Journal articles on the topic 'Migration, Remittances, Education, Integration'
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Mahdich, Alisa S. "GEOGRAPHY OF THE MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE TO THE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE: ANALYSIS OF THE POLICY OF INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS IN THE COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION." Academic Review 1, no. 56 (June 2022): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-10.
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This study is devoted to the analysis of the geography of migration of the population of Ukraine over the last decade on the basis of the Global Index of Migrant Integration Policy (MIPEX) and the identification of factors that attract the population of Ukraine to migrate to other countries. According to European Commission statistics since 2014, the number of Ukrainian labor migrants moving to the European Union (EU) has increased significantly. In 2019, Ukrainian citizens received 660,000 residence permits for paid activities in member states – the largest external labor force in the EU. Thus, the dependence of Member States’ economies on Ukrainian workers has reached significant levels, as evidenced by the labor shortages observed during the COVID-19 crisis, which forced the EU to close its borders. Emigration reduces the supply of labor and accelerates the growth of wages of workers who remain in the country; one of the problems of concern is the loss of skills – most of Ukrainians work abroad without qualifications or do very simple work. The main benefit for the Ukrainian economy is related to the remittances, equivalent to 8% of GDP. Remittances significantly improve the well-being of migrant families and stimulate domestic demand, increasing the country’s GDP. Stable and significant inflow of remittances contributes to a more stable balance of payments, compensation for the constant deficit of trade and investment income. At the same time, there is a risk that migrants will remain permanently resident abroad, which will mean a decrease in the working population in Ukraine. In addition, the impact of emigration and remittances on Ukraine’s public finances is ambiguous: remittances increase VAT, excise and customs revenues, while reducing labor supply reduces revenues from labor taxes and social security contributions in Ukraine. Therefore, it is important to understand what factors currently attract the population of Ukraine to other countries. The Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) is an index that measures the quality of migrant integration policy in 52 countries. The index indicators were developed for a multidimensional view of migrants’ opportunities to participate in public life. The index is a tool for evaluating and comparing the actions of governments to promote the integration of migrants in all analyzed countries. The index helps to understand and analyze the factors that contribute to the integration of migrants. The index covers the following areas of integration: labor market mobility; family reunification; access to services in the field of education; participation in political life; obtaining permanent residence; obtaining citizenship; antidiscrimination; access to health services.
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Bhula-or, Ruttiya. "Migration and sustainable development in Thailand." Asian Education and Development Studies 10, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2019-0036.
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Purpose Previous studies have focused on migration and development from an economic perspective. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate sustainable migration and development in an integrative manner, including economic, social and environmental perspectives linking theoretical frameworks with empirical evidence in Thailand. Design/methodology/approach A framework of migration and sustainable development was developed in a structured and integrative manner, and the shift in migration and development patterns in Thailand was examined from an empirical and theoretical standpoint. Findings Migration contributes to Thailand’s economy in many ways. Migrant workers help to grow the economy, especially in labor-intensive sectors. This helps reduced income inequalities at the household level through remittances. Climate change will enhance migration, especially from neighboring countries and within Thailand itself, thus helping to reduce poverty and income inequality. Possible economic gains from migration, as well as circulating workers and international retirement migrants are highlighted. Research limitations/implications Only studies published in English or Thai were included, which may have resulted in the omission of some research. A need for rethinking policy design and implementation as a source of sustainable development is required. Originality/value Despite the recent influences of political and environmental changes, there has previously been no analysis of migration and sustainable development in Thailand in a structured and integrative manner as in this study. The impact of migration on the diffusion of new technology and brain drain issues was also addressed.
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Pudryk, Denis, Oleksii Kwilinski, and Tetjana Vasylyna. "EFFICIENCY OF GOVERNMENT EDUCATIONAL POLICY: IMPACT OF MIGRATION." Economic Analysis, no. 31(1) (2021): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2021.01.289.
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Introduction. According to the document "Transforming our world: Agenda for sustainable development until 2030" adopted at the UN Summit on Sustainable Development, Ukraine has committed to 169 tasks under 17 goals by 2030. One of the goals of sustainable development is to provide equal experience in quality education, including lifelong learning. The aim of the study is determining the impact of migration processes on the level of higher education coverage in Ukraine. Research methods. To achieve the paper’s aim, the authors applied the following methods and tools: to assess stationarity - tests of Dickie Fuller (information criterion Akaike) and Phillips Perron (criterion Bartlett Kernel), to assess the integration of data - Johansen test, to identify factors influencing the study on the result - ECM-modeling. Results. The obtained results give grounds to conclude that a 5% level of statistical significance of the growth of public spending on education, GDP per capita and remittances from abroad lead to an increase in the level of higher education in Ukraine. Thus, the hypothesis of a statistically significant impact of migration processes and education expenditures on the level of higher education coverage is confirmed. In this case, the authors highlight that Ukrainian government should develop adjusting policies to improve the effectiveness of public policy on migration management and increase the share of education spending in the country. However, it should be noted that the population growth rate negatively affects the level of higher education coverage. Perspectives. Further research is needed to determine the strength of the impact of average wages, unemployment, environmental conditions, social progress and others factors on migration processes as determinants of improving the education in the country and achieving sustainable development goals.
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Samuel, John, and Susan George. "Globalization, Migration and Development." Canadian Studies in Population 29, no. 1 (December 31, 2002): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6jw2p.
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Migration may become the most important branch of demography in the early decades of the new millennium in a rapidly globalizing world. This paper discusses the causes, costs and benefits of international migration to countries of the South and North, and key issues of common concern. International migration is as old as national boundaries, though its nature, volume, direction, causes and consequences have changed. The causes of migration are rooted in the rate of population growth and the proportion of youth in the population, their education and training, employment opportunities, income differentials in society, communication and transportation facilities, political freedom and human rights and level of urbanization. Migration benefits the South through remittances of migrants, improves the economic welfare of the population (particularly women) of South countries generally, increases investment, and leads to structural changes in the economy. However, emigration from the South has costs too, be they social or caused by factors such as brain drain. The North also benefits by migration through enhancement of economic growth, development of natural resources, improved employment prospects, social development and through exposure to immigrants’ new cultures and lifestyles. Migration also has costs to the North such as of immigrant integration, a certain amount of destabilization of the economy, illegal immigration, and social problems of discrimination and exploitation. Issues common to both North and South include impact on private investment, trade, international cooperation, and sustainable development. Both North and South face a dilemma in seeking an appropriate balance between importing South’s labour or its products and exporting capital and technology from the North.
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Susilo, Ignatia Bintang Filia Dei, and Dian Pujiatma Vera Subchanifa. "ASEAN LABOR MARKET INTEGRATION AND ITS SOCIAL EFFECTS FOR UNSKILLED LABOR MIGRATION." Jurnal Economia 12, no. 1 (September 12, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/economia.v12i1.8227.
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Abstrak: Integrasi Pasar Tenaga Kerja ASEAN dan Dampak Sosial Terhadap Migrasi Tenaga Kerja Tidak Terampil. Sebagian besar negara–negara anggota ASEAN membutuhkan tenaga kerja profesional dan tenaga kerja yang tidak terampil. Tenaga kerja profesional memiliki hak–hak khusus, fasilitas, dan berbagai keuntungan, sedangkan tenaga kerja tidak terampil hanya memiliki sedikit hak dan lebih jarang menjadi topik utama kerjasama integrasi antar negara. Artikel ini akan membahas dampak sosial integrasi, terutama bagi tenaga kerja tidak terampil, dengan mengaitkan hubungan antara migrasi dan remittance di ASEAN, sektor tenaga kerja, dan pengelolaan imigrasi yang dilakukan pemerintah. Sebagian besar negara anggota ASEAN harus meningkatkan standar kinerja dan gaji, menyediakan pelatihan, dan meningkatkan tingkat pendidikan. Terdapat beberapa dampak sosial yang muncul. Namun, beberapa dampak tersebut akan dapat ditangani apabila pemerintah memiliki komitmen dalam menerapkan kebijakannya. Kata kunci: integrasi ekonomi, remittance, pekerja migran, tenaga kerja tidak terampil Abstract: ASEAN Labor Market Integration and Its Social Effects for Unskilled Labor Migration. Member states of ASEAN mainly needed two criteria of foreign labor: highly skilled professionals or its counterpart, unskilled workers. High-skilled professionals are provided with some rights and benefits. Unskilled migrants are equipped with very limited rights and hardly subject to integration approaches. This paper will discuss the social effect of integration, notably the unskilled labor, by linking migration and remittance in ASEAN, labor based on sectored pattern, and immigration governance. Countries need to improve working conditions and wages, provide professional training and improve education for every level of workers. There are some social effects but can be managed if the governments committed to their policy. Keywords: economic integration, remittance, migrant worker, unskilled labor
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Georgiana Noja, Gratiela, and Liana Son. "Challenges of International Migration in a Globalized World: Implications for Europe." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2, no. 3 (2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.23.2001.
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The research conducted aims to identify and assess the interdependencies between international migration and labour market outcomes, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects on sending, and destination countries, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, refugees) migration. International migration as one of the most important frontiers of globalization represents a major challenge globally, with significant economic consequences, especially for Europe, where large migrant flows have emerged in the context of European integration. Moreover, recently there is an increased waves of refugees and asylum seekers targeting Germany, Austria, Sweden or Turkey as main destination countries coming through Eastern and Central Mediterranean or Western Balkans routes. The analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed and random effects models, as well as dynamic models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries (Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy and Spain) and three New EU Member States since 2007 and 2013 (Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia). We used a complex set of indicators (national accounts – GDP total, per capita, per person, employed; labour market – employment, unemployment, wages, secondary and tertiary education; migration specific data – immigration flows and stocks, asylum seekers and refugees, emigrant stocks), compiled during 2000-2014. Moreover, we used a SEM model (Structural Equations Modelling) to better capture the labour market impacts of international migration for the selected EU countries. The models are processed through OLS, GLS, and MLE methods, as well as by using panel corrected standard errors, and are completed within and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances (slight decrease in employment rates and wage levels), which largely vary from one country to another. On the long-run, the negative effects of immigration tend to predominate. From the emigration perspective, the findings show some positive effects of labour emigration on sending countries, by enabling to upgrade the living standards for those remaining, mainly through remittances. Still, there is a negative impact generated on the size and structure of internal labour force and, on the long run, this is proving to be extremely negative (slow GDP per capita growth rates).
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Karpov, Grigory A. "«Other Africans»: Kenyan diaspora in Great Britain." Asia and Africa Today, no. 7 (2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032150750014440-6.
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The article is devoted to the study of the Kenyan diaspora of modern Great Britain. The study provides details on the background, main reasons and channels of migration of Kenyans to the UK. The main emphasis is placed on the study of the specifics of immigrants from Kenya, their ethnic composition, gender and age structure, socio-economic indicators. By the end of the colonial era, a de facto regime of racial segregation had been established in Kenya. The main ethnic groups - Europeans, Indians and Africans - actually lived in closed enclaves. It was Europeans and South Asians who made up the backbone of postcolonial migration from this African country. The process of Africanization in the young Kenyan state provoked the massive migration of Indian Kenyans to Great Britain in the 1960-1970s. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the practice of material assistance of British Kenyans to their relatives in Kenya. They are in regular contact with each other, maintaining strong bonds. Private remittances from abroad are one of the main sources of investment in the Kenyan economy in the 2000s and 2010s. Migration to the UK is seen by many Kenyans as a temporary and forced measure, which does not exclude the possibility of returning to their historical homeland. By the nature of settlement, birth rate, material well-being and the degree of success, immigrants from Kenya are close to the South Asian diasporas in the United Kingdom. An education, proficiency in English, together with a general loyalty to British culture, contributes to the rapid and painless integration of Kenyans into the host society.
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Amjad, Rashid, G. M. Arif, and Usman Mustafa. "Does the Labor Market Structure Explain Differences in Poverty in Rural Punjab?" LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 13, Special Edition (September 1, 2008): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2008.v13.isp.a9.
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The main focus of this study is Rural Punjab and it contributes to regional poverty research in two ways; first, using a more recent household survey data, carried out in August 2007 by the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), it provides fresh poverty estimates for the rural areas of the Punjab. Second, the poverty differential across the agroclimatic zones of Punjab have been explained by urbanization, overseas migration and the labor market structure operating in these zones. This study shows four major factors that explain inequalities in poverty levels. First, the rural areas of two zones, barani and rice/wheat, are well integrated with urban settings. This integration has allowed their rural populations to work in the industrial sector of Central Punjab and the services sector in North Punjab primarily Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Second, the belt from Lahore to Attock in the Punjab has benefited the most from overseas migration. The flow of remittances has helped in reducing poverty levels. Third, the cotton/wheat and low intensity zone still largely depend for employment on the agricultural sector while this dependency is very low in the barani zone, which has good opportunity to seek job opportunities for its labor force in the armed services and government departments. Finally, demographic and social factors including education are less favorable in the cotton/wheat and low intensity zones which negatively impacts on a breakthrough in poverty reduction.
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Kuznetsov, A. V. "Economic Activities of African Migrants in Major EU Countries: New Approaches." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 6–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-1-1.
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The growing interest in migration issues in the EU has not affected the analysis of African migrants. The focus is on social and political issues, while the economic issues studied are primarily related to the assessment of the reasons for the arrival of Africans in the EU, the trajectory of their movement, as well as the scale of remittances to their homeland and the conditions for their return back to Africa. The article focuses on the main features of African migrants’ economic activity in the EU. Instead of the traditional consideration of only one or several diasporas in a single country or a generalized analysis of the entire EU, we compare the specifics of immigrants from different African countries in the 4 largest EU member states (including the UK, which left the integration project in 2020). Our article begins with a review of studies that contain information on the economic activities of migrants from African countries. Then, based on data from Eurostat and national statistics from Germany, France, Italy and the UK, the role of people from Africa in these countries population is shown. The reasons for the differences between these four countries in the dynamics and structure of immigration from Africa are explained. Statistics of refugees, naturalized persons over the past 10 years, foreign citizens and residents with migration past are considered. France is the leader in the number of migrants, mainly due to people from French-speaking countries of North and West Africa. Italy stands out because it is targeted by many illegal migrant routes due to its geographical proximity to this region. The UK has become a target mainly for residents of former British colonies who are quite successful in naturalization in the United Kingdom (therefore, there are as many Africans without local passports in the UK as in Germany – 0.6 million). Further, it is shown that the key factor for taking a particular economic position in society is the status of migrants, their education also plays an important role (although Africans often work in places where a lower level of qualification is required than they have), as well as language barriers. There are big gender differences. At the end of the article we make conclusions about the problems of African migrants’ adaptation, although the EU countries cannot refuse to employ migrants in unattractive jobs in any case.
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Jabbar, Jeenat Binta. "Effects of parental migration on the education of left-behind children." Technium Social Sciences Journal 33 (July 9, 2022): 309–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v33i1.6847.
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This study investigates the effects of remittances and migration on the school dropout rate of left-behind children in rural Bangladesh. Using household survey data from a two-wave panel, conducted by Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) in 2011 and 2015, this study combines the fixed-effects approach with a linear probability model and instrumental variable (IV) strategy to control for the possible endogeneity of migration and remittances. The estimated results show that children from remittance-receiving households are less likely to drop out of school, while parental migration has substantial disruptive effects. Heterogenous analysis indicates that boys seem to benefit from remittances in both primary and secondary school. However, girls do not move beyond primary education even when the household receives additional funds from remittances. The findings also suggest that remittances relax the poor households' budget constraints, making it easier for them to invest in their children. In contrast, the effect of remittances is insignificant for children in wealthier households. Therefore, the results may provide some guidance for policymakers in their efforts to increase the school attainment of children, especially for those who live in migrant households.
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Nguyen Dac, Hung. "Emigration from Vietnam and Remittances Management." DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 69–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.6.
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The migration of Vietnamese people abroad to live and do business there is associated with the transfer of money back home to relatives and family members, which is commonly known as remittances. Over the past 100 years, Vietnam has witnessed many waves of population migration abroad with many different causes and conditions. As a result of Vietnamese migration abroad, remittances increased. Remittances make up a considerable part of Vietnam’s GDP, and they are not only an important source of income for many families but also an important source of foreign currency capital to ensure the balance of payments. In general, remittances contribute significantly to promoting the economic and socio-economic growth of developing countries like Vietnam. In the context of the current trend of economic integration and globalization, the fact that Vietnamese people migrate abroad, live and do business there transferring money back home is a positive point for the country. Taking into account the important role of remittances, accurate identification of their sources is extremely important for appropriate management solutions. The article builds some general theoretical bases on migration and remittances, analyzes the major trends in Vietnamese migration abroad over the past 50 years, and clarifies the current situation with the money transfers from migrants. Also, the author makes some recommendations on managing migration on remittances.
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Orozco, Manuel. "Globalization and Migration: The Impact of Family Remittances in Latin America." Latin American Politics and Society 44, no. 2 (2002): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2002.tb00205.x.
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AbstractTaking as its point of departure the relationship between migration and globalization, this article highlights the salience of remittances in the national economies of Latin America, especially Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. It looks at the various actors that participate in the transfer of remittances and suggests that incorporating migrant labor dynamics as a category of economic integration will reveal a distinct landscape in the economies of Latin America.
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Tsaurai, Kunofiwa. "The education investment dimension of international personal remittances in Colombia." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 4 (2015): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i4_c3_p9.
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The study investigated the relationship between personal international remittances received and gross enrolment ratio in Colombia. There are three hypotheses explaining the relationship between personal international remittances and education (human capital development). These are (1) remittances-led education hypothesis, (2) education-led remittances hypothesis and (3) neutrality hypothesis that says there is no relationship at all between these two variables. Although majority of the empirical studies support the remittances-led education hypothesis, the subject is still attracting contradicting findings and not yet conclusive. It is on the backdrop of such lack of consensus in the literature that the author investigated the relationship between personal remittances received and gross enrolment ratio primary and secondary (%) in Colombia. The study used the auto-regressive distributive lag (ARDL) bounds co-integration testing technique with annual time series data ranging between 1978 and 2010 to determine the existence of a long run relationship between personal remittances and education in Colombia. The ARDL F-bounds co-integration test revealed that personal remittances received and gross enrolment ratio for both primary and secondary schools in Colombia are not co-integrated or they do not have any long run relationship, thus supporting the neutrality hypothesis. This conclusion was arrived at using either personal remittances or gross enrolment ratio as a dependent variable. These results imply that personal remittances received in Colombia were directed more towards consumption and not invested in education. The study therefore urges the Colombian authorities to concientise the recipients of the personal remittances to invest in the children’s education rather than spending the remittances on consumption purposes
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Podgorelec, Sonja. "Perspektiva životnog puta u istraživanjima starenja i migracija." Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes 36, no. 2-3 (2020): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.11567/met.36.2.1.
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A life-course perspective is a complex approach to researching the life of an individual or group or certain processes used in various disciplines (Börsch-Supan et al., 2013), especially in sociology, demography, psychology, and economics. The life course perspective seeks to connect the historical context that determines an individual’s life with personal history (key events of his or her life) (Edmonston, 2013; Holman and Walker, 2020). The paper explains the differences among how the life-course perspective, lifecycle perspective and life-span perspective approach research topics. More specifically, this paper aims to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of research on aging (quality of life of older people) and migration (quality of life of migrants) from the perspective of life course by reviewing some of the most important papers addressing it, both theoretically and/or practically. In the first of the five chapters of the paper, Introduction, the author explains why the perspective of life course is an interesting research approach to selected topics in Croatia. Together with the other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Croatia has experienced a strong increase in the share of the elderly population and significant migration in the last thirty or so years. The major causes of accelerated demographic aging are an increase in life expectancy and a decrease in fertility. The main causes of migration are significant political, social and economic changes in the “old” and “new” EU countries. These are changes in the socio-political and economic systems of the former socialist countries on the one hand, and the expansion of the EU resulting in the opening of the labour market and the possibility of “new” labour migration within Europe on the other. Due to the wars in the Middle East, there is also the issue of dealing with large refugee waves. The life-course perspective is particularly applicable to research on population aging, the assessment of the quality of life and the degree of integration of immigrants in the destination country. The second chapter, Life Perspective and Aging, explains various theoretical approaches to older people (Hagestad and Dannefer, 2001). The institutional approach largely addresses the socio-economic status and roles of the elderly, for example, retirement (Blane et al., 2004; Wanka, 2019). The cultural perspective often deals with negative stereotypes related to aging and formulating different approaches to the elderly (Hagestad and Dannefer, 2001). In order to achieve a holistic approach to aging and old age, various perspectives should be integrated, and aging should be interpreted as a reflection of interrelated events during an individual’s life: historical, environmental and personal. Such a more complex approach involving changes and events throughout an individual’s life is a life cycle perspective (Godley and Hareven, 2001) considered within a particular historical context. Although it is widely accepted, some authors (Giele and Elder, 1998; Edmonston, 2013) explain the limitation of the term “life cycle” by advocating the phrase “life course”. In doing so, they explain life course as a complex relationship between socially shaped events and the roles an individual assumes during life. According to them, this differs from the concept of a life cycle in that the events and roles that make up an individual life experience do not necessarily continue at certain stages of life, as is suggested by the word “cycle”. In addition to the concept of a life cycle, researchers of aging and the quality of life of older people (Fuller-Iglesias, Smith and Antonucci, 2009) also theoretically compare the perspective of life course and the life span perspective without opposing them. Both advocate a view of aging as a long-lasting, multidimensional, continuous, and dynamic process. Life theories deal with the processes and pathways of development and aging as a lifelong process of an individual while life theories deal with differences in socially conditioned events, changes, roles and experiences in the lives of individuals (Fuller-Iglesias, Smith and Antonucci, 2009: 3–5) among certain parts of society (groups). An individual’s daily life is explained by processes and relationships that determine the broader context and how others experience it. Interpersonal relationships with other members of society play a significant role in an individual’s lifestyle and quality of life, regardless of his or her age or migration (in)experience. The life course perspective seeks to explain the impact of different processes on groups of people and individual experiences at each life stage but also the relationship between events from different stages of life. The third chapter, Life Perspective and Biographical Method, discusses the need to return to more significant use of qualitative and interpretative methods, as well as the interest in using a biographical perspective, due to a better understanding of aging and quality of life in old age as well as migration reasons and integration of immigrants in the country of immigration. By telling their life story, a person clarifies the personal understanding of changes in the immediate (personal circle) and the wider environment (society). They also describe how individual members of the group to which the individual feels affiliated, for example, the generation of older people in a particular environment (islands) (Podgorelec, 2008) or immigrants, experienced changes in society during life (older people) or a personal migrant experience and to what extent the changes experienced affect their lives (Amit and Litwin, 2010; Podgorelec, Gregurović and Klempić Bogadi, 2019). Biographical research is especially useful in monitoring the development of an individual’s career, the impact of migration (on a personal level, but also in terms of community development), the way people face new experiences and changes during aging or migration and how they adapt (especially to various losses: employment, health and functional status, life partners, friends etc.). The fourth chapter, Life and Migration Perspective, explains certain characteristics of migration and migrants, especially when moving to the country of immigration. Thus, Jasso (2003: 334) grouped them into characteristics that affect adaptation – age, gender, country of origin, level of education (Finney and Marshall, 2018; Podgorelec, Klempić Bogadi and Gregurović, 2020); degree of success – from assimilation, acculturation and adaptation to integration into the receiving society (Berry, 1990; Amit, 2012; Amit and Bar-Lev, 2014; Podgorelec, Gregurović and Klempić Bogadi, 2019) or failure – giving up and returning to the country of origin or moving to a third country; the success of migrants in childhood or the second generation of migrants (childhood and schooling in the country of immigration) (Pivovarova and Powers, 2019); demographic and economic effects on societies of origin and immigration – studies of loss and gain (relocation of qualified migrants, artists, entrepreneurs) (Gregurović, 2019), remittances (Nzima, Duma and Moyo, 2017), etc. Migrants choose to move at various ages and are motivated by various reasons (Kennan and Walker, 2013). Migration is a process that affects both social environments – that of the origin of the migrant as well as the immigration environment, even if the migrant migrates within a certain country (Čipin, Strmota and Međimurec, 2016; Finney and Marshall, 2018) and assuming that social and cultural differences between places of resettlement are not significant (Amit, 2012; Podgorelec, Gregurović and Klempić Bogadi, 2019). Edmonston (2013: 3) relies on the work of Elder (1994, 1998) in explaining the benefits of using a life-course perspective in (im)migration research. He connects four topics that Elder considers crucial in the analysis of life course: the interconnectedness of individual lives and historical time, planning and selection of important events in an individual›s life, the connection of an individual›s life with others (family, friends, work environment) and action (effect) of social institutions during life. The connection between the general approach to the life course analysis (Elder, 1994, 1998) and the previously mentioned groups of topics in migration research is noticeable already at the first glance (Jasso, 2003). Each of the topics can be supported by various examples in Croatian society. In the last chapter, instead of a conclusion, the author states that by reviewing a part of the literature on aging and migration, it is possible to deduce that, although fundamentally separate processes, observed from a life-course perspective, they share similar trajectories, transitions, turning points and timing (Edmonston, 2013). Thus, research into the quality of life of older people must be grounded in the theoretical construction of aging and the historical context, relying on collected data on the individual’s important life events (life story) and judgments of experiences by both respondents and researchers. A life-course perspective that measures the impact of social, political and economic conditions on the life of an individual and/or a group is an interesting and complex approach to researching selected dimensions of migrants quality of life, given that migration always takes place in a particular historical context by influencing the social environment – countries of origin and countries of immigration. Public policies that support the organisation of care for the elderly, facilitate adaptation and promote the integration of migrants harmonise all sections of society and affect the life satisfaction of the general population.
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Kimhi, Ayal. "International Remittances, Domestic Remittances, and Income Inequality in the Dominican Republic." Research in Applied Economics 12, no. 3 (September 23, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/rae.v12i3.16235.
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Inequality decomposition techniques are used to analyze the different impacts of domestic and international remittances on household income inequality in the Dominican Republic. This analysis highlights the importance of the distinction between domestic and international remittances as drivers of inequality as well as the importance of identifying and quantifying the determinants of remittances and their subsequent impact on inequality. Domestic remittances are found to be more equalizing than international remittances. Education leads to lower domestic remittances and higher international remittances, reflecting the role of education in promoting international versus domestic migration. Schooling increases inequality through domestic remittances and decreases inequality through international remittances.
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Tilbe, Fethiye. "Remittances and Social Policy: Reflecting on The Migration Conference 2019." Remittances Review 4, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v4i2.864.
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The debates over and interest in remittances have grown significantly in the last decade or so. This is mainly due to the growth in the volume of remittances sent and received around the world which exceeded 600 billion USD per annum. Despite a burgeoning literature, most studies focus on the receiving end. However, it takes two to tango. The circumstances of those sending and the impact of sending remittances on the sending parties are equally important. The determinants of each and every transfer, the motivations to send money and its impact on further migrations, integration and beyond needs to be understood. More studies needed to understand sending behaviour and dynamics. Patterns of remittance sending should be examined from both sending and receiving perspectives. Another weak area in the literature is the remittance flows into industrialised countries (or traditional destination countries). These flows represent about a third of global remittance flows and yet to receive adequate attention in scholarly and policy debates. Within the wider framework of remittances debate, it is also important to bring in social policy perspectives. These questions are being reflected in this article concern the papers presented at The Migration Conference 2019 Bari, Italy.
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Mukherjee, Anushyama. "Gulf Migration and the Flows of Social Remittances: A Study of Barkas in Hyderabad." Sociological Bulletin 66, no. 1 (April 2017): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022916687065.
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India is the top remittance receiving nation in the world. Majority of the migration remittances were used for renovation of the houses, buying property, purchasing land and education of the next generation invested with the hope of future economic security. Though remittances have been a constant part of free emigration from India since early 20th century, it is only recently that there has been a greater attention to social remittances. In terms of social remittances, India can be referred to as the world leader in remittances received. Flows of social remittances have explored multiple social and cultural exchanges that happen as a result of continuous to and fro migration between countries socially and culturally. This article looks at economic remittances from the Gulf briefly. The second section of the article will deal with the question as to how people have adopted certain practices in their everyday lives (Weiner, 1982).
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Sricharoen, Thitiwan. "Migration and Remittances: Evidence from Cambodia, Myanmar, and Lao Migrant Workers." GATR Journal of Business and Economics Review (JBER) Vol. 5 (2) April-June 2020 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jber.2020.5.2(3).
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Objective – The purpose of research is to address and seek to answer leading questions concerning migration, with a focus on migration remittances, and management relating to remittance. Methodology/Technique – The survey was conducted in 2018. In this study, a total of 511 migrant workers from Cambodia, Myanmar and Lao were interviewed. The methodology of this research applies a probit regression analysis. Results – The findings show that repeated migrants who are not first-time migrants are a highly specific group with 54.74%. First-time migrants are most likely to send remittances home while working in Thailand, accounting for approximately 2,826 Baht per month. However, this number decreases among second-time migrants who typically send remittances of approximately 2,331 Baht per month. The saving behavior is not different between first-time migrants and second-time migrants, who save a portion of their earnings. Nonetheless, this number rises to 50% for third and subsequent migrants. An estimation of all migrant’s nationalities indicates that the variables that have the most influence on remittances in a positive way are: being of Cambodian nationality, experiencing a burden among their family, being in need of social assistance, being Myanmar migrants and household size, respectively. On the other hand, the variables that effect remittances in a negative way include: attaining below primary school education, an education level (in a year), real estate owned, and a number of migrating household members in Thailand, respectively. Novelty – The findings of this research show that those who graduate with less than primary level education are more likely to send money home compared to those who complete their primary school education. The policy recommendations made by this study include a recommendation that banks decrease money transferring costs, employers to pay salary through banking accounts, and migrants to remit money through formal channels. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: F22, F24, J61. Keywords: International Migration; Remittances; Labor Mobility. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Sricharoen, T. 2020. Migration and Remittances: Evidence from Cambodia, Myanmar and Lao Migrant Workers, J. Bus. Econ. Review 5(2) 72 – 79 https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2020.5.2(3)
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Akter, S. "Impact of remittance on domestic labour productivity in Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 29, no. 1 (July 17, 2018): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v29i1.37478.
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The inflow of remittances is the largest source of foreign capital to the economy of Bangladesh, which has an important contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with broader socio-economic impact. It is important to investigate the labour productivity (LP) effects of international migration and subsequent remittances inflow because, economic growth in the long run is better reflected through LP growth. Remittances can have counteractive effects on LP of the receiving countries through its interaction with labour supply and capital accumulation. We investigated the relationship between remittances and domestic LP to ascertain long run growth impact of remittances under Solow-Swan growth model using production function approach. We performed Johansen co-integration tests using data over the 1976-2014 periods. The co-integrating equation estimates suggested a positive linear relationship between remittance and LP. The findings pointed out the direct effects of remittances on LP through physical capital accumulation. The findings of the study are a vital contribution to the empirical literatures of remittances and economic growth, which is important for policy options.Progressive Agriculture 29 (1): 33-44, 2018
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Yujuico, Emmanuel, and Mona D. Valisno. "Exploring Links between Education, Migration and Remittances: The Philippine Case." Global Policy 1, no. 3 (October 2010): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5899.2010.00050.x.
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Mata-Codesal, Diana. "Linking social and financial remittances in the realms of financial know-how and education in rural Ecuador." Migration Letters 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v10i1.108.
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This article explores the links between financial and social remittances in the context of Ecuadorian migration to the US and Spain. Ethnographic research on remittance patterns and impacts was carried out in two villages in Southern highland Ecuador. Each site has a different migration and remittance reception profile, in the broad contexts of Ecuadorian regular migration to Spain versus irregular migration to the US. In the specific cases in this research there are links between social and financial remittances in the realm of migrants’ and their relatives’ dealings with the Ecuadorian banking system. Experiences prior to migration and exposure while abroad heavily shape their financial behaviour. A second set of links was identified in the sphere of education. These links are highly gendered with non-migrant women getting ahead of their male peers in educational attainment.
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Kotorri, Mrika, Besnik A. Krasniqi, and Marina Dabic. "Migration, Remittances, and Entrepreneurship: A Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Approach." Remittances Review 5, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v5i1.807.
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The aim of this paper is to examine the interdependence between the decision to invest in entrepreneurship and the receipt of remittances. Firstly, a conceptual framework is developed within the household utility-maximisation model, wherein households are seen to make decisions on entrepreneurship and remittances simultaneously. Guided by this, the model is specified and estimated, employing the seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model upon a random sample stemming from the Kosovo population census. The findings suggest broad support for the household approach. As expected, the two decisions are simultaneously determined and, while remittances have a positive impact on entrepreneurship, no evidence is found for the statistical importance of migration. Household entrepreneurial behaviour is determined by demographic characteristics, income, relative wealth, education, and type of area.
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Kamilov, Oybek. "GLOBAL AND REGIONAL TRENDS IN MIGRATION, REMITTANCES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS IN THE NATIONAL SEGMENT." JOURNAL OF LAW RESEARCH 6, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9130-2021-9-10.
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This article discusses aspectsand integration characteristics of international migration in the world and regions. Based on statistical information, the main trends of the migration movement and prospects for the development of the labor market are determined. The author analyzed the data on priority country directions of labor migration from Uzbekistan and the state of money transfers on aglobal, regional and national scale. Information on domestic legal policy and ratified internationalagreements is summarized. He proposed possible solutions to improve research tools in the study of migration processes.Keywords:labor migrants, international migration, migration corridors, sub-regions, positive effects, World Bank, remittances, pandemic, system of safe, orderly and legal labor migration, reintegration, International Labour Organization, сonvention, treaty, agreement
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Sricharoen, Thitiwan. "Migration and Remittances: Evidence from Cambodia, Myanmar and Lao Migrant Workers." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(29).
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The purpose of research deals with leading questions regarding migration, concentrating on migration remittances, and management relating to remittance. The survey was conducted in 2018. Five hundred and eleven migrant workers from these source countries-Cambodia, Myanmar and Lao, were interviewed. This research applies probit regression analysis. The results show that repeated migrants who are not first-time migrant, are a highly specific group with 54.74%. First-time migrants are most likely to send remittances home while working in Thailand, accounting for 2,826 Baht per month. However, this number decrease with the second-time migrants send remittances about 2,331 Baht per month. Saving behavior is similar between first-time migrants and second-time migrants, who save a portion of their earnings. However, this number increases to 50% in the cases of third and subsequent migrants. The estimation of sending remittances of all migrant's nationalities. The variables that have the influence on remittances in the positive direction are these variables: being Cambodia migrants, burden of family, social assistance, being Myanmar migrant and household size, respectively. On the other hand, the variables that effect on remittances in the opposite direction are attain below primary school, education (in year), real estate owned, and number of migrating household members in Thailand, respectively. The results show that those who finished below primary school are more likely to send remittances, compared with those who finished above primary school. Main policy recommendations are: bank should decrease money transferring cost; employers should pay salary through banking accounts; migrants should remit money through formal channels. Keywords: Migration, Remittance, International Migration, Myanmar Migrant, Cambodian Migrant, Lao Migrant.
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Sumata, Claude, and Jeffrey H. Cohen. "The Congolese diaspora and the politics of remittances." Remittances Review 3, no. 2 (October 25, 2018): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v3i2.567.
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Economic turmoil and war constitute the main engines fuelling migration in the Democratic Republic of Congo since 1980. The development of migration is accompanied by remittance transfers that impact on the country. The most common use of remittances are to satisfy basic needs and fund specific family events that can include buying land, house construction and opening businesses along with consumption (education, health…). The direct transfer of material goods, such as cars and medical & IT materials, also plays a major role. While most remittances are not used to cover investments; funding education and family wellbeing can support growth and development.
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Sarwar Awan, Masood, Mohsin Javed, and Muhammad WaqasWaqas. "Migration, Remittances, and Household Welfare: Evidence from Pakistan." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2015.v20.i1.a2.
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This study examines the costs and household-level benefits of overseas migration in Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan. A household survey was conducted to assess the transaction costs associated with the transfer of remittances and the sources used to finance overseas migration. We also carry out a propensity-score matching exercise, which reveals that overseas migration has substantial benefits as measured by migrants’ consumption levels, their expenditures on health, education, and vehicles, and the level of household savings. Policy options to facilitate migration and the transfer of remittances include (i) establishing technical training institutions to help workers upgrade their skills, (ii) information campaigns on the migration process and opportunities available, (iii) setting up institutions to provide loans for potential migrants, (iv) reducing money transfer costs through formal channels, and (v) building awareness of the Pakistan Remittance Initiative.
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Jamil, Nida. "The Impact of Remittances Versus Parental Absence on Children’s Wellbeing: Evidence from Rural Punjab." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2017.v22.i2.a1.
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This study examines the impact of migration on children left behind in terms of schooling and child labor by quantifying two aspects of migration: remittances and parental absence, in cases where the father is the migrant. The study is based on a panel analysis of data drawn from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey for 2007 and the Privatization in Education Research Initiative survey for 2011. The sample comprises 820 households with children aged 5–14 years. The study uses the instrumental variable (IV) approach due to endogeneity. Exogenous variation in parental absence and remittances sent by migrants from a given kinship network are employed as IVs. This, combined with household fixed effects and random effects, increases the reliability of the results. While remittances benefit the children, father’s absence has adverse consequences for them. However, mother’s presence in the house appears to compensate for the father’s absence, making the migration beneficial on net for the child. The father’s absence has worse consequences for girls in terms of increased child labor, where the money coming in through remittances has a larger impact on boys’ schooling.
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Medina, Carlos, and Lina Cardona. "Effects of Remittances on Household Consumption, Education Attendance and Living Standards: the Case of Colombia." Lecturas de Economía, no. 72 (August 23, 2010): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.le.n72a6498.
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We assess whether international remittances affect Colombian household’s expenditure composition and demand of education. We exploit the migratory wave and institutional barriers to migration that occurred during the late 1990s, identifying the effect of remittances on expenditure composition. The findings suggest a positive effect on education, with beneficiary households spending about 10 percent more of total expenditure on education than non-beneficiary households. In contrast, no effect was found on enrolment rates. However, the analysis indicates an important effect on the probability of attending a private, rather than a public educational institution. Additionally, this study finds no effects on consumption, investment and health expenditure, although remittances do have salient effects on living standards.
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Ullah, Sana, Muhammad Tariq Majeed, and Adiqa Kausar Kiani. "The Influence of Remittances on Education and Health Outcomes: an Analysis for South Asian Countries." Jinnah Business Review 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.53369/hcfw1655.
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Remittances all over the world play significant role in improving the standard of living of the people in general. Broadly it is difficult to analyze all the characteristics of life standards and, usually researcher look at the educational or health indicators, which are the major concerns of every household. In this study, we also explored the effect of international remittances on educational and health indicators for selected South Asian countries. Our findings show that remittances play a vital role in enhancing health attainment for instance, escalating life expectancy, slashing infant mortality and fertility rate. The Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) technique has been applied. Upshots of our study suggest that flow of remittances is one of the significant sources for economic development. It is viewed that high migration rate effect only health variables but a little improvement has been observed for educational attainment in South Asian region
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Ryazantsev, Sergey, and Mauro Alexandre Luís Miguel. "Economic Aspects of Migration in the Republic of Angola." DEMIS. Demographic Research 2, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 80–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2022.2.1.7.
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The article discusses the features of migration in the Republic of Angola. The country has a strong demographic and economic potential. Migration processes occur in two directions: there is an immigration to the country of qualified and highly qualified specialists, return forced migrants; and labor and educational migrants emigrate from the country. Between Angola and Portugal there are fairly stable migration ties. The largest Angolan diaspora outside of Africa has formed in the former metropolis. Portugal attracts Angolans with a common language, historical ties, labor market opportunities, and prospects for integration into society. Also, Angolan diasporas began to form in the so-called “new emigration” countries - France, the USA, South Africa, Brazil. The most recent trend has been the emigration of Angolans to China, which is actively developing and establishing strong ties with African countries. Remittances from labor migrants and representatives of the Angolan diasporas characterize new directions of emigration from the country. Remittances to Angola come mainly from those countries where labor migrants go to work. Angola gradually transformed from a country of outflow of forced migrants into a country of reception of forced migrants. Large-scale return migration of Angolan refugees who had previously left the country is taking place in the country. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon of forced migration, there is little research on the integration of refugees and the reintegration of returned refugees into Angolan society. As a result, the potential of former refugees is not fully utilized in terms of developing the human capital of Angola and its regions.
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Bredl, Sebastian. "Migration, remittances and educational outcomes: The case of Haiti." International Journal of Educational Development 31, no. 2 (March 2011): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2010.02.003.
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Nyarko, Yaw, and Kwabena Gyimah-Brempong. "Education, Internal Remittances and Safety Nets in Africa: Some Evidence." Journal of African Development 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.17.1.0001.
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This paper uses LSS data from Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana to investigate the effects of education on social safety nets proxied by internal migrant remittances in Africa. We find that education has positive and statistically significant effect on the probability of sending as well as of the amount of remittance. The estimates are robust to model specification, data organization, and estimation method. The results suggest that one mechanism through which education provides a social safety net in Africa is the migration and remittances channel. Our results suggest that investment in education may not only accelerate economic growth in Africa, it may also provide a social safety net for the population.
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García Nájera, Yesenia, and Alfredo Cuecuecha Mendoza. "El impacto de las remesas internacionales sobre la inversión en educación en la localidad de Caltimacán, Hidalgo." Migraciones internacionales 11 (January 1, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.1590.
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This article presents the results of a study about the impact of international remittances on investment in education in the Mexican town of Caltimacán, Hidalgo, Mexico, a community that is characterized by legal migration through temporary labor contracts. The estimations apply instrumental variables based on job creation in the American states were migrants worked between 2010 and 2016. The results show that the proportion of expenditure spent on education is higher among households that receive remittances than among households that do not receive them. However, this effect vanishes when household expenditure and wealth are introduced in the model. These results confirm that the investments in the education of the inhabitants of Caltimacán face credit constraints, which in turn are diminish by the reception of remittances.
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Gatsi, John Gartchie. "Effects of International and Internal Remittances on Financial Inclusion in Ghana." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 4, no. 3 (2020): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.4(3).109-123.2020.
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This article examines the relationship between remittances and financial inclusion in Ghana. The data for the study was extracted from the results of an analytical review of the living standards survey indicators in Ghana. The methodological tools of the study are represented by a regression equation based on the use of the Force Entry Method to test the functioning of variables in the model. The study empirically confirms and theoretically proves that domestic remittances have a positive and significant impact on access to financial services, while international remittances affect the likelihood of opening a bank account, but do not have any significant impact on applying for a loan and lending to remittance households. It is substantiated that domestic and international money transfers have a significant positive impact on the opening of bank accounts, even when forging collateral. Based on the results of calculations, the paper substantiates the conclusion that remittances contribute to increasing the availability of financial services in Ghana. It was noted that domestic remittances have a greater potential to improve financial inclusion in Ghana than international remittances. The paper emphasizes that the provision of collateral is an important lever for lending to households. Remittances will have very little impact on financial inclusion when financial institutions require collateral to facilitate the application and grant. According to the results of the study, the following recommendation were provideds: development of a strategy to improve domestic remittances to increase indicators of financial inclusion and economic development; improving the conditions for remittances, especially domestic remittances, in order to ensure their flexibility and deepen financial integration; use of domestic remittances as collateral for household loans. Keywords: collateral, financial inclusion, financial institutions, Ghana, remittances, loan application, migration.
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Sarfraz Khan, Syed Imran Haider, and Mohammad Ali. "The Role of Fathers’ Overseas Migration in Educational Performance of Female Children in Sindh, Pakistan." sjesr 3, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss2-2020(1-8).
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The process of out-migration has significantly been associated with the welfare of the households at origin across the world. The process of migration is mainly initiated from Pakistan with a prime objective to elevate the social position as there are only a few opportunities left for the people to work and earn for livings. The overall size of international migrants from Sindh province is a handful (approximately .9 million) and the majority of these migrants moved to the Gulf region but some also moved to the rest of the world particularly in Europe and the US. The impact of migration can be seen on many aspects of households of migrants but for the current research, it is focused only on female children’s education in the case of Khairpur (Mir’s) district in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. The selection of the respondents was made by using purposive sampling technique. The data was collected from 120 households of migrants who at least had one member living abroad and sending remittances regularly. The focus of the current research was on two major aspects; (a) out-migration and inflow of remittances and (b) educational outcomes of the female children studying at primary school level. It is perceived that migration of father and subsequently the inflow of remittances can make a huge difference for the educational outcomes of female children. In some cases, the inflow of remittances leads toward the improvement in the educational performance of the female children.
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DAVIS, JASON. "¿Educación o desintegración? Parental Migration, Remittances and Left-behind Children's Education in Western Guatemala." Journal of Latin American Studies 48, no. 3 (February 10, 2016): 565–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x1600002x.
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AbstractMany Guatemalan parents migrate to the United States with the intention of returning earned income to improve the human capital prospects of their left-behind children. This laudable goal is achieved by many – arguably benefiting girls more than boys. However, negative international migration externalities including migration failure, familial abandonment, psychosocial harms and a culture of migration that disproportionally limits the educational prospects of boys need to be considered. Based on qualitative field interviews in western Guatemala with parents and educators, this article presents a nuanced view of economic migration and left-behind children's education, capturing both its remittance-related benefits and parental absence harms.
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Khramova, Marina, Sergey Ryazantsev, Abubakr Rakhmonov, and Osim Kasymov. "THE IMPACT OF REMITTANCES FROM ABROAD ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN TAJIKISTAN." Central Asia and The Caucasus 21, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 079–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.4.09.
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The relevance of this article is due to the importance of labor migration and remittances from migrant workers for the economy of Tajikistan. The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of remittances on living standards in Tajikistan at both the national and local levels. It is known that labor migration has become a significant socio-economic phenomenon for the country and society, involving a large part of Tajikistan’s population. Using statistical and sociological research methods, the authors show the key trends and the scale of labor emigration from Tajikistan in 1990-2020, as well as the socio-demographic structure of migrant worker flows from Tajikistan to the Russian Federation and other countries, with identification of a new trend towards a reorientation of migration flows to OECD countries. It has been established that migrant remittances have a positive impact on GDP growth, helping to open small businesses, develop entrepreneurship, create new jobs in the private sector, and boost construction. Remittances stimulate additional consumption: migrant workers’ households have more opportunities to meet their basic needs for food, consumer goods and durables, education, etc. The negative impact of remittances is that they actually help to meet only current needs, while the creation of new, high-technology jobs is slow and insufficient, lagging behind population growth. The country thus becomes hostage to external market conditions: the demand for foreign labor and crisis phenomena in the receiving countries.
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Pintor Sandoval, Renato, Brianda Elena Peraza Noriega, and Karen Olivia Heredia Trasviña. "Impact of family remittances and the Prospera program on high school students in Choix, Sinaloa, Mexico." ÁNFORA 24, no. 42 (June 20, 2017): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30854/anf.v24.n42.2017.165.
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Objective: to establish the impact of family remittances from the United States and the "Prospera" welfare program for the high school student population in a community with high social exclusion and poverty in Sinaloa.Methodology: first, the population, economic and work activities in the community of Choix, Sinaloa were described. Then, the discussion on remittances and the beneficiary families of the Prospera program were characterized; finally, a survey was designed and applied to 114 high school students and families from Choix.Results: the findings showed that remittances do not stop school dropouts from high school students in Choix. Although, some of those students use family remittances and the Prospera program help for their education. The social program Prospera works as an incentive to the students´ education. Family remittances are mainly used for family support.Conclusions: social assistance programs focused on poverty have been a visible trend. However, they do not tackle the problem at its root, but they make up macroeconomic indicators, which will continue with the same logic, such as: permanent discrimination and migration in those places, because public policy strategies will always emerge.
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Vianello, Francesca Alice. "Ukrainian migrant women’s social remittances: Contents and effects on families left behind." Migration Letters 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v10i1.114.
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This article examines different forms of Ukrainian migrant women’s social remittances, articulating some results of two ethnographic studies: one focused on the migration of Ukrainian women to Italy, and the other on the social impact of emigration in Ukraine. First, the paper illustrates the patterns of monetary remittance management, which will be defined as a specific form of social remittance, since they are practices shaped by systems of norms challenged by migration. In the second part, the article moves on to discuss other types of social remittances transferred by migrant women to their families left behind: the right of self-care and self-realisation; the recognition of alternative and more women-friendly life-course patterns; consumption styles and ideas on economic education. Therefore, I will explore the contents of social remittances, but also the gender and intergenerational conflicts that characterise these flows of cultural resources.
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Solari, Cinzia D. "Transnational moral economies: The value of monetary and social remittances in transnational families." Current Sociology 67, no. 5 (November 9, 2018): 760–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392118807531.
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Although migration scholars have called for studying both ends of migration, few studies have empirically done so. In this article the author analyzes ethnographic data conducted with migrant careworkers in Italy, many undocumented, and their non-migrant children in Ukraine to uncover the meanings they assign to monetary and also social remittances defined as the transfer of ideas, behaviors, and values between sending and receiving countries. The author argues that migrants and non-migrant children within transnational families produce a transnational moral economy or a set of social norms based on a shared migration discourse – in this case, either poverty or European aspirations – which governs economic and social practices in both sending and receiving sites. The author found that these contrasting transnational moral economies resulted in the production of ‘Soviet’ versus ‘capitalist’ subjectivities with consequences for migrant practices of integration in Italy, consumption practices for migrants and their non-migrant children, and for Ukraine’s nation-state building project.
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Vaccaro, Ismael, and Edith Ortiz Díaz. "The Effects of Migration on Peasant Agricultural Systems: Oaxacan Villages, Between Remittances and Market Integration." Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment 43, no. 1 (June 2021): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cuag.12268.
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Delang, Claudio O. "The effects of China’s Grain for Green program on migration and remittance." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 18, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2018.02.06.
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<p>The Grain for Green (GfG) is the largest reforestation program of the world. It involved payments to farmers to convert their marginal farmland. Many farmers decided to migrate. This paper looks at some of the household features associated with migration by GfG-participants, and the importance of remittances to those who remained behind. Fieldwork for this research was carried out in Pengshui County in Chongqing Municipality. Several variables affect migration, including education, land ownership and household size. For most households, remittances consist of over 90 percent of all household incomes, but the amount remitted tends to level off when it reaches a certain size, regardless of the number of household members who migrated.</p>
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Delang, Claudio O. "The effects of China’s Grain for Green program on migration and remittance." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 18, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2018.02.06.
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<p>The Grain for Green (GfG) is the largest reforestation program of the world. It involved payments to farmers to convert their marginal farmland. Many farmers decided to migrate. This paper looks at some of the household features associated with migration by GfG-participants, and the importance of remittances to those who remained behind. Fieldwork for this research was carried out in Pengshui County in Chongqing Municipality. Several variables affect migration, including education, land ownership and household size. For most households, remittances consist of over 90 percent of all household incomes, but the amount remitted tends to level off when it reaches a certain size, regardless of the number of household members who migrated.</p>
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Tolorunju, Esther Toluwatope, Adewale Oladapo Dipeolu, Rahman Akintayo Sanusi, and Dare Akerele. "Effects of the reward of internal migration on poverty status of rural households left behind in Ogun and Osun States, Nigeria." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 52, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2019): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2019-0015.
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AbstractIn this study we analysed the effect of the reward of internal migration on the poverty status of rural households in South-West Nigeria. The types and channels of internal remittances received by rural households as well as the poverty profile and effect of internal remittances on the poverty status of rural households in South-West, Nigeria were assessed. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain primary data from respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Multidimensional Poverty Index and Binary Logit regression. Findings revealed that 56.2% of the household heads were male, 67.4% were married, 42.3% had primary education and 58.3% received internal remittances through personal delivery (69%) with a mean age and household size of 55 years and 5 persons, respectively. However, based on Multidimensional Poverty Index benchmark of 0.333, 80.0% of the rural households were poor with a poverty intensity of 0.863. Binary Logit showed that age squared, remittance receipt, rearing of small livestock and farm size increased households’ likelihood of escaping poverty. In conclusion, internal remittances reduced poverty of rural households in the study area and as such continuous flow of remittances into rural households should be enhanced in order to facilitate improved standard of living.
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Caceres, Luis Rene. "Remittances, Regional Integration, and Balance of Payments Constrained Growth in El Salvador." International Journal of Economics and Finance 13, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v13n3p50.
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This paper presents a reworking of Thirlwall's model of economic growth restricted by the balance of payments for El Salvador, taking into account its trade flows with the other Central American countries and its remittances. The results indicate that there is a restriction on the economic growth of this country determined by the economic growth of the other countries of the subregion. It is also found that the role of remittances in alleviating external restriction is low. Evidence is presented that this restriction can be overcome by increasing the quality of education. The work concludes by pointing out the urgency for Central American countries to substantially improve the quality of their educational systems, as a means of increasing their economic dynamism.
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Seminario, Romina. "The Timing and Direction of Migrant Money Circulation: Peruvian Migrants in Switzerland." Remittances Review 4, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v4i2.825.
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Remittances are sent and received to maintain family livelihoods, to cover the education costs of younger members, to provide care services for ageing family members, to support business ventures, etc. Although a growing body of literature assesses the role of remittances in the migration-development nexus, past studies have rarely focused on time-sensitive dimensions such as family life-cycles and life-course stages. In addition, a dynamic analysis of social stratification based on gender, age, citizenship status and class within and between these families serves to enrich a transnational perspective on remittances. Life-course perspectives represent a suitable framework for tracing money circulation across multiple national settings and dynamic processes of social stratification. Beyond the common image of remittances being sent from host to home countries, Peruvians in Switzerland also receive money from their home country.
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Chaudhary, Deepak. "Influence of Remittances on Socio-Economic Development in Rural Nepal." Remittances Review 5, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v5i1.820.
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This article analyses socioeconomic changes with reference to income, consumption, expenditure, health, and education of migrant households in relation to remittances flows. This study is based on a case study of Musaharniya village in Rajbiraj Municipality of Saptari District, Province 2, Nepal. It is found that remittances play a vital role in improving the socioeconomic condition, reducing poverty and bringing social and political awareness in the village. Those households whose family members are not abroad are poorer than those with migrant members abroad. Due to increasing incomes, their expenditure capacity has considerably risen over time. All migrant households have owned land whereas one-third of households were landless in the past. Access to modern technologies has significantly increased among remittance recipient households compared to non-remittances households. Remittances were also causing migration from rural to urban centres to some extent.
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Jehan, Naveed, and Sajjad Ahmad Jan. "PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES OF POVERTY IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research 3, no. 01 (June 30, 2020): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37605/pjhssr.3.1.8.
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Poverty is one of the main problems faced by the Pakistani economy that hinders economic growth and development. To surge the key elements, involved in poverty, this paper examines the effect of remittances, terrorism, GDP at factor cost, public spending on education and urbanization, on poverty reduction by apply VECM techniques, on data slab 1971 to 2018. Scales of some variables were transformed to log form to normalize them. The Johansen Co-integration shows long run relationship amongst the selected variables. The empirical results reveal that remittances, GDP at factor cost, public spending on education and health significantly play its role to alleviate poverty. Government must take some necessary steps involved in remittances receiving by poor household. The social protection programs must be extended to rural areas of the country so more people can be benefited from such programs.
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Acharya, Chakra Pani, and Roberto Leon-Gonzalez. "The quest for quality education: international remittances and rural–urban migration in Nepal." Migration and Development 8, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 119–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2018.1429834.
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Ndreka, Alkida. "Return Migrants’ Impact in Economic Development of the Origin Country." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms-2019.v4i2-535.
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Migration has reciprocal economic implications between the origin and host countries. While scholars draw attention to the globalization of migration, since the 1960s there is a perpetual debate about the migration and development nexus. The role of international migrants and their financial remittances are identified as having a highly positive effect on the home country’s development. Emigrants’ remittances tangibly benefit the income for the families in the home country and investments in different sectors (housing, education, health, entrepreneurship, etc.). Next to remittances, returned migrants, especially those highly skilled are recognized as actors and drivers of significant economic development in the homeland. The contribution of return migrants to the development in origin countries can be beneficial not simply by investing the financial capital they accumulated during the migration cycle but also by the transferring of expertise, knowledge and new skills acquired abroad, and acting as social change agents in the home society. Empirical studies indicate a positive relationship between return migration and entrepreneurial activity, therefore enterprises can be a substantial contributor, among others, to economic growth and alleviating poverty of the origin country. Governments and policymakers are increasingly interested in the issue of return migration and return migration policies that attract and facilitate the returnee’s reintegration. Reintegration programs, especially those in the business sector, benefit the development of the origin country through savings, investments, easing of entrepreneurial opportunities and the expertise of returnees. This paper aims to identify whether return migration is beneficial for the origin country and especially to analyze the role of return migrant’s in the economic development of the origin country through engaging in entrepreneurial activity