Journal articles on the topic 'Migration neutrality'
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1
Ferracioli, Luara. "Family Migration Schemes and Liberal Neutrality." Journal of Moral Philosophy 13, no. 5 (September 29, 2016): 553–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-4681056.
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In this essay, I argue that the privileging of romantic and familial ties by those who believe in the liberal state’s right to exclude prospective immigrants cannot be justified. The reasons that count in favour of these relationships count equally in favour of a great array of relationships, from friends to creative collaborators, and whatever else falls in between. The liberal partialist now faces a dilemma, either the scope of the right to exclude is much more limited or much broader than she previously assumed.
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Walia, Jeewan Jyot, Anouk Willemsen, Eminur Elci, Kadriye Caglayan, Bryce W. Falk, and Luis Rubio. "Genetic Variation and Possible Mechanisms Driving the Evolution of Worldwide Fig mosaic virus Isolates." Phytopathology® 104, no. 1 (January 2014): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-13-0145-r.
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Fig mosaic virus (FMV) is a multipartite negative-sense RNA virus infecting fig trees worldwide. FMV is transmitted by vegetative propagation and grafting of plant materials, and by the eriophyid mite Aceria ficus. In this work, the genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms shaping FMV populations were characterized. Nucleotide sequences from four genomic regions (each within the genomic RNAs 1, 2, 3, and 4) from FMV isolates from different countries were determined and analyzed. FMV genetic variation was low, as is seen for many other plant viruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed some geographically distant FMV isolates which clustered together, suggesting long-distance migration. The extent of migration was limited, although varied, between countries, such that FMV populations of different countries were genetically differentiated. Analysis using several recombination algorithms suggests that genomes of some FMV isolates originated by reassortment of genomic RNAs from different genetically similar isolates. Comparison between nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions showed selection acting on some amino acids; however, most evolved neutrally. This and neutrality tests together with the limited gene flow suggest that genetic drift plays an important role in shaping FMV populations.
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Lihtmaa, Lauri, and Targo Kalamees. "Preliminary assessment of preconditions to deliver carbon neutrality in apartment buildings by 2050." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 18004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017218004.
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Member states of European Union have large stock of residential buildings that require urgent renovation in order to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. In our paper we provide a preliminary evaluation of preconditions of such goal within the context of shrinking regions. Our data originates form renovation subsidy database of large renovation programme managed by state fund and form Nation Statistical Bureau. First we estimate the potential of apartment buildings occupation within the next 30 years. We exclude buildings that are going to be abandoned due to the demographical and migration reasons. Next we calculate the potential of construction sector to deliver required amount of renovations. We observe that the in our case current renovation rate must at least be increased by factor of three in order to comply with the carbon neutrality goal. This, however, is very challenging because supply of renovations’ construction is limited and overstimulated demand could increase construction prices significantly while rendering the effect of state incentives inefficient. Therefore an urgent technological change in renovation delivery is required to reach carbon neutrality goals.
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Ohta, T. "Theoretical study of near neutrality. II. Effect of subdivided population structure with local extinction and recolonization." Genetics 130, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/130.4.917.
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Abstract There are several unsolved problems concerning the model of nearly neutral mutations. One is the interaction of subdivided population structure and weak selection that spatially fluctuates. The model of nearly neutral mutations whose selection coefficient spatially fluctuates has been studied by adopting the island model with periodic extinction-recolonization. Both the number of colonies and the migration rate play significant roles in determining mutants' behavior, and selection is ineffective when the extinction-recolonization is frequent with low migration rate. In summary, the number of mutant substitutions decreases and the polymorphism increases by increasing the total population size, and/or decreasing the extinction-recolonization rate. However, by increasing the total size of the population, the mutant substitution rate does not become as low when compared with that in panmictic populations, because of the extinction-recolonization, especially when the migration rate is limited. It is also found that the model satisfactorily explains the contrasting patterns of molecular polymorphisms observed in sibling species of Drosophila, including heterozygosity, proportion of polymorphism and fixation index.
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Munoz, François, Pierre Couteron, and Stephen P. Hubbell. "Comment on “Global Correlations in Tropical Tree Species Richness and Abundance Reject Neutrality”." Science 336, no. 6089 (June 28, 2012): 1639.5–1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1222718.
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Ricklefs and Renner (Reports, 27 January 2012, p. 464) have argued that the neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography cannot explain the correlations in family abundances and species richness found between tropical forests from distinct continents. However, we show that such patterns can arise from neutral processes of diversification, migration, and drift over large spatial and temporal scales.
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Yang, Wu, Min Zhang, Cui Tao, and Jun Yan. "Comprehensive Utilization and Sustainable Development of Bauxite in Northern Guizhou on a Background of Carbon Neutralization." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 14301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114301.
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As a developing country, China is also a major producer and consumer of mineral resources. At present, China is still in a critical period of rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, which will inevitably lead to huge resource consumption. It is only 30 years between the peak carbon consumption and the timepoint planned to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. Coming from a background of dual pressure in terms of the total amount and intensity of “carbon neutrality”, the development and utilization of mineral resources has become one of the important factors in affecting and realizing carbon neutrality in China, and comprehensive utilization has become increasingly important. There are abundant bauxite resources in northern Guizhou, more than 700 million tons, and an industrial resource chain could be built around bauxite. The ore-forming process of bauxite is very complex, and there are enrichment phenomena of other useful elements in the ore-bearing rock series, among which the enrichment of associated Ga, Li and rare earth elements is very obvious. It is of great economic and scientific significance to study the migration law of associated Ga, Li and rare earth elements and to find out whether these elements in bauxite have development value. On the basis of systematically collecting and sorting previous research results, this study carried out supplementary tests on some areas with insufficient data; summarized and studied the migration law of associated Ga, Li and rare earth elements in the Wuzhengdao bauxite deposit in northern Guizhou; and conducted a feasibility analysis on the development and utilization prospects of associated Ga, Li and rare earth elements.
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Degani, Paola, and Cristina Ghanem. "How Does the European Union Talk about Migrant Women and Religion? A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Agenda on Migration of the European Union and the Case Study of Nigerian Women." Religions 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10010027.
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Women with different identity and migration origins represent one of the most significant groups in the migration flows of the Mediterranean in recent years and the intersection of their religious identity and gender has been often neglected in migration policies. The paper applies the method of Critical Frame Analysis (CFA) to analyze the ways in which European policy documents address the intersection between gender and religious diversity. Through the CFA, the article examines the European Agenda on Migration and the priorities identified in the text. The analysis of the document is based on recent case studies of trafficked Nigerian women, which provide examples of the dangerous invisibility of ethnic and religious women in the priorities highlighted in the policy document of the European Commission. The CFA results show that the European Agenda on Migration, in responding to the increased number of arriving migrants from Africa and in designing a new approach towards mixed migration flows, lacks any reference to the gender perspective of migration and gender mainstreaming is missing from the text. The neutrality of the document and the securitization frame applied does not take into perspective the importance of recognizing a gender and intersectional dimension of migration flows, which impacts primarily women coming from African countries beholding strong religious beliefs.
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Belikova, S. S., and A. V. Belikov. "East and West: global challenges to achieving carbon neutrality." UPRAVLENIE / MANAGEMENT (Russia) 10, no. 2 (June 27, 2022): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2022-10-2-5-13.
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The aim of the study is to determine the factors of occurrence and reasons for growth of the energy crisis in the context of the transition to carbon and climate neutrality of European Union’s countries, People’s Republic of China. The energy problems that have arisen in the economy on the way to reducing the indicators of anthropogenic impact on climate change and provoked the energy crisis of the 2021 second half and is currently ongoing in the European Union countries and China were analysed. The main objective of the research is to study the mechanism of cross-border carbon regulation aimed at protecting European producers from environmental dumping and designed to reduce the risks of migration of carbon-intensive industries to countries with a less stringent climate policy. The relevance of the research topic is due to the need to identify steps to modernise the energy sector of the economies of countries that are just embarking on the path of carbon neutrality in order to prevent such energy crises. The results of the study can be used in the formation and adaptation of energy transition strategies for all states and subnational associations that have attempted to achieve carbon neutrality. When reviewing and correcting climate initiatives, a strategy to form a reserve of reliable and cost-effective basic generating capacities has been proposed.
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Recchi, Ettore. "The Citizenship Gap in European Societies: Conceptualizing, Measuring and Comparing ‘Migration Neutrality’ across the EU." International Migration 54, no. 6 (October 6, 2016): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imig.12292.
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Weil, Carola. "The Protection-Neutrality Dilemma in Humanitarian Emergencies: Why the Need for Military Intervention?" International Migration Review 35, no. 1 (March 2001): 79–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00005.x.
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For humanitarian organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the recent evolution of military engagement in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies has been a mixed blessing. This article examines the protection-neutrality dilemma confronting UNCHR in the face of increased military humanitarian action. The conceptual framework presented here suggests that military forces may in fact act as an important “norms entrepreneur,” influencing how protection norms affect international responses to humanitarian emergencies. The linking of forced migration and security has generated a host of challenges for civil-military relations and raises a number of concerns for UNHCR regarding the legitimacy, ethics and operational viability of military interventions in such crises.
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Chu, Andrew K., Sally M. Benson, and Gege Wen. "Deep-Learning-Based Flow Prediction for CO2 Storage in Shale–Sandstone Formations." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010246.
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an essential technology for achieving carbon neutrality. Depositional environments with sandstone and interbedded shale layers are promising for CO2 storage because they can retain CO2 beneath continuous and discontinuous shale layers. However, conventional numerical simulation of shale–sandstone systems is computationally challenging due to the large contrast in properties between the shale and sandstone layers and significant impact of thin shale layers on CO2 migration. Extending recent advancements in Fourier neural operators (FNOs), we propose a new deep learning architecture, the RU-FNO, to predict CO2 migration in complex shale–sandstone reservoirs under various reservoir conditions, injection designs, and rock properties. The gas saturation plume and pressure buildup predictions of the RU-FNO model are 8000-times faster than traditional numerical models and exhibit remarkable accuracy. We utilize the model’s fast prediction to investigate the impact of shale layer characteristics on plume migration and pressure buildup. These case studies show that shale–sandstone reservoirs with moderate heterogeneity and spatial continuity can minimize the plume footprint and maximize storage efficiency.
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Cunningham, Brendan M., and Peter Alexander. "From Switches to Packets: The New World of Interconnection." Journal of Information Policy 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.273.
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Abstract As the telecommunications market transitions from POTS to VoIP, interconnection plays a key role. How will migration from a termination regime to a peering regime impact carriers and subscribers? Cunningham and Alexander model the potential results under conditions of both traffic symmetry and asymmetry. Competition for subscribers, they find, is the key factor in holding interconnection costs down, although possibly increasing prices for subscribers. Under symmetry, this may ultimately increase firms' profits. Under asymmetry, some firms will lose profits. The consequences of this may be somewhat offset by public policies. This has implications for universal service, antitrust law, and network neutrality.
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Rieff, David. "Humanitarian Politics and the Spectre of Illegitimacy." Journal of Humanitarian Affairs 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/jha.006.
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The political landscape in which the humanitarian movement took current form has changed radically. If humanitarian certainties have been upended, it is not in Sri Lanka, or even Syria or Afghanistan, but in the NGO response to the migration crisis in Greece and in the Mediterranean. However overstated, the claim of neutrality has always played an important role in establishing the legitimacy humanitarian action has enjoyed in Europe. But it is no longer possible, if it ever was, for relief workers to separate their ethical commitment to helping people in need from their political convictions, including about what the EU should stand for.
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Balmer, Brian, Matthew Godwin, and Jane Gregory. "The Royal Society and the ‘brain drain’: natural scientists meet social science." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 63, no. 4 (March 11, 2009): 339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2008.0053.
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Although concerns about the loss of British scientists to the USA and elsewhere grew slowly throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, the Royal Society's 1963 report on the emigration of scientists sparked a very public debate about the ‘brain drain’. This paper concentrates on the Society's key role in creating focus and impetus for the debate through the report and questionnaire survey that informed it. In this engagement with social science research, the tension between the Society's political neutrality, as a representative of science, and political intervention, as an advocate for science, manifested itself in the planning, execution and reporting of its study on scientific migration.
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Vogl, Claus, Aparup Das, Mark Beaumont, Sujata Mohanty, and Wolfgang Stephan. "Population Subdivision and Molecular Sequence Variation: Theory and Analysis of Drosophila ananassae Data." Genetics 165, no. 3 (November 1, 2003): 1385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.3.1385.
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Abstract Population subdivision complicates analysis of molecular variation. Even if neutrality is assumed, three evolutionary forces need to be considered: migration, mutation, and drift. Simplification can be achieved by assuming that the process of migration among and drift within subpopulations is occurring fast compared to mutation and drift in the entire population. This allows a two-step approach in the analysis: (i) analysis of population subdivision and (ii) analysis of molecular variation in the migrant pool. We model population subdivision using an infinite island model, where we allow the migration/drift parameter 0398; to vary among populations. Thus, central and peripheral populations can be differentiated. For inference of 0398;, we use a coalescence approach, implemented via a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) integration method that allows estimation of allele frequencies in the migrant pool. The second step of this approach (analysis of molecular variation in the migrant pool) uses the estimated allele frequencies in the migrant pool for the study of molecular variation. We apply this method to a Drosophila ananassae sequence data set. We find little indication of isolation by distance, but large differences in the migration parameter among populations. The population as a whole seems to be expanding. A population from Bogor (Java, Indonesia) shows the highest variation and seems closest to the species center.
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Zhang, Tengfei, Yang Song, and Jun Yang. "Relationships between urbanization and CO2 emissions in China: An empirical analysis of population migration." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e0256335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256335.
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China’s announcement of its goal of carbon neutrality has increased the practical significance of research on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that result from urbanization. With a comprehensive consideration of population migration in China, this study examines the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions based on provincial panel data from 2000 to 2012. Two indicators (resident population and household registration population) are used to measure urbanization rate. The results reveal that the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions in China is closely correlated with the structure of urban resident population and interregional population migration. The estimation results are still robust by using generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator and two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator. The proportion of temporary residents is introduced as a proxy variable for population migration. The panel threshold model regression results show that the proportion of temporary residents has a marginal effect on the relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions. In regions with a higher proportion of temporary residents, the positive effects of resident population urbanization on CO2 emissions tend to be weaker. These findings are consistent with the theories of ecological modernization and urban environmental transition. This paper makes suggestions on China’s urbanization development model and countermeasures are proposed to minimize the CO2 emissions caused by urbanization.
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Poklonski, Nikolai A., Aliaksandr N. Dzeraviaha, Sergey A. Vyrko, and Aliaksandr I. Kavaleu. "Migration of electrons via triple-charged defects of crystal matrix." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Physics, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-2243-2020-1-41-53.
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The study of semiconductor materials with point radiation defects of the crystal structure in three charge states (–1), (0), (+1) is important for determining the conditions of their radiation resistance under the influence of gamma rays, fast electrons, etc. Such defects are self-sufficient to ensure electrical neutrality of the material under conditions of ionization equilibrium, that issue determines the radiation resistance of materials. In silicon and diamond crystals, such irradiation-induced defects during their accumulation stabilize the Fermi level in the vicinity of one third of the band gap from the top of the valence band. The purpose of the work is an analytical description of the stationary hopping electron transfer in a semiconductor, taking into account the joint migration of both the single electrons and the pairs of electrons over these triple-charged defects. A crystalline semiconductor is considered as a matrix containing immobile point defects of one sort in the prevailing concentration. For the first time in the drift-diffusion approximation, a phenomenological theory is constructed of coexisting migration of both the single electrons (transitions from the charge state (–1) to state (0) and from the state (0) to state (+1)), and the electron pairs (transitions from the state (–1) to state (+1)) by means of their hopping between such defects when an external stationary electric field is applied to the semiconductor. In the linear approximation, analytical expressions are obtained for the screening length of a static electric field and the length of the hopping diffusion of electrons migrating via such defects. It is shown that the additional contribution of the hopping transport of electron pairs leads to a decrease in the screening length and also changes the diffusion length.
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Razumnova, L. L., and T. E. Migaleva. "The Role of Reducing Global Methane Emissions in Achieving Carbon Neutrality: Russia's Interests." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2022-2-21-35.
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The article analyzes the policy of reducing methane emissions as one of the directions of joint efforts of countries to curb the pace of climate change. Climate changes caused by the accumulation of methane in the atmosphere directly affect the socio-economic and political processes taking place in various regions of the world: food security, water supply, the development of military-political conflicts, the growth of international migration flows, etc. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need and identify potential opportunities for Russia to reduce methane (CH4) emissions in the oil and gas sector. A brief description of the results of the Global Climate Summit SOR26, breakthrough solutions and problems in the field of reducing methane emissions is given. Based on the IEA's interactive database, the indicators of CH4 emissions in the oil and gas sector of the largest countries and the main categories of emissions in the oil and gas sector of Russia are described. Legislative initiatives to reduce methane emissions in the EU and Russia are considered. The article concludes that it is expedient for the Russian Federation to participate in international in international cooperation to achieve global goals in this area, in particular from the point of view of increasing the commercial attractiveness of Russian oil and gas projects and the development of green financing.
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Rozhin, Aleksandr. "Participation of Muslim Organizations in German Social Politic." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran12021103110.
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Modern demographic situation in Germany is characterized by the large number of conflicts and problems, caused by migration. In their center stand Muslim groups. Their lack of solidarity and multifaceted nature poses a serious challenge to the social policy of FDR, which relies on the cooperative model established in relations with nongovernmental actors. However, organizations representing Muslim interests encounter powerful cultural, ideological and institutional barriers in their unsuccessful attempts to become part of the existing system. The article analyzes causes of systematic violation of subsidiarity, neutrality and parity principles in relations to Muslim associations. One of the main goals of the search for better system is understanding factors of successful partnership between state authorities and Muslim organizations. Therefore special attention is given to educational projects.
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Tachida, Hidenori. "Decay of linkage disequilibrium in a finite island model." Genetical Research 64, no. 2 (October 1994): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300032742.
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SummaryTime-dependent behaviour of linkage disequilibrium when there was initial linkage disequilibrium is studied in a finite island model assuming neutrality. Explicit expressions for linkage disequilibrium parameters are obtained. From these expressions, the initial and the ultimate decay rates of linkage disequilibrium parameters are found to be increased and decreased, respectively, by finiteness of the population when recombination rate, migration rate and inverse of subpopulation size are of comparable order. Thus, linkage disequilibrium created in the past may persist longerin smaller subdivided populations. Also, differentiation of the gametic parameter of linkage disequilibrium among subpopulations is found to diminish quickly compared tothe linkage disequilibrium in the whole population. Implications of these results for the interpretation of linkage disequilibria in natural populations are discussed.
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Linchenko, Andrei Aleksandrovich. "Cultural memory of the migrants and accepting society in Russian and abroad: conflict dimension." Философия и культура, no. 6 (June 2020): 60–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2020.6.32793.
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The goal of this article is the socio-philosophical conceptualization of memory conflicts in the migration society, as well as comparative analysis of the Russian and foreign contexts. Foreign experience was examined within the framework of the policy of assimilation and multiculturalism, as well as politics aimed at formation of transnational identities. The analysis of Russian context was conducted on the basis of determination and classification of conflictogenic factors, main parties of the conflicts, settlement strategies, and types of conflicts in the condition of internal and external migration challenges. The author leans on the constructivist approach, which suggests that perception of the past is predetermined and formed by sociocultural contexts and practices of memory and obscurity. In comparison with the foreign, Russian context demonstrates the prevalence of latent forms of conflict. Russia marks the formation of “parallel” memory communities, when the migrants and accepting society maintain a forced neutrality. If the foreign research indicate mostly status conflicts, in the Russian conditions, the migrants are oriented towards defensive type of memory conflicts. The oversea conflicts of memory mark the clash of modernism and traditionalism, while Russia demonstrated the clash of different versions of traditionalism.
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Song, Da, Yan Lin, Kun Zhao, Zhen Huang, Fang He, and Ya Xiong. "Migration Mechanism of Lattice Oxygen: Conversion of CO2 to CO Using NiFe2O4 Spinel Oxygen Carrier in Chemical Looping Reactions." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (October 6, 2022): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101181.
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CO2 resourceful utilization contributes to the goal of carbon neutrality. Chemical Looping Dry Reforming (CLDR) has attracted significant attention as a method for converting CO2 to CO. NiFe2O4 oxygen carrier (OC) is found to be a potential material for CLDR. However, the migration process of lattice oxygen, which are critical for the conversion of CO2 to CO, was not extensively investigated. In this study, the reduction and oxidation degrees of the NiFe2O4 were finely modulated in a thermogravimetric analyzer. The lattice oxygen migration mechanism of the NiFe2O4 in redox cycles was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and in-situ Raman. The novelty of this paper is clarifying the release-uptake paths of lattice oxygen during CO2 resourceful utilization. The result indicates that the concentration gradient between the surface and the bulk drives the diffusion of lattice oxygen. The stabilization of surface lattice oxygen content is attributed to the rapid migration of O anion, which is closely associated with the movement process of Ni particles inward and outward through the spinel bulk. In addition, a highly reactive chemical reaction interface consisting of lattice oxygen and the corresponding metal atoms is always present on the surface of the oxygen carrier and is confirmed by an in-situ Raman and XPS during the whole process of CLDR. The results of this paper offer reference and basis for further development and design of CLDR using spinel OC.
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Layos, John King N., Ronel B. Geromo, Dinah M. Espina, and Masahide Nishibori. "Insights on the historical biogeography of Philippine domestic pigs and its relationship with continental domestic pigs and wild boars." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): e0254299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254299.
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The Philippine archipelago was believed to have never been connected to the Asian continent even during the severe Quaternary sea-level drops. As a result, the history of domestic pig (Sus scrofa) dispersal in the Philippines remains controversial and must have some anthropogenic origin associated with human migration events. In this study, the context of origin, dispersal, and the level of genetic introgression in Philippine domestic pigs were deduced using mitochondrial DNA D-loop analysis altogether with domestic pigs and wild boar corresponding to their geographic origin. The results revealed considerable genetic diversity (0.900±0.016) and widespread Asian pig-ancestry (94.60%) in the phylogenetic analysis, with admixed European pig-origin (5.10%) harboring various fractions of ancestry from Berkshire and Landrace. The close genetic connection between the continental wild boars and domestic pigs present in the Philippine domestic pigs corroborates our hypothesis of a genetic signal that may be associated with the recently reported multiple waves of human migrations to the Philippines. The Haplogroup D7, reported to occur only in Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspots, included a high frequency of Philippine domestic pig haplotypes (54.08%), which poses an interesting challenge because its distribution is not consistent with the hypothesized migration route of Neolithic Austronesian-speaking populations. We detected the first Pacific Clade signature and ubiquitously distributed D2 haplotypes (Asian major) on several Philippine islands. The analyses of mismatch distribution and neutrality test were consistent with the Bayesian skyline plot which showed a long stationary period of effective population size. The population decline was consistent with the pronounced population bottleneck in Asian and European pigs during the interglacial periods of the Pleistocene. The results of this study will support the conservation strategies and improvements of economically important genetic resources in the Philippines.
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Hayashi, Hisayoshi, Orit Aharonovitz, R. Todd Alexander, Nicolas Touret, Wendy Furuya, John Orlowski, and Sergio Grinstein. "Na+/H+ exchange and pH regulation in the control of neutrophil chemokinesis and chemotaxis." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 294, no. 2 (February 2008): C526—C534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00219.2007.
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Large proton fluxes accompany cell migration, but their precise role remains unclear. We studied pH regulation during the course of chemokinesis and chemotaxis in human neutrophils stimulated by attractant peptides. Activation of cell motility by chemoattractants was accompanied by a marked increase in metabolic acid generation, attributable to energy consumption by the contractile machinery and to stimulation of the NADPH oxidase and the ancillary hexose monophosphate shunt. Despite the increase in acid production, the cytosol underwent a sizable alkalinization, caused by acceleration of Na+/H+ exchange. The development of the alkalinization mirrored the increase in the rate of cell migration, suggesting a causal relationship. However, elimination of Na+/H+ exchange by omission of external Na+ or by addition of potent inhibitors was without effect on either chemokinesis or chemotaxis, provided the cytosolic pH remained near neutrality. At more acidic levels, cell motility was progressively inhibited. These observations suggest that Na+/H+ exchange plays a permissive role in cell motility but is not required for the initiation or development of the migratory response. Chemokinesis also was found to be exquisitely sensitive to extracellular acidification. This property may account for the inability of neutrophils to access abscesses and solid tumors that have been reported to have inordinately low pH.
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Teloni, Dimitra-Dora, and Regina Mantanika. "'This is a cage for migrants': the rise of racism and the challenges for social work in the Greek context." Critical and Radical Social Work 3, no. 2 (August 20, 2015): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204986015x14332581741051.
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Greece has been an emblematic case for the European Union's implementation of anti-immigration securitisation and externalisation. These policies have been translated into non-tolerance and intimidation towards certain populations, which, in turn, has resulted in more and more violent forms of the rejection of migration, which has become mainstream. Parallel to this are racist attacks, pogroms and acts of violence committed by neo-Nazi groups. On the other hand, a growing anti-racist movement has emerged in the form of human rights defence and solidarity networks and anti-racist resistance. This article aims to show the ways in which the rise of situations of rejection and racism have come to challenge the work of social workers and to understand how social work can be rearticulated with regard to its core values of social change and social justice, the antithesis of the profession's traditional 'neutrality' and 'culture of silence'.
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Siletti, Alida. "Les Rapports annuels du Réseau européen des migrations : Analyse comparée." Roczniki Humanistyczne 67, no. 5 (July 24, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh.2019.67.5-7.
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This research analyses six Annual Reports (AR) written by the European Migration Network, in particular two general AR (written in English) and four AR depending on its French and Italian National Contact Points (written in French and in English, respectively). It aims at studying the way in which paratext — namely Peircean diagrams (maps, boxes and charts) — does not only contribute to a better textual comprehension by the target public as compared with AR in which these tools are rare or lacking, but also convey their authors’ opinion. Our hypothesis, verified during the analysis, consists of inferring that the EMN chooses official and reliable data to catch public’s attention, so not respecting neutrality which may deal with an official report of an institution. If the usage of Peircean diagrams is wider in the EMN AR than in its NCP AR, these tools represent reliability for institutions and politicians who may be interested in reading them, but they are also a source of authority for editors who write them. This research is based on the analysis of expert and institutional discourse (Maingueneau 2002; 2004; Maris 2002; Cussó & Gobin 2008) and on its pragmatic outcomes (Bouchard 2015; Espeland 2015).
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Olaogun, Simeon. "On the So-called Akokoid/North-West Akokoid." Journal for the Study of English Linguistics 10, no. 1 (October 10, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsel.v10i1.20347.
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There have been three main contentious issues about the nine speech forms, christened Akokoid or north-west Akokoid in the North-western part of Akoko. These issues are: (1) the appropriate name for the speech forms (2) whether or not they are dialects of Yoruba or a distinct language, and (3) the internal relatedness of the speech forms. In an attempt to resolve these controversies, some existing scholarly works have come up with some proposals and suggestions. However, their proposed suggestions and solutions have not been able to sufficiently resolve the contentious issues. This being the case, this present study, leaning on history of migration, mutual intelligibility, syntactic evidence and neutrality hypothesis, advances fresh evidence and plausible arguments that would hopefully be generally acceptable and permanently resolve these lingering argumentations. Data for this study were elicited with syntactic checklist from purposefully selected native speakers, and were subjected to descriptive method of data analysis.
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Gupta, T. K., and A. C. Miller. "Improved stability of the ZnO varistor via donor and acceptor doping at the grain boundary." Journal of Materials Research 3, no. 4 (August 1988): 745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1988.0745.
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The ZnO varistor degradation has been attributed to the field-assisted, temperature-activated diffusion of interstitial zinc in the depletion layer. To improve stability, one approach is to reduce the formation of interstitials, and then further, to prevent their migration through empty interstitial sites. Based on this concept, an amphoteric dopant, such as Na or K, has been incorporated in the ZnO varistor grain boundary wherein a dopant is substituted both in the lattice and in the interstitial sites. A grain boundary defect model has been developed for this dual mode of substitution, with the dopant acting as an acceptor at the lattice site and as a donor at the interstitial site. Under these conditions, and given a desired neutrality range, the concentration of zinc interstitial is indeed shown to be reduced and stability greatly improved. The experimental data presented here validate the grain boundary defect model presented in this and in an earlier paper [J. Mater. Sci. 20, 3487 (1985)].
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Ibáñez, Christian M., Juan Argüelles, Carmen Yamashiro, Luis Adasme, Renato Céspedes, and Elie Poulin. "Spatial genetic structure and demographic inference of the Patagonian squid Doryteuthis gahi in the south-eastern Pacific Ocean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, no. 1 (April 19, 2011): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315411000440.
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Doryteuthis gahi is a small squid species that has a wide distribution in South America. This species is characterized by coastal and benthic spawning, and its ontogenetic vertical migration is associated with upwelling zones, features that may restrict its dispersal potential. It has also been proposed that populations of these neritic squid are structured by the influence of local processes which act as barriers to gene flow. Based on this background, we evaluate the geographical structure of genetic diversity in D. gahi along its distribution in the south-eastern Pacific Ocean. We used 116 COI mtDNA sequences of squid collected from different sites in Peru and Chile and calculated genetic diversity, the population structure index Fst, and performed analysis of spatial molecular variance and exact tests to detect differences among localities. To infer demographic history we carried out tests of neutrality and Bayesian skyline analysis. Although there was little molecular divergence between Peru and Chile, we detected a significant genetic differentiation of D. gahi along its geographical distribution. Squid from Chile showed higher genetic diversity than those of Peru and the results of the demographic inference analysis suggest that the population of Peru is experiencing or experienced in the recent past demographic expansion, a pattern that was not found in Chile. We think that the current genetic patterns are consequences of northward migrations in the glaciation periods and posterior re-colonization of southern Chile in the deglacial period.
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Vlasova, Ksenia. "Greek-Turkish Confrontation and Its Influence on the Eastern Mediterranean." Contemporary Europe 103, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope320212737.
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The Eastern Mediterranean can rightly be considered as one of the most conflict regions in the world, as it has accumulated numerous security problems. Such problems are driven by the attempts of several regional players to revise the existing status quo and their own position in the region (Turkey, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran), the increasing influence of some traditional actors (Russia, the USA, the EU, China), longstanding and current international conflicts, the problem of international terrorism, extremism, uncontrolled migration, etc. The article analyzes the most important contradiction in the Eastern Mediterranean, which can be attributed to the confrontation between the two neighbors, Greece and Turkey. The origins of their conflict go far back in history, and Greek-Turkish rivalry is still ongoing. Relations between Greece and Turkey have gone through many phases from armed conflict in 1974 to a period of neutrality and synergy in the 2000s. The study focuses on the events of 2020, when there was a sharp aggravation of the Greek-Turkish conflict in three areas: migration, religious and cultural action of the Turkish government upon the return of the status of a functioning mosque to the Hagia Sophia Museum in Istanbul, and the escalation around the complex ―Aegean problem‖ related to the delimitation of maritime borders. The new phase of the conflict could lead to the deterioration of bilateral relations between Greece and Turkey, but also to a security system in the Eastern Mediterranean with the support of regional players and great powers.
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Temizgul, Ridvan, Mikail Akbulut, and Domenico Lafiandra. "Genetic diversity of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit compositions in bread wheat landraces originated from Turkey." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 16, no. 1 (November 16, 2016): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262116000356.
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AbstractFocusing on 116 bread wheat landraces, this study investigated high molecular weight glutenin allele polymorphism, gene diversity, genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) inGlu-1loci. To identify gluten alleles, sodium dodesyl sulphate-polyacrylamide, gel electrophoresis was used and for statistical analyses POPGENE software was employed. The results indicated that average genetic variation (h) was the highest inGlu-B1(0.6421) and the lowest inGlu-A1locus (0.4548); genetic similarity ratio (I) was the highest inGlu-B1(1.4170); the highest average genetic diversity (Ht) was observed inGlu-B1(0.6575) and the lowest diversity was observed inGlu-A1(0.4558). It was also observed that genetic diversity inGlu-1locus was largely due to intra-population variations. Inter-population gene flow was also calculated as 4.0051. Marmara and Southeastern Anatolia regions, the results further indicated, had the highest (2.8691) and lowest (0.1694) heterozygosity. Genetic erosion risk for Turkish bread wheat landraces was also seen to be high. Considering the mutual analyses of subunits of nationwide wheat landraces, it is possible to speculate about a limited migration between the landraces. LD of the landraces was largely because of this limited migration and/or epistatic natural selection. Since Turkey is known as the gene centre for major cereals including wheat, barley, rye and oat, where they diversified and spread throughout the world, studying the gluten allele diversity of Turkish bread wheat landraces is important. In addition, this study has revealed the applicability of LD, and neutrality tests to gluten protein diversity for the first time.
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Zhang, Tian, Wanchang Zhang, Ruizhao Yang, Huiran Gao, and Dan Cao. "Analysis of Available Conditions for InSAR Surface Deformation Monitoring in CCS Projects." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020672.
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Carbon neutrality is a goal the world is striving to achieve in the context of global warming. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has received extensive attention as an effective method to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. What follows is the migration pathway and leakage monitoring after CO2 injection. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology, with its advantages of extensive coverage in surface deformation monitoring and all-weather traceability of the injection processes, has become one of the promising technologies frequently adopted in worldwide CCS projects. However, there is no mature evaluation system to determine whether InSAR technology is suitable for each CO2 sequestration area. In this study, a new evaluation model is proposed based on the eight factors that are selected from the principle of the InSAR technique and the unique characteristics of the CO2 sequestration area. According to the proposed model, the feasibility of InSAR monitoring is evaluated for the existing typical sequestration areas in the world. Finally, the challenges and prospects of InSAR in the CCS project are discussed.
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Hämälä, Tuomas, and Outi Savolainen. "Genomic Patterns of Local Adaptation under Gene Flow in Arabidopsis lyrata." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 11 (June 25, 2019): 2557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz149.
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AbstractShort-scale local adaptation is a complex process involving selection, migration, and drift. The expected effects on the genome are well grounded in theory but examining these on an empirical level has proven difficult, as it requires information about local selection, demographic history, and recombination rate variation. Here, we use locally adapted and phenotypically differentiated Arabidopsis lyrata populations from two altitudinal gradients in Norway to test these expectations at the whole-genome level. Demography modeling indicates that populations within the gradients diverged <2 kya and that the sites are connected by gene flow. The gene flow estimates are, however, highly asymmetric with migration from high to low altitudes being several times more frequent than vice versa. To detect signatures of selection for local adaptation, we estimate patterns of lineage-specific differentiation among these populations. Theory predicts that gene flow leads to concentration of adaptive loci in areas of low recombination; a pattern we observe in both lowland-alpine comparisons. Although most selected loci display patterns of conditional neutrality, we found indications of genetic trade-offs, with one locus particularly showing high differentiation and signs of selection in both populations. Our results further suggest that resistance to solar radiation is an important adaptation to alpine environments, while vegetative growth and bacterial defense are indicated as selected traits in the lowland habitats. These results provide insights into genetic architectures and evolutionary processes driving local adaptation under gene flow. We also contribute to understanding of traits and biological processes underlying alpine adaptation in northern latitudes.
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Zervas, Efthimios, Leonidas Vatikiotis, and Zoe Gareiou. "Proposals for an environmental and social just transition for the post-lignite era in Western Macedonia, Greece." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 899, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/899/1/012049.
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Abstract This text formulates a set of coherent and realistic proposals for the after delignification period in Western Macedonia. The aim of these proposals is to avoid the economic decline and poverty of the Region. The first part, based on the literature and the best available practices, the proposals for the necessary environmental restoration of mine lands. Concerning the economic rehabilitation of the Region, a mix of actions referring to the whole production chain: from the primary to the tertiary sector of the economy, is proposed. The action that is expected to enhance the production potential of this region is the creation of branded products, under a single brand name, which will voluntarily bring together, in the context of synergies, the agri-food and manufacturing activities. Overall, it is estimated that the deadline set for de-lignification in 2023, is too early to start all those activities that will allow the economic transition of the Region, and to exclude the possibility of a massive wave of migration. For this reason, the extension of de-lignification, for a period of time within the European objectives to achieve the target of climate neutrality in 2050, are proposed.
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Yi, Mu-Rong, Kui-Ching Hsu, Jin-Xi Wang, Bo Feng, Hung-Du Lin, and Yun-Rong Yan. "Genetic Structure and Diversity of the Yellowbelly Threadfin Bream Nemipterus bathybius in the Northern South China Sea." Diversity 13, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070324.
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The genetic structure and demography of the yellowbelly threadfin bream, Nemipterus bathybius, in the northern South China Sea were examined using the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene (1141 bp). High levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversities (0.98 and 5.26 × 10−3, respectively) showed that all populations exhibited a high level of genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), FST statistics, and haplotype networks suggested the absence of significant genetic differentiation along the coast of the northern South China Sea. Although the results suggested that the lack of differentiation within the population structure of N. bathybius was shaped by ocean currents, our results also showed that the Qiongzhou Strait limited their migration between Beibu Gulf and the northern South China Sea. Neutrality tests and mismatch distributions indicated population expansion, but the Bayesian skyline plots and approximate Bayesian computation approaches suggested that the population sizes recently contracted. The diversification of multiple stocks, which were induced by two ocean current systems, contributed to these discordant results. Although these analyses of demographic history revealed no evidence for recent population bottlenecks, the population demography needs to be evaluated further.
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Taguchi, Mioko, Jacquelynne R. King, Michael Wetklo, Ruth E. Withler, and Kotaro Yokawa. "Population genetic structure and demographic history of Pacific blue sharks (Prionace glauca) inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 3 (2015): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14075.
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Cosmopolitan pelagic species often show shallow genetic divergence and weak, or no, genetic structure across a species’ range. However, there have been few such genetic studies for pelagic sharks. The pelagic blue shark (Prionace glauca) has a broad circumglobal distribution in tropical and temperate oceans. To investigate the population genetic structure and demographic history of this species, we analysed variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence for a total of 404 specimens collected from 10 locations across the Indo-Pacific region. The observed genetic diversities were comparable among sampling locations (h=0.77–0.87; π=0.17–0.23%). Spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA), pairwise ΦST and conventional FST estimates, and analysis of isolation with migration indicated weak or no genetic differentiation of this species across the Indo-Pacific region. The results of three phylogeographic analyses (i.e. mismatch distribution and parsimony haplotype network analyses and a neutrality test) suggested that the Pacific blue shark had historically experienced a sudden population expansion. These results, coupled with the biological properties of this species, imply that historical climate fluctuation has had only a minor effect on the genetic structuring of the blue shark.
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Tillier, E. R., and G. B. Golding. "A sampling theory of selectively neutral alleles in a subdivided population." Genetics 119, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.3.721.
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Abstract Ewens' sampling distribution is investigated for a structured population. Samples are assumed to be taken from a single subpopulation that exchanges migrants with other subpopulations. A complete description of the probability distribution for such samples is not a practical possibility but an equilibrium approximation can be found. This approximation extracts the information necessary for constructing a continuous approximation to the complete distribution using known values of the distribution and its derivatives in randomly mating populations. It is shown that this approximation is as complete a description of a single biologically realistic subpopulation as is possible given standard uncertainties about the actual size of the migration rates, relative sizes of each of the subpopulations and other factors that might affect the genetic structure of a subpopulation. Any further information must be gained at the expense of generality. This approximation is used to investigate the effect of population subdivision on Watterson's test of neutrality. It is known that the infinite allele, sample distribution is independent of mutation rate when made conditional on the number of alleles in the sample. It is shown that the conditional, infinite allele, sample distribution from this approximation is also independent of population structure and hence Watterson's test is still approximately valid for subdivided populations.
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Shin, Youngjae, Hyeong-Geun Ji, Sea-Eun Park, and Ju-Won Oh. "4D Seismic Monitoring with Diffraction-Angle-Filtering for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010057.
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key technology that directly removes industry driven CO2 to achieve carbon neutrality. In the process of CCS, it is necessary to monitor whether injected CO2 is properly stored and not leaking. The behavior of CO2 can be investigated using a 4D seismic survey that compares seismic data before and after injection. We proposed a two-step monitoring with diffraction-angle filtering (DAF) to effectively locate the CO2 plume. Because DAF allows us to control wavenumber components, the gradient of full-waveform inversion (FWI), which is the first step, is composed of low-wavenumber components, and reverse time migration (RTM) for seismic imaging is carried out with high-wavelength components. To verify our method, we implemented FWI and RTM with and without DAF using the velocity model in the Volve oil field in the North Sea. Numerical examples show that the CO2 plume is properly detected from the difference between baseline and post-injected survey and the extension of the reflective boundary is improved compared to the results of the conventional method. With our proposed method, local minima problem is mitigated in FWI, and the boundaries between layers can be clearly distinguished in RTM.
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Phadungsaksawasdi, Kobpat, Sakone Sunantaraporn, Nirin Seatamanoch, Switt Kongdachalert, Atchara Phumee, Kanyarat Kraivichian, Vorthon Sawaswong, Sunchai Payungporn, Narisa Brownell, and Padet Siriyasatien. "Molecular analysis of mitochrondrial cytb of Pediculus humanus capitis in Thailand revealed potential historical connection with South Asia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): e0257024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257024.
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Background Pediculus humanus capitis or head louse is an obligate ectoparasite and its infestation remains a major public health issue worldwide. Molecular analysis divides head lice into six clades and intra-clade genetic differences have been identified. Several hypotheses have been formulated to elucidate the discrepancies of the variety of head lice among different regions of the world. It is currently concluded that head lice distribution might be associated with human migration history. This study aims to investigate genetic data of human head lice in Thailand. We believe that the analysis could help establish the correlation between local and global head lice populations. Method We investigated mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene of the collected 214 head lice to evaluate genetic diversity from 15 provinces among 6 regions of Thailand. The head lice genes were added to the global pool for the phylogenetic tree, Bayesian tree, Skyline plot, and median joining network construction. The biodiversity, neutrality tests, and population genetic differentiation among the 6 Thailand geographic regions were analyzed by DNAsp version 6. Results The phylogenetic tree analysis of 214 collected head lice are of clade A and clade C accounting for roughly 65% and 35% respectively. The Bayesian tree revealed a correlation of clade diversification and ancient human dispersal timeline. In Thailand, clade A is widespread in the country. Clade C is confined to only the Central, Southern, and Northeastern regions. We identified 50 novel haplotypes. Statistical analysis showed congruent results between genetic differentiation and population migration especially with South Asia. Conclusions Pediculosis remains problematic among children in the rural areas in Thailand. Cytb gene analysis of human head lice illustrated clade distribution and intra-clade diversity of different areas. Our study reported novel haplotypes of head lice in Thailand. Moreover, the statistic calculation provided a better understanding of their relationship with human, as an obligate human parasite and might help provide a better insight into the history of human population migration. Determination of the correlation between phylogenetic data and pediculicide resistance gene as well as residing bacteria are of interest for future studies.
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Wang, Fangtian, and Jinghong Yan. "CO2 Storage and Geothermal Extraction Technology for Deep Coal Mine." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 12322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912322.
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This paper aims at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which contributes to carbon neutrality, and, at the same time, preventing mine heat disasters and extracting highly mineralized (HM) mine water, so as to realize the synergy between CO2 storage (CS) and geothermal extraction and utilization (GEU) in a high temperature (HT) goaf. With this purpose, an innovative CS-GEU technology for HT and HM water in deep mine is proposed, based on the mechanism of water-rock-CO2 effect (WRCE) and the principle of GEU in the mine. This technology uses GEU to offset the costs of CO2 storage and refrigeration in HT mine. A general scheme for a synergistic system of CS and GEU in the goaf is designed. The feasibility of CS-GEU technology in the deep goaf is demonstrated from the views of CS and GEU in the goaf and the principles of a synergistic system. It is clarified that the CO2 migration-storage evolution and the multi-field coupling principle in the goaf are the key scientific issues in realizing the synergic operation of CS and GEU. It proposes the key techniques involved in this process: CO2 capture and CO2 transportation, layout and support of drill holes and high-pressure (HP) pipelines, and HP sealing in the goaf. The research results provide new ideas for CS and GEU of HT and HM mine water in deep mine.
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Yeung, Albert T., and Subbaraju Datla. "Fundamental formulation of electrokinetic extraction of contaminants from soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-060.
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Electro-osmosis and ionic migration are the basic cleanup mechanisms in the electrokinetic extraction of contaminants from fine-grained soils. These are coupled flows as the flows of fluid and contaminants are driven by an externally applied electrical gradient. Moreover, other electrochemical reactions will occur simultaneously during the process. The most pronounced effect is the generation of pH gradient in the soil. The change of pH in the pore fluid can have a significant impact on the degree of sorption and desorption of chemicals on soil particle surfaces, complexes formation and precipitation of chemical species, and dissociation of organic acids; thus affecting the feasibility and efficiency of the cleanup technique tremendously. An attempt is made to formulate the coupled flows of ionic contaminants and the resulting change of pH in the pore fluid during the electrokinetic extraction process. The coupled flows of contaminants are formulated by the formalism of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The pH is determined as a function of time and space by maintaining electrical neutrality throughout the system all the times. A numerical model NEUTRAL is developed to simulate the processes. The good agreement between computed and experimental results published in the literature indicates that the approach is a valid step toward a better understanding of the physics and chemistry involved during electrokinetic treatment of contaminated soils. Key words : electrokinetics, in situ remediation, contaminated soil, coupled flows, electrochemistry, nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
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Nazarova, Tatjana, and Olga Redkinа. "The Mennonites in the Civil War (1918–1920s): Survival Practices of an Ethno-Confessional Group." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (September 2022): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.4.19.
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Introduction. The article examines the survival practices of the Mennonites during the Civil War (based on the materials of the European part of the Russian state). Methods and materials. The memoirs, letters and diaries of the Mennonites; analytical materials on the situation of the Mennonites, prepared by commissions of the RCP(b) were the source base of the study. The methodological basis of the research was formed by the principles of historicism and objectivity, as well as special-historical methods: historical-comparative, historicalgenetic. Analysis. Analysis of the behavior of various regional groups of Mennonites during the Civil War revealed different practices of their response to wartime conditions and the nationwide crisis caused by them: political neutrality, the organization of self-defense units, active support of opposing forces, internal migration, emigration, attempts to preserve the traditional economic structure, mutual assistance. The following regional factors were identified that influenced the position of the Mennonites during the War: the brutality and proximity of hostilities; the land policy of the Bolsheviks and the acuteness of the agrarian question; the level of ethnophobia towards German-speaking citizens; the scale of repressions, confiscations; activities of the occupying German-Austrian forces, white governments, Makhnovist bands. Results. The article shows that in the south of Ukraine, where the Mennonites found themselves in the epicenter of fierce battles between Whites, Reds and Makhnovists, emigration abroad began earlier than in other regions; self-defense detachments acted in an organized manner. Ukrainian Mennonites took an active part in the activities of the German-Austrian and White armies. In other regions, the activities of self-defense detachments were less significant, instead of mass emigration abroad, the Mennonites chose internal migration to quieter areas in 1918–1920. T.P. Nazarova analyzed regional material on the development of Mennonite groups, revealed the nature of their relationship with warring political forces. O.Yu. Redkina analyzed historiography, considered the problem of the activities of the Mennonite self-defense units.
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Syahida Kasim, Noorhani, Tun Nurul Aimi Mat Jaafar, Rumeaida Mat Piah, Wahidah Mohd Arshaad, Siti Azizah Mohd Nor, Ahasan Habib, Mazlan Abd. Ghaffar, Yeong Yik Sung, Muhd Danish-Daniel, and Min Pau Tan. "Recent population expansion of longtail tuna Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, 1851) inferred from the mitochondrial DNA markers." PeerJ 8 (August 6, 2020): e9679. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9679.
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The population genetic diversity and demographic history of the longtail tuna Thunnus tonggol in Malaysian waters was investigated using mitochondrial DNA D-loop and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (ND5). A total of 203 (D-loop) and 208 (ND5) individuals of T. tonggol were sampled from 11 localities around the Malaysian coastal waters. Low genetic differentiation between populations was found, possibly due to the past demographic history, dispersal potential during egg and larval stages, seasonal migration in adults, and lack of geographical barriers. The gene trees, constructed based on the maximum likelihood method, revealed a single panmictic population with unsupported internal clades, indicating an absence of structure among the populations studied. Analysis on population pairwise comparison ФST suggested the absence of limited gene flow among study sites. Taken all together, high haplotype diversity (D-loop = 0.989–1.000; ND5 = 0.848–0.965), coupled with a low level of nucleotide diversity (D-loop = 0.019–0.025; ND5 = 0.0017–0.003), “star-like” haplotype network, and unimodal mismatch distribution, suggests a recent population expansion for populations of T. tonggol in Malaysia. Furthermore, neutrality and goodness of fit tests supported the signature of a relatively recent population expansion during the Pleistocene epoch. To provide additional insight into the phylogeographic pattern of the species within the Indo-Pacific Ocean, we included haplotypes from GenBank and a few samples from Taiwan. Preliminary analyses suggest a more complex genetic demarcation of the species than an explicit Indian Ocean versus Pacific Ocean delineation.
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Pearce, Michael T., Atish Agarwala, and Daniel S. Fisher. "Stabilization of extensive fine-scale diversity by ecologically driven spatiotemporal chaos." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 25 (June 9, 2020): 14572–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915313117.
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It has recently become apparent that the diversity of microbial life extends far below the species level to the finest scales of genetic differences. Remarkably, extensive fine-scale diversity can coexist spatially. How is this diversity stable on long timescales, despite selective or ecological differences and other evolutionary processes? Most work has focused on stable coexistence or assumed ecological neutrality. We present an alternative: extensive diversity maintained by ecologically driven spatiotemporal chaos, with no assumptions about niches or other specialist differences between strains. We study generalized Lotka–Volterra models with antisymmetric correlations in the interactions inspired by multiple pathogen strains infecting multiple host strains. Generally, these exhibit chaos with increasingly wild population fluctuations driving extinctions. But the simplest spatial structure, many identical islands with migration between them, stabilizes a diverse chaotic state. Some strains (subspecies) go globally extinct, but many persist for times exponentially long in the number of islands. All persistent strains have episodic local blooms to high abundance, crucial for their persistence as, for many, their average population growth rate is negative. Snapshots of the abundance distribution show a power law at intermediate abundances that is essentially indistinguishable from the neutral theory of ecology. But the dynamics of the large populations are much faster than birth–death fluctuations. We argue that this spatiotemporally chaotic “phase” should exist in a wide range of models, and that even in rapidly mixed systems, longer-lived spores could similarly stabilize a diverse chaotic phase.
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Grant, W. Stewart, Susan E. Merkouris, Gordon H. Kruse, and Lisa W. Seeb. "Low allozyme heterozygosity in North Pacific and Bering Sea populations of red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus): adaptive specialization, population bottleneck, or metapopulation structure?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 3 (January 5, 2011): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq184.
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AbstractGrant, W. S., Merkouris, S. E., Kruse, G. H., and Seeb, L. W. 2011. Low allozyme heterozygosity in North Pacific and Bering Sea populations of red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus): adaptive specialization, population bottleneck, or metapopulation structure? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . Populations of red king crab in the North Pacific and Bering Sea have declined in response to ocean-climate shifts and to harvesting. An understanding of how populations are geographically structured is important to the management of these depressed resources. Here, the Mendelian variability at 38 enzyme-encoding loci was surveyed in 27 samples (n = 2427) from 18 general locations. Sample heterozygosities were low, averaging HE = 0.015 among samples. Weak genetic structure was detected among three groups of populations, the Bering Sea, central Gulf of Alaska, and Southeast Alaska, but without significant isolation by distance among populations. A sample from Adak Island in the western Aleutians was genetically different from the remaining samples. The lack of differentiation among populations within regions may, in part, be due to post-glacial expansions and a lack of migration-drift equilibrium and to limited statistical power imposed by low levels of polymorphism. Departures from neutrality may reflect the effects of both selective and historical factors. The low allozyme diversity in red king crab may, in part, be attributable to adaptive specialization, background selection, ice-age population bottlenecks, or metapopulation dynamics in a climatically unstable North Pacific.
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Vallerand, Olivier. "Messing up the Domestic: Queer Bodies Expanding Architectures." Somatechnics 10, no. 3 (December 2020): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/soma.2020.0329.
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Queer space discourse in architecture has often been about reclaiming sexualized spaces or spaces used by LGBT people as being part of architectural history. However, critical practitioners have sought to expand from an understanding based on an essentialist understanding of queer bodies to link instead the experience of built environments to the repression of non-normative/non-compliant bodies. This article discusses projects by J. Mayer H., Andrés Jaque/Office for Political Innovation (OFFPOLINN), and MYCKET that build on a queer understanding of architecture and design to explore relationships between bodies, the materiality of domestic spaces, and communal identities, challenging binary understandings of architectural design spaces and linking them to the configuration of citizenship. J. Mayer H.’s work on data-protection patterns and thermo-sensitive materials uses bodies as material in developing a discourse on privacy stemming in part from queer people's experience of oppressing policies. OFFPOLINN's projects on IKEA and on gay cruising digital environments question the role of architects by underlining the close integration of advertisement, online social networks, and urban and architectural policies in relation to the experience of citizenship and migration. Finally, MYCKET's queer feminist performative architectures attempts to reframe the neutrality of the architectural modernist tradition to celebrate the messiness that comes with thinking of space as designed for a diversity of people. The three practices expand architectural discussions of domesticity beyond an understanding of the house as a container for family life and towards seeing it as a nexus of social and political relations that converge around the body.
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Stopler, Gila. "Rights in Immigration: The Veil as a Test Case." Israel Law Review 43, no. 1 (2010): 183–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700000091.
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Immigration often involves the migration of people of specific cultural and religious background to countries in which the predominant cultural and religious background is quite different. This may result in attempts by receiving countries to restrict the new immigrants ‘cultural and religious practices. The Article uses the debate surrounding the wearing of the veil in Europe as a test case for the way in which recognition rights may be affected by the process of immigration. First, the Article maintains that the balance of rights and interests involved in conflicts over immigrants’ rights changes along the process of immigration, and divides this process into three stages—the entry application, the application for citizenship, and the life as an immigrant in the receiving country. Subsequently, it lays out the conflicting rights and interests involved in the veil controversy—the conflict between immigrant and local cultures; the conflict between immigrants’ religious liberty and state interests such as maintaining religious neutrality/laïcité, and protecting from the perceived threat of radical political Islam; the conflicting claims regarding the effects of veiling on women's equality. Finally, the Article analyzes each of these conflicts along the three stages of immigration and offers an assessment of the validity of the conflicting claims surrounding the veil in Europe on the basis of this analysis, claiming that the restrictions on wearing the veil in the public sphere are not justified, but that a much narrower restriction pertaining to some instances of the wearing of the full face burqa can be justified.
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Pavlov, P. N., and S. M. Drobyshevsky. "Structure of GDP growth rates in Russia up to 2024." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-3-29-51.
Full textAbstract:
By the fall of 2021, the Russian economy had practically overcome the crisis caused by coronavirus pandemic and sharp drop in oil prices in the first half of 2020, having returned in terms of GDP, industrial production and investment in fixed assets to pre-crisis levels. At the same time, the prospects for further growth of the Russian economy remain uncertain, since both in the short and long term, the balance of factors affecting the growth rate of Russia’s GDP is shifted to a negative area. These external factors include the growing risks of a new financial and/or economic crisis in the world’s leading economies (including China), imposing large-scale sanctions against Russia in connection with a special operation in Ukraine, the instability of world commodity markets, as well as the processes of decarbonization and restructuring of the world economy. Internal factors of growth comprise increased investment activity of private and state-owned companies (and in the field of national projects), expansion of non-resource non-energy exports, while internal growth constraints comprise possible decline in the working-age population in Russia and slow growth of the real personal income. According to the official forecast by the RF Ministry of Economic Development, after the recovery acceleration of the economy by 4.2% in 2021 (the first estimate by Rosstat — 4.7%), GDP growth will stabilize at about 3% per year in subsequent years. However, it is lower than expected growth rates of the world economy, but it is significantly higher than the average growth rates of the Russian economy over the past decade (about 0.7% per year).To reveal the growth rates structure, which corresponds to anticipated economic dynamics in Russia, we have used an approach based on identifying three components of GDP growth rates — structural, foreign trade, and business cycle ones. In this article a new decomposition method was applied, which assumes the neutrality of the foreign trade component if the oil price is at the average long-term values.In case of achievement of the RF Ministry of Economic Development forecast, actual and structural unemployment indicators convergence may lead to a shortage of labor in certain sectors of the Russian economy in 2022—2023. The solution to this problem lies in the sphere of external and internal migration policy intensification and measures for promoting inter-sectoral labor mobility. Estimates of the output gap show that it is advisable to pursue a stimulating fiscal policy in 2022 with a transition to neutrality in 2023—2024. Supporting the global spread of vaccines against coronavirus infection and the recovery of the global economy will contribute to an increase in oil prices and in the foreign trade component of economic growth in Russia.
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Chanthran, Shyama Sundari Devi, Phaik-Eem Lim, Yuan Li, Te-Yu Liao, Sze-Wan Poong, Jianguo Du, Muhammad Ali Syed Hussein, Ahemad Sade, Richard Rumpet, and Kar-Hoe Loh. "Genetic diversity and population structure of Terapon jarbua (Forskål, 1775) (Teleostei, Terapontidae) in Malaysian waters." ZooKeys 911 (February 12, 2020): 139–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.911.39222.
Full textAbstract:
A background study is important for the conservation and stock management of a species. Terapon jarbua is a coastal Indo-Pacific species, sourced for human consumption. This study examined 134 samples from the central west and east coasts of Peninsular (West) Malaysia and East Malaysia. A 1446-bp concatenated dataset of mtDNA COI and Cyt b sequences was used in this study and 83 haplotypes were identified, of which 79 are unique haplotypes and four are shared haplotypes. Populations of T. jarbua in Malaysia are genetically heterogenous as shown by the high level of haplotype diversity ranging from 0.9167–0.9952, low nucleotide diversity ranging from 0.0288–0.3434, and high FST values (within population genetic variation). Population genetic structuring is not distinct as shown by the shared haplotypes between geographic populations and mixtures of haplotypes from different populations within the same genetic cluster. The gene flow patterns and population structuring observed among these regions are likely attributed to geographical distance, past historical events, allopatric speciation, dispersal ability and water currents. For instance, the mixture of haplotypes revealed an extraordinary migration ability of T. jarbua (>1200 km) via ancient river connectivity. The negative overall value of the neutrality test and a non-significant mismatch distribution are consistent with demographic expansion(s) in the past. The median-joining network concurred with the maximum likelihood haplotype tree with three major clades resolved. The scarcity of information on this species is an obstacle for future management and conservation purposes. Hence, this study aims to contribute information on the population structure, genetic diversity, and historical demography of T. jarbua in Malaysia.
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Liu, Shuohua, Xiao Zhang, Yifan Zhou, and Shunbo Yao. "Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Carbon Sink Dynamics at County Scale: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 13081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413081.
Full textAbstract:
To explore the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon sinks in Shaanxi Province, and their impact mechanisms, this study used panel data from 107 counties (districts) in Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2017. First, we conducted spatial distribution directional analysis and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). Then, we constructed a geographic spatial weight matrix and used the spatial panel Durbin model to analyze the driving factors of carbon sink changes in Shaanxi Province, from the perspective of spatial effects. The results showed that: (1) The temporal evolution of carbon sinks during the study period showed an overall upward trend, but the carbon sinks of counties (districts) differed greatly, and the center of gravity of carbon sinks, as a whole, showed the characteristics of “south to north” migration. (2) The carbon sinks of Shaanxi Province have a significant positive global spatial autocorrelation in geographic space. The local spatial pattern was characterized by low-value agglomeration (low-low cluster) and high-value agglomeration (high-high cluster), supplemented by high-value bulge (high-low outlier) and low-value collapse (low-high outlier). (3) The result of the spatial measurement model proved that the spatial Durbin model, with dual fixed effects of time and space, should be selected. In the model results, factors such as population, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), local government general budget expenditure, and local government general budget revenue all reflect strong spatial spillover effects. Accordingly, in the process of promoting “carbon neutrality”, the government needs to comprehensively consider the existence of spatial spillover effects between neighboring counties (districts), and strengthen the linkage-management and control roles of counties (districts) in increasing carbon sinks.