Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Migration, Internal – Europe – History'
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Dimkpa, Princewill. "Africa-Europe Migration : A Qualitative Analysis of Nigerian Migration to Europe via the Libya-Mediterranean Route." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Afrikanska studier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-31322.
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This thesis examines the migration saga of Nigerians who follow the Libya-Mediterranean route to Europe and ended up in Sweden. With the use of Everret Lee’s Push and Pull theory as framework, this thesis provides a qualitative analysis of the reasons why Nigerian migrants choose to follow the Libya-Mediterranean route to Europe, how they ended up in Sweden, and why they choose to seek asylum in Sweden but not other countries in Europe. The study also discusses the Swedish migration and asylum policy in relation to Nigerian migrants. Through the use of interviews, first-hand information was obtained from four Nigerian migrants who had plied the Libya-Mediterranean route to Europe and agreed to participate in this study. The results of this study show that political instability, economic crisis, terrorism, insecurity, and stringent laws against homosexuality are all factors that could make some Nigerians migrate to Europe for a better life via the Libya-Mediterranean route.
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Holt, Brigitte M. "Biomechanical evidence of decreased mobility in upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988716.
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尹浩然 and Ho-yin Wan. "Population expansion, internal migration and social disturbances in eighteenth-century China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221828.
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Minoff, Elisa Martia Alvarez. "Free to Move? The Law and Politics of Internal Migration in Twentieth-Century America." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10957.
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The history of the United States in the mid-twentieth century is, in significant measure, a history of internal migration. Between 1930 and 1970, as national quota laws kept the nation's foreign-born population at record low levels, the attention of journalists, lawmakers, jurists, social workers, civil rights activists, and the broader public turned to internal migration. The rapid pace of urbanization and the industrialization of agriculture made internal migration a pressing national question and a flashpoint in American politics. Migration was implicated in many of the seminal events of the era: from the Dust Bowl Migration to the Second Great Migration, the New Deal to the Great Society, the Bonus Army to the Watts Riots. Historians have largely overlooked this period of intense interest in internal migration and they have entirely neglected its significance. This dissertation offers the first historical appraisal of the law and politics of internal migration in the mid-twentieth century. Drawing on a broad source base—including federal and state court casefiles, the records of Congress and presidential administrations, personal and organizational papers, and contemporary published accounts—it explains how the debates over migration took shape and what their long-term effects were for policy and polity. During this period, a community of migrant advocates recommended fundamental reforms to social welfare and labor market policies. These social workers, legislators, public welfare officials, social scientists, and lawyers often faced indifference and resistance from lawmakers and the general public. They were not able to accomplish all that they hoped. But they convinced Congress and the Supreme Court to reform central pillars of the welfare state and redefine citizenship. At the beginning of the period, migrants, like all Americans, were defined by law and custom as local citizens, and local laws determined whether they could receive benefits or even move from one place to the next. By the end of the period, migrant advocates had convinced policymakers that the federal government bore some responsibility for migrants and that migrants, as national citizens, were entitled to the same rights and privileges as long-time residents. The contemporary welfare state and conception of national citizenship emerged out of these debates over internal migration.History
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Henry, Kevin A. "Exploring population structure and migration with surnames : Quebec, 1621-1900." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85167.
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This research uses isonymy (same-surname) methods and models to examine the population structure and migratory history of Quebec, Canada. Through a case study using 1765 and 1881 census and marriage records from 1621-1900, I explore the accuracy of sources as well as develop, test and apply different statistical methods, and experiment with mapping techniques that reveal paths and patterns of French Canadian surnames. Each investigation explores and evaluates a particular method. I noted that multivariate methods, including cluster analysis, relevance networks, and correspondence analysis, not traditionally used in surname analysis offer reliable and informative results, and insights into the hierarchical structure of populations not easily gleaned from traditional surname methods. The spatial and temporal components of Quebec surname distributions revealed that groups of names which populate and distinguish certain regions were in place by 1800, and cross-river relatedness became less significant as the population expanded upstream away from the St. Lawrence River. I also found that surnames unique to certain regions remained strongly clustered until the mid-nineteenth century when urbanization and the settlement of new territory led to the fusion of name pools (diversification) in and around urban areas, while at the same time causing losses of names in some rural areas. The marriage records provided evidence, through their measure of random mating, that surnames within different regions in Quebec continually diversified throughout the nineteenth century. Overall, I found surnames to be an informative variable for inferring population relatedness and migratory paths. Because surnames are readily available in a number of sources researchers involved with historical migration research should find that the methods presented in this work will provide a time-saving technique which can overcome the restrictions of spatial and temporal scale an
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Johnson, Susan Allyn. "Industrial voyagers a case study of Appalachian migration to Akron, Ohio : 1900-1940 /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1140124259.
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Steidl, Annemarie, and Engelbert Stockhammer. "Coming and leaving. Internal mobility in late Imperial Austria." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/768/1/document.pdf.
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The paper investigates the determinants of internal migration within late imperial Austria. In contrast to the modernization paradigm which studies onedirectional migration flows from rural to urban areas, our approach highlights that spatial mobility consisted of movements in both directions. Using data on all districts of the Austrian part of the Hapsburg Monarchy, we find that in- and outmigration rates are positively correlated, and that the modernization paradigm in migration research is consistent with our results for net-migration rates, but inconsistent with those for out-migration. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Langlois, Lise. "Reproduction sociale à l'Île d'Orléans stratégies, transmission du patrimoine et migrations sous le régime français." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq21783.pdf.
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Day, Joseph. "Leaving home and migrating in nineteenth-century England and Wales : evidence from the 1881 census enumerators' books (CEBs)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283973.
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Nau, Jesse T. "An Internal Dilemma: Different Approaches to Handling Melancholia in Early Modern Spanish Religious Orders." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/37.
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This study argues that religious orders in early modern Spain developed informal sets of procedures to handle the consequences of melancholia in their communities. It also argues that three influential members of these orders, San Ignacio de Loyola of the Jesuits, and San Teresa de Avila and San Juan de la Cruz of the Discalced Carmelites, tailored these protocols according to their own private concerns and experience with the disease. The changing discourse surrounding melancholia and similar diseases during the early modern period, alongside the unique environmental concerns of these newly founded orders, created a need for new methods of dealing with the disruptions caused by melancholic members of the clergy. These solutions formed out of the immediate needs within each order, but ultimately defined the relationship between melancholic brothers and sisters and their communities.
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Sabancioglu, Musemma. "New Custom for the Old Village Interpreting History through Turkish Village Web-Sites." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_theses/48.
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It is estimated that there are 35.000 villages in Turkey, and a great number of them have their own unofficial web-sites created as a result of individual efforts. The individuals who prepare these web-sites try to connect with the world via the internet, and represent their past with limited information. Pages on these web-sites that are titled "our history" or "our short history" provide some unique historical, cultural, and anthropological information about the villager's life in rural area. This thesis examines amateur historians' methods of reinterpretation in the past, and as such explore Turkish local history from a new point of view.
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Paynter, Eleanor. "Witnessing Emergency: Testimonial Narratives of Precarious Migration to Italy." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1582996945730084.
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Torres, Andrea Meza. "The museumization of migration in Paris and Berlin." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät I, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17139.
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Die vorliegende Dissertation bietet eine Ethnographie über die Musealisierung der Migration in Paris und Berlin an. Die Autorin stellt fest, dass trotz klarer Unterschiede zwischen den beiden nationalen, politischen Landschaften, viele Differenzen verschwinden, wenn die Kolonialgeschichte berücksichtigt wird. Die Arbeit kombiniert Ethnographien und Theorien und zeigt auf, wie die Repräsentation der Migration an die Kolonial – und Imperialgeschichte gebunden ist. Dies bedeutet, dass ältere Repräsentationen der „Anderen” (wie “Eingeborenen/Primitiven“) immer noch präsent sind, und zwar als Teil der Repräsentationen von „Immigranten“. Aus dieser Perspektive werden Bilder von “Europa” und den “Anderen” neu konfiguriert. Die Arbeit zeigt weiterhin, dass in Frankreich und Deutschland die jeweiligen Repräsentationen der „Anderen/Immigranten“ sehr ähnlich sind, denn in beiden Ländern steht die Migrationsmusealisierung für eine selektive Integration von Diversität und Mobilität in den jeweiligen nationalen Gemeinschaften. Dennoch, und auch das zeigt die Arbeit, werden die Bilder des „nationalen/Eigenen“ in beiden Ländern unterschiedlich gestaltet. Aufgrund dessen emergieren zwei Felder: eine Europäische Zone (von EU-Mitgliedern) und eine Nichteuropäische Zone (von sog. „Immigranten“). Die Disertation analysiert das konfliktive Aufeinandertreffen der beiden Felder im Museum mit Hilfe des Konzepts der Kontaktzonen. Dieses Konzept ermöglicht eine ethnographische Annäherung an komplexe Diskussionen über Moderne, Gender, Rassismus, Nationalismus und Staatsbürgerschaft, welche immer in Debatten zum Thema Migration auftauchen. Darüber hinaus reflektiert die Arbeit den Impact dieser Konflikte auf das Europäische und nationale Kollektivgedächtnis aus einer Machtperspektive. Somit bietet sie eine Reflextion über Europäische und nationale Erinnerungslandschaften an und schlägt vor, dass diese aus verschiedenen formen kollektiver Gedächtnisse zusammengesetzt werden können.This dissertation is an ethnography about the field of the museumization of migration in Paris and Berlin. After having begun with a recognition of the visible differences between the national landscapes of France and Germany, the ethographer’s conclusion shifted into the opposite direction: the differences at the level of the “national” actually blur when colonial and imperial history are taken into account. Based on a combination of ethnographies and theory, this thesis shows how the representation of migration is historically connected with colonial history. This means that former representations of the “other” (the “indigenous” and the “primitive”) continue to exist today, but now attached to the figure of the “immigrant”. From this perspective, images of “Europe” and its “others” emerge anew in the present context. This thesis shows how, in both France and Germany, respective representations of the “others/immigrants” are very similar. In both countries, official representations of migration stand for how each nation selects and integrates diversity and mobility into the national narrative. On the other hand, images of the “national self” differ drastically between France and Germany. In this way, two distinctive fields emerge, namely: the European zone (made up of EU-nationals) and the non-European zone (made up of so called “immigrants”). In this thesis, the (conflicting) coming together of both fields at the museum is approached through the concept of the contact zone. This concept allows an ethnographic approach towards complex discussions about modernity, gender, racism, nationhood and citizenship – all of which emerge through the topic of migration. Finally, this thesis reflects on the impact of these conflicts on the making of “European” and “national” collective memories by looking at these debates from a power perspective and thus opening the path for the coexistence of collective memories in the public spaces of national and European landscapes.
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Bergman, Maria. "Constructing communities : The establishment and demographic development of sawmill communities in the Sundsvall district, 1850-1890." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-35518.
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This dissertation studies the establishment and demographic development of the sawmill communities that emerged in the Sundsvall district during the latter half of the 19th century. The intention is to highlight the importance of the sawmill communities and their resident populations by discussing community construction from a demographic perspective as well as socially and symbolically. Based on church registers, this is a longitudinal study that includes information from 31 individual sawmill communities. This study has shown that the establishment and demographic development of the sawmill communities was not an instant process that necessarily followed the construction of the sawmill industries. The prerequisites of the geographical locations and year of establishment influenced population development, but the speed and size of the settlements were individual to each mill site. More prosperous times for the industry during the 1870s resulted in that migration increased consequently leading to quickly populated communities and larger registered core populations in residence. Migration to the sawmill communities from within the parishes was infrequent and the geographical backgrounds revealed that an extremely small proportion of the populations had been born within the district, implying a migratory hesitation among locally born. The sawmill populations were male-dominated due to the large groups of temporary workers inhabiting the communities, although, adult males barely made up one-third of the registered populations. The largest demographic group was children aged 0-14 years. The strong presence of children and high proportions of married individuals suggests that the sawmill communities were family oriented communities, more so than non-sawmill areas. Long-time settled families had usually formed kinship networks with other residents. This dissertation concludes that while time was important for the development of the sawmill communities, so were the registered populations residing in these communities. Residency would have been key in claiming belonging to the sawmill communities and to be considered as a real sawmill worker. Residency, family and kin therefore contributed to the construction of community structures, geographically, socially and symbolically.
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Andersson, Erika. "Are You Staying? : A Study of In-movers to Northern Sweden and the Factors Influencing Migration and Duration of Stay." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137446.
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The distribution of the population has multiple implications on regional development and planning. In-migration is frequently seen as the only possible solution in order to rejuvenate the population and stimulate regional development in sparsely populated regions. A population increase results in greater tax revenues, meaning that local authorities can plan for their inhabitants and expenditures in a more sufficient way. In addition, certain professionals are needed in order to support essential local services such as schools and hospitals. Place marketing with the intention of attracting in-movers has become increasingly popular, especially for rural, sparsely populated Swedish municipalities. Still, the outcome from place marketing efforts are dubious and in addition, migration has a temporal aspect and individual migration propensity usually fluctuates over time. This begs the question – how long do in-movers stay? Is there potential for long lasting development in sparsely populated regions connected to in-movers or is it temporary? This study focuses on the duration of time until an in-mover re-migrates from Region 8 in northern Sweden and which socioeconomic and demographic factors that influences the out- migration. This is studied by applying an event history method with discrete-time logistic regressions. The study follows individuals in working age that moved to any of nine specified municipalities in Västerbotten and Norrbotten County, sometime between 2000 and 2011. Questions posed for the study is: i) On average, how long did people who moved to Region 8 between the years 2000-2011 stay in the region? ii) What are the socioeconomic and demographic factors that influence the out-migration from the region? iii) Do the influencing factors differ between women and men? The results show that the time perspective matters as the risk of moving out was highest in the initial years and that it declines with time. 30 % of the sampled in-movers had moved out again within the time of observation, and on average the in-movers stayed for nine years. The regression results indicated that the factors that had the greatest influence on the out- migration was unemployment, being between 20-26 years old, high education, having and unemployed partner, and having children below school age. Women had a slightly lower likelihood of moving out compared to men, and the most prominent influential factor to outmigration that varied between women and men was unemployment.
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Beiro, Douglas [UNESP]. "Territórios e memórias: narrativas de mulheres que migraram na segunda metade do século XX." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95626.
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beiro_d_me_rcla.pdf: 1649949 bytes, checksum: 055388fd360dc3c459e95424a3ebdda8 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente trabalho busca registrar narrativas de mulheres que experienciaram a migração interna no decorrer da segunda metade do século XX, período de grandes mudanças espaciais ocorridas na paisagem brasileira. A partir de memórias e experiências construímos narrativas, nas perspectivas da geografia humanística e cultural, para refletir as representações sobre o espaço vivido. Neste contexto, utilizamos a metodologia da História Oral não apenas para a construção de dados, mas também como subsídio para a reflexão sobre a construção de memórias de estratos pouco considerados no cenário social brasileiro. Tomamos a experiência feminina migrante como referência para o registro das representações de sujeitos que vivenciaram o processo de configuração de paisagens e territórios no período e espaço determinado. Cabe observar que esses sujeitos “pouco aparecem na documentação escrita” e que o período em estudo foi marcado por profundas mudanças sociais, econômicas e espaciais. Como essas mudanças se dão nas falas e imagens de mulheres que experienciaram o processo migratório? Que espaço é vivido e como as paisagens se apresentam nas representações dessas migrantes, sujeitos itinerantes em territórios migratórios?
This paper record narratives of women who experienced internal migration during the second half of the twentieth century, a period of major changes occurring in the landscape space Brazilian. The memories and experiences from building narratives, from the perspectives of humanistic and cultural geography, to reflect the representations on the area lived. In this context, we use the methodology of oral history not only for the construction of data, but also subsidy for the construction of reflection on the memories of little strata considered in the Brazilian social scene. We experience a female migrant with reference to the record of the representations of subjects who experienced the process of configuration of landscapes and territories over the period and a space. It should be noted that these individuals just appear on written documentation and that the period was marked by profound social changes, economic and spatial. As these changes occur in the discourse and images of women who experienced the migration process? Space that is lived and how the landscapes are presented in the representations of these migrants, subject traveling in territories migration?
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Roeder, Tobias Uwe. "Professional identity of army officers in Britain and the Habsburg Monarchy, 1740-1790." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277825.
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This thesis explores the existence and outlook of a European officer class in the mid- to later 18th century by studying the army officers of Britain and the Habsburg Monarchy from the War of the Austrian Succession to the eve of the French Revolutionary Wars. It illuminates the character of such an officer class of ‘Military Europe’ with its own cultural customs and practices. Furthermore, it details similarities, differences and peculiarities of both officer corps. This is achieved by analysing the social and national composition of both armies, with a focus here on the Habsburg Army due to the fact that it took in great numbers of foreigners and that the muster lists give an indication of how great the proportion of nobility was. A comparison with the British case shows striking similarities but also obvious differences. In a further step the ability of individuals for social advancement and national mobility is scrutinised on both sides. In this context, the state’s care for its officers and their social security is also taken into account. One possibility to acknowledge the officers’ service was to raise their status, either by ennoblement or through increasing the prestige of the uniform in court and society, its transformation into an ‘Ehrenkleid’ (garment of honour). As officers increasingly became servants to the state, rather than noble retainers and military enterprisers, they were also subject to professionalization efforts by the sovereigns. What becomes apparent, however, is that the officers did not only react to such measures but that at least a significant part of them actively worked on improving the service, thereby exhibiting a growing professionalism. In order to explore the coherence of the officer corps in those armies, with officers all following the same codes and accepting each other as equals, the thesis looks into core values (including honour, duty, courage and loyalty) binding them together and separating them from the enlisted men. The thesis will also offer a glimpse of their engagement with civilian society and culture as well as their role as ‘foot soldiers of Enlightenment’. On a European level, interaction between these officers proves their general acceptance of and respect for each other, while at the same time acting as state representatives in wartimes. Their interaction with non-European and non-state military forces and their leadership marks out the fluid boundaries of military Europe, but also exhibits the pervasiveness of European military culture.
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Orrù, Enrico. "Student mobility policies in the European Union : the case of the Master and Back programme : private returns, job matching and determinants of return migration." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/942/.
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Student mobility policies have become a high priority of the European Union since they are expected to result in private and social returns. However, at the same time these policies risk leading to unwanted geographical consequences, particularly brain drain from lagging to core regions, as formerly mobile students may not return on completion of their studies. Accordingly, this thesis focuses on both the private returns to student mobility and the determinants of return migration. It is important to note that, currently, the literature about the mobility of students is scarce and provides mixed evidence regarding both these issues. We contribute to the current academic debate in this field by doing a case study on the Master and Back programme, which was implemented since 2005 by the Italian lagging region of Sardinia. The programme is co-financed by the European Social Fund and consists of providing talented Sardinian students with generous scholarships to pursue Master's and Doctoral degrees in the world's best universities. Concerning the private returns to migration, we evaluate the impact of this scheme on the odds of employment and net monthly income of the recipients. Moreover, we assess whether the scheme has been able to improve their job matching. To perform this analysis we access unique administrative data on the recipients and a suitable control group, complemented by a purpose-designed web survey. In addition, we enquire into the determinants of return migration and the underlying decision-making process by using a mixed-methods approach, which is particularly well-suited for very complex phenomena like the one at hand.
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Beiro, Douglas. "Territórios e memórias : narrativas de mulheres que migraram na segunda metade do século XX /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95626.
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Orientador: João Pedro PezzatoBanca: Maria Rosa Rodrigues Martins de Camargo
Banca: Solange Terezinha de Lima Guimarães
Resumo: O presente trabalho busca registrar narrativas de mulheres que experienciaram a migração interna no decorrer da segunda metade do século XX, período de grandes mudanças espaciais ocorridas na paisagem brasileira. A partir de memórias e experiências construímos narrativas, nas perspectivas da geografia humanística e cultural, para refletir as representações sobre o espaço vivido. Neste contexto, utilizamos a metodologia da História Oral não apenas para a construção de dados, mas também como subsídio para a reflexão sobre a construção de memórias de estratos pouco considerados no cenário social brasileiro. Tomamos a experiência feminina migrante como referência para o registro das representações de sujeitos que vivenciaram o processo de configuração de paisagens e territórios no período e espaço determinado. Cabe observar que esses sujeitos "pouco aparecem na documentação escrita" e que o período em estudo foi marcado por profundas mudanças sociais, econômicas e espaciais. Como essas mudanças se dão nas falas e imagens de mulheres que experienciaram o processo migratório? Que espaço é vivido e como as paisagens se apresentam nas representações dessas migrantes, sujeitos itinerantes em territórios migratórios?
Abstract: This paper record narratives of women who experienced internal migration during the second half of the twentieth century, a period of major changes occurring in the landscape space Brazilian. The memories and experiences from building narratives, from the perspectives of humanistic and cultural geography, to reflect the representations on the area lived. In this context, we use the methodology of oral history not only for the construction of data, but also subsidy for the construction of reflection on the memories of little strata considered in the Brazilian social scene. We experience a female migrant with reference to the record of the representations of subjects who experienced the process of configuration of landscapes and territories over the period and a space. It should be noted that these individuals "just appear on written documentation" and that the period was marked by profound social changes, economic and spatial. As these changes occur in the discourse and images of women who experienced the migration process? Space that is lived and how the landscapes are presented in the representations of these migrants, subject traveling in territories migration?
Mestre
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Vidal, Torre Sergi. "Essays on residential trajectories and social ties in the stage of early adulthood." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7248.
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Aquesta tesi doctoral es composa de tres linies de recerca en que s'analitza de forma dinàmica l'associació entre mobilitat residencial / migracions i les relacions social que es troben en el lloc de residència. Les tres recerques s'enmarquen dins del marc teòric del Curs de Vida i es fa us de tècniques d'anàlisi Event-History per analitzar biografies residencials d'adults joves. En la primera recerca s'analitzen l'efecte de l'estructura de la familia extesa (aquella més enllà de la parella i els fills) en la probabilitat de fer un canvi residencial de llarga distancia (més de 50 km) a l'alemanya occidental. En la segona recerca s'analitzen entrades i sortides de la llar parental al Regne Unit. En la tercera recerca s'estudien multiples facetes de la proximitat de les xarxes socials en la propensió d'emigrar en diferents estadis del procés de pressa de decissió.This PhD thesis tackles from an empirical and quantitative perspective the influence of social ties on geographical mobility behavior and decision-making. The dissertation is composed of three lines of research all framed in Life Course theory and taking advantage of Event-History techniques to analyze individual residential biographies of young adults. The first essay deals about the influence of the extended family structure on the probability of long distance mobility (i.e. further than 50 km) in West Germany. The second essay analyses leaves and returns to the parental home in the UK. The third essay sheds light on the multifaceted effect of ties' proximity on migration propensity in the different stages of decision-making and behaviour.
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Link, Rogério Sávio. "Especialistas na migração : luteranos na Amazônia, o processo migratório e a formação do Sínodo da Amazônia 1967-1997." Faculdades EST, 2008. http://tede.est.edu.br/tede/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=79.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorIgreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil
Federação Luterana Mundial
A presente tese estuda o fenômeno migratório para a Amazônia a partir da migração de luteranos provenientes do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil e da atuação da Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil (IECLB). A área geográfica corresponde às fronteiras do Sínodo da Amazônia. O recorte temporal é delimitado pela migração dos primeiros luteranos para a região em 1967 e pela incorporação da região à estrutura eclesiástica em 1997. Neste ano, foi instituído o Sínodo da Amazônia. O estudo está subdividido em dois capítulos e é feito a partir da história social e cultural. No primeiro, aborda a iniciativa migratória com base em estudos sociológicos e antropológicos, buscando por causas e motivos da migração. Nesse primeiro capítulo, também é ressaltado o processo de encontro cultural com outros migrantes, com as populações caboclas que viviam na região e com a população indígena, uma vez que os migrantes luteranos entraram em competição com esses grupos pela posse do território. No segundo capítulo, a tese aborda a atuação da igreja para montar estruturas e acompanhar esses migrantes. A IECLB incentivou a migração e a permanência de luteranos na Amazônia. Criou e manteve projetos que atraíram e ajudaram os colonos a se fixarem. Esse trabalho visava favorecer os migrantes em geral e também a população cabocla. Durante este período a IECLB, também, começou a atuar junto aos povos indígenas da região. A idéia era atender a pessoa como um todo e todas as pessoas, como se dizia na época. Assim, nesse novo contexto, a igreja tentou ensaiar novos jeitos de ser igreja. A tese procura analisar esses diferentes jeitos e os atritos e conflitos que decorrem do embate entre eles.
This dissertation studies the migratory phenomenon to the Amazon area focusing on the migration of Lutherans coming from Southern and Southeastern Brazil and on the action of the Igreja Evangélica de Confissão Luterana no Brasil (IECLB) [The Evangelical Church of Lutheran Confession in Brazil]. The geographical area corresponds with the boundaries of the Amazonia Synod. The time frame limits are the migration of the first Lutherans to the region in 1967 and the incorporation of the region into the ecclesisatical structure in 1997. The Amazonia Synod was instituted in that year. The study is subdivided into two chapters and is based on social and cultural history. In the first, the migratory initiative is approached through sociological and anthropological studies, seeking the causes and motives for the migration. In this first chapter the process of the cultural encounter with other migrants, with the cabocla (mixed Black, Indian, European) populations who had colonized and lived in the region and with the indigenous population is also highlighted since the Lutheran migrants entered into competition with these groups for the possession of the land. In the second chapter, the dissertation talks of the action of the church in mounting structures and accompanying these migrants. The IECLB encouraged the migration and the permanence of the Lutherans in the Amazon area. It created and maintained projects that attracted and helped the settlers to stay on the land. The goal of this work was to favor the migrants in general and also the cabocla population. During this period the IECLB also began to work with the indigenous peoples of the region. The idea was to tend to the person as a whole and tend to all people as the saying went at the time. Thus, in this new context, the church practiced new ways of being a church. The dissertation seeks to analyze these different ways and the friction and conflicts that result from the clash between them.
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Tudela, Vázquez Enrique. "Marcharse lejos. Migraciones granadinas a Barcelona durante el primer franquismo (1940-1960)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668226.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tesis es un estudio de las migraciones granadinas a mediados del siglo XX, fundamentalmente acerca de sus causas y también sobre aspectos concretos de las múltiples formas de inserción espacial y laboral que desarrollaron los granadinos en la Barcelona de posguerra. Los ámbitos geográficos escogidos son principalmente numerosas localidades rurales granadinas, distribuidas por la práctica totalidad de la provincia y la ciudad de Barcelona, incluyendo diversas ciudades industriales de su área metropolitana. El período investigado comprende las dos primeras décadas de la dictadura franquista, 1940 y 1950, aunque incorpora en el primer capítulo una perspectiva histórica de mayor alcance.
El primer capítulo trata de situar el desarrollo económico de Granada previo a la guerra civil y el desarrollo del movimiento obrero granadino hasta el final de la contienda. Usamos para ello una perspectiva de largo alcance para comprender determinadas particularidades de la configuración histórica y social de la provincia de Granada. Mencionamos los antecedentes migratorios de la población granadina, para analizar el papel que este fenómeno desempeñó en las estrategias de las clases subalternas de la provincia. Finalmente analizamos el desarrollo del movimiento obrero en la provincia de Granada y su evolución, deteniéndonos particularmente en el periodo de la II República y la guerra civil.
El segundo capítulo se enmarca completamente dentro del período investigado y aborda el estudio de las causas del fenómeno migratorio en la posguerra. De ese modo, reconstruimos las diversas modalidades de la represión, vinculadas a la implantación de la dictadura franquista y su relación con la emigración de los trabajadores granadinos. Partiendo de la experiencia del retorno de los excombatientes republicanos, este capítulo trata de profundizar en el conocimiento de las múltiples fracturas intracomunitarias que ocasionó el resultado de la guerra civil.
Por su parte, el tercer capítulo también está destinado a analizar las causas de la emigración de la población rural granadina, en este caso a través de un análisis de la crisis del mundo agrícola y como afecto a la segmentada estructura social de la Granada rural. En este capítulo se abordan las consecuencias del fracaso de las propuestas industrializadoras en Granada. También analizamos de qué manera se vieron afectadas las economías domésticas del campesinado granadino, tanto en el caso de los jornaleros como en el de los labradores, por la implementación de las políticas agrarias del primer franquismo y los intereses de los grandes propietarios de tierra.
El cuarto capítulo relata la experiencia del viaje e inserción espacial de los inmigrantes granadinos en Barcelona. En este apartado se observan las dificultades que encontraron las granadinas y granadinos para la realización de su proyecto migratorio y cuáles fueron las pautas de asentamiento que llevaron a cabo. Abordamos también un análisis de los discursos contra la inmigración que surgieron en la década de 1940 y 1950 y como afectaron a la implementación de políticas represivas contra el hecho migratorio. Ante esto, observamos el despliegue de un amplio repertorio de estrategias por parte de los granadinos inmigrados para conseguir superar los límites impuestos por la administración, en el complicado contexto de la Barcelona de posguerra.
Por último, el quinto capítulo explora los mecanismos de inserción de las personas inmigradas en el mercado laboral barcelonés. En sus páginas describimos los mecanismos de inserción y principales ámbitos donde se ubicaron los trabajadores inmigrados y por qué motivos. También describimos de qué manera percibieron la reaparición de la conflictividad laboral en tierras catalanas y que reacciones tuvieron ante ello. Por último, observaremos los mecanismos que llevaron al surgimiento y transmisión de una cultura de la emigración hacia Barcelona entre la sociedad granadina.This thesis is a study of internal Spanish migration in the mid-twentieth century, focusing on the causes and also about specific aspects of the multiple forms of community integration and job placement that migrants developed in postwar Barcelona. The geographical areas chosen are mainly numerous rural towns in the Andalusian province of Granada, distributed throughout almost the entire province and the city of Barcelona, including various industrial cities in its metropolitan area. The period under investigation covers the first two decades of the Franco dictatorship, 1940 and 1950, although the first chapter incorporates a more far-reaching historical perspective. The first chapter analyses the economic development of Granada prior to the civil war and the development of the local labour movement until the end of the conflict. The second chapter deals with the study of the causes of migration in the post-war period. To this end, we reconstruct the various forms of repression linked to the establishment of the Franco dictatorship and the relationship between the repression and the emigration of Granada’s workers. The third chapter is intended to analyze the causes of the emigration of the rural population of Granada, in this case through an analysis of agricultural crises and its effect on the stratified society of rural Granada. The fourth chapter recounts the experiences of travel and integration of immigrants from Granada to Barcelona. This section points out the difficulties for relocation faced by immigrants from Granada and what they could expect in terms of finding a home. Finally, the fifth chapter explores the dynamics of labour market insertion for immigrants in Barcelona, analyzing the sector's opportunities and conditions as well as the pressures and motives underlying migrant labour insertion.
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Little, Andrew Ross. "British personnel in the Dutch navy, 1642-1697." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/67714.
Full textAbstract:
An international maritime labour market study, the thesis focuses on the Dutch naval labour market, analysing wartime Zeeland admiralty crews. The research is based primarily on unique naval pay sources. Analysis of crew compositions has not been made on this scale in the period before. The 1667 Dutch Medway Raid is the starting point, where a few British played a leading role – amongst many others reported on the Dutch side. Pepys and Marvell primarily blamed their joining the enemy on the lure of superior Dutch payment. The thesis asks how many British there were really, how they came to be in Dutch service, and whether this involvement occurred, as indicated, at other times too. Part One is thematic and explores the background mechanisms of the maritime environment in detail, determining causation. First, the two naval recruitment systems are compared and completely reassessed in the light of state intervention in the trade sphere. Two new sets of ‘control’ data – naval wages and foreign shipping – are amongst the incentives and routes determined. British expatriate communities are examined as conduits for the supply of naval labour and civilian support. British personnel are compared and contrasted with other foreigners, against the background of Anglo-Dutch interlinkage and political transition from neutrality through conflict to alliance. Part Two is chronological, covering four major wars in three chapters. Micro-case studies assembled from the scattered record streams enable analysis of the crews of particular officers and ships. Seamen were an occupation that made them a very little known group: the thesis examines the different career types of British personnel of many different ranks, shedding light on their everyday lives. The thesis shows that British personnel were an integral part of Dutch crews throughout the period, even when the two nations were fighting each other. The basic need of subsistence labour for employment took precedence over allegiance to nation/ideology, demonstrating limitations in state power and the continual interdependence forced on the maritime powers through the realities of the labour market.
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Gondek, Abby S. "Jewish Women’s Transracial Epistemological Networks: Representations of Black Women in the African Diaspora, 1930-1980." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3575.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation investigates how Jewish women social scientists relationally established their gendered-racialized subjectivities and theories about race-gender-sexuality-class through their portrayals of black women’s sexuality and family structures in the African Diaspora: the U.S., Brazil, South Africa, Swaziland, and the U.K. The central women in this study: Ellen Hellmann, Ruth Landes, Hilda Kuper, and Ruth Glass, were part of the same “political generation,” born in 1908-1912, coming of age when Jews of European descent experienced an ambivalent and conditional assimilation into whiteness, a form of internal colonization. I demonstrate how each woman’s familial origin point in Europe, parental class and political orientations, were important factors influencing her later personal/professional networks and social science theorizing about women of color. However, other important factors included the national racial context, the political affiliations of her partners, her marital status and her transracial fieldwork experiences. One of the main problems my work addresses is how the internal colonization process in differing nations within the Jewish diaspora differently affected and positioned Jewish social scientists from divergent class and political affiliations. Gendering Aamir Mufti’s primarily male-oriented argument, I demonstrate how Jewish internal divergences serve as an example that highlights the lack of uniformity within any “identity” group, and the ways that minority groups, like Jews, use measures of “abnormal” gender and sexuality, to create internal exiled minorities in order to try to assimilate into the majority colonizing culture. My dissertation addresses three problems within previous studies of Jewish social scientists by creating a gendered analysis of the history of Jews in social science, an analysis of Jewish subjectivity within histories of women (who were Jewish) in social science, and a critique of the either-or assumption that Jewishness necessarily equated with a “radical” anti-racist approach or a “colonizing” stance toward black communities. The data collection followed a mixed methods approach, incorporating archival research, ethnographic object analysis, site visits in Brazil and South Africa, consultations with library, archive and museum professionals, and interviews with scholars connected to the core women in the study.
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McBrayer, William Daniel. "Let There Be War: Competing Narratives and the Perpetuation of Violence in Georgia." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1230892552.
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Ehrhardt, David Willem Lodewijk. "Struggling to belong : nativism, identities, and urban social relations in Kano and Amsterdam." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a9e13e87-0688-4e7b-bcf4-4c05514e294d.
Full textAbstract:
The research problem of this thesis is to explore the effects of top-down, bureaucratic definitions of belonging and social identity on urban social relations. More specifically, the thesis analyses the ways in which the nativist categorisations of indigeneity in Kano and autochtonie in Amsterdam can help to understand the tensions between ethnic groups in these two cities. Methodologically, the study is designed as a least-similar, comparative exploration and uses mixed qualitative and quantitative methods in its case studies of Kano and Amsterdam. Theoretically, this study uses identity cleavages and identification as the mediators between policy categories and social relations. It combines social-psychological, historical, and institutional theories to link bureaucratic nativism to ethnic identities and, finally, to conflictual (or ‘destructive’) interethnic relations. The resulting theoretical argument of the thesis is that nativist policy categorisations are likely conducive to antagonism, avoidance, and conflict between groups defined as ‘natives’ and ‘settlers’. The central finding of the thesis is that both in Kano and in Amsterdam, indigeneity and autochtonie have entrenched a primordial and competitive (or ‘exclusionary’) notion of ethnic identities and have thus been conducive to interethnic antagonism, avoidance, and conflict. Introduced at a time of rapid immigration, social change, and persistent horizontal inequalities, the two top-down policy categories came to redefine urban belonging in Kano and Amsterdam. As a result, previously apolitical ethnic boundaries between ‘natives’ and ‘settlers’ became politicised, connected to exclusionary definitions of religion and class, and ranked on the basis of their claim to a primordial ‘native’ status - that is, their status as historical ‘first-comers’ in their place of residence. The categorisation and group positioning effects of nativism have, therefore, intensified the urban struggle to belong in Kano and Amsterdam. At the same time, however, the thesis underlines that ethnic conflict in Kano and Amsterdam is limited, partly because nativist forms of belonging are continuously challenged by, for example, inclusive multiculturalism in Kano and urban citizenship in Amsterdam.
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SCHOLZ, Luca. "The enclosure of movement : safe-conduct and the politics of mobility in the Holy Roman Empire." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/43279.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date: 13 September 2016Examining Board: Professor Jorge Flores, European University Institute; Professor Christophe Duhamelle, École des hautes études en sciences sociales; Professor Luca Molà, European University Institute; Professor Angelo Torre, Università del Piemonte Orientale.
"The Enclosure of Movement" explores the historical relationship between early modern state-building and the channelling of inter-polity mobility. Few historical settings offer a more illuminating prospect on this problem than the Holy Roman Empire, a variably integrated array of more than three-hundred quasi-sovereign polities between the Alps and the North Sea. The movements of goods and people through this fragmented political landscape engendered countless conflict-fraught encounters between travellers, local communities and the deputies of several hundred rulers. In the Old Reich, the politics of mobility were frequently framed in terms of 'safe-conduct', the quasi-sovereign right to escort travellers and to levy customs duties on passing goods and people. Based on manuscript, printed and visual sources from the late sixteenth to the early eighteenth centuries, collected in more than twenty archives, I survey interactions between state deputies, mobile populations and other stakeholders, reconstructing how passage and obstruction were negotiated at ground level. Detailed studies explore contentious processions, boundary disputes, techniques to channel mobility, self-serving orders of movement resting on ambiguous forms of protection, as well as seminal ideological debates around freedom of movement and its restriction. The study contributes to a better understanding of the politics of mobility in the Holy Roman Empire and broader accounts of state-building in at least three ways. First, I show that borders were not a privileged site for controlling inter-polity mobility, which challenges conventional conceptions and visualisation of pre-modern statehood. Second, I unearth debates around freedom of movement and its restriction that gave rise to concepts and arguments still in circulation today. Third, I propose a new way of historicizing the politics of mobility and offer a more complex, agency-oriented and open-ended account of how modern statehood gave rise to a contentious regime of movement.
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AHMAD, Ali Nobil. "Gender, "transnationalism" and illegality in migration : a comparative history of Pakistanis in Europe." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10415.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date: 18 January 2007Examining board: Prof. Laurence Fontaine (EUI and EHESS, Paris)-supervisor ; Prof. Pnina Werbner (Keele University)-external supervisor ; Prof. Philippe Fargues (American University in Cairo) ; Prof. Anne Phizacklea (University of Warwick)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
No abstract available
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Hardy, Andrew. "A history of migration to upland areas in 20th century Vietnam." Phd thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144722.
Full text
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BERGSTRÖM, Louise. "Borders and belonging : migration and the Swedish nation 1890-1914." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32111.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date: 13 January 2014Examining Board: Professor Sebastian Conrad, Freie Universität Berlin (Supervisor) Professor Lara Edgren, Lunds Universitet Professor Clare Midgley, Sheffield Hallam University Professor Dirk Moses, European University Institute.
This thesis studies the consequences of turn of the twentieth century migration on Swedish national developments. It pays particular attention to the introduction of a reform programme of internal colonisation and the consequences this had on different population groups. Arguing that the ideological origins of this internal colonisation can be found in Germany, the thesis explicitly links German colonisation attempts in the East with the corresponding Swedish colonisation in the North. By doing so it puts forward the argument that spaces in the Swedish North were cast in colonial terms and should be understood in relation to the colonial policies of the European Imperial states. Migration also led to a new understanding of Swedish identity which drew less on spatial contexts than on the idea of difference. By constructing a complex identification matrix which drew on categories of race, class and gender, Swedish observers could overcome geographical distance and create an imagined Swedish community that stretched around the globe. Dirt and domestic degeneracy were important tropes in this discourse, acting as connecting bridges between the categories. The timing of its introduction and the contents of this discourse of difference can be explained by a Swedish perception of being part of a white man's culture that was imagined on a global scale. European imperialisms and the resulting colonial trajectories were thus decisive also for Swedish developments. The focus of the thesis follows from the above as it explores the connections between migration, regimes of difference and nationalism in Sweden at the turn of the twentieth century.
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Kanne, Rande. "Phylogeographic patterns and migration history of Garry oak (Quercus garryana) in western North America." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/11034.
Full textAbstract:
Garry oak (Quercus garryana Douglas ex. Hook) is a white oak (Quercus sect. Quercus) with a geographic range extending from southwestern BC to south-central California. It is the only native white oak in BC and Washington, and is the northernmost species of the California Floristic Province-Pacific Northwest white oak clade. I used molecular methods to address the following questions: 1) What are the patterns of genetic variation within Garry oak? 2) How do these patterns vary geographically, and how did the spatial distribution of the gene lineages come to occupy its current geographical range? 3) Does Garry oak show evidence of genetic interaction with other white oak species in western North America? 4) Is there morphological or genetic evidence to support the three described varieties of Garry oak?
I obtained samples of Garry oak from 117 localities over its geographic range, as well as samples of two other California white oaks (Q. lobata and Q. douglasii) and a Rocky Mountain species (Q. gambelii). Analyses of DNA sequence data from four plastid DNA regions revealed 24 distinct molecular variants (haplotypes) in Garry oak. These show a strong south-to-north decrease in genetic diversity, consistent with post-glacial northward expansion. Haplotypes present in the northern part of the range provide evidence of two separate northward migrations, only one of which reached the northern range limit of Garry oak in BC. I found that Garry oak shared plastid DNA haplotypes with two other white oak species, indicating that it hybridizes with other oaks in the southern part of its range. The nuclear ribosomal ITS phylogeny showed poor resolution, but both cpDNA and nrDNA may indicate that Q. garryana is more closely related to the white oaks of central North America than was previously thought. My findings also suggest that the three currently recognized varieties of Garry oak (var. garryana, breweri and semota) are not well differentiated genetically, but show morphological variation at the regional level. This study shows the phylogeographic patterns within Q. garryana. In addition, it contributes to conservation efforts in Garry oak ecosystems by indicating regions of high genetic diversity in Garry oak, including genetically unique populations that may be especially worthy of preservation.Graduate
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FEYS, Torsten. "A business approach to transatlantic migration : the introduction of steam-shipping on the North Atlantic and its impact on the European Exodus 1840-1914." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/10407.
Full textAbstract:
Defence date: 13 May 2008Examining Board: Prof. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (EUI) - supervisor; Prof. Bartolomé Yun (EUI); Prof. Eric Vanhaute (Ghent University); Prof. Lewis Fischer (University of Newfoundland).
First made available online on 24 August 2018
Why, yet another study on the long 19th century European mass-migration movement to the US, when during the last decade migration historians have encouraged a shift away from the Atlanto-centrism and Modernization-centrism that has dominated the sub-discipline (Lucassen and Lucassen, 1996, 28-30; Hoerder, 2002, 10-18)? For many, the topic seems saturated, yet one particular and reoccurring question has not yet received a satisfying answer: how did the migrant trade evolve and influence the relocation of approximately thirty five million migrants across the Atlantic, of whom an ever increasing percentage returned and repeated the journey during the steamship era? More than half a century ago Maldwyn Jones, Frank Thistletwaite, and Rolf Engelsing drew attention to the fact that transatlantic migration was determined by trade routes (Jones, 1956, Engelsing, 1961; Thistletwaite, 1960). Migrants essentially became valuable cargo, on a shipping route made up of raw cotton, tobacco or timber from the New World; a route that had room to spare on the return leg of the journey. Rolf Engelsing in particular documented how the maritime business community reacted to this trade opportunity, by erecting inland networks, directing a continuous flow of human cargo to the port of Bremen during the sailship-era. Marianne Wokeck later stressed the Atlantic dimensions of these networks, by dating the origins of non-colonial mass migration movements to the 18th Century (Wokeck, 1999).
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"後漢至唐代疾疫流行及其影響: 以人口移動為中心的考察." Thesis, 1997. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6073761.
Full textAbstract:
范家偉.論文(博士)--香港中文大學歷史學部, 1997.
附參考文獻.
中英文摘要.
Available also through the Internet via Dissertations & theses @ Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
Fan Jiawei.
Lun wen (Bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue li shi xue bu, 1997.
Fu can kao wen xian.
Zhong Ying wen zhai yao.
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Hidalgo, Solís Priscilla. "Transmigrants from Spanish Speaking Latin America and the Instrumentalisation of Nostalgia: Symbolic Goods of Those Who Leave and Return." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-321537.
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This MA thesis presents the results of an investigation about the Hispanic Americans in Prague. Relying on a transnationalist theoretical approach, this research presents an empirical description about the existing ties between the transmigrants and their city of residence, analyzing the migration networks and the transnational practices that arise during the migratory experience. We wish to demonstrate the measure in which the transnational migration is going to foment the exchange of symbolic goods between the country of origin and the country of reception of the transmigrant, and how this exchange is often triggered by the feeling of nostalgia that is frequently associated with the transmigrants experience. To approach these problems in the thesis we focus on the portrait of the migration networks, and on various strategies adopted by migrants from Latin America. Thus we are able to discover the transnational practices of migrants, their integration strategies, and the tools which facilitate to keep the contact with their homeland, and native civilization/culture. The exchange of symbolic goods is one of the very important instruments. We discover them through the testimonies of the transmigrants, which constitute the frame of this investigation, and function as a window on the nature of the...
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Ginsburg, Carren. "Residential mobility in greater Johannesburg: patterns, associations and educational outcomes amongst children in the birth to twenty cohort." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/10842.
Full textAbstract:
The United Nations has projected that Africa’s urban population will expand from fourth
largest to becoming the second largest of the world’s regions by the year 2050. Patterns
of migration and urbanisation have therefore been highlighted as significant focus areas
for research and policy. Movement has the potential to result in improved living conditions
and well-being, but may also reinforce inequalities and conditions of vulnerability. These
consequences may pose particular risks in the case of children, and understanding the
patterns, drivers and outcomes associated with child mobility is therefore critical.
South Africa provides an important setting in which to explore child movements. The shift
within the country from politically controlled migration to movement based on choice has
resulted in high levels of mobility both to and within urban areas. Children have been
shown to participate in such movements either independently or in conjunction with
connected adults. However, there is currently little knowledge of the patterns and
consequences of child residential mobility in South Africa, particularly within the urban
environment. This PhD thesis attempts to address this research gap.
Data from Birth to Twenty, a cohort of South African urban children living in Greater
Johannesburg, was used to investigate three central research questions concerning
residential mobility of cohort children over a 14 year period. Specifically, the thesis aimed
to determine the frequencies and patterns of residential mobility observed over the first 14 years of the children’s lives, to examine the associations with mobility of children over a set of domains relating to the child, the child’s primary caregiver, and the child’s
household and to assess the relationships between residential and school mobility and a set of educational outcomes. Routine data collected over the course of the Birth to Twenty study was supplemented
with data from a Residential Move Questionnaire, administered to children’s primary
caregivers in order to validate and provide additional information concerning the children’s
residential movements over the time frame. The research objectives were achieved
through the use of cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis techniques applied to these
data. In particular, multilevel event-history analysis was used to model the children’s
residential movements over time.
Of the 3273 children enrolled into the cohort in 1990, two thirds of the children (64%) had
moved home at least once by the time they reached 15 years of age. Nonetheless, a third
of the children had never moved, indicating stability or a lack of opportunity for movement
amongst this urban child population. Mobility was found to be more likely amongst
children whose primary caregivers had no formal education and who lived in households
with fewer assets and less access to services, suggesting that residential movement
within this group of children was more common in the context of disadvantage. Extending
these findings to an exploration of children’s educational outcomes revealed some
unexpected results. The analyses provided evidence of a positive association between
changes in residence and numeracy and literacy scores, and school mobility was found to
be associated with grade repetition, however, a negligible relationship was found between
residential mobility and school progression.
In conclusion, mobility is associated with opportunities for some children in the cohort and
challenges or hardships for others. However, even in the instance of movement
connected to disadvantage, changes of residence did not prejudice children in terms of
the educational outcomes investigated. This is suggestive of children’s possible resilience
and adaptability in the face of change and highlights the potential for mobility to influence
children’s lives positively. The findings concerning the relationship between mobility and
child well-being run counter to trends observed in high-income countries and on that basis, the need for further research into dynamics associated with child mobility in other
low- and middle-income country settings is highlighted. There is justification for monitoring child mobility in South Africa; mobility trends provide a valuable indicator of children’s
living situations as well as the spatial and social changes occurring in the country more
broadly. Keywords: residential mobility; internal migration; urban children; South Africa; eventhistory
models; school progression; numeracy and literacy; school mobility
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Tyler, John. "A Pragmatic Standard of Legal Validity." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10885.
Full textAbstract:
American jurisprudence currently applies two incompatible validity standards to determine which laws are enforceable. The natural law tradition evaluates validity by an uncertain standard of divine law, and its methodology relies on contradictory views of human reason. Legal positivism, on the other hand, relies on a methodology that commits the analytic fallacy, separates law from its application, and produces an incomplete model of law.
These incompatible standards have created a schism in American jurisprudence that impairs the delivery of justice. This dissertation therefore formulates a new standard for legal validity. This new standard rejects the uncertainties and inconsistencies inherent in natural law theory. It also rejects the narrow linguistic methodology of legal positivism.
In their stead, this dissertation adopts a pragmatic methodology that develops a standard for legal validity based on actual legal experience. This approach focuses on the operations of law and its effects upon ongoing human activities, and it evaluates legal principles by applying the experimental method to the social consequences they produce. Because legal history provides a long record of past experimentation with legal principles, legal history is an essential feature of this method.
This new validity standard contains three principles. The principle of reason requires legal systems to respect every subject as a rational creature with a free will. The principle of reason also requires procedural due process to protect against the punishment of the innocent and the tyranny of the majority. Legal systems that respect their subjects' status as rational creatures with free wills permit their subjects to orient their own behavior. The principle of reason therefore requires substantive due process to ensure that laws provide dependable guideposts to individuals in orienting their behavior.
The principle of consent recognizes that the legitimacy of law derives from the consent of those subject to its power. Common law custom, the doctrine of stare decisis, and legislation sanctioned by the subjects' legitimate representatives all evidence consent.
The principle of autonomy establishes the authority of law. Laws must wield supremacy over political rulers, and political rulers must be subject to the same laws as other citizens. Political rulers may not arbitrarily alter the law to accord to their will.
Legal history demonstrates that, in the absence of a validity standard based on these principles, legal systems will not treat their subjects as ends in themselves. They will inevitably treat their subjects as mere means to other ends. Once laws do this, men have no rest from evil.