey), with negative consequences for population dynamics of some of the interacting species. Here we provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that climate change might disrupt the association between the life cycles of the common cuckoo ( Cuculus canorus ), a migratory brood parasitic bird, and its hosts. We investigated changes in timing of spring arrival of the cuckoo and its hosts throughout Europe over six decades, and found that short-distance, but not long-distance, migratory hosts have advanced their arrival more than the cuckoo. Hence, cuckoos may keep track of phenological changes of long-distance, but not short-distance migrant hosts, with potential consequences for breeding of both cuckoo and hosts. The mismatch to some of the important hosts may contribute to the decline of cuckoo populations and explain some of the observed local changes in parasitism rates of migratory hosts.

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Goffin, Bernice, Marcial Felgueiras, and Anouschka R. Hof. "Increased Stopover Duration and Low Body Condition of the Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) at an Autumn Stopover Site." Animals 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 2208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122208.

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Many long-distance migratory bird species are in decline, of which environmental changes, such as climate change and land-use changes, are thought to be important drivers. The effects of environmental change on the migration of these birds have often been studied during spring migration. Fewer studies have explored the impacts of environmental change on autumn migration, especially at stopover sites. However, stopover sites are important, as the quality of these sites is expected to change over time. We investigated impacts of local environmental conditions on the migration strategy and body condition of the Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) at an autumn migration stopover site using long-term ringing data (1996–2018) and local environmental conditions. We found that although the arrival and departure dates of birds at the stopover site remained unchanged, the body condition (fat score) of the individuals caught decreased, and the stopover duration increased. This suggests that conditions at the stopover site during the autumn migration period have deteriorated over time. This study emphasizes the importance of suitable stopover sites for migratory birds and stresses that changes in environmental conditions during the autumn migration period may be contributing to the current decline in long-distance migratory passerines.

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Jonzén, Niclas, Anders Hedenström, and Per Lundberg. "Climate change and the optimal arrival of migratory birds." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1607 (October 17, 2006): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3719.

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Recent climate change has sparked an interest in the timing of biological events, which is a general problem in life-history evolution. Reproduction in many organisms breeding in seasonal environments, e.g. migratory birds, is dependent on the exploitation of a short but rich food supply. If the seasonal timing of the food peak advances owing to climate change, then one would expect the bird to track those changes, hence, initiate migration and breeding earlier. However, when there is competition for territories and a risk of pre-breeding mortality, the optimal response to a shifting food distribution is no longer obvious. We develop a theoretical model to study how the optimal arrival time depends on the mean and variance of the food distribution, the degree of competition for territories and the risk of mortality. In general, the optimal shift in arrival date should never be as extreme as the shift in food peak date. Our results also show that we should expect the high variation of trends in arrival date observed among migratory birds, even if migration and information about climate change were unconstrained.

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Godet, Laurent, Mikaël Jaffré, and Vincent Devictor. "Waders in winter: long-term changes of migratory bird assemblages facing climate change." Biology Letters 7, no. 5 (March 23, 2011): 714–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0152.

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Effects of climate change on species occupying distinct areas during their life cycle are still unclear. Moreover, although effects of climate change have widely been studied at the species level, less is known about community responses. Here, we test whether and how the composition of wader (Charadrii) assemblages, breeding in high latitude and wintering from Europe to Africa, is affected by climate change over 33 years. We calculated the temporal trend in the community temperature index (CTI), which measures the balance between cold and hot dwellers present in species assemblages. We found a steep increase in the CTI, which reflects a profound change in assemblage composition in response to recent climate change. This study provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence of a strong community response of migratory species to climate change in their wintering areas.

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Stillman, R. A., K. A. Wood, W. Gilkerson, E. Elkinton, J. M. Black, D. H. Ward, and M. Petrie. "Predicting effects of environmental change on a migratory herbivore." Ecosphere 6, no. 7 (July 2015): art114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/es14-00455.1.

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Wunderle, Joseph M., Richard M. DeGraaf, and John H. Rappole. "Neotropical Migratory Birds: Natural History, Distribution, and Population Change." Journal of Wildlife Management 61, no. 3 (July 1997): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802212.

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Helm, Barbara, Benjamin M. Van Doren, Dieter Hoffmann, and Ute Hoffmann. "Evolutionary Response to Climate Change in Migratory Pied Flycatchers." Current Biology 29, no. 21 (November 2019): 3714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.072.

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Schwalb, Astrid N., Alexa C. Alexander, Andrew J. Paul, Karl Cottenie, and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Changes in migratory fish communities and their health, hydrology, and water chemistry in rivers of the Athabasca oil sands region: a review of historical and current data." Environmental Reviews 23, no. 2 (June 2015): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2014-0065.

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The long-lived migratory fish in the lower Athabasca region (including the Athabasca oil sands region) are valued ecosystem components and good bio-indicators of changes in habitat condition, water quality and quantity over the entire stream network. Changes in this region may have been caused by a variety of human activities including oil sands development, forestry, urban development, and recreational activities. We reviewed existing data to examine whether community composition and health of migratory fish (such as northern pike, walleye, and suckers) in the lower Athabasca region have changed over the past 40 years and whether these could be explained by changes in hydrology or water chemistry. Declines of 53%–100% in the abundance of three migratory fish species were detected in the Muskeg watershed (15% land change). Significant changes in fish health were detected. The largest decreases in body condition of fish in the region occurred in the late 1990s and coincided with elevated levels of fin erosion, the most frequently occurring external abnormality, and with extreme discharge conditions. Fish habitat can be affected by both increases and decreases in discharge, and the most pronounced changes were increases in some watersheds of up to 20% of average discharge post-development. In contrast, decreases in discharge post-development in the Muskeg and Steepbank rivers correlated with a decrease in precipitation. Our results show that climatic events and landscape features such as wetlands are important for understanding changes in the system. Further research is needed to examine potential ecological consequences of the observed changes in hydrology for fish and to explore what caused the changes in migratory fish communities and fish health. This will require a better understanding of the trophic structure of the system and a better monitoring program for migratory fish.

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Hulthén, Kaj, Ben B. Chapman, P. Anders Nilsson, Jerker Vinterstare, Lars-Anders Hansson, Christian Skov, Jakob Brodersen, Henrik Baktoft, and Christer Brönmark. "Escaping peril: perceived predation risk affects migratory propensity." Biology Letters 11, no. 8 (August 2015): 20150466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0466.

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Although migratory plasticity is increasingly documented, the ecological drivers of plasticity are not well understood. Predation risk can influence migratory dynamics, but whether seasonal migrants can adjust their migratory behaviour according to perceived risk is unknown. We used electronic tags to record the migration of individual roach ( Rutilus rutilus ), a partially migratory fish, in the wild following exposure to manipulation of direct (predator presence/absence) and indirect (high/low roach density) perceived predation risk in experimental mesocosms. Following exposure, we released fish in their lake summer habitat and monitored individual migration to connected streams over an entire season. Individuals exposed to increased perceived direct predation risk (i.e. a live predator) showed a higher migratory propensity but no change in migratory timing, while indirect risk (i.e. roach density) affected timing but not propensity showing that elevated risk carried over to alter migratory behaviour in the wild. Our key finding demonstrates predator-driven migratory plasticity, highlighting the powerful role of predation risk for migratory decision-making and dynamics.

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de Zoeten, Tiago, and Francisco Pulido. "How migratory populations become resident." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1923 (March 18, 2020): 20193011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.3011.

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Migratory behaviour is rapidly changing in response to recent environmental changes, yet it is difficult to predict how migration will evolve in the future. To understand what determines the rate of adaptive evolutionary change in migratory behaviour, we simulated the evolution of residency using an individual-based threshold model, which allows for variation in selection, number of genes, environmental effects and assortative mating. Our model indicates that the recent reduction in migratory activity found in a population of Eurasian blackcaps ( Sylvia atricapilla ) is only compatible with this trait being under strong directional selection, in which residents have the highest fitness and fitness declines exponentially with migration distance. All other factors had minor effects on the adaptive response. Under this form of selection, a completely migratory population will become partially migratory in 6 and completely resident in 98 generations, demonstrating the persistence of partial migration, even under strong directional selection. Resident populations will preserve large amounts of cryptic genetic variation, particularly if migration is controlled by a large number of genes with small effects. This model can be used to realistically simulate the evolution of any threshold trait, including semi-continuous traits like migration, for predicting evolutionary response to natural selection in the wild.

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Cresswell, Will. "Migratory connectivity of Palaearctic-African migratory birds and their responses to environmental change: the serial residency hypothesis." Ibis 156, no. 3 (May 20, 2014): 493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12168.

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Verhoeven, Mo A., A. H. Jelle Loonstra, Jos C. E. W. Hooijmeijer, Jose A. Masero, Theunis Piersma, and Nathan R. Senner. "Generational shift in spring staging site use by a long-distance migratory bird." Biology Letters 14, no. 2 (February 2018): 20170663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0663.

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In response to environmental change, species have been observed altering their migratory behaviours. Few studies, however, have been able to determine whether these alterations resulted from inherited, plastic or flexible changes. Here, we present a unique observation of a rapid population-level shift in migratory routes—over 300 km from Spain to Portugal—by continental black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa limosa . This shift did not result from adult godwits changing staging sites, as adult site use was highly consistent. Rather, the shift resulted from young godwits predominantly using Portugal over Spain. We found no differences in reproductive success or survival among individuals using either staging site, indicating that the shift resulted from developmental plasticity rather than natural selection. Our results therefore suggest that new migratory routes can develop within a generation and that young individuals may be the agents of such rapid changes.

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Gray, Lindsey J., Gregory A. Sword, Michael L. Anstey, Fiona J. Clissold, and Stephen J. Simpson. "Behavioural phase polyphenism in the Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera )." Biology Letters 5, no. 3 (March 4, 2009): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0764.

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Swarming and the expression of phase polyphenism are defining characteristics of locust species. Increases in local population density mediate morphological, physiological and behavioural changes within individuals, which correlate with mass marching of juveniles in migratory bands and flying swarms of adults. The Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera ) regularly forms migratory bands and swarms, but is claimed not to express phase polyphenism and has accordingly been used to argue against a central role for phase change in locust swarming. We demonstrate that juvenile C. terminifera express extreme density-dependent behavioural phase polyphenism. Isolated-reared juveniles are sedentary and repelled by conspecifics, whereas crowd-reared individuals are highly active and are attracted to conspecifics. In contrast to other major locust species, however, behavioural phase change does not accumulate across generations, but shifts completely within an individual's lifetime in response to a change in population density.

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Klaassen, Marcel, Bethany J. Hoye, Bart A. Nolet, and William A. Buttemer. "Ecophysiology of avian migration in the face of current global hazards." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1596 (June 19, 2012): 1719–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0008.

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Long-distance migratory birds are often considered extreme athletes, possessing a range of traits that approach the physiological limits of vertebrate design. In addition, their movements must be carefully timed to ensure that they obtain resources of sufficient quantity and quality to satisfy their high-energy needs. Migratory birds may therefore be particularly vulnerable to global change processes that are projected to alter the quality and quantity of resource availability. Because long-distance flight requires high and sustained aerobic capacity, even minor decreases in vitality can have large negative consequences for migrants. In the light of this, we assess how current global change processes may affect the ability of birds to meet the physiological demands of migration, and suggest areas where avian physiologists may help to identify potential hazards. Predicting the consequences of global change scenarios on migrant species requires (i) reconciliation of empirical and theoretical studies of avian flight physiology; (ii) an understanding of the effects of food quality, toxicants and disease on migrant performance; and (iii) mechanistic models that integrate abiotic and biotic factors to predict migratory behaviour. Critically, a multi-dimensional concept of vitality would greatly facilitate evaluation of the impact of various global change processes on the population dynamics of migratory birds.

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Rivrud, Inger Maren, Erling L. Meisingset, Leif Egil Loe, and Atle Mysterud. "Future suitability of habitat in a migratory ungulate under climate change." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1899 (March 20, 2019): 20190442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0442.

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With climate change, the effect of global warming on snow cover is expected to cause range expansion and enhance habitat suitability for species at their northern distribution limits. However, how this depends on landscape topography and sex in size-dimorphic species remains uncertain, and is further complicated for migratory animals following climate-driven seasonal resource fluctuations across vast landscapes. Using 11 years of data from a partially migratory ungulate at their northern distribution ranges, the red deer ( Cervus elaphus ), we predicted sex-specific summer and winter habitat suitability in diverse landscapes under medium and severe global warming. We found large increases in future winter habitat suitability, resulting in expansion of winter ranges as currently unsuitable habitat became suitable. Even moderate warming decreased snow cover substantially, with no suitability difference between warming scenarios. Winter ranges will hence not expand linearly with warming, even for species at their northern distribution limits. Although less pronounced than in winter, summer ranges also expanded and more so under severe warming. Summer habitat suitability was positively correlated with landscape topography and ranges expanded more for females than males. Our study highlights the complexity of predicting future habitat suitability for conservation and management of size-dimorphic, migratory species under global warming.

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Virkkala, Raimo, and Ari Rajasärkkä. "Climate change affects populations of northern birds in boreal protected areas." Biology Letters 7, no. 3 (December 8, 2010): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1052.

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Human land-use effects on species populations are minimized in protected areas and population changes can thus be more directly linked with changes in climate. In this study, bird population changes in 96 protected areas in Finland were compared using quantitative bird census data, between two time slices, 1981–1999 and 2000–2009, with the mean time span being 14 years. Bird species were categorized by distribution pattern and migratory strategy. Our results showed that northern bird species had declined by 21 per cent and southern species increased by 29 per cent in boreal protected areas during the study period, alongside a clear rise (0.7–0.8°C) in mean temperatures. Distribution pattern was the main factor, with migratory strategy interacting in explaining population changes in boreal birds. Migration strategy interacted with distribution pattern so that, among northern birds, densities of both migratory and resident species declined, whereas among southern birds they both increased. The observed decline of northern species and increase in southern species are in line with the predictions of range shifts of these species groups under a warming climate, and suggest that the population dynamics of birds are already changing in natural boreal habitats in association with changing climate.

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Kirby, Jeff S., Alison J. Stattersfield, Stuart H. M. Butchart, Michael I. Evans, Richard F. A. Grimmett, Victoria R. Jones, John O'Sullivan, Graham M. Tucker, and Ian Newton. "Key conservation issues for migratory land- and waterbird species on the world's major flyways." Bird Conservation International 18, S1 (August 7, 2008): S49—S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270908000439.

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AbstractAn estimated 19% of the world's 9,856 extant bird species are migratory, including some 1,600 species of land- and waterbirds. In 2008, 11% of migratory land- and waterbirds were classed by BirdLife International as threatened or near-threatened on the IUCN Red List. Red List indices show that these migrants have become more threatened since 1988, with 33 species deteriorating and just six improving in status. There is also increasing evidence of regional declines. Population trend data show that more Nearctic–Neotropical migrants have declined than increased in North America since the 1980s, and more Palearctic–Afrotropical migrants breeding in Europe declined than increased during 1970–2000. Reviews of the status of migratory raptors show unfavourable conservation status for 51% of species in the African–Eurasian region (in 2005), and 33% of species in Central, South and East Asia (in 2007). Land-use change owing to agriculture is the most frequently cited threat affecting nearly 80% of all threatened and near-threatened species. However, while agricultural intensification on the breeding grounds is often proposed as the major driver of declines in Palearctic–Afrotropical migrants, some species appear to be limited by the quantity and quality of available habitat in non-breeding areas, notably the drylands of tropical Africa. Forest fragmentation in breeding areas has contributed to the declines of Nearctic–Neotropical migrants with deforestation in non-breeding areas another possible factor. Infrastructure development including wind turbines, cables, towers and masts can also be a threat. Over-harvesting and persecution remain serious threats, particularly at key migration locations. Climate change is affecting birds already, is expected to exacerbate all these pressures, and may also increase competition between migratory and non-migratory species. The conservation of migratory birds thus requires a multitude of approaches. Many migratory birds require effective management of their critical sites, and Important Bird Areas (IBAs) provide an important foundation for such action; however to function effectively in conserving migratory species, IBAs need to be protected and the coherence of the network requires regular review. Since many migratory species (c. 55%) are widely dispersed across their breeding or non-breeding ranges, it is essential to address the human-induced changes at the wider landscape scale, a very considerable challenge. Efforts to conserve migratory birds in one part of the range are less effective if unaddressed threats are reducing these species' populations and habitats elsewhere. International collaboration and coordinated action along migration flyways as a whole are thus key elements in any strategy for the conservation of migratory birds.

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Humphreys, John M., Robert B. Srygley, and David H. Branson. "Geographic Variation in Migratory Grasshopper Recruitment under Projected Climate Change." Geographies 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 12–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geographies2010003.

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Climate change is expected to alter prevailing temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, and humidity this century, thereby modifying insect demographic processes and possibly increasing the frequency and intensity of rangeland and crop impacts by pest insects. We leveraged ten years of migratory grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) field surveys to assess the response of nymph recruitment to projected climate conditions through the year 2040. Melanoplus sanguinipes is the foremost pest of grain, oilseed, pulse, and rangeland forage crops in the western United States. To assess nymph recruitment, we developed a multi-level, joint modeling framework that individually assessed nymph and adult life stages while concurrently incorporating density-dependence and accounting for observation bias connected to preferential sampling. Our results indicated that nymph recruitment rates will exhibit strong geographic variation under projected climate change, with population sizes at many locations being comparable to those historically observed, but other locations experiencing increased insect abundances. Our findings suggest that alterations to prevailing temperature and precipitation regimes as instigated by climate change will amplify recruitment, thereby enlarging population sizes and potentially intensifying agricultural pest impacts by 2040.

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Robinson, RA, HQP Crick, JA Learmonth, IMD Maclean, CD Thomas, F. Bairlein, MC Forchhammer, et al. "Travelling through a warming world: climate change and migratory species." Endangered Species Research 7 (June 17, 2009): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00095.

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Newson, SE, S. Mendes, HQP Crick, N. Dulvy, JDR Houghton, GC Hays, AM Hutson, CD Macleod, GJ Pierce, and RA Robinson. "Indicators of the impact of climate change on migratory species." Endangered Species Research 7 (June 17, 2009): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00162.

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Yang, Pengcheng, Li Hou, Xianhui Wang, and Le Kang. "Core transcriptional signatures of phase change in the migratory locust." Protein & Cell 10, no. 12 (July 10, 2019): 883–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-019-0648-6.

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Culp, Leah A., Emily B. Cohen, Amy L. Scarpignato, Wayne E. Thogmartin, and Peter P. Marra. "Full annual cycle climate change vulnerability assessment for migratory birds." Ecosphere 8, no. 3 (March 2017): e01565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1565.

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Borges, Francisco O., Catarina P. Santos, Eduardo Sampaio, Cátia Figueiredo, José Ricardo Paula, Carlos Antunes, Rui Rosa, and Tiago F. Grilo. "Ocean warming and acidification may challenge the riverward migration of glass eels." Biology Letters 15, no. 1 (January 2019): 20180627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0627.

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The dramatic decline of European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) populations over recent decades has attracted considerable attention and concern. Furthermore, little is known about the sensitivity of the early stages of eels to projected future environmental change. Here, we investigated, for the first time, the potential combined effects of ocean warming (OW; Δ + 4°C; 18°C) and acidification (OA; Δ − 0.4 pH units) on the survival and migratory behaviour of A. anguilla glass eels, namely their preference towards riverine cues (freshwater and geosmin). Recently arrived individuals were exposed to isolated and combined OW and OA conditions for 100 days, adjusting for the salinity gradients associated with upstream migration. A two-choice test was used to investigate migratory activity and shifts in preference towards freshwater environments. While OW decreased survival and increased migratory activity, OA appears to hinder migratory response, reducing the preference for riverine cues. Our results suggest that future conditions could potentially favour an early settlement of glass eels, reducing the proportion of fully migratory individuals. Further research into the effects of climate change on eel migration and habitat selection is needed to implement efficient conservation plans for this critically endangered species.

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Hardesty-Moore, Molly, Stefanie Deinet, Robin Freeman, Georgia C. Titcomb, Erin M. Dillon, Keenan Stears, Maggie Klope, et al. "Migration in the Anthropocene: how collective navigation, environmental system and taxonomy shape the vulnerability of migratory species." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1746 (March 26, 2018): 20170017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0017.

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Recent increases in human disturbance pose significant threats to migratory species using collective movement strategies. Key threats to migrants may differ depending on behavioural traits (e.g. collective navigation), taxonomy and the environmental system (i.e. freshwater, marine or terrestrial) associated with migration. We quantitatively assess how collective navigation, taxonomic membership and environmental system impact species' vulnerability by (i) evaluating population change in migratory and non-migratory bird, mammal and fish species using the Living Planet Database (LPD), (ii) analysing the role of collective navigation and environmental system on migrant extinction risk using International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifications and (iii) compiling literature on geographical range change of migratory species. Likelihood of population decrease differed by taxonomic group: migratory birds were more likely to experience annual declines than non-migrants, while mammals displayed the opposite pattern. Within migratory species in IUCN, we observed that collective navigation and environmental system were important predictors of extinction risk for fishes and birds, but not for mammals, which had overall higher extinction risk than other taxa. We found high phylogenetic relatedness among collectively navigating species, which could have obscured its importance in determining extinction risk. Overall, outputs from these analyses can help guide strategic interventions to conserve the most vulnerable migrations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Collective movement ecology'.

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Ramesh, Aparajitha, Ton G. G. Groothuis, Franz J. Weissing, and Marion Nicolaus. "Habitat fragmentation induces rapid divergence of migratory and isolated sticklebacks." Behavioral Ecology 33, no. 1 (November 23, 2021): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab121.

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Abstract The adaptive capacity of many organisms is seriously challenged by human-imposed environmental change, which currently happens at unprecedented rates and magnitudes. For migratory fish, habitat fragmentation is a major challenge that can compromise their survival and reproduction. Therefore, it is important to study if fish populations can adapt to such modifications of their habitat. Here, we study whether originally anadromous three-spined stickleback populations (Gasterosteus aculeatus; “migrants”) changed in behavior and morphology in response to human-induced isolation. We made use of a natural field-experiment, where the construction of pumping stations and sluices in the 1970s unintendedly created replicates of land-locked stickleback populations (“resident”) in the Netherlands. For two years, we systematically tested populations of residents and migrants for differences in morphology and behavioral traits (activity, aggressiveness, exploration, boldness, and shoaling) in lab-based assays. We detected differences between migrant and resident populations in virtually all phenotypic traits studied: compared with the ancestral migrants, residents were smaller in size, had fewer and smaller plates and were significantly more active, aggressive, exploratory and bolder, and shoaled less. Despite large ecological differences between 2018 and 2019, results were largely consistent across the two years. Our study shows that human-induced environmental change has led to the rapid and consistent morphological and behavioral divergence of stickleback populations in about 50 generations. Such changes may be adaptive but this remains to be tested.

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Winger, Benjamin M., Irby J. Lovette, and David W. Winkler. "Ancestry and evolution of seasonal migration in the Parulidae." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1728 (July 13, 2011): 610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1045.

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Seasonal migration in birds is known to be highly labile and subject to rapid change in response to selection, such that researchers have hypothesized that phylogenetic relationships should neither predict nor constrain the migratory behaviour of a species. Many theories on the evolution of bird migration assume a framework that extant migratory species have evolved repeatedly and relatively recently from sedentary tropical or subtropical ancestors. We performed ancestral state reconstructions of migratory behaviour using a comprehensive, well-supported phylogeny of the Parulidae (the ‘wood-warblers’), a large family of Neotropical and Nearctic migratory and sedentary songbirds, and examined the rates of gain and loss of migration throughout the Parulidae. Counter to traditional hypotheses, our results suggest that the ancestral wood-warbler was migratory and that losses of migration have been at least as prevalent as gains throughout the history of Parulidae. Therefore, extant sedentary tropical radiations in the Parulidae represent losses of latitudinal migration and colonization of the tropics from temperate regions. We also tested for phylogenetic signal in migratory behaviour, and our results indicate that although migratory behaviour is variable within some wood-warbler species and clades, phylogeny significantly predicts the migratory distance of species in the Parulidae.

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Rushing, Clark S., J. Andrew Royle, David J. Ziolkowski, and Keith L. Pardieck. "Migratory behavior and winter geography drive differential range shifts of eastern birds in response to recent climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 23 (May 26, 2020): 12897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000299117.

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Over the past half century, migratory birds in North America have shown divergent population trends relative to resident species, with the former declining rapidly and the latter increasing. The role that climate change has played in these observed trends is not well understood, despite significant warming over this period. We used 43 y of monitoring data to fit dynamic species distribution models and quantify the rate of latitudinal range shifts in 32 species of birds native to eastern North America. Since the early 1970s, species that remain in North America throughout the year, including both resident and migratory species, appear to have responded to climate change through both colonization of suitable area at the northern leading edge of their breeding distributions and adaption in place at the southern trailing edges. Neotropical migrants, in contrast, have shown the opposite pattern: contraction at their southern trailing edges and no measurable shifts in their northern leading edges. As a result, the latitudinal distributions of temperate-wintering species have increased while the latitudinal distributions of neotropical migrants have decreased. These results raise important questions about the mechanisms that determine range boundaries of neotropical migrants and suggest that these species may be particularly vulnerable to future climate change. Our results highlight the potential importance of climate change during the nonbreeding season in constraining the response of migratory species to temperature changes at both the trailing and leading edges of their breeding distributions. Future research on the interactions between breeding and nonbreeding climate change is urgently needed.

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Cruz Salazar, Tania. "De Chiapas a California. Experiencia migratoria y cambio cultural en jóvenes indígenas." Pueblos y fronteras 11, no. 22 (December 1, 2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cimsur.18704115e.2016.22.267.

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van den Hoff, John, Clive R. McMahon, Graham R. Simpkins, Mark A. Hindell, Rachael Alderman, and Harry R. Burton. "Bottom-up regulation of a pole-ward migratory predator population." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1782 (May 7, 2014): 20132842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2842.

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As the effects of regional climate change are most pronounced at polar latitudes, we might expect polar-ward migratory populations to respond as habitat suitability changes. The southern elephant seal ( Mirounga leonina L.) is a pole-ward migratory species whose populations have mostly stabilized or increased in the past decade, the one exception being the Macquarie Island population which has decreased continuously over the past 50 years. To explore probable causes of this anomalous trend, we counted breeding female seals annually between 1988 and 2011 in order to relate annual rates of population change ( r ) to foraging habitat changes that have known connections with atmospheric variability. We found r (i) varied annually from −0.016 to 0.021 over the study period, (ii) was most effected by anomalous atmospheric variability after a 3 year time lag was introduced ( R = 0.51) and (iii) was associated with sea-ice duration (SID) within the seals’ foraging range at the same temporal lag. Negative r years may be extrapolated to explain, at least partially, the overall trend in seal abundance at Macquarie Island; specifically, increasing SID within the seals foraging range has a negative influence on their abundance at the island. Evidence is accruing that suggests southern elephant seal populations may respond positively to a reduced sea-ice field.

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Krauel, J. J., J. M. Ratcliffe, J. K. Westbrook, and G. F. McCracken. "Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) adjust foraging behaviour in response to migratory moths." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 6 (June 2018): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0284.

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Insect migrations represent large movements of resources across a landscape, which are attractive to predators capable of detecting and catching them. Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy, 1824)) consume migratory noctuid moths, which concentrate in favourable winds resulting in aggregations of prey that attract bats hundreds of metres above ground. Although T. brasiliensis are known to feed on these aggregations of migratory moths, changes in their foraging behaviours have not been linked to moth migration events. We investigated possible shifts in the bats’ foraging behaviours when moths are migrating with respect to altitude and moth abundance. We recorded 1104 echolocation call passes of T. brasiliensis at ground level and at altitudes of ∼100 and ∼200 m above ground level. We found proportionally more bat activity at higher altitudes when migratory moth abundance was high. We also found that bats decreased call frequency and bandwidth and increased call duration at higher altitudes and behaved similarly with increasing moth abundance even at ground level. Our results support predictions that bats change foraging behaviour in response to seasonal availability of migratory moths and document alterations in echolocation call parameters that are consistent with optimizing prey detection.

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Hallworth, Michael T., Peter P. Marra, Kent P. McFarland, Sara Zahendra, and Colin E. Studds. "Tracking dragons: stable isotopes reveal the annual cycle of a long-distance migratory insect." Biology Letters 14, no. 12 (December 2018): 20180741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0741.

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Insect migration is globally ubiquitous and can involve continental-scale movements and complex life histories. Apart from select species of migratory moths and butterflies, little is known about the structure of the annual cycle for migratory insects. Using stable-hydrogen isotope analysis of 852 wing samples from eight countries spanning 140 years, combined with 21 years of citizen science data, we determined the full annual cycle of a large migratory dragonfly, the common green darner ( Anax junius ). We demonstrate that darners undertake complex long-distance annual migrations governed largely by temperature that involve at least three generations. In spring, the first generation makes a long-distance northbound movement (further than 650 km) from southern to northern range limits, lays eggs and dies. A second generation emerges and returns south (further than 680 km), where they lay eggs and die. Finally, a third resident generation emerges, reproducing locally and giving rise to the cohort that migrates north the following spring. Since migration timing and nymph development are highly dependent on temperature, continued climate change could lead to fundamental changes in the biology for this and similar migratory insects.

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Martinez-Molina, Noelia, Yongsoo Kim, Philip Hockberger, and Francis G. Szele. "Rostral migratory stream neuroblasts turn and change directions in stereotypic patterns." Cell Adhesion & Migration 5, no. 1 (January 2011): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cam.5.1.13788.

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Foster, Charles R., Anthony F. Amos, and Lee A. Fuiman. "Phenology of Six Migratory Coastal Birds in Relation to Climate Change." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122, no. 1 (March 2010): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1676/09-054.1.

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Rubolini, D., N. Saino, and AP Møller. "Migratory behaviour constrains the phenological response of birds to climate change." Climate Research 42, no. 1 (May 27, 2010): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr00862.

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AHOLA, MARKUS P., TONI LAAKSONEN, TAPIO EEVA, and ESA LEHIKOINEN. "Climate change can alter competitive relationships between resident and migratory birds." Journal of Animal Ecology 76, no. 6 (November 2007): 1045–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01294.x.

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SHARMA, SAPNA, SERGE COUTURIER, and STEEVE D. CÔTÉ. "Impacts of climate change on the seasonal distribution of migratory caribou." Global Change Biology 15, no. 10 (October 2009): 2549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01945.x.

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Knudsen, Endre, Andreas Lindén, Christiaan Both, Niclas Jonzén, Francisco Pulido, Nicola Saino, William J. Sutherland, et al. "Challenging claims in the study of migratory birds and climate change." Biological Reviews 86, no. 4 (April 13, 2011): 928–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00179.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Migratory change'

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