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1
Gusakov, Mikhail. "First Migration of Peoples and Zarubinets Culture." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Museology and Monumental Studies 4, no. 1-2 (December 28, 2021): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2617-7943.4.1-2.2021.249070.
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The article is devoted to one event in ancient history, called ‘The First Migration of Peoples,’ which was studied and commented on many times when the Germanic tribes Cimbri and Teutons carried out many years of displacement in the space of Central Europe. Despite their defeat by Rome, this event caused a powerful movement of other tribes, especially towards Eastern Europe, where many new archaeological cultures were formed. Among them, a special place is occupied by the Zarubinets culture and its part in the history of Eastern Europe. The purpose of the study is to determine the place of Zarubinets culture in the history of eastern Europe. The research methodology consists in the use of general scientific, special and interdisciplinary methods. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the Zarubinets culture of Eastern Europe is considered against the background of the Western European tribe’s movement due to Roman expansion. Conclusions. The question of the Zarubinets culture's origin is still debatable. Now there is no particular objection to the opinion that the genesis of Zarubinets culture was a complex process that reflected the peculiarities of both the internal development of the local population and the effects of external circumstances, reflecting the movement of tribes in the Center for Europe.
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Giordano, Alfonso. "The new political geography of migration in Europe between external borders and internal freedom of movement." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 96, no. 2 (2016): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1602047g.
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The creation of the Schengen area has modified the political geography of migration with important implications from a variety of perspectives, all of which affect the migration management policies of EU member States as well as those of third countries. On the one hand, the Schengen area established the first supranational border in the history of Europe; on the other hand, it obliged a small group of countries (those bordering non-EU States) to monitor the new border, manage refugee flows and repatriate illegal migrants from third countries, despite often being unprepared to tackle the migration phenomenon. The policies implemented in both the Mediterranean and continental countries have revealed a lack of long-term vision in dealing with several migration related issues. Currently, the absence of a single EU migration policy, the egocentric approach of some non-Mediterranean European countries and the re-emergence of border walls characterize the context. Nevertheless, migration flows and terrorism in Europe represent significant opportunities to strengthen the common European area, rather than weakening it. Moreover, evidence suggests that such global phenomena are better addressed at a supranational level rather than on a national basis.
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Alexander, J. Trent, and Annemarie Steidl. "Gender and the “Laws of Migration”." Social Science History 36, no. 2 (2012): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011779.
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Ernest George Ravenstein’s influential “laws of migration” argued that short-distance and within-country moves were typically dominated by women. We use census microdata to take a fresh look at the relationship between gender and internal migration in late nineteenth-century Europe and North America. We argue that there was a significant flaw in Ravenstein’s key finding on gender and that this flaw has implications for more recent scholarship of the long-term “feminization of migration.” The apparent overrepresentation of women among internal migrants was due not to their higher propensity to move but to the much higher rate at which male migrants left the population, through either death or emigration. Men were just as likely to make internal moves as women were; the difference was that men did not remain in the population to be counted when the decennial census was conducted. Like Ravenstein’s “laws of migration,” this article relies primarily on data from the 1881 census of England and Wales. Whereas Ravenstein’s work was constrained by the contents of tables published by the UK Census Office in the 1880s, we are able to ask new questions by analyzing individual-level data files recently made available by the North Atlantic Population Project.
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DUBERT, ISIDRO. "Trends and internal dynamics of illegitimacy in north-west Spain: rural Galicia, 1570–1899." Continuity and Change 33, no. 1 (May 2018): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841601800005x.
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AbstractGalicia is a region located in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula, where, historically, illegitimacy was often high compared with levels elsewhere in Europe. At the same time, Galicia's coastal and inland areas have always differed greatly in terms of farming structure, population growth, migration patterns, family types and inheritance systems. The aim of this article is to establish to what extent the trends in and levels of illegitimacy between 1570 and 1899 were influenced by these different historical contexts. It also offers an in-depth examination of unmarried mothers, showing that the trend towards bearing more than one illegitimate child rose over time. Ultimately, the article argues that illegitimacy is best studied at a local or regional level, rather than at the macro level that historians have often employed elsewhere in Europe.
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Kertzer, David I., and Dennis P. Hogan. "On the Move: Migration in an Italian Community, 1865–1921." Social Science History 9, no. 1 (1985): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200020289.
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Internal migration remains one of the most important issues in European social history. Our entire concept of community and of social life rests on certain assumptions about residential stability, yet these assumptions have only been inadequately tested for most historical periods and in most places. We now know that previously accepted characterizations of the stable peasant community are erroneous, for numerous studies have documented the great population flux in much of western Europe in preindustrial times (Schofield, 1970; Tilly, 1978). Yet, for the most part, our ideas about life in communities of the past tend to rest on an assumption of a bedrock of residential stability to which the limited population movement is anchored.
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Kulu, Hill, and Francesco C. Billari. "Migration to Urban and Rural Destinations in Post-Soviet Estonia: A Multilevel Event-History Analysis." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, no. 4 (April 2006): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37367.
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Researchers are divided on the trends and causes of internal migration in postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe. Theories run in opposite directions: some scholars argue that increasing similarities with Western market economies are explaining the migration processes, whereas others claim that specific developments during the postsocialist socioeconomic restructuring are playing a major role. In this paper we contribute to the existing discussion by providing an analysis of personal and contextual determinants of migration to urban and rural destinations in post-Soviet Estonia. We base our study on the data of the Estonian Labour Force Survey from 1995. Our research population consists of 8480 people aged 15 years to 68 years in early 1989. We analyze the intensity of urban-bound and rural-bound migration from January 1989 to December 1994, using the techniques of multilevel event-history analysis. We show that personal characteristics (age, marital status, employment status, education, and ethnicity) and contextual factors (unemployment level and the share of ethnic minorities) are both important in shaping the intensity of migration to urban and rural destinations in post-Soviet Estonia. Although the differences in migration behaviour by demographic characteristics in Estonia are in line with universalistic explanations, the regionally varying effect of socioeconomic status on migration is specific to developments in postsocialist countries, as a result of general economic hardship during the socioeconomic transition.
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Varani, Nicoletta, and Enrico Bernardini. "Migrants inside and outside Africa. Motivations, Paths and Routes." Geopolitical, Social Security and Freedom Journal 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gssfj-2018-0005.
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Abstract The phenomenon of migration has always existed during the history of man since the beginning of time, just think of the history of the diaspora of the Jewish people until the great migrations of the nineteenth century which involved several European peoples, including Italians, Germans, Poles, and non-Europeans, such as the Japanese, heading to North or South America. This article, using official sources provided by IOM, UNHCR and other accredited international statistical sources, aims to offer a critical reflection about the motivations, routes and paths of migrants outside and inside Africa, showing that only a small part of them reach Europe. In fact, the first attractive centre for internal migration is Côte d’Ivoire, one of the countries, together with Nigeria, which is the driving force behind the sparsely populated economy of West Africa, rich in agricultural raw materials (starting with cocoa and coffee). Finally, particular attention is given to the Italian case because is the geographical area most affected by the landings of migrants. In fact, hostility towards migrants in Italy at the end of last year was on the increase: one Italian in two said he considered immigrants a danger and was afraid of it.
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Buettner, Elizabeth. "Europeanising Migration in Multicultural Spain and Portugal During and After the Decolonisation Era." Itinerario 44, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115320000091.
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AbstractPost-1945 Spanish and Portuguese emigration and immigration histories encapsulate the Iberian region's long-standing interconnectedness with the wider world (particularly Latin America and Africa) and other parts of Europe alike. Portugal and Spain have both been part of multiple migration systems as important sending countries that ultimately experienced an international migration turnaround owing to their transition to democracy, decolonisation, and accession to a European Union in which internal freedom of movement counted among its core principles. With the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis and Europe's migration crisis of the 2010s serving as its vantage point, this article considers these topics as they intersect with issues that include nationality and citizenship, race and racism, and religion and Islamophobia in multicultural Spain and Portugal.
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Selten, Jean-Paul, Els van der Ven, and Fabian Termorshuizen. "Migration and psychosis: a meta-analysis of incidence studies." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719000035.
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AbstractBackgroundThe aims of this meta-analysis are (i) to estimate the pooled relative risk (RR) of developing non-affective psychotic disorder (NAPD) and affective psychotic disorder (APD) among migrants and their children; (ii) to adjust these results for socioeconomic status (SES); (iii) to examine the sources of heterogeneity that underlie the risk of NAPD.MethodsWe included population-based incidence studies that reported an age-adjusted RR with 95% confidence interval (CI) published 1 January 1977–12 October 2017 and used a random-effects model.ResultsWe retrieved studies performed in Europe (n = 43), Israel (n = 3), Canada (n = 2) and Australia (n = 1). The meta-analysis yielded a RR, adjusted for age and sex, of 2.13 (95% CI 1.99–2.27) for NAPD and 2.94 (95% CI 2.28–3.79) for APD. The RRs diminished, but persisted after adjustment for SES. With reference to NAPD: a personal or parental history of migration to Europe from countries outside Europe was associated with a higher RR (RR = 2.94, 95% CI 2.63–3.29) than migration within Europe (RR = 1.88, 95% 1.62–2.18). The corresponding RR was lower in Israel (RR = 1.22; 0.99–1.50) and Canada (RR = 1.21; 0.85–1.74). The RR was highest among individuals with a black skin colour (RR = 4.19, 95% CI 3.42–5.14). The evidence of a difference in risk between first and second generation was insufficient.ConclusionsPositive selection may explain the low risk in Canada, while the change from exclusion to inclusion may do the same in Israel. Given the high risks among migrants from developing countries in Europe, social exclusion may have a pathogenic role.
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Skleparis, Dimitris. "European Governments’ Responses to the ‘Refugee Crisis’." Southeastern Europe 41, no. 3 (November 14, 2017): 276–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-04103004.
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In the face of the ‘refugee crisis’, many European governments, even in traditionally liberal states, unilaterally introduced a number of restrictive and, often, controversial migration, asylum, and border control policies. The author argues that past legal-bureaucratic choices on migration and asylum policies, ongoing developments in international relations at that time, the structural and perceived capacity of receiving states to cope with the refugee influx, and long-standing migration-related security concerns influenced the responses of many European governments amid the mass population movement. However, the author also suggests that the surfacing of particular policies across Europe was related to the newly elected Greek government’s attempted U-turn from similar repressive and controversial policies during that time. In this regard, the author maintains that repressive and controversial migration, asylum, and border control policies cannot simply be abolished within the context of the eu common market and interdependence of eu internal and external controls.
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Arsentyeva, Galina L. "The Development of "Immigration to Europe" Topic in the Time History of Speech Pattern Changes on the TV News." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 6, no. 5 (November 28, 2017): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i5.1289.
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<p>The migration subject from the countries of North Africa and the Middle East to Europe was one of the main subjects of 2015-2016 on the Russian television, in particular, in information programs. In the real research we also explore the period from May 15 to May 22, 2017 with the purpose of tracking the appeal of journalists to this subject a year later after its active lighting in world media. At the same time the analysis of speech dynamics changes in texts of information programs on the basis of which conclusions on this research were drawn became a main objective. Let us note that several scientific approaches to a research of the television speech are known: lingual-and-stylistic, social-and-linguistic, psycho-linguistic, culturological, structural, system, functional approaches. In literature are in this regard described also effect of priming and cultivation. Besides, the new information era and a variety of information sources led to information overload which became a studying subject for representatives of cognitive sciences. Language and stylistic features of the television speech on an immigration subject in the real research are considered as a telespeech implementer in communication aspect. The research of its internal linguistic component, including phonetic implementers, became a basis of their studying. Results of the research conducted on the basis of the Kazan Federal University are given in the article. The author shows two-year speech dynamics changes in plots of information releases of the central TV channels with the universal programming strategy concerning a subject of mass migration to Europe. </p>
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Pereskokov, M. L. "COMPLEXES OF THE 3d CENTURY OF THE GLYADENOVO CULTURE OF THE PERM KAMA REGION (PROBLEM OF INTEGRATION INTO THE SYSTEM OF COMMUNICATIONS OFEASTERN EUROPE)." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 1 (56) (2022): 48–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2022-1-48-71.
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The author considers the problem of the contacts the population of the middle Kama made with the Sarmatians of Southern Ural on the basis of an analysis оf such items as belt sets, and some items of horse equipment and weap-onsfrom thefinds of graves of early part of Mokino cemetery in the Kama area (Perm region, Russia). The complex-es belong to the3dcenturyAD. The finds are investigated consideringthe background of numerous analogies from Kama area cultures and Sarmatian complexes. From this time,the said links substantially define the shape of some parts of material culture of population from the Kama area. The complexes of the early part of the Mokino burial groundand their historical and cultural contextsillustrate the complex socio-economic processes that took place in the region at the late stage of the Glyadenovo culture. During this period, migration processes (both internal local migrations and external ones) were active, associated with changes in climatic conditions and the events of the be-ginning of the Great Migration of Peoplesepoch. The pattern of the inventory sets in the burials of the Mokino burial ground helps to suggestthat they arrived in the Kama region in assembled form, in a place with their bearers, and were not form trade import. The appearance of such complexes may be associated with the penetration of small groups of steppe population into the Kama region,which, once in the region, integrated into local communities and took a dominant role in them. New economic ties were built characterized by the full inclusion of the territory of the Kama region intothe system of trade relations in Eastern Europe. Mastering the brass smelting of local population becamea new level of the development of non-ferrous metallurgy in the region
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Parkhomenko, Natalia. "MIGRATION PROCESSES AND NATIONAL ELITES." Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, no. 22 (2017): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2017.22.7.
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In the conditions of globalization, the intensification of relations between different States is taking place; the formation of a common market of capital, technologies and goods is formed. In this merged market there is a segment of the labor market, in which intellectual migration plays an extremely important role. At the present phase, migration processes attract more and more attention of scientists in all leading countries of the world. A special place takes intellectual migration. Human bieng, the human factor, especially their intellect, the educational potential has become a real capital. And migration itself forms the bulk of this capital. Migration is becoming more and more differentiated in terms of educational, qualification and professional characteristics, constantly involving new categories and groups of people in the staffing exchange. From ancient times, intellectual migration has been characterized by the constant movement of scientific staff between universities, which, obviously, determined the growth of prestige and the scientific, educational level of a university. Even in the history of Ukraine we can mention Yury Drohobych (Kotermak), professor and rector of the University of Bologna, professor of the Jagiellonian University, Mykhailo Drahomanov, professor at the Higher School in Sofia (now - Sofia University), etc. The present dictates similar needs in intelligence, which is addressed by promising scientists in the search for self-realization. Disproportionately smaller is the "flow" of scientific personnel to Ukraine. But such examples also take place. James Mace, a well-known historian, political scientist, researcher of the Holodomor, moved to Ukraine for scientific research and linked his scientific and livelihood with our country. In Ukraine, such migration processes are characterized by dynamism, diversity and a set of causes, not only of internal scientific, but also socio-economic nature. Over the past decades, part of the scientists who were unable to adapt to the new socio-economic conditions of post-Soviet Ukraine and could not "stay in science" by migrating to other areas of human activity, for example, in business or migrating to other countries. This, in turn, led to an imbalance in the scientific and educational spheres, and created new challenges and threats to the national educational and scientific sector, which affected the level of technical and technological development of Ukraine. The main goals of this paper is to determine the specifics of migration processes in the intellectual sphere, to identify their causes and social mechanisms, to analyze general and special factors of intellectual migration, to identify trends in intellectual migration and to create the appropriate conditions for the development of intellectual potential of Ukraine. Modern international intellectual migration is made up of two parts: highly qualified specialists who migrate from one developed country to another (mainly within Europe) and from specialists from Asia, Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe. Developing countries (this group can be safely attributed to Ukraine), as a result of the "outflow of intelligence" are experiencing great complications due to the lack of high-skilled and secondary education. That is why the "outflow of intelligence" is seen as the migration of highly skilled and talented specialists from poor and / or isolated countries to industrial centers. This process is permanent, and is steadily gaining momentum, increasing the flows of highly skilled migrants to the European Union States, and especially the United States of America.
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Sanna, Antonietta. "Matei Vișniec : l’expérience de la limite." Caietele Echinox 39 (December 1, 2020): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/cechinox.2020.39.18.
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"The theme of the border intended as limes, as separation and union in difference, makes Matei Vișniec’s theatre a nostalgic voice of the great Theatre of History. This pro- European playwright invites us to reconsider the Europe of globalized capitalism, with its migrations and eradications. He warns us that we can cross a border and remain on the margins of society, victims of an internal border."
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Pelloni, Gabriella. "An Old/New Vision of Europe. National Responsibility and Cultural Otherness in Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s Play Perikizi." Journal of Frontier Studies 6, no. 2 (June 24, 2021): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v6i2.299.
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Emine Sevgi Özdamar’s play Perikizi (2010) is a particularly significant migration story because of its shrewd exploration of European integration, specifically in Germany. The protagonist is a girl who undertakes an adventurous journey from Turkey to Europe in order to realize her dream of becoming an actress. The play thus delves into the problem of integration in Europe from both the internal and external perspective of a young woman from a country whose culture and history are deeply intertwined with Europe’s, but are exotic enough to represent the cultural ‘other’ in the eyes of every European. I focus on an issue that is a golden thread throughout the play: the connection between genocide, nationalism and xenophobia, a thematic complex told from the perspective of a character who discovers the chance for change on her journey from East to West. I demonstrate that Perikizi’s journey highlights some structural parallels between East and West with respect to these issues. The play opens up a space in which national responsibility and the relationship with cultural otherness are problematized through different aesthetic strategies. At the end, it depicts a vision of Europe that is an alternative to a past, and a present, of nationalist and racist crimes.
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Bonnell, Andrew G. "Transnational Socialists? German Social Democrats in Australia before 1914." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000284.
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Emigration from the German states was a mass phenomenon in the “long” nineteenth century. Much of this migration was of course labour migration, and German workers were very much on the move during the nineteenth century: in addition to the traditional Wanderschaft (travels) of journeymen, the century saw increasing internal migration within and between German-speaking lands, migration from rural areas to cities, and the participation of working people in emigration to destinations outside Europe. Over five million Germans left the German states from 1820 to 1914, with a large majority choosing the United States as their destination, especially in the earliest waves of migration. By comparison with the mass migration to North America, the flow of German migrants to the British colonies in Australia (which federated to form a single Commonwealth in 1901) was a relative trickle, but the numbers were still significant in the Australian context, with Germans counted as the second-largest national group among European settlers after the “British-born” (which included the Irish) in the nineteenth century, albeit a long way behind the British. After the influx of Old Lutheran religious dissidents from Prussia to South Australia in the late 1830s, there was a wave of German emigrants in the 1840s and 1850s, driven by the “push” factor of agrarian and economic crisis in the German states in the 1840s followed by the attraction of the Australian gold rushes and other opportunities, such as land-ownership incentives. While the majority of German settlers were economic migrants, this latter period also saw the arrival in the Australian colonies of a few “Forty-Eighters,” radicals and liberals who had been active in the political upheavals of 1848–9, some of whom became active in politics and the press in Australia. The 1891 census counted over 45,000 German-born residents in the Australian colonies.
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Van Sluis, Paulus. "Beekeeping in Celtic and Indo-European." Studia Celtica 56, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.16922/sc.56.1.
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This article reconstructs where, when and how Celtic speakers adopted beekeeping on the basis of the Celtic apicultural vocabulary. Following a short introduction giving the archaeological and historical background of beekeeping, it is argued that Celtic inherited a lexicon for bee produce from Proto-Indo-European (PIE), but not for bees or beehives. The various external sources and internal derivations for the remaining words in the apicultural lexicon are then employed to reconstruct in what periods and from what sources Celtic speakers adopted beekeeping. This reconstruction demonstrates that bee domestication by IE speakers post-dates PIE. A European lexicon can be reconstructed for bees, drones and hollow beehives, implying that sylvestrian beekeeping was adopted by IE speakers soon after their migration into Europe. A Proto-Celtic (PC) layer relating to swarming suggests that PC speakers achieved more intimate knowledge of beekeeping, while words for beehives are of even later date, suggesting continued innovation in hive-building techniques after the break-up of Celtic.
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Babou, Cheikh A. "A West African Sufi Master on the Global Stage: Cheikh Abdoulaye Dièye and the Khidmatul Khadim International Sufi School in France and the United States." African Diaspora 4, no. 1 (2011): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254611x566099.
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Abstract The recent wave of West African Muslim migration to the West started after the Great War and gained momentum in the 1960s. Sub-Saharan Africans have been particularly successful in finding a niche in Europe and North America partly because of the connection between immigrants and centers of Islamic spirituality and knowledge in Africa provided by a dynamic leadership that straddles the three continents. Based on extensive interviews in the United States and in France and on the examination of Murid internal sources and scholarly secondary literature, this article investigates the efforts of the late Sufi sheikh, Abdoulaye Dièye, to expand the Muridiyya Muslim tariqa in France and North America. I am particularly interested in examining the foundations of Dièye’s appeal, his struggle to earn legitimacy and relevance on the global stage, and the response of diverse constituencies to his calling. I contend that the attraction of Dièye’s teachings to Europeans, Americans, and Africans in the diaspora, is rooted in his dual cultural outlook as a Western educated and traditionally trained Murid.
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Kardis, Kamil, Michal Valčo, Katarina Valčova, and Gabriel Pal'a. "The Threat of Religious Fundamentalism and the European Immigration Crisis." Bogoslovska smotra 91, no. 5 (2022): 1161–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.53745/bs.91.5.11.
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A significant part of the crisis of our contemporary European societies can be attributed to misplaced and abused religious zeal in various forms of religious fundamentalism, both domestically grown as well as imported and shared by the immigrants to Europe from third-world countries. To deal with this complex phenomenon in the European environment, it is necessary to conceive the analysis of the presented issue into a sociological scheme based on three premises: (1) diagnosis of migration processes in the context of growing population movements in Europe, (2) identification of determinants and factors that cause these movements, as well as (3) a proposal to solve the current situation in the spirit of social teaching of the Roman Catholic Church. Our paper is an attempt to interpret and compare the opinions of selected experts on this sensitive issue and, with the help of their opinions, to present some guiding ideas on the path to possible solutions to the current situation. We begin by describing the ideological deconstruction of the moral and cultural world as evidenced in the postmodern society, accompanied by processes of subjectivization and individualization, which acquired a societal context in Europe and North America in the 1960s. We then turn to exploring the context of religious change (from a theological-sociological perspective). The religiosity of postmodern man becomes a mixture of various correct, albeit often contradictory, discontinuous elements , involving a small dose of love for one's neighbor, often taking the form of friendly affection and showing emotions towards animals and the external environment, ideologically correct psychology as well as parapsychology, supplemented by esoteric, occult and astrological notions, while staying open to the possibility for Eastern philosophies and the sects. Islamic fundamentalism is seen as a reaction to this religious-cultural context that is perceived (by conservative Muslims and Christians alike) as hostile to traditional values, ideas about the world, and ideals. The context of contemporary Islam’s influence on the European religious landscape and culture is scrutinized in the next section of our paper. In Europe, the number of Christians will fall from 74.5% to 65.2% between 2010 and 2050, while the number of non-believers (nones) will increase from 18.8% to 23.3%, and the number of Muslims will also almost double from 5.9% to 10.2%. The growth of Muslims in Europe will be affected by both birth rates and migration. A part of our critical analysis points to the self-destructive tendencies of some European elites and cultural influencers/policy makers. After outlining some forecasts and developments, and offering initial critical views on the transpiring phenomena, we move on to delineating possible solutions to this situation. Due to the complexity of the problem, there is no ready-made, simple way to handle this situation. While immigrants have always played in important role in the European history, a growing number of political scientists talk in particular about the internal protection of Europe, that is, the inevitability of protecting its constitutive, fundamental values and rights. If Europe is not to lose its face and cultural/moral fiber, it is important to uphold its constitutive values. This will not be possible without an intentional struggle to reinvent its moral and spiritual heritage with every new generation without forfeiting the fundamentals upon which our culture and civilization has been built. The concluding section of our paper focuses on the Catholic Church's position on this issue and its recent proposals for resolving the migration crisis. The Church’s teaching that state officials and others who profess Christianity but reject refugees are hypocrites because Jesus would accept these people should be balanced by a critical call to be aware that our obligation to love and care for our neighbor extends not only to the immigrants and their families but also to the families and individuals of the European host countries. Our fear of Islamization of Christian Europe may be an indication that we Europeans have very little confidence in our own faith. Accordingly, we will not be able to preserve the Christian faith by living it secluded in our churches, but by presenting our Christian spirit - by accepting these refugees and by helping them in their concrete circumstances, and by engaging them (as well as our secular counterparts) publicly with due respect in an open-ended discourse of metanarratives.
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Barwiński, Marek. "Geographical, Historical and Political Conditions of Ongoing and Potential Ethnic Conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe." European Spatial Research and Policy 26, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.26.1.08.
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For centuries Central and Eastern Europe has been the scene of frequent changes of borders and numerous ethnic conflicts. Contemporary ethnic diversity of this region is much smaller, however, the growing nationalisms of the various societies, mutual mistrust, and the temptation of politicians to use ethnic issues in the regional geopolitical competition pose a real threat to the stability and peace in Central and Eastern Europe. The dynamic political, legal, social and economic changes which have been taking place in this part of Europe for three decades now, which overlay its clear civilization division into the Latin and the Byzantine parts and are intensified by historical animosities, must have had an impact on the situation and the perception of minorities. In contrast to Western Europe, the contemporary ethnic diversity of Central and Eastern Europe is primary the consequence of various, often centuries-old historical processes (settlement actions, voluntary and forced migrations, border changes, the political and economic expansion of particular countries), and in the ethnic structure especially dominate the indigenous groups, migrants, particularly from the outside of the European cultural circle, are of marginal importance. Moreover, national minorities are usually concentrated in the border regions of countries, often in close proximity to their home countries, becoming – often against their will – element of the internal and foreign policies of neighbouring countries.
The main aims of the article are to explain the threats to peace arising from the attempts to use minorities in inter-state relations and regional geopolitics as well as engaging minority groups into ethnic and political conflicts (autonomy of regions, secession attempts) and still the very large role of history (especially negative, tragic events) in the shaping of contemporary interethnic relations in Central and Eastern Europe.
However, the varied ethnic structure typical for this region does not have to be a conflict factor, on the contrary – it can become a permanent element of the identity and cultural heritage of each country.
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Mott, Robert J., Ian R. Walker, Samantha L. Palmer, and Martin Lavoie. "A late-glacial – Holocene palaeoecological record from Pye Lake on the eastern shore of Nova Scotia, CanadaGeological Survey of Canada Contribution 20080395." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 46, no. 9 (September 2009): 637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e09-034.
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Pollen and chironomid analyses and radiocarbon dating at Pye Lake on the eastern shore of Nova Scotia are used to outline the vegetation and climatic history of the area. The coast was deglaciated prior to ∼12 200 14C BP (14 300 cal BP), and herbaceous tundra vegetation invaded the area. Midge-inferred maximum summer surface-water temperatures in the lake ranged between 9 and 11 °C. Subsequent gradual warming to ∼18 °C by 10 800 14C BP (12 725 cal BP) favoured the migration of a variety of herbaceous and shrub taxa into the region. Rapid cooling to ∼10 °C saw vegetation revert to herbaceous tundra communities. This interval, related to the Younger Dryas cold interval of the North Atlantic and Europe, lasted until ∼10 000 14C BP (11 630 cal BP). The climate then warmed again to conditions similar to those that prevailed immediately before onset of Younger Dryas cooling. Further warming saw successive tree species migrate into the area until, by the mid-Holocene, the forests contained most of the taxa prevalent today. Since ∼3500 years ago, cooling of the climate has favoured conifer species over broad-leaved taxa. Agriculture and logging practices in the last 150 years have altered the forest composition, but pollen analysis of the most recent sediments cannot resolve these changes adequately.
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Belea, Simion. "Human Rights without Borders for Refugees and Asylum Seekers. Social and Jurisdictional Aspects." Journal for Ethics in Social Studies 5, no. 1 (September 2, 2022): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/jess/5.1/39.
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The refugee crisis generated by internal conflicts and civil wars from various areas consolidated unilateral interventions towards security, rather than developing a collective answer and providing immediate actions based on human rights to support vulnerable groups. A retrospection of the past decade events in the Arabic World, illustrates that during the years 2014 - 2021, the world witnessed the highest wave of refugees migrating from Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan and Iraq to Europe. By analysing this, we can argue that concerns regarding security policies led to a significant increase in the number of difficulties that refugees and asylum seekers encounter in obtaining international protection support. The 24th of February 2022 marks the beginning of the Russian invasion in Ukraine. It similarly marks the day when the twenty seven countries – members of the EU allowed the directive for temporary protection and support to the Ukrainian refugees, for the first time in the European Union history. This current study examines the collective efforts of the Intra – European relocations offering immediate support to those fleeing the war while respecting the fundamental international human rights.
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Tarricone, I., S. Mimmi, A. Paparelli, E. Rossi, E. Mori, S. Panigada, G. Carchia, et al. "First-episode psychosis at the West Bologna Community Mental Health Centre: results of an 8-year prospective study." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 11 (March 7, 2012): 2255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712000335.
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BackgroundResearch mostly conducted in the UK and northern Europe has established that there are high rates of first-episode psychosis (FEP) in large cities and immigrant populations; moreover, psychosis has been found to be associated with cannabis use and early trauma. The present study aimed to evaluate the incidence rate of FEP and the distribution of several risk factors (e.g. age, ethnicity, substance abuse) in Bologna, Italy.MethodThe Bologna FEP (BoFEP) study is an 8-year prospective study. All FEP patients, 18–64 years old, consecutively referred to the West Bologna Community Mental Health Centre (CMHC) from 2002 to 2009 were evaluated. Sociodemographic information, migration history and clinical data were collected through an ad-hoc schedule. Psychiatric diagnoses were recorded using the Schedule for Clinical Assessment of Neuropsychiatry (SCAN).ResultsThe overall incidence rate (IR) in the BoFEP study was 16.4 per 100 000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.9–18.9]. The incidence was higher in young people, men and migrants (MI).ConclusionsThe IR of FEP found by the Bologna study is lower than that found by other European studies. However, as in other studies, the incidence was higher in certain groups. This heterogeneity has implications for policy and mental health service development, and for understanding the aetiology of psychosis.
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Olbrycht, Paweł. "Immigrants in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and Its Public Security." Historia i Polityka, no. 36 (43) (June 1, 2021): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/hip.2021.017.
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The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is one of the smallest European countries – both in terms of area and population. As in the case of the so-called European micro-states (with less than 500,000 inhabitants – Luxembourg alone has slightly more), it is characterized by a high economic level, especially the living standards of its inhabitants.
As the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s statistical data show (official OECD website), the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is the wealthiest Member State of the European Union in terms of average annual income per capita (gross domestic product per capita). Due to this fact, foreigners-immigrants continuously come to this country by seeking better living conditions there. It was, therefore, reasonable to explore how this high proportion of immigrants in Luxembourg’s society influences the public security of that country. Luxembourg has one of the highest economic immigration rates in Europe, the number of its citizens is continually growing, and yet the crime rates are among the lowest in the world.
The article aims to explore the impact of the presence of many immigrants in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg on public security of that country. The article focuses on the main threat to public safety, i.e., crime – in the analysed case: the crime committed by foreigners-immigrants.
The main research problem took the form of the question: To what extent does the presence of a significant number of immigrants affect the public safety of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg? The main hypothesis took the form of the assumption that the presence of large numbers of immigrants does not have a significant adverse effect on the public safety of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.
The adopted research method was the analysis of statistical data using the technique of content analysis (desk research). World Bank statistics were used as the primary source of information, while articles from scientific journals and reports from Luxembourg public administration bodies as supplementary sources.
To deepen the exploration and understanding of the migration conditions of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the article presents its history as well as economic and social characteristics.
The research was carried out as part of the Research Project No. 146/WNB/65/DzS called: “The Migration Policy of the Republic of Poland as an Indicator of Its Internal Security”, carried out at Faculty of Security Studies of General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces (Wrocław, Poland).
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Гайнетдинова, Александра Борисовна, Татьяна Константиновна Демидова, and Елена Олеговна Тулупова. "THE HISTORY OF MUSLIM MIGRATION TO EUROPE." Bulletin of the Institute of Law of the Bashkir State University 4, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/vest-law-bsu-2021.11.9.
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At present, the issue of migration to the European Union is very acute, despite many attempts of the under question countries’ leaders to stabilize the situation. On the one hand, European Union authorities are unable to cope with a massive human flow, and on the other hand, local population’ discontent with Europe’s Islamization is mounting. It is obvious that the migrants who have arrived in European countries are reluctant to learn the native language, do not accept the culture, do not accept the rules of conduct in European society, and sometimes dictate their own conditions. It undoubtedly disturbs European society.
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Tyukaeva, Tatyana. "Migration from Maghreb: External and Internal Challenges for Europe." Contemporary Europe 103, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope320216170.
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The article explores the issue of Maghrebi migration to Europe in the context of potential external and internal challenges it poses to European states and societies. Special attention is given to the „push‟ factors that underpin emigration of Maghrebis. The results of research highlight that migration from Maghreb to Europe is persistent. The current military, political and socioeconomic dynamics in the region imply that the Maghrebi migration flow will increase in the future. The article concentrates on reasons for radicalization of some members of Maghrebi immigrant communities in Europe. The findings indicate that Arab or Muslim background of immigrants is not the root cause for radicalization. Despite the fact that some elements of the Islamic doctrine are exploited by Islamist organizations, they mostly resonate with youth of second-generation migrant communities giving them a certain „frame‟ and purpose for their protest. The main conclusion is that the most serious threat to the European security comes not from the large-scale influx of migrants, which will be continue, but marginalization of big parts of migrant communities, most and foremost born and raised in Europe, as they are the ones that tend to get radicalized in the first place.
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Rowe, Francisco, and Nikos Patias. "Mapping the spatial patterns of internal migration in Europe." Regional Studies, Regional Science 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2020.1811139.
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Terret, Thierry. "Introduction: Sport, Europe and Migration." International Journal of the History of Sport 25, no. 8 (June 3, 2008): 953–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360802106689.
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van de Kaa, Dirk J. "European migration at the end of history." European Review 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700000429.
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European countries are introducing increasing barriers to immigration. With the gradual abolition of border controls within Western Europe, a uniform agreement is needed such as outlined in the Schengen accord which makes full allowance for genuine refugees. The pressure to accept immigrants from Eastern Europe will be very strong.
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Jackson, James H., and Leslie Page Moch. "Migration and the Social History of Modern Europe." Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 22, no. 1 (January 1989): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01615440.1989.9956335.
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Bijos, Leila. "Forced migration and internally displaced persons: Latin America and Europe." Revista de Direito Econômico e Socioambiental 7, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/rev.dir.econ.socioambienta.07.002.ao05.
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The aim of this research is to analyze immigration and internal displacement focusing on human rights. The analysis will concentrate on conflict induced internal displacement, causes of internal displacement due to environment change, natural disasters, which are in mostof the cases interlinked with political conflicts, causing the forced movement of families .This is an empirical research which critically will examine the changing dynamics of forced displacement and the challenges faced by affected states and the international community.More specifically, it analyzes key developments in immigration policy and practice; it re-examines the contemporary scenario around durable solutions in a context of policy issues related to internally displaced persons and stateless population.
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Jackson, Darrell. "Europe and the Migrant Experience: Transforming Integration." Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 28, no. 1 (December 16, 2010): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265378810386416.
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The European Union is founded upon a commitment to the free movement of people across its internal borders. Internal EU migration and migration into the EU have meant that central to EU policy has been a discussion of integration. This paper discusses the integration of migrants with reference to the missio Dei and contextualisation, advancing the view that a sensitive and mutual policy of integration is appropriate in the light of biblical and missiological insights. Core to the missiological task remains the ongoing transformation of the experience of integration in light of these insights. Practical steps are outlined.
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Durugönül, Esma. "Turkish Return Migration from Europe." European Review 21, no. 3 (July 2013): 412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000379.
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Return migration has been one of the rather neglected aspects of migration until recently, although a considerable number of international migrants as well as inter-regional migrants return to their place of origin. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the 1990s, the interest for issues related to return migration has grown considerably. In the context of Turkish return migration there still is a lack of information about the motives for returning, the new social status, the levels of satisfaction and reintegration as well as the employment and income of emigrants who have returned home. This paper aims at shedding light on this neglected aspect of Turkish migration in the context of Europe as well as on the history of Turkey as a country of immigration.
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Blanchet, Karl. "Time to reconcile migration and health in Europe." Lancet Regional Health - Europe 21 (October 2022): 100500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100500.
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Bernard, Aude. "Levels and patterns of internal migration in Europe: A cohort perspective." Population Studies 71, no. 3 (September 2, 2017): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2017.1360932.
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Hochstadt, Steve, and Leslie Page Moch. "Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 25, no. 4 (1995): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205795.
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McCants, Anne. "Internal Migration in Friesland, 1750-1805." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22, no. 3 (1992): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204986.
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Zahra, Tara. "Migration, Mobility and the Making of a Global Europe." Contemporary European History 31, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777321000758.
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In 2017–18, the Chinese artist Ai Weiwei created a special installation addressing the refugee crisis in Prague. ‘Law of the Journey’ consisted of an enormous black inflatable raft, crowded with inflatable rubber people wearing lifejackets. Their human forms were clear, but they lacked faces. The raft hung from the ceiling at an angle, casting a dark shadow over a list of quotations from thinkers and writers, beginning and ending with two locals: Franz Kafka and Václav Havel. A few isolated rubber tubes floated on the concrete floor next to the raft, with rubber humans reaching out to be saved. The exhibit conveyed both the desperation of the migrants and the inadequacy of the response.
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Pohl, Walter. "Narratives of Origin and Migration in Early Medieval Europe." Medieval History Journal 21, no. 2 (July 24, 2018): 192–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971945818775460.
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This contribution concentrates on the origin narratives of the post-Roman peoples and kingdoms in Latin Europe between c. 500 and 1000, including some observations on the elaborate production of origin stories in the later Middle Ages. It thus addresses a period in which a durable multiplicity of polities with ethnic designations emerged in Europe and was anchored in the mental maps of (at least) the political elites through a set of foundational narratives. Most of these new peoples—Goths, Longobards, Franks, Anglo-Saxons and others—prided themselves in their distant origins, be it from Scandinavia or Troy. Their origin narratives are based on a common stock of mythical points of reference, developed in classical mythology and ethnography and complemented by other motifs and memories. Christianity transformed the frame but not necessarily the elements of the narrative. The wide-ranging comparison to other ethnic and tribal origin stories, as exemplified in this issue, sheds better light on the specificities of the Latin European tradition of ‘origines gentium’, the origins of peoples. The result is that we should look at these texts as essentially hybrid products of cultural encounters in which formerly subaltern peoples developed new identities as a ruling minority in former Roman provinces.
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Sarabiev, Aleksei. "TO THE ANALYSIS OF LABOR MIGRATION TO EUROPE." Eastern Analytics 13, no. 1 (2022) (2022): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2022-01-008-022.
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Labor migraton to European countries is analyzed through the prism of the region's demographic problems as well as of powerful immigraton wave that has generated contradictons between the EU's central migraton policy and the one pursued by separated European countries. On the example of historical documents from the Swiss Federal Archives in Bern, the author shows the contnuity of both the features of migraton trends and independent approaches to the development of internal migraton policy, in partcular by the Swiss authorites. As a fruitul element in the analysis of factors, immediate causes, consequences and the very labor actvity of non‑European immigrants, the author proposes to use variants of the deprivaton theory that have been tested for decades in many areas of socio‑psychological and economic research.
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Kupiszewski, Marek, Dušan Drbohlav, Philip Rees, and Helen Durham. "Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics - Czech Republic in the Context of European Trends." Geografie 104, no. 2 (1999): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie1999104020089.
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This paper is a shortened version of the publication "Czech Case Study: Internal Migration and Regional Population Dynamics in Europe" that originated as part of a comparative research carried out in ten European countries under the umbrella of the Council of Europe in between 1995 and 1998. It concentrates on analysis of internal migration movements (by Czech districts in 1984 and 1994/1995) and on the migratory behaviour by different age groups (in different life course stages). Furthermore, the paper is focused on the relationships between migration on one side and the following independent variables on the other side: urbanisation rate, population density, functional classification, and unemployment.
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Bell, Rudolph M., and Leslie Page Moch. "Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650." American Historical Review 99, no. 1 (February 1994): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2166217.
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Harvie, Christopher. "Book Review: Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe." European History Quarterly 30, no. 2 (April 2000): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569140003000204.
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BADE, KLAUS J. "Legal and illegal immigration into Europe: experiences and challenges." European Review 12, no. 3 (July 2004): 339–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798704000316.
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The end of the Cold War marked a major break for migration policies in Europe. Defensive projections and visions of migration came to the fore in a European Union whose integration and openness toward the internal border-free single market went hand-in-hand with joint isolation of a ‘Fortress Europe’ vis-à-vis undesirable and, especially illegal, in-migration from outside its borders. As long as a negative coalition against unwelcome immigration prevails instead of a European migration concept, Europe itself contributes to the illegalization of immigration and to the persistence of the enemy image of ‘illegal immigration’. Against a background of widespread and confused fears of migration pressure from outside Europe, three issues have to be promoted by clear political direction with long-term perspectives: (1) a further normalization in dealing with migration and integration; (2) the acceptance and understanding of the feasibility of these central issues of social life in an immigration country, but also (3) the pragmatic acceptance of the limits of migration control in view of the often underestimated autonomous dynamics of migration and integration processes. This combines perspectives of researching migration and integration as well as the shaping of policies.
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Honeyman, Katrina, and Leslie Page Moch. "Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe Since 1650." Economic History Review 47, no. 2 (May 1994): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598119.
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Hansen, Randall. "Migration to Europe since 1945: Its History and its Lessons." Political Quarterly 74, s1 (August 2003): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923x.2003.00579.x.
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Besenyő, János. "Western Sahara and Migration." Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2014.2.2.
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I have been studying the Western Sahara conflict nearly over 10 years, publishing various articles and giving several presentations. In order to begin to summarize the Western Saharan conflict, some arguments need a reference to Europe, for instance drugs, gun running and legal and illegal migration. In my article I shall examine arguments for the migration taking place in Western Sahara. Western Sahara is an organic part of the Maghreb region, where a considerable portion of African migrants depart to Western Europe. The antecedents of migration to Europe go back in history, since the population living here were in close contact with the early colonial powers, e.g. France and Spain, and with refugees from other African countries, who sought better living conditions (or indeed survival).
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Worrall, Janet E., P. C. Emmer, and Magnus Morner. "European Expansion and Migration: Essays on the Intercontinental Migration from Africa, Asia, and Europe." Hispanic American Historical Review 75, no. 3 (August 1995): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517284.
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Worrall, Janet E. "European Expansion and Migration: Essays on the Intercontinental Migration from Africa, Asia, and Europe." Hispanic American Historical Review 75, no. 3 (August 1, 1995): 506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-75.3.506.
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Cunningham, Bernadette. "Early modern Ireland and Europe." Irish Historical Studies 36, no. 144 (November 2009): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400005915.
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Many strands of the complex story of Irish migration to Europe in the early modern period are currently the focus of active research by historians both at home and abroad. The traditional emphasis on researching the Catholic Irish who travelled to Europe to further their education is now less pronounced, as researchers move beyond the archives of religious orders and academic institutions into the secular archives of France, Spain and other regions of western Europe. This changing trend is probably dictated more by economic and social considerations than by ideology.