Dissertations / Theses: 'Migration camp'

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Burdyga, Alex. "Control of cAMP signalling in the cellular migration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/12081/.

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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterised by a very high mortality rate and is the 4th most common cause of cancer death (Siegel et al., 2012). The disease initially develops asymptomatically, and at the time of diagnosis patients usually have multiple metastases (Rhim et al., 2012). It would therefore be highly desirable to develop treatments which specifically impede the ability of PDAC cells to metastasise by interfering with the cellular processes responsible for efficient cellular migration. Intracellular signalling cascades, which utilise various signalling proteins, ultimately lead to the appropriate cell coordination and enable efficient cellular motility. One such signalling pathway that participates in the regulation of migration is controlled by the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (Howe, 2004). Several effectors of cAMP have been found which include protein kinase A (PKA) (Tasken & Aandahl, 2004), exchange factors activated by cAMP (EPAC) (Bos, 2006), and cyclic nucleotide-regulated cation channels (Biel, 2009). PKA has been intimately linked with several cellular processes which contribute towards cell motility. In most cases, the various specific effects of PKA signalling require selective targeting of the kinase into microdomains through interaction with A-kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) (Pidoux & Tasken, 2010). Other cAMP effectors such as EPAC have defined roles in controlling various aspects of migration, such as cellular adhesion to the extracellular matrix (Bos, 2005). The effect of modulating cAMP signalling on the rate of migration has been investigated in several cancer types. Interestingly the results obtained were rather varied; both inhibition and stimulation of migration was observed (Chen et al., 2008; Baljinnyam et al., 2009; Grandoch et al., 2009; Shaikh et al., 2012). However, the effect of cAMP, and its effectors, on the rate of migration has not been investigated in PDAC; this was the main aim of this study. Classical cAMP elevating agents such as forskolin and 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), as well as the cAMP analogue 8-Bromoadenosine 3’5’-cyclic monophosphate (8Br-cAMP), were found to inhibit migration of the PANC-1 cells. The role of cAMP signalling was further supported by the results of experiments utilising cAMP FRET sensors, which were imaged in live single cells. Further characterisation of cAMP effects in 4 other diverse PDAC cell lines yielded similar results, indicating that the mechanism of inhibition was common to all PDAC cell types tested. PANC-1 cell invasion was also inhibited by cAMP elevation. I went on to investigate events such as cell ruffling and focal adhesion assembly, which are processes closely associated with cellular motility. Dual transfection with a cAMP sensor and GFP tagged paxillin revealed a relationship between cAMP elevation and the loss of paxillin from focal adhesions, which was quickly reversible upon cAMP returning back to basal levels. Using a similar approach, peripheral cell ruffling was found to be inhibited by intracellular cAMP elevation. These results indicated that the inhibition of migration upon cAMP elevation was likely to occur as a result of immediate signalling events (and not due to cAMP-dependent changes in gene expression). The final part of the project concentrated on the individual contribution of the downstream effectors of cAMP, with particular emphasis on selective PKA and EPAC modulation. Utilising both PKA and EPAC sensors, I determined the appropriate concentrations of N6-benzoyl-cAMP (6Bnz) and 8-pCPT-2’OMe-cAMP (8pCPT) required to achieve selective PKA and EPAC activation respectively. Interestingly, I found that the two effectors had opposing actions; EPAC activation was found to induce migration, while PKA was found to suppress migration. Further investigation utilised a potent and selective PKA inhibitor peptide (PKI), which upon expression was found to prevent inhibition of ruffling, paxillin loss from focal adhesions, and inhibition of migration in response to cAMP elevation. Furthermore, it was found that suppression of basal PKA activity had a tendency to induce migration. I also utilised a cell permeable peptide (st-Ht31) which inhibits PKA interaction with AKAPs, thus effectively reducing its function by uncoupling the kinase from its specific signalling microdomains. The resulting effect was found to be a large potentiation of PANC-1 migration, which further highlighted the importance of PKA activity in the control of migration.

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McKean, Jenny Susan. "The role of the cAMP mediator Epac in vascular smooth muscle cell migration." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227109.

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Surgical intervention can result in endothelial denudation, driving growth factor-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration towards the intima, leading to luminal narrowing and restenosis. Clinically approved PGI₂ analogues, including beraprost, activate the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway to inhibit VSMC migration in vitro. This pathway is a potential therapeutic target, however the downstream proteins involved in the inhibitory effects of cAMP on migration remain unknown. The aims of this study were to determine the signalling pathways involved in inhibiting VSMC migration through cAMP downstream mediators, protein kinase A (PKA) and the more recently characterised exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), and delineate the mechanisms involved. In human saphenous vein VSMCs, Epac activation using an Epac analogue inhibited VSMC migration. Therapeutic concentrations of beraprost (1 nM) also resulted in an inhibition of VSMC migration. The use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) confirmed 1 nM beraprost activated Epac, but not PKA. Epac is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rap1 thus Rap1 siRNA was used to inhibit the Epac pathway. This blocked the inhibitory effects of beraprost on VSMC migration. Epac1 was localised to the leading edge of migrating VSMCs. Another G-protein, RhoA, was investigated since it is essential for cell migration and is involved in several processes including actin regulation. Epac signaling inhibited PDGF-induced RhoA activation and disassembled F-actin at the leading edge, where Epac1 was previously located. This indicates that beraprost activated the Epac pathway, which inhibited RhoA to decrease VSMC migration. The clinical relevance of this study has discovered the mechanisms of Epac's inhibitory action on VSMC migration and this pathway could be targeted therapeutically to reduce restenosis. In the future the potential use of beraprost on a drug eluting stent might be beneficial to prevent restenosis formation following surgical intervention.

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Chaulet, Maxime. "Rôle du cil primaire dans la migration des neuroblastes du courant de migration rostrale." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS191.

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L'objectif de ma thèse a été de mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous tendant le rôle du cil primaire (CP) dans la migration neuronale. Notre modèle d’étude est la migration dans le courant de migration rostrale (CMR) chez la souris post-natale et adulte. Les neurones du CMR présentent une migration saltatoire alternant pause et nucléokinèse avec un mouvement stéréotypé du centrosome. Dans une première étude, aux résultats encore préliminaires, nous avons comparé la migration entre la souris post-natale (P10) et jeune adulte (P30) par imagerie sur tranche aigüe de cerveau, ainsi que l'effet d'une ablation génétique du CP à ces deux âges. Nous observons que les migrations diffèrent entre les deux âges et que l'ablation génétique du CP affecte différentiellement les paramètres de migration. Dans une deuxième étude, bientôt soumise pour publication, nous avons analysé la dynamique de l’AMPc au cours de la migration postnatale. Nous avons observé la présence cyclique d’un hotspot d’AMPc au centrosome, sous le CP. Nous montrons que l’AMPc produit dans le cil diffuse au centrosome et active localement la Protéine Kinase A dépendante de l’AMPc (PKA). L’ablation génétique du CP et le knock-down de l’adénylate cyclase 3 ciliaire mènent à une disparition du hotspot. Ils affectent également la migration avec un défaut de couplage centrosome/noyau conduisant à une altération de la nucléokinèse, ce qui est récapitulé par la délocalisation génétique de la PKA. Nous montrons donc que le centrosome et le CP agissent comme une unité de signalisation unique liée par la diffusion de l'AMPc ciliaire, ce qui régule la rythmicité de la migration saltatoire au centrosome
The aim of my thesis was to better understand the mechanisms underlying the role of the primary cilium (PC) in neuronal migration. Our study model is the tangential migration in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) in the postnatal and adult mice. Neuroblasts of the CMR show a saltatory migration with pause and nucleokinesis and a stereotyped centrosome movement. In a first study with preliminary results, we compared the migration between postnatal (P10) and young adult (P30) stages by live imaging on acute brain slices, as well as the effect of genetic ablation of the PC at these two ages. We showed that migrations are different between these two stages and that genetic ablation of the PC impaired differentially migration parameters. In a second study, submitted for publication soon, we analysed cAMP dynamics during postnatal migration. We observed a dynamic cAMP hotspot cyclically at the centrosome, at the basis of the PC. We show that ciliary-produced cAMP diffuses to the centrosome, where it activates locally the cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA). Genetic ablation of the cilium and knock-down of the ciliary Adenylate Cyclase 3 lead to the hotspot disappearance. They also affect migration with defective centrosome/nucleus coupling leading to altered nucleokinesis, which is recapitulated by PKA genetic delocalization. We thus show that PC and centrosome act as a signalling unit, linked by ciliary cAMP diffusion regulating the rhythmicity of salutatory migration at the centrosome

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Scavello, Margarethakay, Alexandra R. Petlick, Ramya Ramesh, Valery F. Thompson, Pouya Lotfi, and Pascale G. Charest. "Protein kinase A regulates the Ras, Rap1 and TORC2 pathways in response to the chemoattractant cAMP in Dictyostelium." COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624638.

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Efficient directed migration requires tight regulation of chemoattractant signal transduction pathways in both space and time, but the mechanisms involved in such regulation are not well understood. Here, we investigated the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in controlling signaling of the chemoattractant cAMP in Dictyostelium discoideum. We found that cells lacking PKA display severe chemotaxis defects, including impaired directional sensing. Although PKA is an important regulator of developmental gene expression, including the cAMP receptor cAR1, our studies using exogenously expressed cAR1 in cells lacking PKA, cells lacking adenylyl cyclase A (ACA) and cells treated with the PKA-selective pharmacological inhibitor H89, suggest that PKA controls chemoattractant signal transduction, in part, through the regulation of RasG, Rap1 and TORC2. As these pathways control the ACA-mediated production of intracellular cAMP, they lie upstream of PKA in this chemoattractant signaling network. Consequently, we propose that the PKA-mediated regulation of the upstream RasG, Rap1 and TORC2 signaling pathways is part of a negative feedback mechanism controlling chemoattractant signal transduction during Dictyostelium chemotaxis.

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JACQMIN, ARIANNA. "LA RISPOSTA UMANITARIA AL FENOMENO MIGRATORIO. STUDIO ETNOGRAFICO DI UN CAMPO NEL NORD D'ITALIA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/607674.

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This research investigates the camp for migrants as a political-humanitarian device to face immigration. It is claimed that humanitarianism, a theoretical approach and a set of interventions to face the other’s suffering, has expanded its domain of action from war context to everyday political life, though without losing its nature: it is an immediate, temporary, and exceptional reaction to face an emergency. In this respect, Italian migration policies offer a fertile field of study, where humanitarianism proposes a way to manage and, at the same time, to understand (a certain kind of) immigration. In the local and actual context, as it used to happen in conflict times, the primary instrument of humanitarian intervention is the camp. It is a space of protection of real or assumed victims (of war or of forced migration) and, yet, of their limitation, not only from a geographical point of view. In this research, the literature on humanitarianism, its development, action and rhetoric, meets with theoretical and empirical studies on present migrant camps in Europe and in particular in Italy, dealing with them from a main socio-legal perspective, but considering them also in philosophical, anthropological, and geographical terms. Theoretical considerations over humanitarian reaction to migration find support in an ethnographic study the author conducted from November 2016 to October 2017 in a Red Cross migrant camp in the town of Como (North of Italy). Spaces within this camp are analysed through the concept of the “service”, i.e. the performance of rituals to assist migrants, which embodies the essence of humanitarianism. The observed place represents a model of migrant “humanitarian camp”, a conceptual tool to understand and criticize a growing number of alike spaces in Europe.

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Pranzatelli, Bridget. "The New Greek Tragedy: Discordance between Greece and the European Union in the Mediterranean Refugee Crisis." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1150.

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After the onset of the Syrian civil conflict, over one million refugees and asylum seekers landed on Greece’s shores, and were met with chaotic asylum processing, uncoordinated non-governmental organizations, and generally debilitating discordance among all actors responsible for service provisions. (UNHCR, n.d.) Despite a long history of an obligation to burden sharing, the European Union failed to implement cross-regional policies to support Greece. And despite building policies to expedite immigration processing, the SYRIZA-led government in Greece failed to implement substantive improvement to the migratory pathway. Finally, this mismanagement is fatal, and has resulted in migrant isolation, entrapment, and in the worse cases, death. This research seeks to identify the causes of the persistence of this painful mismanagement of the humanitarian crisis, especially within camps, in Greece. To answer this question, this research will look at two common explanations for the mismanagement of camps: those that blame the Greek federal government and those that blame the European Union. Ultimately, however, this research will argue that it is the relationship between both the Greek state and the EU, marked by tension and discordance, which makes the problem of mismanagement of the crisis so persistent.

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Dieskau, Johanna. "Struggling over Rights of Romani EU Migrants - An Inquiry into Biopower in the Case of the Eviction of the Sorgenfri Camp in Malmö, Sweden." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21453.

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In 2015, local authorities in Malmö, Sweden, evicted an informal settlement, the Sorgenfri Camp, in which mostly Romani EU migrants were living. No housing alternatives were offered. Critics saw this as a human rights violation, but the municipality found that the people were not entitled to the rights in question. This thesis explores these different rights discourses by tracing their underlying power relations through a Foucauldian discourse analysis. Foucault’s understanding of biopower, rights, and subjectivity is applied. The findings suggest that the municipality saw the camp residents as not entitled to housing rights because they were seen as occupants threatening private property and foreign EU citizens burdening the local welfare system, while critics resisted such rights denial by highlighting the persons’ humanity and vulnerability as Roma people. All actors where thus concerned with the biopolitical responsibility of the municipality to protect the life of the population, but saw this realized either through denying or granting rights to the camp residents, depending on what kinds of subjects they were seen as. This study exemplifies the power struggle through which people’s entitlements to rights are constantly produced, reproduced, and challenged as they are placed into different subject positions.

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Kaar, Carmen. "Protective factors for resilience in children living in refugee camps : A systematic literature review from 2010-2021." Thesis, Jönköping University, HLK, CHILD, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53395.

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Refugee children and adolescents living in refugee camps are a vulnerable population, at high risk for developing mental health disorders, behavioural problems and experiencing violence or trauma. However, not all children exposed to these stressors of displacement show negative outcomes; several refugee children and adolescents show adaptive functioning and resilient outcomes. Given the rising number of refugee minors, it is increasingly important to examine and understand protective factors for resilience among minors living in refugee camps. This knowledge could be used to develop resilience-building programs. This systematic literature review sought to identify protective factors for resilience, and available programs in the refugee camps targeting the development of resilience. Six databases were used for the searching process; ten studies were identified meeting predefined selection criteria and quality standards. Based on bio-ecological theory and the model of “7 Crucial Cs of resilience”, numerous protective factors were identified on multiple levels, including personal resources, social support, education, and connection to culture and community. Findings of this review highlight the need for a multidimensional view of resilience; the use of the “7 Crucial Cs of resilience” showed that focusing only on individual sources of resilience is not sufficient as these individual resources emerge from higher levels and systems. Two intervention programs were identified showing a resilience-building approach. Based on these results, recommendations for interventions and programs in this context are discussed. Limitations and the need for future research on sources of resilience and resilience-building interventions are outlined.
Kinder und Jugendliche, die aus ihrer Heimat geflüchtet sind, und temporär in Flüchtlingscamps leben, sind besonders gefährdet, psychosoziale Dysfunktionen zu entwickeln sowie Gewalt oder andere traumatisierende Erlebnisse zu erfahren. Dennoch zeigt sich, dass nicht alle Kinder, die diesen Stressoren ausgesetzt sind, negative Auswirkungen auf ihre Entwicklung aufweisen; einige Kinder bleiben resilient und reagieren mit erfolgreichem Anpassungsverhalten. Die hohen Flüchtlingszahlen und die steigenden Zahlen minderjähriger Flüchtlinge verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit, Faktoren zu evaluieren und identifizieren, die zur Resilienz von Kindern, die in Flüchtlingslagern leben, beitragen. Es ist essenziell für Interventionsprogramme und Professionalisten, diese Schutzfaktoren zu erkennen, um Interventionen in Flüchtlingscamps durchzuführen, die auf eine Stärkung und Verbesserung der Resilienz von Kindern und Jugendlichen abzielen. Die vorliegende systemische Literaturarbeit evaluierte Schutzfaktoren, die positiv zur Resilienz von minderjährigen Flüchtlingen beitragen, sowie verfügbare Interventionsprogramme in Flüchtlingscamp, die präventiv auf Prozesse der Resilienzentwicklung einwirken. Sechs Datenbanken wurden ausführlich nach verfügbarer Literatur durchsucht; zehn Studien wurden schlussendlich ausgewählt, welche vordefinierten Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien entsprachen. Basierend auf ökosystemischer Theorie und dem „Modell der 7 essentiellen C für Resilienz“ wurden mehrere Schutzfaktoren in verschiedenen Systemen identifiziert. Persönliche Ressourcen des Kindes, soziale Unterstützung, Bildung, sowie kulturelle Faktoren und enge Verbindungen mit ethnischen Gemeinschaften zeigten sich als Schlüsselfaktoren für erfolgreiche Anpassung in diesem Kontext. Die Ergebnisse dieser Literaturarbeit betonen die Notwendigkeit einer multidimensionalen Sichtweise des Konzeptes Resilienz. Zwei Interventionsprogramme wurden gefunden, deren Ziel die Stärkung von Schutzfaktoren und Resilienz ist. Folglich werden Empfehlungen für Interventionen in Flüchtlingscamps diskutiert. Limitationen dieser systematischen Literaturarbeit und Implikationen für zukünftige Forschung werden debattiert.

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SILVA, Daniela Florêncio da. "Das migrações forçadas à contenção territorial: as geografias do campo de refugiados de Dadaab no Quênia." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17958.

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Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-06T20:07:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL DANIELA FLORÊNCIO DA SILVA GEOGRAFIA.compressed (1).pdf: 12397908 bytes, checksum: 6b3055fa006076837fe9ef09302e6b56 (MD5)
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Capes
A seguinte pesquisa tem como objetivo a compreensão dos fatores estruturantes da dinâmica territorial do campo de refugiados de Dadaab no Quênia. Formado em 1991 pela migração forçada do povo somali, em virtude da eclosão da guerra civil em seu país, esse campo de refugiados, hoje, abriga 348 mil pessoas de diferentes nacionalidades e contextos de deslocamento forçado. A dimensão desse fenômeno, não é só percebida por ser o maior campo de refugiados no mundo, mas pela complexidade de fatores envolvidos em sua formação. A sua origem é aqui relacionada, desde o processo de migração forçada. A suspensão da vida dessas pessoas, que ao ultrapassarem a fronteira política de seus países, tornam-se refugiadas, não se refere apenas à perda de seus direitos políticos ou de sua cidadania, mas a uma suspensão de “sentidos” e de continuidade ocasionada pela sua contenção territorial nesse campo de refugiados. A sua jornada ou movimento em busca de um refúgio temporário é paralisada e transformada em espera e contenção. O campo de refugiados de Dadaab, formado em um contexto de “emergência”, transformou-se em um território de exceção, através de uma prática de contenção territorial informal adotada pelo governo queniano. A persistência de suas vidas no campo, em meio a muitas proibições, desenvolveu um processo de reterritorialização precário, mas confrontado por resistências, contornos e permeado por transterritorialidades e encontros.
The following research aims to understand the structural factors of territorial dynamics of the Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya. Formed in 1991 by the forced migration of the Somali people, because of the outbreak of civil war in their country, this refugee camp, today, houses 348,000 people of different nationalities and forced displacement contexts. The scale of this phenomenon is not only perceived to be the largest refugee camp in the world, but by complexity of factors involved in their formation. Its origin is related here, from the forced migration process. The suspension of their lives, that to overcome the political borders of their countries, they become refugees, refers not only to the loss of political rights, or their citizenship, but a suspension of "senses" and continuity occasioned by their territorial containment in this refugee camp. Your journey or movement, seeking temporary refuge, is paralyzed and transformed in waiting and containment. The Dadaab refugee camp, formed in a context of "emergency", turned into a territory of exception, through an informal practice of territorial containment adopted by the Kenyan government. The persistence of their lives in this camp, among many bans, developed a process of precarious reterritorialization, but confronted by resistance, contours and permeated by transterritorialities and encounters.

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Alrawashdeh, Hana. "Le graffiti dans les camps de fortune au Nord de la France : carrefour de langues, de signes et de discours. Une analyse de différentes réalisations scripturales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0280.

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Ce travail de recherche s’intéresse aux graffitis dans les « camps de fortune » qui ont été constitués entre 2016 et 2017 dans le Nord de la France dont, entre autres, celui très connu de Calais (nommé la Jungle). Ces graffitis ont été élaborés par les personnes déplacées qui vivaient sur place. Pour cela, ils utilisaient comme supports les moyens qui étaient à leur disposition, comme les tentes, les murs, les poubelles. Mon corpus est composé de 90 photos de ces graffitis. C’est un corpus hybride, car les graffitis peuvent être composés de textes et d’images, les inscriptions y sont en plusieurs langues (principalement français, anglais, arabe) et peuvent être composées de mots isolés, de citations, d’énoncés brefs et simples. Pour procéder aux analyses, et pour prendre en compte le brassage de langues, j’ai traduit et transcrit la plupart de ces graffitis, et les ai étudiés en prenant en considération l’emplacement de chacun d’eux dans le camp.Les moyens des déplacés pour faire entendre leur désarroi et parfois leur colère sont très limités. En raison de ce contexte social et de la finalité de ces écritures, on observe que les messages présentent, entre autres des revendications, des références au pays d’origine mais aussi des appels à la paix.Étant donné le caractère composite de ce corpus, je l’ai envisagé selon plusieurs points de vue, en le rapportant à chaque étape à son contexte particulier. Pour ce faire, ma thèse est composée de deux parties : la première est une présentation détaillée du contexte général (structuration du camp, populations et langues en présence) ; la deuxième partie porte sur les outils utilisés pour analyser ces graffitis. Dans cette partie, un premier chapitre introduit et discute la notion de graffiti, terme utilisé dans la suite de la thèse ; un deuxième chapitre porte sur les caractéristiques linguistiques de mon corpus ; le troisième chapitre aborde les graffitis en termes d’actes de langage, en prenant en compte les énonciateurs, mais aussi les destinataires des messages : en effet, dans ce contexte, à qui ces graffitis s’adressent-ils ? De plus, peut-on considérer les graffitis, dans ce contexte, comme des écritures exposées ? ; le quatrième chapitre envisage les graffitis dans toute leur dimension signifiante (support, couleur, interaction entre écrit et image) ; Enfin, dans le dernier chapitre, je défends l’idée d’envisager les camps comme des villes, dans lesquelles les graffitis constituent un paysage linguistique
This research work focuses on graffiti in the " temporary camps" that were set up between 2016 and 2017 in the North of France, including, among others, the well-known one in Calais (called the Jungle). This graffiti was created by the displaced people who lived there. To help them create the graffiti, those people used the available materials like tents, walls, and garbage bins.The photo collection that I have captured for this graffiti consists of 90 photos.This photo collection is a hybrid collection. It includes text and images. The text was written in several languages (mainly French, English, and Arabic). Also, the text was varied between words, quotes, and short, simple sentences.To conduct the analysis taking into account having the graffiti in different languages, all graffiti work was translated to French. The other factor that has been used in the analysis was the location of each graffiti in the camp. The ways for the residents of these camps to express their anxiety and anger were very limited. Given the social context and the purpose of creating this graffiti, we observed that the messages have included, among other things, demands, references to their countries of origin, and calls for peace. Due to the diversity of the content of this photo collection, I used different criteria to study them, and I applied the appropriate context to each photo.This thesis has two sections. The first section explains the general context of the camps (the structure of the camp, populations, and the spoken languages). The second section talks about the tools that have been used in the analysis of graffiti. The first chapter discusses the concept of graffiti. The second chapter talks about the linguistic characteristics of the photo collection. The third chapter covers graffiti as a speech act and the relationship between the sender and receiver of these messages. In more detail, who is the audience of this graffiti ? Is it possible to consider this graffiti as exposed writing “ écritures exposées ” ? The fourth chapter discusses the significant dimensions of graffiti such as the materials used, colors, and the interaction between writing and image. The last chapter provides my argument about the notion of seeing camps as cities where graffiti can be seen as a linguistic landscape

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Taylor, Aline Marie. "Negotiating 'modernity' on the run : migration, age transition and 'development' in a training camp for female athletes in Arusha, Tanzania : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology, University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Social and Political Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2197.

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Sports have recently been incorporated into international development agendas in a bid to 'empower' women and foster gender equality. Considered a masculine domain, sports are argued to empower women by challenging the status quo and their 'traditional' positions in societies. This thesis examines the use of sport in an athletic training camp for female distance runners located in Arusha, Northern Tanzania. Like other similar camps throughout East Africa, this training camp provides financial support for athletes, recruited from isolated rural areas, to live and train full time in the city. The camp was founded and is run by a Tanzanian couple, known as Gwandu and Mama Gwandu, but it has recently begun receiving financial support from an American development organisation. The director of this organisation, Karl, aims to empower the young women training in the camp by enabling them to use their sporting talent to further their education. This directly contradicts Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's goals, however, and they strive to enable the girls to improve their lives by earning money from running. The girls themselves perceive running as a unique opportunity to migrate to Arusha and distance themselves from their natal villages. The idea of earning money from running is secondary, for the girls, to the aspiration of settling permanently in the city. Although running provides a common link between the goals of the development organisation, those of Gwandu and Mama Gwandu, and those of the female athletes themselves, the overlap between these goals is only partial. Pragmatic constraints in each case mean the goals remain always unattainable and partially unachieved, and are continually readjusted to fit changing constraints and perceptions of what is possible. In discussing the different aspirations held by those involved in the training camp, this thesis highlights the multiple ways in which notions of 'modernity' can be understood and enacted. Modernity is a central theme in contemporary African anthropological literature, as is the notion of 'multiple modernities', often used to refer to the culturally diverse interpretations of the meaning of modernity and subsequent efforts to 'become modern'. Using key authors including Ferguson (1999), Snyder (2002; 2005) and Schneider (1970), this thesis argues that, drawing on different influences to enact different cultural styles, the girls, Gwandu and Mama Gwandu imagine and perform 'modernity' in different ways. Gwandu and Mama Gwandu are shown to draw on notions of maendeleo to construct a localist cultural style, which they attempt to enforce on the athletes in the camp. By contrast, the girls are argued to draw inspiration from what they perceive as the 'city' lifestyle maintained by Malkia – one of Tanzania's most successful female athletes – to construct a cosmopolitan cultural style they gradually gain performative competence in throughout their time in the camp. While both visions emphasise the importance of urbanisation, Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's localism condemns particular practices they conceive of as characteristic of "city life", including the value placed on commodities and modes of consumption that is central to the girls' cosmopolitanism. The clash between Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's goals and those of the girls is most pronounced at the beginning of their time in the camp. The girls’ compliance with camp rules increases with their time spent in the camp, as their vision increasingly overlaps with that of Gwandu and Mama Gwandu. I argue that the clash between their goals is once again pronounced after the girls have left the camp, and attempt to perform the cosmopolitan cultural style in which they have increasingly gained competence during their time in the camp. This discussion raises questions about the ways in which women can be 'empowered' through sports such as running. I argue that it is not running itself that empowers women like Malkia but, rather, the opportunity running affords them to acquire the material resources required, to perform the cosmopolitan style towards which they aspire.

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Pacheco, Aviles Damiana Isabel. "Architecture After Forced Migration." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83488.

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Communities affected by climate impacts, political or cultural conflicts and rapid demographic shifts are the most vulnerable to the effects of poverty, disease and communal violence. Addressing their needs through appropriate architectural responses can help them to recover social, economic and environmental well-being. This thesis defines strategies to address the challenges involved in the design of spaces after three causes of forced migration: natural disaster, conflict and urban development. The methodology is based on literature review which served as theoretical background to work in three design competitions related to shelter after natural disasters, refugee camps and slums. The need to provide accommodation after a natural disaster is essential. Therefore, a shelter that can be transported and deployed quickly and effectively, and that contemplates the uniqueness and complexity of the event, is studied in this thesis. Refugee camps have become the protective and safe place that provide shelter, food and health safety to all kinds of survivors and refugees. Due to the complexity of the problems related to this forced migration situation, the presence of refugee camps tends to be longer than the expected. Therefore, a design that contemplates this duality of time and that addresses peoples' needs and rights is part of this research. Slums are often related to deprivation and socio-spatial exclusion and due to the lack of security of tenure, they are vulnerable to evictions caused by redevelopment pressures, gentrification processes and episodes of ethnic cleansing. Therefore, a neighborhood's transformation with cohesive public spaces and incremental housing prototypes is proposed in this thesis. Through the study of architectural responses to natural disaster, refugee camps and slums design considerations related to the site, the culture and the urban context are established as guidelines. In addition, a time-based design strategy, a dual design approach and a multiple scales design strategy are defined as essential to give an architectural response to forced-displaced communities.
Master of Architecture

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McLeod, Jamie Josephine Avila. "CAMK-II: AN INTEGRAL PROTEIN IN CELL MIGRATION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/512.

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Coordinated inductive and morphogenetic processes of gastrulation establish the zebrafish body plan. Gastrulation includes massive cell rearrangements to generate the three germ layers and shape the embryonic body. Three modes of cell migration must occur during vertebrate gastrulation and include: epiboly, internalization of the presumptive mesendoderm and convergent extension (C&E). C&E movements narrow the germ layers mediolaterally (convergence) and elongate them anteroposteriorly (extension) to define the embryonic axis. The molecular mechanisms regulating coordinated cell migrations remain poorly understand and studying these has become of great interest to researchers. Understanding cell migration during development is highly relevant to a number of human physiological processes. Abnormal cell migration during early development can lead to congenital defects, with improper cell migration during adult life potentially leading to the invasion and metastasis of cancer. By studying cell migration events, in vivo, new insights are to be found to both the function and malfunction of key embryonic and postembryonic migratory events. The non-canonical Wnt pathway has been identified as an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway, regulating C&E cell movements during vertebrate gastrulation. With the absence of the non-canonical Wnts (ncWnts), Wnt5 and Wnt11, during zebrafish development leading to a shorter and broader body axis with defects in elongation during segmentation resulting in undulation of the notochord. While it is clear ncWnts are necessary for C&E, many of the downstream effectors regulating these cell movements have not been defined. Previous research has shown that activation of ncWnt signaling through Wnt5 or Wnt11 results in an increase in intracellular Ca2+ during zebrafish gastrulation. To determine if the Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, CaMK-II, is a potential downstream target of the Ca2+ increases during ncWnt activation, CaMK-II’s role in C&E was assessed. This study identifies camk2b1 and camk2g1 as being necessary for C&E movements, and outlines the phenotype of the overall embryo as well as individual cells of camk2b1 and camk2g1 morphants. The defects of CaMK-II morphants are specifically linked to alterations in C&E cell movements, while cell fate and proliferation are unaffected. An increase in CaMK-II activation during gastrulation produces similar C&E defects, demonstrating the specificity of CaMK-II’s activation in facilitating these highly coordinated cellular movements. We show that CaMK-II is working downstream Wnt 11 and in parallel to JNK signaling during gastrulation C&E. Overall, these data identify CaMK-II as a required component of C&E movements during zebrafish development, downstream ncWnt signaling, and altering cell migration through changes in cell shape

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Soderquist, Hans Lars. "Automatic geometric data migration throughout views of a model fidelity family /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1184.pdf.

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Alcalde, Sorolla Raimundo. "From El Campo to Santiago| Mapuche Rural-Urban Migrations in Chile." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1599970.

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This thesis is a study about Mapuche rural-urban, indigenous migration in Chile and how Mapuche have experienced their individual and familial migratory processes. Previous studies on Mapuche migration have taken a macro approach to examine this phenomenon and have concentrated on the experiences of migrants after their migration has taken place. This thesis, adding a new perspective to the current body of knowledge, studies the migration of Mapuche beginning with the inception of the process and continues through to trace their settlement in Santiago. With this, the study analyzes the character of Mapuche migration, examining the reasons and expectations behind this migration as well as how this process has been initiated and sustained through time. In addition to this, the study focuses on the social and cultural consequences that stem from Mapuche migrating and settling in Santiago, and pays special attention to the role that kin networks have in this process. This thesis, then, analyzes the particular characteristics of Mapuche rural-urban migration and considers the significance of individual agency in constructing different migratory paths by examining individual migration stories. In this thesis, I also examine the different mechanisms that Mapuche in Santiago have put in place to grapple with the social and cultural challenges behind their migration to and settlement in the city.

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Elamrani, Najat. "Contribution à l'étude de la matrice extracellulaire et des migrations cellulaires chez l'embryon du Xénope (Amphibien anoure)." Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10525.

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La migration des cellules germinales, des cellules des crêtes neurales et des cellules du sclérotome prend place dans un environnement constitué d’un réseau fibrillaire associé à des microgranulations. La densité de ces constituants varie selon le modèle étudié mais aussi selon le stade de développement considéré. Des études histochimiques et immunocytochimiques ont permis l’identification de ces constituants (glycosaminoglycanes, collagène, fibronectine). Cultivées sur substrat de fibronectine ou sur substrat mixte (collagène + fibronectine), les cellules endodermiques et celles des crêtes neurales, sont capables d’émigrer et d’entreprendre une différenciation tardive.

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Dujmovic, Morgane. "Une géographie sociale critique du contrôle migratoire en Croatie : ancrages et mirages d'un dispositif." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0646.

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Cette thèse explore les dimensions contemporaines du dispositif spatial de contrôle migratoire en Croatie. Elle retrace la genèse d’un ensemble de camps destiné à des personnes en migration, installés voire financés dans le cadre de l’adhésion à l’Union européenne. Le regard géographique scrute ce dispositif des années 2000 jusqu’à la période qualifiée de « crise » migratoire (2015-2016) pour en révéler les formes, les fonctions et les dynamiques. À l’échelle fine des individus, l’analyse s’intéresse aux effets de ce mode de gestion de l’altérité depuis les sociétés locales. Dans cette optique, le projet cartographique s’attarde sur des trajectoires migratoires sensibles et incarnées. Ancrées dans une géographie sociale holiste, les conclusions de cette recherche fondée sur le cas croate questionnent les approches restrictives des politiques d’immigration et d’asile en Europe
This dissertation explores contemporary dimensions of the migratory control dispositif in Croatia. The research outlines how camps designed for people in migration were implemented through European union pre-adhesion incentives or funding. Through a geographical approach, the dispositif is analysed from the 2000s to the time period of the so called migratory "crisis" (2015-2016), in order to scrutinize its forms, fonctions and dynamics. At the individual level, the analysis questions the effects of this way of dealing with otherness in local societies. To this end, the cartographic project pays attention to the personal migratory journeys. Based on a social ant holistic geography and on the Croatian case-study, the conclusions of the research interrogate restrictive immigration and asylum policies in Europe

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Brovia, Cristina. "Migrants de saison : les camps de travailleurs agricoles étrangers comme problème public : le cas de Saluzzo (Italie)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D041.

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Ce travail de recherche s’intéresse aux processus de construction d’un problème public à une échelle locale, en partant des différentes questions nées autour de campements de travailleurs saisonniers migrants dans des régions d’agriculture intensive en Italie. Il est principalement basé sur une recherche empirique menée entre 2013 et 2017 dans la zone rurale de Saluzzo (Piémont) avec une méthodologie qualitative croisant entretiens sociologiques, observation participante au sein de collectifs militants et à l’intérieur des campements de migrants et analyse d’articles de presse locale. L’objectif principal était celui d’étudier la façon dont la présence de migrants dans ce contexte spécifique est perçue comme un problème public, de quelle manière ce dernier est défini et construit dans un jeu de mobilisations et contremobilisations par une multitude d’acteurs aux intérêts divergents, puis d’analyser les conséquences de ces dynamiques sur les actions mises en places pour tenter de le résoudre. La thèse démontre en particulier comment la construction du problème se focalise progressivement sur le caractère temporaire de la présence des migrants, au détriment d’autres possibles cadrages, en justifiant la mise en place de dispositifs d’accueil provisoires et précaires, conduisant au confinement spatial et temporel des migrants. On verra également comme la création de camps de plus en plus institutionnalisés et contrôlés, gérés par une association humanitaire bénéficiant d’un large consensus, a favorisé un apaisement des conflits autour de cette question et un éloignement du problème au sein du débat politique public. D’une façon plus générale, ce travail, en analysant une question inhérente aux faits migratoires par le prisme de la sociologie politique, invite à une réflexion plus ample sur le traitement politique des migrants et sur la construction collective de la place qu’ils occupent aujourd’hui au sein de la société italienne
This thesis examines how the presence of seasonal migrant workers’ camps in intensive agricultural areas in Northern Italy is framed and addressed as a public problem. It draws on fieldwork carried out between 2013 and 2017 in the rural area of Saluzzo (Piedmont). The qualitative methodology includes sociological interviews, participant observation with organizations and in migrants’ camps, and the analysis of the local press. The thesis aims to understand how the presence of seasonal migrants is defined and constructed by a range of actors with divergent interests. In particular, it examines a set of public mobilisations and counter-mobilisations, analysing how they have influenced the actions undertaken to solve “the problem” of migrants’ camps in the Saluzzo area. The main argument is that the problem has been progressively constructed around the temporariness of migrants’ presence in the area. This has justified the setting up of temporary and precarious reception systems, leading to the spatial and temporal confinement of the migrants. In particular, the thesis shows how the organisation of institutionalised and controlled camps, managed by a major humanitarian organization and benefiting from wide public consensus, resulted in a decrease of conflict around seasonal labour migration, and to the sidelining of the issue in the political debate. Contributing to literature on migration in the field of political sociology, the monograph represents a timely intervention in highly topical debates on the politics of migrants’ presence in the Italian society
Questa ricerca riguarda i processi di costruzione di un problema pubblico ad un livello locale, partendo da diverse problematiche scaturite intorno ad accampamenti di lavoratori migranti stagionali in alcune zone di agricoltura intensiva in Italia. Lo studio è principalmente basato su una ricerca empirica svolta tra il 2013 e il 2017 nell’area rurale di Saluzzo (Piemonte) utilizzando una metodologia qualitativa che comprende interviste sociologiche, osservazione partecipante con associazioni militanti e all’interno degli accampamenti di migranti e l’analisi di articoli della stampa locale. L’obiettivo principale era quello di studiare il modo in cui la presenza di lavoratori migranti, in questo contesto specifico, è percepita come un problema pubblico, in che modo quest’ultimo è definito e costruito da una serie di attori animati da interessi contrastanti in un gioco di mobilitazioni e contro-mobilitazioni, poi di analizzare le conseguenze di tali dinamiche sulle azioni messe in atto per la risoluzione del problema. La tesi dimostra in particolare che la costruzione del problema si è progressivamente focalizzata sul carattere temporaneo della presenza dei migranti, a scapito di altri possibili frame, andando a giustificare la messa in atto di dispositivi di accoglienza precari e provvisori, finalizzati al confinamento spaziale e temporale dei migranti. Inoltre, l’instaurazione di campi sempre più istituzionalizzati e controllati, gestiti da un’organizzazione umanitaria riconosciuta, ha favorito la riduzione dei conflitti intorno alla questione e un accantonamento del problema sul piano del dibattito politico pubblico. Più in generale, questo lavoro, analizzando una questione inerente a dinamiche migratorie attraverso il prisma della sociologia politica, invita ad una più ampia riflessione sul trattamento politico dei migranti e sulla costruzione collettiva della posizione che essi occupano all’interno della società italiana di oggi

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Siripurapu, Praneeth. "Gβγ mediated calcium release and subsequent calcium- calmodulin (CaM) signaling in the trailing edge retraction during cell migration." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1494589090994957.

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Furtado, Clémentina. "Les migrations de l'Afrique occidentale au Cap-Vert: attitudes et représentations." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209573.

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D’un pays d'émigrants, le Cap-Vert a commencé dans les années 90, en particulier dans la seconde moitié, à recevoir les étrangers, en particulier ceux des pays voisins de la CEDEAO, suite à l'accord de la libre circulation des personnes inscrites dans le Protocole de la libre circulation ratifié par le Cap-Vert. Le pays est devenu un pôle d'attraction de travailleurs étrangers suite à l'essor du tourisme et des activités connexes, notamment la construction civile et les travaux publics, le commerce, l´hôtellerie et la restauration.

L´objectif de ce travail vise à analyser la construction des images de l'immigration en provenance de pays membres de la CEDEAO au Cap-Vert, les représentations et les attitudes réciproques à l´égard de ce phénomène et les contextes dans lesquels elles se produisent. L'hypothèse de base est qu´on est dans un pays où les autochtones ont toujours vécu avec des étrangers, pas dans leur pays d´origine, mais dans des nombreuses destinations d'émigration. De même, cette coexistence, que fut la plupart du temps avec les Européens et les Américains blancs, commence à s´établir avec les voisins du continent, non pas dans un pays tiers mais au Cap Vert. Par conséquent, l'objectif est de comprendre les relations entre les groupes sociaux, nationaux et immigrés, à la suite de la fixation et l'insertion des immigrés dans les secteurs socio-économiques nationaux, particulièrement dans le marché du travail, où on trouve un taux de chômage élevé.

Cette étude est fondée sur un dialogue avec les théories des migrations internationales et les théories des représentations sociales et qui soutiennent la thèse.

From a country of emigrants, Cape Verde transformed into a country of immigrants during the 90’s, mainly in the second half of that decade. The country started receiving immigrants especially from the neighbourhood countries of the ECOWAS region, due to the free movement of people subscribed in the Protocol of movement of people ratified by Cape Verde. The country has been a focus of attraction of labour workers following the boom in tourism and related activities, including construction and public works, commerce, hotels, and restaurants services.

This work has the main objective to analyse the construction of the images of the people coming from the ECOWAS countries members in Cape Verde, the representations and reciprocal attitudes in relation to this phenomenon and the contexts in which they occur. It is assumed that we are in a country where the local population always interacted with foreigners not in their origins but in the various migratory destinations. Similarly, this coexistence that happened mainly with white Europeans and Americans is happening with the neighbours of the continent. Consequently, it is intended to understand the relationships the social groups, nationals and immigrants establish among them as a result of establishment and insertion in the national socioeconomic sectors, mainly at the labour market, where, along with high unemployment rate, it is, verified a massive inclusion of the ECOWAS foreigners.

The current study is based on a dialogue with the international migration theories and the social representation theories that will support the thesis.

Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Borges, Marcelo Gules. ""Da floresta ao campo" : trajetórias familiares e significados da paisagem de migrantes, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17319.

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As experiências, individuais e coletivas, no lugar articulam-se formando a matriz de ancoragem para a construção dos significados da paisagem. De outro modo, representa a forma como nos relacionamos com o ambiente, expressando nossas vivências nos lugares. Neste contexto, a migração, enquanto deslocamento fisico, impõe grandes desafios de adaptação aos migrantes. Revelar os significados das paisagens possibilita compreendermos a relação destes com os lugares. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa empírica que procurou interpretar os significados da paisagem de três famílias migrantes, do norte ao sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em três gerações, a fim de compreender as relações entre seus pares e o lugar. Discute‐se o método utilizado - história de vida familiar - destacando seu percurso de construção e seus potenciais enquanto método de pesquisa. Apresenta a composição das histórias de vida famíliar, evidenciando todo o percurso migratório da família, suas nuances, tramas e sentidos atribuídos aos lugares por onde passaram. Interpreta os significados da paisagem, considerando os contextos da história de vida famliar. Os resultados evidenciam que a paisagem é polissêmica, sendo constantemente resignificada pelos migrantes. Neste processo são levados em consideração o contexto ontogenético (fase da vida), ambiental e social em que a paisagem é rememorada. Desta forma, as leituras sobre a paisagem significada mostram-se vitais às praticas interventivas ambientais e educativas.
Individual and group experiences at a place articulate themselves forming the ground where the landscape meanings are both built from and attached to. In other words, this ground represents the way people relate to the environment by expressing their local life experiences. In this context, displacements carried out by migration events impose a challenge for the migrants own adaptations. By acquainting the landscape meanings, one can understand the relationships of the migrants with the places where they are. In this work I attempted to interpret the landscape meanings of three generations belonging to three different migrant families, from north to south Rio Grande do Sul State, aiming to understand the relationships between the people and their place of living. This study used the "family histories" working method, which is discussed and has its potentials as a research method highlighted in this work. The study also presents the families' history composition, showing their migration routes, nuances, and the feelings assigned to the places they passed by. Finally, this work interprets the landscape meanings taking into account families' history context. Results show a multi-sense landscape which is constantly re-worked by the migrants. Ontogeny (life phases), environment, and social contexts play a role in this process. Thus, the understanding of the landscape meanings are a vital step to the educational and environmental practices.

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Amaral, Neto Roberval. "A ESCRAVIDÃO CONTEMPORÂNEA NO CAMPO: UM ELO NA MODERNIZAÇÃO DE GOIÁS E MARANHÃO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2016. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3607.

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The phenomenon of contemporary slavery: the slave labor in Goias and Maranhao is the object hatholds this dissertation. Thus, from the experience of debt bondage of rural workers, in Goias and Maranhao, he sought to understand economic processes, social and political insist on keeping contemporary slavery in all Brazilian regions. The research target is the goianos workers and maranhenses subjected to debt bondage, from 1995 to 2015. In this analysis, I seek first to highlight the phenomenon of slavery in contemporary Brazil, showing the limits of government policies in combating slavery during the twentieth century, academic discussions about the slave labor of the problem and the decisive role of civil society organizations in combating today's slavery. Then, the analysis holds Goiás, their singularities, political and domestic economic processes and the instruments created by society to fight slavery. Soonafter, analyzes the maranhense slave labor, as political and economic options of the Sarney oligarchy amid the process of modernization of theAmazon, the partners sequele caused by extreme concentration of Maranhão income, conflicts and migration of Maranhao in th emiddle extreme poverty of rural workers who have been expelled from their lands, seeking better days in other states, but they do so within a logic and a resistance strategy within the margins of freedom they have. And to finish the dissertation we seek convergences and divergences between Goias and Maranhao slave labor aimed at finding the connections that enables deep understanding of slavery phenomenon in contemporary Brazil.
O fenômeno da escravidão contemporânea: o trabalho escravo em Goiás e no Maranhão é o objeto de que se ocupa esta dissertação. Assim, a partir da experiência da escravidão por dívida dos trabalhadores rurais, em Goiás e Maranhão, procurou-se compreender os processos econômicos, sociais e políticos que teimam em manter a escravidão contemporânea em todas as regiões brasileiras. A investigação tem como alvo os trabalhadores goianos e maranhenses submetidos à escravidão por dívida, no período de 1995 a 2015. Nesta análise, busco primeiramente salientar o fenômeno da escravidão no Brasil contemporâneo, mostrando os limites das políticas de Estado no combate à escravidão durante o século XX, as discussões acadêmicas em torno da problemática do trabalho escravo e o papel decisivo da sociedade civil organizada no combate à escravidão hodierna. Em seguida, a análise se detém a Goiás, suas singularidades, processos políticos e econômicos internos, assim como os instrumentos criados pela sociedade para combater a escravidão. Logo depois, analisa-se o trabalho escravo maranhense, como as opções políticas e econômicas da oligarquia Sarney em meio ao processo de modernização da Amazônia Legal, as sequelas sociais provocadas pela extrema concentração da riqueza maranhense, os conflitos no campo e a migração dos trabalhadores rurais que sem alternativas concretas, buscam melhores dias em outros estados, mas o fazem dentro de uma lógica e de uma estratégia de resistência dentro das margens de liberdade que possuem. E por fim, busca-se as convergências e divergências entre o trabalho escravo goiano e maranhense, visando, assim, encontrar as conexões que possibilitam a profunda compreensão do fenômeno da escravidão contemporânea.

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Kim, Changsung. "Assessing the function of Caenorhabditis elegans Ror receptor tyrosine kinase CAM-1 in cell migration, cell polarity, and axon protrusion." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3215192.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology, 2006.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-04, Section: B, page: 1801. Adviser: Wayne C. Forrester. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed June 20, 2007)."

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Wolff, Eliete Ávila. "Fundamentos psicossociais da formação de educadores do campo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/11089.

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A pesquisa aqui apresentada contém um estudo realizado sobre o curso de formação de educadores/as, promovido pelo Instituto Técnico de Capacitação e Pesquisa da Reforma Agrária – ITERRA em convênio com a UERGS – Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo abordou especificamente a Turma I do curso de Pedagogia da Terra, que aconteceu entre os anos 2002 a 2005, no Instituto de Educação Josué de Castro – IEJC, situado em Veranópolis, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa foi acerca dos fundamentos psicossociais presentes na formação de educadores/as. Procuramos identificar as formas em que a psicologia aparece durante o curso e os fundamentos psicossociais da proposta pedagógica do Movimento. Além disso, observamos em que medida a teoria sóciohistórica da psicologia, fundamentada em Vygotski, Luria e Leontiev, contribuem para os propósitos da formação do educador do campo. Para tanto, analisamos as matrizes teóricas da Pedagogia do MST e suas teorias psicológicas mais presentes. Buscamos realizar um estudo estabelecendo a relação entre as concepções propostas pela Pedagogia do Movimento as concepções próprias à teoria históricocultural ou sóciohistórica. Abordamos as categorias enquanto relação, buscando percebêlas em movimento, nas entrevistas, nos documentos e nas produções dos educandos/as. Elas são indivíduo/coletivo; atividade/linguagem; aprendizagem/desenvolvimento. Encontramos que a psicologia históricocultural é abordada de forma ainda limitada, tanto nos materiais do Movimento, nas produções curriculares, quanto nas produções dos educandos/as. No entanto, no Método Pedagógico e em muitos dos conteúdos presentes na formação encontramos os fundamentos epistemológico similares aos da teoria históricocultural, aproximando os autores aqui pesquisados à proposta pedagógica em questão.
The research presented here contains a study carried out on a training course for educators, promoted by the Technical Institute of Qualification and Agrarian Reform Research ITERRA in accordance with UERGS – The State University of Rio Grande Do Sul. This study specifically approached the first group on the course of Rural Pedagogy that took place between 2002 and 2005, in the Educational Institute Joshua de Castro IEJC, situated in Veranópolis, Rio Grande Do Sul State. The research was concerned with the psychosocial fundaments of the educators’ training. We tried to identify the ways in which psychology appears during the course and the psychosocial pedagogical fundaments proposed by the Movement. In addition we could observe, to what degree the socialhistoric theory of psychology, based on Vygotski, Luria and Leontiev, contribute to the framework of the rural educators’ training course. In such a way, we analyzed the theoretical matrices of the MST Pedagogy and its present psychological theories. We carried out a study establishing the relation between the conceptual proposals for the Pedagogy of the Movement and their own conceptions of culturalhistoric socialhistoric theories. We approached the categories in terms of relation, searching to perceive them in movement, in the interviews, documents and what the educators produced. They are: collective individual/; activity/language; learning/development. We found that the culturalhistoric psychology is still approached in a limited manner, in the materials that the Movement utilizes and also in the curricular productions. However, in the Pedagogical Method and many of the contents present in the course, we found epistemological fundaments similar to the culturalhistoric theory, approximating the author’s present research to the pedagogical proposal in question.

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Lardeux, Laurent. "De l'exil au retour : dispositifs de rapatriement et carrières migratoires des retournés congolais (RDC)." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20124.

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A l'interface de la sociologie des migrations et de la sociologie politique, la thèse porte sur les migrations de retour des réfugiés congolais à partir des principaux pays d'acceuil l'afrique centrale. loin d'être regardées dans une perspective linéaire et statique entre deux sédentarités mais analysées à partir d'observation in situ et d'entretiens biographiques réalisés pendant près de seize mois dans les espaces d'accueil et de retour, les migrations de retour son intégrées ici dans un espace migratoire dynamique fait d'oppositions et de transactions entre les dispositifs du flux migratoire qui organisent et réglementent les migrations de retour, et les multiples pratiques formelles et informelles du sujet dont les intenses jeux de tension s'inscrivent dans un contexte soutenu de limitation des flux migratoires et l'accroissement de nouvelles formes de mobilité dans l'espace migratoire d'afrique centrale
In the interface of the sociology of migration and political sociology, the thesis focuses on return migration of Congolese refugees from the main host countries of central Africa. Far from being observed in a linear and static perspective between two sedentarinesses but analyzed starting from in situ observations and from biographical interviews conducted during 16 months in host and return areas, the migrations of return are integrated in a dynamic migratory space constituted by oppositions and transactions between the biopolitic plans of retention of flows and the circulatory practices of the refugees. The accent is particularly focused on negotiating "biographical crossroads" and migratory careers of refugees from the social, spatial and political capital acquired during the refuge time. How, in these intersections between migratory careers and biopolitical plans, the returnees can define and negotiate their installations in the environment of return ?

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Hatton, Joshua Paul. "How and why did MARS facilitate migration control? : understanding the implication of migration and refugee studies (MARS) with the restriction of human mobility by UK state agencies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fd66b181-747d-4551-b6d2-8bf30741b835.

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This thesis makes two related arguments regarding the academic field of migration and refugee studies (MARS) and the control of migration by UK state agencies. The first, and more empirical one, is that the former facilitated the latter: the field’s members provided symbolic, technical, and pedagogic assistance to two non-departmental public bodies in controlling migration. The second, and more theoretical, argument of this thesis is that MARS facilitated migration control because of culture, power, and structure. It is through the field’s implication in the coercion of its human subjects by UK state agencies that MARS academics a) answered their calling, b) assisted class rule as ideologists, and c) separated sacred and profane by policing endogamy. The introduction describes the existing literature on the relationship between MARS and migration control. The consensus is that the former facilitated the latter. However, these studies fail to provide detailed accounts of the ways in which it did so. Chapter One defines the elements of my more empirical argument: MARS and migration control. An historical narrative outlines the institutional development of the field since its beginnings in the early 1980s. Then a new model for understanding migration control – i.e., migrant CODAR – is described. Chapter Two uses this model to trace the actor network through which MARS academics facilitated the restriction of their human subjects’ mobility by the UK state agencies of the Advisory Panel on Country Information and the Migration Advisory Committee. Chapters Three, Four, and Five use Weberian, Marxist, and Durkheimian anthropological approaches (respectively) to explain the implication of MARS and migration control that is described in Chapters One and Two. Finally, the conclusion of the thesis discusses its contributions to both more particular (i.e., the literature surveyed in the introduction on MARS and migration control) and more general (i.e., anthropology) scholarly fields.

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Fourtage, Laure. "Et après ? : une histoire du secours et de l'aide à la réinsertion des rescapés juifs des camps nazis (France 1943-1948)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H056.

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Cette thèse porte sur l’histoire du secours et de l’aide à la réinsertion des rescapés juifs des camps nazis dans la France de l’immédiat après-guerre. Jusqu’à présent, l’historiographie s’était principalement attachée à saisir un moment : le retour des déportés. Dans ce cadre, un palace parisien transformé en centre d’accueil en avril 1945, le Lutecia, semble souvent résumer à lui seul les efforts entrepris, tant par l’Etat que par des diverses associations, pour les secourir. Une question aussi fondamentale que celle de la réinsertion des rescapés juifs des camps dans la société française restait ainsi en suspens. Que sont devenus, en France, la minorité de survivants de la politique d’extermination nazie ? Comment retrouver une vie « normale » après avoir perdu ses proches et ses biens, dans un pays dont les gouvernants avaient contribué à la politique antijuive de l’occupant ? Cette thèse entend répondre à ces questions en étudiant les dispositifs publics et privés dont ont pu bénéficier les rescapés juifs des camps et leur famille. L’histoire qui est relatée ici est une histoire qui, sans négliger les représentations, est résolument tournée vers les pratiques ; c’est aussi une histoire qui s’inscrit dans une approche relationnelle et décloisonnée des rapports entre l’Etat et la société, entre les pouvoirs publics et les organisations privées. Cette thèse porte ainsi l’ambition, à travers les rescapés des camps, de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des conditions de possibilités, de mise en œuvre ou d’inapplication d’une politique de secours et d’aide à la réinsertion de populations vulnérables victimes d’un traumatisme
This Ph.D. thesis focuses on the history of relief and rehabilitation aid to Jewish survivors of Nazi camps in France in the immediate aftermath of WWII. Until now, historiography has been mainly concerned with capturing the return of the deportees. In this context, the Lutetia, a Parisian luxury hotel transformed into a reception center in April 1945 often seems to summarize the efforts made by both the state and various associations to help them. Therefore, the fundamental question of the reintegration of Jewish survivors in French society was left unanswered. What became, in France, of the surviving minority of the targets of the Nazi extermination policy? How were they to find a “normal” life after losing loved ones and property, in a country whose rulers had contributed to the anti-Jewish policy of the German occupiers? This thesis intends to answer these questions by studying the public and private measures that benefited the Jewish survivors of the camps and their families. Without neglecting representations of the deportation, this research is resolutely turned towards the practices of contemporaries. In addition, it falls within a relational approach, emphasizing the interactions between public authorities and private organizations. Finally, this manuscript offers an open-ended reading of the relationship between the state and the society, from the point of view of both the population and the organizations considered. This thesis has the ambition, through the Nazi camps survivors, to contribute to a better understanding of the potential, implementation or non-application of a relief and rehabilitation aid policy to vulnerable populations victimized by trauma

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Gimenez, Amoros Luis. "Haul Music : transnationalism and musical performance in the Saharaui refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002302.

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The thesis presents ethnographic data and musical analysis (in the form of transcriptions) of Haul music which is the music style performed by Bedouin societies in Trab el Bidan region (Mauritania, Western Sahara, northern Mali, southern Algeria and northern Morocco). It is based on field research undertaken in Algeria in 2004-05 in the refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria, where Saharaui people (a Bedouin society)live in exile. This research is unique and original as Haul has not, until now, been explored in depth by any scholar. My research on Haul reveals that the changes in Saharaui music in the refugee camps of Tindouf reflect changes in the musical traditions of Bedouin societies as whole; changes that can be traced to the revolution which occurred in Western Sahara in 1975, and changes that are a result of the migrations and life in exile that followed. I argue that these changes occurred due to the transnational experiences undergone by Saharaui people in their forced exile (caused by the Moroccan state) from their homeland in Western Sahara to Algeria. Further, I assert that the invocation of memory in Bedouin musical styles is evidence of past musical practices being retained in contemporary Haul performance, although other musical changes are similarly in progress.

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Dufour, Sylvie. "Mécanismes adhésifs lors de la migration des cellules de la crête neurale et de la somitogenèse chez l'embryon d'oiseau." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066160.

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Hoerlle, Gladis. "Envelhecer na cidade: memórias de mulheres aposentadas oriundas do espaço rural (Marechal Cândido Rondon - PR)." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1689.

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This work researches elderly women memory narratives that when young worked in agriculture and after retirement went to live in urban areas of Marechal Cândido Rondon, western Paraná. The mechanization of agriculture introduced in the 1970 s and other transformations in the production process in the field since then, led to deep changes in ways of living and working. Many of the settlers as aged and achieved the retirement, moved to urban areas, entrusting the property to the adult children s care, or in the case of owners of smaller lands, sold them to large producers to invest in another type of activity or living on their retirement. In this sense, through interviews of life stories, we analyze the experience of migration and rural-urban relationships that still exist, the strangeness and progressive adaptation to the city as well as the building of new relationships of belonging. Furthermore, we understand the changes in social roles and the sociability of these women, the empowerment acquired by retirement achievement and meanings they attribute to this process
O presente trabalho investiga narrativas de memória de mulheres idosas, que quando jovens trabalharam na agricultura e, depois de aposentadas, foram morar no espaço urbano de Marechal Cândido Rondon, Oeste do Paraná. A mecanização da agricultura, introduzida na década de 1970, e outras transformações no processo de produção no campo desde então, provocaram profundas mudanças nos modos de viver e trabalhar. Muitos dos colonos, ao adentrar a velhice e conquistar a aposentadoria, mudaram para o espaço urbano, deixando a propriedade ao cuidado dos filhos adultos ou, no caso dos proprietários de áreas de terra menores, as venderam para grandes produtores, investindo noutro tipo de atividade, ou, vivendo de sua aposentadoria. Nesse sentido, através de entrevistas de histórias de vida, analisamos a experiência da migração e as relações campo-cidade ainda existentes, os estranhamentos e a progressiva adaptação à cidade, bem como a construção de novas relações de pertencimento. Além disso, procuramos perceber as mudanças nos papéis sociais e nas sociabilidades destas mulheres, o empoderamento adquirido pela conquista da aposentadoria e significados que atribuem a este processo

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Oliveira, Nayana Guimarães Souza de. "Da exclusão do campo à inclusão na prisão: a gestão penal da pobreza agrária no Brasil." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7879.

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This research aims to be a study about the criminal management of agrarian poverty in the temporal space that goes from the urban and industrial transformation of Brazil to the present. It seeks to unravel the socially excluding and criminally inclusive impacts of the rapid urbanization and industrialization process in Brazil. The emptying of the countryside that happened in the same time with the expansion of the cities, was one of the causes of structural unemployment and the formation of the urban peripheries, where the marginalized majority of the population is segregated. To cross this path, the genesis of the periphery is studied, building a bridge between the exclusion of the countryside and urban segregation. It takes care of delineating the Brazilian land characteristics, a context in which the rural-urban migratory movement and the process of rural and urban poverty formation are inserted. It stands out as the State - in which hopes of realizing socially guaranteed rights are placed - has become increasingly a minimal State, with minimum obligations. In sequence, this study deals with the criminal management of poverty in Brazil through the expansion of repression directed at poor individuals, with a stratospheric increase in public expenditures directed at the expansion of a police force that, however, isn’t succeed in effectively combating the increase of urban violence, since this is part of the contradictions proper to capitalism. In this society created by the contradictions of the economic system, the poor, the “favelado” and marginalized, is easy target of the police apparatus of the State, while it does not guarantee social rights; He is seen as dangerous individual and inspires distrust for the most privileged classes in society. In this Penal State, not only the repressive apparatus of the State grows, but also private security; on the other had, the rate of incarceration increases, especially of the poorer class of the population. Thus, there is an interweaving between agrarian question, criminal issue and urban violence, which involves the transfer of agrarian poverty to the cities, the formation of urban peripheries and the segregation of the poor’s in this places, where they will receive very little of the rule of law and will perceive the daily presence of the Criminal State.
Esta pesquisa faz um estudo acerca da gestão penal da pobreza agrária no Brasil, desde a transformação urbana e industrial, iniciada na década de 1930 até a contemporaneidade. Busca-se desvendar os impactos socialmente excludentes e penalmente includentes do rápido processo de urbanização e industrialização ocorridos no Brasil. O esvaziamento do campo, pari passu com a expansão das cidades, foi uma das causas do desemprego estrutural e da formação das periferias urbanas, onde está segregada a grande maioria marginalizada da população. Para percorrer este caminho, estuda-se gênese da periferia, construindo uma ponte entre a exclusão do campo e a segregação urbana. Cuida-se de delinear as características fundiárias brasileiras, contexto no qual se insere o movimento migratório do tipo rural-urbano e o processo de formação da pobreza rural e urbana. Destaca-se como o Estado – no qual se depositam esperanças de realização dos direitos socialmente garantidos – tornou-se cada vez mais um Estado mínimo, com mínimas obrigações. Em sequência, aborda-se o tema da gestão penal da pobreza no Brasil por meio da dilatação da repressão direcionada aos indivíduos pobres, com aumento estratosférico nos gastos públicos direcionados à ampliação de um corpo policialesco que, contudo, não logra êxito em combater efetivamente o incremento da violência urbana, já que este faz parte das contradições próprias ao capitalismo. Nessa sociedade criada pelas contradições do sistema econômico, o pobre, favelado e marginalizado, é alvo fácil do aparelho repressivo do Estado, ao passo que a ele não se garantem direitos sociais; ele é visto como indivíduo perigoso e que inspira desconfiança pelas classes mais privilegiadas da sociedade. Neste Estado Penal, cresce não só o aparelho repressivo do Estado, mas também a segurança privada; de outro lado, aumenta o índice de encarceramento, em especial da classe mais pauperizada da população. Assim, verifica-se um entrelaçamento entre questão agrária, questão criminal e violência urbana, que perpassa pela transferência da pobreza agrária para as cidades, pela formação das periferias urbanas e pela segregação do pobre neste local, onde ele receberá muito pouco do Estado de Direito e perceberá a presença cotidiana do Estado Penal.

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Pizarro, Dyer Ximena Alexandra. "La construcción de la migración del campo a la ciudad en el cine de ficción peruano desde sus realizadores y realizadoras." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653663.

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El trabajo de investigación expuesto en este documento es analizar la representación en el cine de ficción peruano de la migración del campo a la ciudad desde la perspectiva de directores de cine y especialistas en la materia. La migración es un importante fenómeno en nuestra cultura peruana y es nuestro deber comprender la realidad de una comunidad tan extensa como lo son los migrantes del campo a la ciudad. Sin embargo, no existe una cifra relevante de evidencias cinematográficas que profundicen este tema sin recurrir a los mismos estereotipos normalizados en nuestro entorno, disminuyendo la historia de estos mismos. Es en este estudio donde se pretende analizar las películas que han expuesto el universo de la migración y como han ejemplificado la construcción del espacio y el personaje migrante. Estas mismas serán tema de debate por los directores de cine peruano contemporáneos que emitirán una opinión basado en sus películas y experiencias. Además, los especialistas en la materia, explicarán el porqué este poco o nulo interés sobre el tema de la migración en el cine peruano de ficción desde su investigación. El corpus de este conjunto de films simbolizará una evidencia de la importancia de incluir este tema en nuestro cine y la poca representación del personaje migrante en nuestro país.
The research study presented in this document is to analyze the representation of the migration from the countryside to the city in peruvian fiction cinema y from the perspective of film directors and specialists in the field. Migration is a important phenomenon in our peruvian culture and it´s our duty to understand the reality of migrants from the countryside to the city. However, there isn´t a relevant number of cinematographic evidence that deepens this topic without resorting to the same standardized stereotypes in our environment, diminishing their history. In this study, I will analyze the films that have exposed the universe of migration and how they have exemplified the construction of space and the migrant character. These will be the subject of debate by contemporary Peruvian film directors who will generate an opinion based on their own films and experiences. In addition, specialists in the field will explain why they´re isn´t interest on the subject of migration in peruvian fiction cinema based on their own research. The corpus of this set of films will symbolize evidence of the importance of including this subject in our cinema and the poor representation of the migrant character in our country.
Trabajo de investigación

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33

Araújo, Valterlan Teixeira. "A CONSOLIDAÇÃO DA EMPRESA AGRÍCOLA DA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR EM ITAPACI/GO: impactos socioeconômicos, na família dos pequenos proprietários rurais." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2010. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2267.

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The aim of this research is to discuss the cultural impacts on the families of farmers in relation to the consolidation of the Agricultural Company of Sugar Cane. The sugar cane industry in Brazil historically supports the centralization of land and capital, with a trend of technological improvements that holds and excludes the human workforce. The household production in turn, plays a key role in delivering the products that make the bulk of the basic needs of low income families, contributing to the exports of agricultural products, which enhances and diversifies the human and environmental resources. In this context, it is thought that the cultivation of sugar cane in this micro region broke the routine of farmers, giving these families no chance to establish themselves in accordance with the requirements of the city way of life. In this context, trough a on the spot interview, the backgrounds of fifteen families were built from the ground up , and all these farmers leased land to the Vale Verde Mill. The data were analyzed from a dialectics point of view, which considers the relationship between subjects and informants. These interviews uncovered the core and the values of the native culture, showing the changes that occur because of the migration from the countryside to the cities. Therefore this research shows the social, cultural and economic impacts of the implementation of the sugarethanol industry in this area.
Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo discutir os impactos socioeconômicos e culturais em famílias de agricultores da cidade de Itapaci, Goiás, decorrentes da consolidação da empresa agrícola da canade- açúcar. A indústria da cana no Brasil, historicamente, preconiza a centralização de terras e capital, apresentando uma tendência de verticalização tecnológica poupadora e excludente de força de trabalho humano. A produção familiar, por sua vez, desempenha um papel fundamental na oferta de produtos que compõem a cesta básica das populações de baixa renda, contribuindo na pauta de exportações de origem agrícola, as quais otimizam e diversificam os recursos humanos e ambientais. Nesse contexto, pensa-se que o cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, nessa região, desarticulou a rotina desses produtores, não dando a essas famílias a chance de se estabelecerem conforme as exigências do modo de vida citadino. Nesse contexto, por meio de entrevista in locu, constituíram-se históricos de vida de quinze famílias campesinas, sendo todas produtoras arrendatárias de terras para a Usina Vale Verde. Os dados levantados foram analisados numa perspectiva da dialética, na qual consideram-se as relações de interação entre os sujeitos informantes e pesquisados. Essas entrevistas possibilitaram verificar os sedimentos e valores da cultura nativa e as transformações ocorridas pela migração do homem campo para a cidade. Portanto, essa pesquisa possibilitou o levantamento dos impactos provocados pela implementação da empresa sucroalcoleira nessa espacialidade, tanto nos aspectos culturais quanto sociais e econômicos.

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Silverman, Stephanie J. "The normative ethics of immigration detention in liberal states." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4c37674b-abdb-42b0-91a9-e6719587bf01.

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This thesis explores the normative propriety of immigration detention in liberal states. In the first part of the thesis, I explore the development, current practice, and popular justifications for immigration detention in the United Kingdom. I argue that a crucial but unacknowledged role for immigration detention is to function as a political spectacle of the centralisation of power in liberal states. I find that the key motivation for detaining non-citizens is that they could abscond before their removals. I conclude that this basis for detention is normatively acceptable in only very limited cases and, even then, alternatives are often available and ethically preferable. Based on the fact that there is a normatively acceptable rationale, albeit circumscribed, for detention practices, I then propose a framework of minimum standards of treatment in detention that I advise all liberal states to follow. After outlining my proposal, I turn in the second part of the thesis to an examination of the normative theories of immigration control and how they take account of detention. Normative theorists differ in how they balance their commitments to individual and state rights, yet I find the majority concedes the need for some degree of immigration admissions control. Such theories face a moral dilemma: there can be no immigration control without detention, and so detention becomes an implicit assumption for these normative theories to be coherent. A potential solution for combating the practical problems associated with the growing, worsening detention estates as well as the moral dilemma of incarcerating a non-citizen based on fear of absconding would be to open borders and eliminate immigration control. Given the reality of the sovereign right to control immigration, however, I argue that the more feasible normative answer is lobby liberal states to adopt my framework of minimum standards of treatment while simultaneously pressing for open borders as the long-term ethical goal.

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Clark, Christina R. "Beyond borders : political marginalisation and lived experiences of Congolese young people in Uganda." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:82b25c81-b6ee-4cf4-ad6c-d0dc889eb49e.

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This thesis combines ethnographic methods with feminist political analysis to examine Congolese young people’s decision-making roles in families, households, communities and policy spaces in Kampala and Kyaka II refugee settlement, Uganda. As refugees and young people, research subjects face many structural constraints. However, their diverse experiences defy homogenising discourses of marginality as an inherent, fixed characteristic. Instead, this thesis develops and applies a conceptual framework of political marginalisation as a dynamic process in multiple spaces. Research findings show that young people’s decision-making roles vis-à-vis resource distribution and division of labour are relational and contextual. Their multiple subject positions and relationships in overlapping networks affect differential decision-making roles. In particular, social age and gender are major axes of decision-making processes. Analyses of inter-linkages across patterns of relationships reveal that research subjects in peer networks and intergenerational household networks with independent resources have more decision-making opportunities at household, community and policy levels than their counterparts in intergenerational family networks. This contradicts assumptions that young people without their biological parents are inherently ‘marginalised’, and highlights the political importance of decision-making processes in perceived ‘private’ spaces, such as families and households. Structure and power relationships thus situate decision-making processes and affect available choices, but they cannot solely explain political roles and behaviour. This thesis also stresses the importance of agentic beliefs, intentions and aspirations. As actors in dynamic marginalisation processes, some young people attempt to access central spaces through education, remunerated formal employment and physical mobility. Others use marginal and transitional spaces to provide alternatives to the status quo. Such creativity and productivity occasion possibilities of political change. However, UNHCR’s protection and assistance responses do not facilitate these transformative processes because of their focus on perceived essentialist characteristics of monolithic ‘marginals’. This thesis offers an alternative approach that recognises refugee young people’s political agency, as well as the structural and power dynamics that constrain their decision-making opportunities.

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Mann, Carol. "Traditions et transformations dans la vie des femmes afghanes des camps de réfugiés au Pakistan depuis le 11 septembre 2001." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0006.

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Ce travail présente les camps de réfugiés afghans à la frontière entre le Pakistan et l'Afghanistan, en particulier le vécu de sa population féminine, comme des lieux de brassage et de transition depuis vingt-cinq ans. C'est ici que s'est formée une culture d'exil nourrie de traditions patchounes pré-islamiques, des tentatives de réformes émanant des gouvernements afghans depuis la fin du XIXe siècle et de représentations issues des médias globalisés, ainsi que les modèles proposés par l'aide humanitaire. Sur ce site émerge une forme particulière d'Islamisme qui servira de base idéologique aux gouvernements au pouvoir à Kaboul après le retrait soviétique ; c'est aussi le creuset d'une modernité paradoxale touchant particulièrement les femmes, qui s'accèlère depuis les événements du 11 septembre 2001 et l'intervention américaine qui s'ensuit. Le fond historique dont les ressemblances entre les politiques sociales et sanitaires de l'Empire britannique en Inde et celles de l'humanitaire actuel sont égalements décrits. La recherche est fondée dans un travail et un engagement humanitaires personnels réalisés dans ces camps entre 2001 et 2005 qui mène également à un questionnement réflexif sur l'évaluation et l'interprétation des situations rencontrées
This study examines Afghan refugee camps on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan (NWFP), in particular its female population, as places of transition and transformation over the last twenty-five years. A culture of exile has been constituted, mixing pre-islamic Pushtoon tradition, the attempts at change experimented by various hapless Afghan rulers since the late XIXth century, representations coming from globalized media as well as models put forward by humanitarian aid. This is the site where a particular species of Fundamentalism emerged wich became the ideological basis for governements in power in Kabul after the Soviet retreat ; it is also the locus for a paradoxical form of modernity affecting women in particular and accelerated since 9/11. The historical background and the resemblances between the health and social policies of the British Rai and those of present-day aid will also be described. This research is based on personal humanitarian work undertaken in the camps between 2001 and 2005 wich includes a self-critical approach to understanding and interpreting some of the situations encountered

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Goldfarb, Yamila. "A luta pela terra entre o campo e a cidade: as comunas da terra do MST, sua gestação, principais atores e desafios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-02012008-112829/.

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Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar o processo de constituição de uma nova forma de assentamento proposta pelo MST (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra) no estado de São Paulo, denominada Comuna da Terra, situada em áreas nas proximidades de grandes centros urbanos, buscando identificar no que ela difere de outras formas de assentamento, no sentido de sua organização interna, e qual a sua contribuição para o avanço da luta por reforma agrária e para o desenvolvimento social e econômico brasileiro. O discurso de intelectuais e parcela do governo de que a reforma agrária não seria mais necessária; a crescente importância atribuída ao agronegócio no país, seja pela política econômica seja pela mídia; e a mudança no caráter do sujeito social da reforma agrária em determinadas regiões, foram alguns dos fatores que levaram o MST a formular essa proposta de assentamento. Para compreender a Comuna da Terra foi imprescindível analisar a questão do sujeito social da reforma agrária. Para tanto, foi necessário compreender os processos migratórios no Brasil, e mais especificamente no estado de São Paulo bem como a crescente importância da migração de retorno. Analisamos então o processo histórico que envolve os grandes centros urbanos e as vidas das classes subalternas que aí se encontram, envolvidas num processo de migração e deslocamento constantes. Analisando os projetos de vida dessa população e o projeto político do MST de constituição das Comunas da Terra, como elemento de uma nova concepção de reforma agrária, pudemos perceber que essa proposta aponta para um novo projeto de desenvolvimento para o campo, no qual elementos do urbano sejam incorporados. Ao questionar os rumos da política agrária, ao reivindicar um novo modelo de desenvolvimento para o campo, ao propor a união de movimentos rurais e urbanos, o MST acaba por colocar em debate um novo modelo de desenvolvimento também para o Brasil. A Comuna da Terra é elaborada com a proposta de ser uma forma de assentamento em que haja infra-estrutura, acesso à informação, tecnologia etc. Em que haja também uma organização espacial que propicie uma maior centralidade. Enfim, a Comuna da Terra é elaborada de forma a ter um caráter mais urbano que os assentamentos convencionais. No entanto, ela não se enquadra como espaço urbano/rural a partir de imprecisões ou transições. Não constitui um espaço em transição do rural para o urbano. É um espaço que se propõe a ser rural, posto que de reprodução do modo de vida camponês, e urbano, ou com elementos do urbano, posto que demanda os benefícios que a urbanidade criou ao longo dos séculos.
This research project aims to analyze the creation of a new kind of land reform settlement in Brazil - the Comunas da Terra, or Land Communes. These settlements were proposed by Brazil\'s movement of landless workers, the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), and they have been thus far been located in São Paulo state, close to large urban centers. The project attempts to identify the differences between Land Communes and other kinds of land reform settlements, with particular attention paid to their internal organization. The project also seeks to outline the Land Communes\' contribution to the land reform struggle and, in a broader sense, to Brazil\'s social and economic development. A number of factors led the MST to propose the Land Commune model: the discourse, common among intellectuals and some segments of the Brazilian government, claiming that agrarian reform is no longer necessary; the growing importance of agribusiness, as reflected both in economic policy and in media depictions; and, in some regions, the changing nature of the social subjects who engage in the agrarian reform process. This last factor has particular importance. In order to understand Land Communes, one must analyze agrarian reform\'s social subjects. To approach this question, in turn, one must examine Brazil\'s migratory processes, and particularly the role that São Paulo plays in these processes, as well as the increasing importance of rural return migration. This thesis therefore reviews the history of Brazil\'s major urban centers and of the subaltern classes who live in them, classes which have been continually involved in a dynamic of migration and displacement. The thesis then analyzes the life plans of people from these classes, and the MST\'s political efforts to plan the Land Communes, as two factors leading towards a new conceptualization of agrarian reform. Both types of plan - life plans and Land Commune plans - point towards a new model for rural development, a model in which elements of the city are brought into the countryside. In its challenges to current agrarian policies, in its demands for a new rural development strategy, and in its proposals for unity between rural and urban social movements, the MST has in effect opened a debate about a new development model for Brazil itself. The MST\'s Land Commune proposal envisions a type of land reform settlement in which advanced infrastructure, information access, and technology are readily available. Moreover, the proposal aims to create settlements whose spatial organization is considerably more centralized than previous types of settlement. Land Communes, in summary, are created with a considerably more urban character than conventional land reform settlements. But the Land Communes\' hybrid status, as a urban/ rural space, does not come from their planners\' indecisiveness, nor does it reflect a process of transition. Land Communes are not a transitional space in which the rural becomes urban. Rather, they are a space at once rural - because in them a peasant lifestyle is reproduced - and urban, or at least with urban elements - because their inhabitants demand the benefits that, for centuries, urbanity has created.

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Ekstrand, Moa. "Ord men inga visor : En jämförande masterstudie om humanitära organisationers policy kring dialog och mänskliga rättigheter i relation till praktiskt genomförande av flyktingläger." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-266329.

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The average time for an individual to be located in a refugee situation is 17 years. That people are fleeing for such a long period of their life means that a large part of their human rights can easily be neglected. This study examines the humanitarian organizations MSB’s and UN- HCR's implementation of refugee camps and how they allow refugees to play a part in this process. This essay intends to examine the policy the organizations adhere to, namely the in- ternationally recognized handbooks Handbook of Emergencies and The Sphere Project. Em- pirical material is based on a qualitative interview method where a comparison between poli- cy and practice is investigated. Employees of organizations and experts on refugee camp de- sign, management and urban planning have served as respondents in this study. The city planning theory collaborative rationality is used to examine the empirical data to answer how organizations work with refugee camps, if a dialogue processes occur between organizations and refugees, and what benefits the theory can provide. This is followed by a discussion re- garding the human rights of the refugees and whether these are considered in the implementa- tion of the camp. A question raised in the discussion is whether a clarification of the concept could help the organizations' employees to meet the human rights of the refugees. The aim of this thesis is to create an interdisciplinary understanding across disciplinary boundaries. The idea is that the amalgamation of disciplines can improve the humanitarian organizations’ work and aid refugees living conditions. This study highlights a discrepancy in the relation- ship between policy and practice in relation to the procedure manuals, but also in relation to refugees and the satisfaction of human rights. A majority of the respondents testify a wish that a dialogue should be conducted between the organization and the recipients of humanitar- ian aid but that issues such as time pressure, ignorance and power relations complicates this process. What is needed for an improvement of dialogue processes is that the organizations need to take clearer positions on how the practical implementation should play out which would more easily control their employees to execute their work. States need to review their approach to refugees and to take responsibility for the people who need help. Last but not least, the concept of human rights and Nussbaum's definition of it is offered as a suggestion as to how UNHCR and MSB could simplify their work to accommodate that the refugees are treated within the realms of the human rights legislation.

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Jones, Will. "Murder and create : state reconstruction in Rwanda since 1994." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a462fdf9-f26a-4526-88f3-6bffaa2f9005.

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This thesis attempts to reconcile the ‘two Rwandas’ which dominate contemporary scholarship, and seem on first glance utterly incommensurable: the inspirational developmental donor darling, and the brutal police state ruled by a shadowy ethnic clique. It argues both sides capture something, but fail to give a fair assessment of the mercurial system of political order constructed by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) following the Genocide of 1994. This system is a durably strong state with exceptionally high levels of societal penetration capable of delivering order and other public goods, with a ruling party in a hegemonic position with a degree of medium-term stability, despite (and because of) its illiberal repressive character. Such a system is only possible because of the extremely unusual sociology of the RPF itself, forged in the refugee camps of Uganda and the Ugandan Bush War, and the structural constraints on rule within Rwanda. With these resources, the RPF has successfully made the transition from guerilla movement to hegemonic civilian political party, created bureaucratic institutions of government which penetrate to the lowest level, and hugely profitable ‘party-statals’ which co-exist alongside functioning competitive markets. Such successes are not disconnected from the violence, repression, and extra-judicial coercion which remain crucial to the regime. Analyses which think the positive aspects of Rwanda’s current ‘miracle’ can be mimicked without the accompanying domination and autocracy are engaging in wishful thinking. Crucially, given how distinctive the enabling conditions for Rwanda’s current political dispensation are, the extent to which Rwanda can be a policy exemplar or ‘best-practice’ for other African states to follow is in any case seriously overstated.

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Toffanin, Angela Maria. "Le condizioni del riconoscimento. Violenza sulle donne, migrazioni, cittadinanza." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423460.

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The aim of this research is to investigate gender relationships from the perspective of the migration experience of those women coming from Central and South America countries and currently living in the North-East of Italy. The research takes into considerations two aspects: gender violence against women, as it is recognized by the interviewees, and the struggle for recognition in the everyday life, with the partner, within the family context, at work. Both aspects are linked to the migration experience and the organization of everyday life in Italy. Symbolic violence (Bourdieu, 1998) is adopted as interpretive approach while intersectionality – among gender, class, race, … - (Crenshaw, 1991, Mason, 2002) as analytic perspective. The research analyses the condition through which the women who have been interviewed recognize themselves as “subject”, “subject in the world” and “citizens”, including their “successes” and “failures”. Recognition is here understood as the unveiling of gender violence as well as the exchanging process between self-reflecting and the inter-subjective dynamics concerning the different aspects of life. Such double perspective is highly needed for the reconstruction of the trajectories through which the “identities” are built within the set of social practices (Boschetti, 1988). Symbolic violence is here used as the construct needed to identify the practices and contents of violence. It is framed in a symbolic and cultural organization which is taken for granted. In such organization there are hierarchies and asymmetries between men and women which seem naturalized, invisible and thus legitimate. The research focuses on the “normality” of relations of everyday life. It is based on the analysis of biographic interviews that have been collected mainly as life stories (Bichi, 2004) and through the participating observation (Clifford and Marcus, 1986) of everyday life relations in family contexts and during parties. Seventy-one ethnographic meetings, which actively involved thirty-six women, have been held at the interviewees' homes and in public spaces (bar, associations' centres, Department of Sociology) in different cities and towns in Veneto. None of the interviewees was chosen because of the researcher knew they had experienced specific forms of violence. The research adopts gender as constitutive element of social relationship of power (Scott, 1986) which is essential in analysing male domination. However, gender is here coupled with other social constructions (class, “race”) in order to understand further “what difference does make difference” (Crenshaw, 1991) also taking into consideration those spaces of agency and negotiations situated in the field of gender relations. After their arrival in Italy, interviewees’ positionings in the field of gender relations might change. In some cases, asymmetry between men and women does decrease, while in others gender roles get "re-traditionalized". The analysis highlights the influence of the processes of "racialization" (Balbo, 2006) and “social devaluation” (Sayad, 2002) experienced by women in the destination contexts. In particular, interviewees seem to suffer a process of hyper-sexualization due to their geographic origin, even in absence of culturally well-defined body habitus. This hyper-sexualization does seem to produce a qualitative transformation of violence: namely, the incorporation of hierarchical social constructions of difference based on the facts that the interviewees are women, migrants and “latinas”. In Italy, some women are able to build those conditions needed to overcome violence whereas others become more vulnerable both in the context of couple and professional relationships. The research sheds light on some of the conditions that might influence such women’ social trajectories: differences seem to be influenced by their positive or negative experiences of recognition during previous relationships, by the interviewees' and their groups' patterns of gender relations and femininity, by the expansion or reduction of their social networks in the new place of residence; but also by their legal or illegal administrative status, by their capability to use public or social private services, by the success or failure of professional projects as well as by the dependence or autonomy, even material, from their partners. More specifically the self-reflecting process about their relations seems be decisive. The research has also focused on the patterns of femininity and love which the interviewees refer to and perform in everyday life, through habitus. All these representations have been analysed primarily within the context of couples in order to find out the conditions that allow women to experience a violence-free life. These conditions seem to be based on the construction of a mutual autonomy (material, social symbolic and cultural as well), which set both partners free to redefine or end their relationship. Last but not least, the research also took into consideration the patterns of family reunification in Italy as a set of positive practices of recognition for these women as “women and citizens”.
Questa ricerca indaga i rapporti di genere a partire dall’esperienza migratoria di donne nate e cresciute in Paesi del Centro e Sud America e trasferitesi in Veneto. Le dimensioni considerate riguardano la violenza contro le donne, così come viene riconosciuta dalle intervistate, e le tensioni di riconoscimento legate alle esperienze di vita, di lavoro, familiari e di coppia, collegate sia alla migrazione che all’organizzazione della vita quotidiana in Italia. Usando la violenza simbolica (Bourdieu, 1998) come approccio interpretativo e l’intersezionalità – tra genere, classe, race, etc.- come sguardo analitico (Crenshaw, 1991, Mason, 2002), la ricerca analizza le condizioni attraverso cui le donne intervistate si riconoscono come “soggetti”, “soggetti nel mondo” e “cittadine”, con i “successi” e “fallimenti” relativi. Il riconoscimento è inteso come svelamento a se stesse della violenza di genere, ma anche come processo dialogico tra la dinamica autoriflessiva e quella intersoggettiva rispetto a diversi ambiti di vita (Honneth, 2002). Questa duplice prospettiva viene qui considerata indispensabile per la costruzione delle traiettorie in cui le “identità” sono generate nella pratica sociale (Boschetti, 1988). La violenza simbolica è intesa come un costrutto utile a identificare pratiche e significati delle violenze. Si situa in un orizzonte simbolico e culturale strutturato e dato per scontato, in cui sono costruite gerarchie e asimmetrie tra donne e uomini che appaiono naturalizzate, invisibili, legittimate. Il focus della ricerca, dunque, è sulla “normalità” delle relazioni e dei processi della vita quotidiana. La ricerca si basa sull’analisi di interviste biografiche, raccolte prevalentemente sotto forma di racconti di vita (Bichi 2004) e sull’osservazione partecipante (Clifford e Marcus, 1986) di relazioni della vita quotidiana in famiglia e durante feste. Principalmente in casa, ma anche in luoghi pubblici (bar, sedi di associazioni, il Dipartimento di Sociologia) si sono realizzati 71 incontri etnografici che hanno coinvolto attivamente 36 donne residenti in varie località del Veneto. Nessuna delle intervistate è stata scelta sapendo che era o era stata vittima di violenze specifiche. Il genere quale elemento costitutivo di relazione di potere (Scott, 1986) viene assunto come costrutto decisivo per l’analisi del domino maschile, e viene affiancato ad altri costrutti (p.e. classe e race) per approfondire “quale differenza faccia la differenza” (Crenshaw, 1991) considerando anche gli spazi d’agency e di negoziazione presenti nel campo dei rapporti di genere. Dopo l’arrivo in Italia i posizionamenti delle intervistate nel campo dei rapporti e delle relazioni di genere possono mutare. In alcuni casi l’asimmetria tra donne e uomini si riduce mentre in altri i ruoli di genere sembrano essere “ri-tradizionalizzati”. L’analisi mette in evidenza l’influenza dei processi di razzializzazione (Balbo 2006) e di svalutazione sociale (Sayad, 2002) che le donne subiscono nei contesti d’arrivo. In particolare, il processo di iper-sessualizzazione subito dalle intervistate a partire dalla loro provenienza geografica, anche in assenza di habitus corporei molto definiti, sembra produrre una trasformazione qualitativa della violenza a partire dall’incorporazione di costrutti gerarchici di differenza riconducibili al fatto che siano donne, migranti e “latine”. In Italia alcune donne riescono a costruire le condizioni per superare la violenza, altre invece diventano più vulnerabili sia nell’ambito delle relazioni di coppia sia in quello professionale. I risultati della ricerca individuano alcune condizioni che sembrano incidere sui loro percorsi. Le differenze dipenderebbero dai riconoscimenti positivi o negativi nelle relazioni precedenti, dai modelli di genere cui l’intervistata e la sua rete sociale si riferiscono, dall’allargamento o dalla riduzione delle proprie reti sociali, dalla condizione di regolarità o irregolarità amministrativa, dalla capacità e dalla possibilità di utilizzare i servizi pubblici o del privato sociale, dal successo o meno di un progetto professionale, dalla dipendenza o dall’autonomia, anche materiale, dal partner. Per tutte è rilevante il percorso riflessivo sulle proprie relazioni. L’analisi si è focalizzata anche sui modelli di femminilità e di amore cui le donne si riferiscono e che agiscono, attraverso habitus e disposizioni, nelle relazioni della vita quotidiana. Queste rappresentazioni sono state analizzate a partire da relazioni di coppia per individuare le condizioni in cui sia possibile condurre una vita libera da violenza. Tali condizioni sembrano risiedere nella costruzione di un’autonomia reciproca (materiale, sociale, simbolica e culturale) che rende entrambi i partner liberi di ridefinire o interrompere la relazione. Infine, si sono approfonditi i percorsi di ricongiungimento dei figli in Italia quali pratica positiva di riconoscimento come “donne e cittadine”, capaci di riprendere una biografia sospesa.

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Desrousseaux, Alain. "Les réfugiés protestants de la Châtellenie de Lille en Hollande (milieu XVIème - début XVIIIème siècles)." Thesis, Artois, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ARTO0014/document.

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Il s'agira d'étudier plus précisément le refuge huguenot ‘’nordiste’’' qui s'est créé en Hollande des années 1580 au milieu du XVIIème siècle. Le protestantisme était très actif et dynamique dans les anciens Pays-Bas. Les classes sociales les plus actives étaient souvent protestantes. Suite à la révolte des Pays-Bas qui éclata en 1566, la répression espagnole provoqua des départs forcés vers l'Angleterre et les Pays-Bas. A Leyde, après la levée du siège espagnol et la libération de la ville en 1574 des réfugiés protestants issus des Pays-Bas du sud, encore espagnols, vinrent s'installer dans cette ville. Notre objectif est d’étudier ces réfugiés issus des territoires constituant actuellement le Nord-Pas de Calais et plus particulièrement la châtellenie de Lille, en analysant leur origine sociale, leur migration et leur activité à Leyde. Nous étudierons leur intégration dans la société d'accueil, leur apport au dynamisme des Pays-Bas et de la ville de Leyde en particulier, leur contribution à l’Age d’Or culturel des Pays-Bas. Par ailleurs les Eglises du refuge avaient gardé des liens avec les communautés restées en France. Des réfugiés issus de ces territoires ont eu une destinée exceptionnelle. Certains sont partis de Leyde vers le nouveau monde et ont contribué au peuplement de l'Amérique et de l’Afrique du Sud, créant notamment New-York. Nous chercherons également à dresser un inventaire plus complet de ces destinées exceptionnelles. Compte tenu de l’étendue du sujet nous insisterons principalement sur la châtellenie de Lille
It is relevant to study more specifically the Huguenot '' northerner '' refuge which was created in Holland on 1580s to the mid-seventeenth century. Protestantism was very active and dynamic in the old Holland. The most active social classes were often Protestant. Following the revolt of the Netherlands which erupted in 1566, the Spanish repression provoked forced departures to England and the Netherlands. In Leiden, after the lifting of the Spanish siege and the liberation of the city in 1574 Protestant refugees from the Netherlands from the south, still Spanish, came to settle in this city. Moreover the end of persecution, stopping persecution in the country had allowed the return of some of them. The aim is to study these refugees from those territories which constitut now the Nord-Pas de Calais and specially the châtellenie of Lille. In doing so, their social origin will be analysed, as well as their migration and the activities in Leiden. It is relevant to study their integration into the host society, their contribution to the vitality of the Netherlands and the city of Leiden in particular, their contribution to the cultural Golden Age of the Netherlands. Besides the churches of refuge had maintained ties with communities remained in France. Some refugees from these territories had an exceptional destiny. Some left Leiden to the New World and contributed to the populating of America and South Africa, including the creation of New York. It will also provide a more complete inventory of these exceptional destinies

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Paes, Jurema Mascarenhas. "São Paulo em noite de festa: experiências culturais dos migrantes nordestinos (1940-1990)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13134.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jurema Mascarenhas Paes.pdf: 7221063 bytes, checksum: 8c55aa2324dc379e208f2acea94cd514 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-22
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
In this thesis, the experiences and cultural translations of the northeastern migrants are analyzed in their processes of miscegenation by means of music, dance and the sociability spaces, in the second half of the 20th century (decades of 1950 to 1990), in the city of São Paulo. The successful trajectory of the artist Luiz Gonzaga is observed, by means of the creation of the baião music and music genre, the instrumental formation of the northeastern trio and all his vocal and scenic speech, representative of the Northeastern region, which occurred in the in-between field-city. The emersion of Luiz Gonzaga is articulated with the migratory flow of the 1950s, with highlights for the city of São Paulo and its work and growth speech. In sequence, the 1960s are focused, with the emersion of the Pedro Sertanejo forró house, one of the first in the city of São Paulo, and of the recording studio Cantagalo , unfolding the whole social network of knowledge and power, observing that the cultural manifestations, in their day-to-day social processes, worked as fighting strategies for territories inside the city. This is a thesis prepared under the perspective of Cultural History, permeating the experiences and strategies, ways of life, of expressing and of living, the miscegenation processes, diverse organization manners, watching for shared and confronted social experiences, analyzing symbols, images, mentalities, cultural practices, as experiences of power, domination, resistance, fight, negotiation, aesthetic and social conflicts. For such, it is sought to work in the intersection of the happenings and in the articulation of the differences between migration, field and city, popular culture and cultural industry, History and music, Oral History, photography and memory, day-to-day and culture, all of this to better understand the imbrications of the half-breed amalgams of the northeastern culture in the city of São Paulo while processes of negotiations and social conflicts
Nesta tese analisam-se as experiências e traduções culturais dos migrantes nordestinos em seus processos de mestiçagens mediante a música, a dança e os espaços de sociabilidade, na segunda metade do século XX (décadas de 1950 a 1990), na cidade de São Paulo. Verifica-se a trajetória de sucesso do artista Luiz Gonzaga por meio da criação da música e do gênero musical baião, da formação instrumental do trio nordestino e de todo o seu discurso vocal e cênico, representativo da região Nordeste, que se fez no entre-lugar campo-cidade. Articula-se a emersão de Luiz Gonzaga com o fluxo migratório da década de 1950, destacando-se a cidade de São Paulo e seu discurso de trabalho e crescimento. Na seqüência, focaliza-se a década de 1960, a emersão da casa de forró de Pedro Sertanejo, uma das primeiras da cidade de São Paulo, e da gravadora Cantagalo , desdobrando toda a rede social de saberes e poderes, constatando-se que as manifestações culturais, em seus processos sociais cotidianos, funcionaram como estratégias de luta por territórios dentro da cidade. Trata-se de uma tese elaborada sob a perspectiva da História Cultural, permeando as experiências e estratégias, modos de ser, de expressar e de viver, os processos de mestiçagens, diversas maneiras de organização, atentando para experiências sociais compartilhadas e confrontadas, analisando-se símbolos, imagens, mentalidades, práticas culturais como experiências de poder, dominação, resistência, luta, negociação, conflitos estéticos e sociais. Para tanto, busca-se trabalhar na intersecção dos acontecimentos e na articulação das diferenças entre migração, campo e cidade, cultura popular e indústria cultural, História e música, História Oral, fotografia e memória, cotidiano e cultura, tudo isso para melhor compreender as imbricações dos amálgamas mestiços da cultura nordestina na cidade de São Paulo enquanto processos de negociações e conflitos sociais

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Ritucci, Raffaella. "Bambine e ragazzi bilingui nelle classi multietniche di Torino." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19485.

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Das Schulregister des Kultusministeriums MIUR verzeichnet, dass mehr als jede/r zehnte aller Schüler/innen in Italien keine italienische Staatsbürgerschaft hat, obwohl sie mehrheitlich dort geboren wurden. Zahlreiche Erhebungen weisen für sie im Vergleich zu den italienischen Mitschülern/innen geringere Italienischkenntnisse und weniger schulischen Erfolg auf. Innerhalb dieser explorativen Feldforschung haben Einzelinterviews mit 121 Schülern/innen (5.-8. Klasse) in Turiner Schulen und mit 26 Eltern, sowie die Auswertung von 141 an 27 Italienisch- und Herkunftsprachlehrer/innen verteilten Fragebögen ergeben, dass viele Schüler/innen "zweisprachige Natives" sind, da sie mit Italienisch und einer anderen Sprache aufwachsen. Dieser Polyglottismus, den die Interviewten sehr positiv bewerteten, findet jedoch in der Schulpraxis keine Entsprechung: Gezielte Förderung im Italienischen und der Unterricht der Familiensprache sind meist Wunschdenken. In der Kohorte haben die Schüler/innen mit den besten Italienischkenntnissen einen italophonen Elternteil bzw. kamen im Vorschulalter nach Italien und besuchten dort den Kindergarten. Dagegen sind, wie auch bei den INVALSI-Tests, die in Italien geborenen und die dann die Krippe besuchten, leicht benachteiligt. Was die Familiensprache angeht, verbessert ihr Erlernen die Kompetenzen darin, ohne dem Italienischen zu schaden: Im Gegenteil. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die wichtige Rolle der "anderen" Sprache für einen gelungen Spracherwerb. Das MIUR sollte also sein Schulregister mit Sprachdaten ergänzen, um die Curricula im Sinn der EU-Vorgaben umzuschreiben und den sprachlich heterogenen Klassen gezielte Ressourcen und definierte Vorgehensweisen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Mit geringeren Mitteln, im Vergleich zu den jetzigen Kosten für Herunterstufung, Klassenwiederholung und Schulabbruch würde man Schulerfolg, Chancengerechtigkeit und Mehrsprachigkeit fördern, mit positiven Folgen für den Einzelnen sowie für die Volkswirtschaft.
The Italian Ministry of Education (MIUR) student register records that today in Italy more than one out of ten students is not an Italian citizen, although the majority of them were born there. Several statistical surveys indicate that "foreign" students, when compared to native students, show a poorer performance in Italian and in academic achievement. This exploratory fieldwork carried out in schools in Turin (5th to 8th grade) analyzed data obtained through semi-structured interviews with 121 students and 26 parents as well as 141 questionnaires filled in by 27 teachers of Italian and family language. It showed that many students are "bilingual natives", as they grow up acquiring both Italian and another language; however, despite the fact that the interviewees rate polyglottism positively, schools don't usually offer targeted support in either language. Within the cohort the broadest range of competences in Italian are found first among those with an Italian-speaking parent, then among those who arrived in Italy at pre-school age attending kindergarten there; this latter group shows higher competences than those born in Italy attending nursery there, as also in the INVALSI tests. As far as family language is concerned, data illustrate that its teaching increases its competences without affecting those in Italian: quite the opposite in fact. These results confirm the remarkable role played by the "other" language in successful language education. MIUR is therefore called upon to include also linguistic data in its student register, so as to redefine its curricula according to EU Guidelines, and to identify specific procedures and resources for multilingual classes. This new policy would reduce the current cost of placing students in a lower grade, grade retention and drop-outs, and would promote school success, equal opportunities and multilingualism, with positive consequences both for the individuals and for the national economy.
L'anagrafe studenti del MIUR registra come oggi in Italia più di uno studente su dieci non è cittadino italiano, pur essendo la maggioranza di loro nata in questo paese. Numerose indagini statistiche mostrano come gli allievi "stranieri" presentino, rispetto a quelli italiani, ridotte competenze in italiano e minore successo scolastico. Questa ricerca esplorativa svolta in alcune scuole di Torino (V elementare-III media) ha analizzato dati ottenuti tramite interviste semi-strutturate a 121 studenti e 26 genitori e 141 questionari compilati da 27 insegnanti di italiano e di lingua di famiglia. Da essa è emerso che molti studenti sono "nativi bilingui", poiché crescono usando l'italiano e un'altra lingua. Questo poliglottismo, valutato dagli intervistati assai positivamente, non si rispecchia però nella prassi scolastica: un supporto mirato in italiano e l'insegnamento della lingua di famiglia sono di regola una chimera. All'interno del campione le più ampie competenze in italiano si trovano fra chi ha un genitore italofono e chi è arrivato in Italia in età prescolare frequentandovi la scuola materna; come constatato anche nei test INVALSI, chi è nato in Italia e vi ha frequentato l'asilo nido è leggermente svantaggiato. Rispetto alla lingua di famiglia risulta che il suo studio porta a migliori competenze in essa, senza nuocere all'italiano: anzi. Emerge quindi il ruolo significativo della lingua "altra" per un'educazione linguistica efficace. L'invito al MIUR è quindi di integrare la propria anagrafe con dati linguistici, così da ridefinire i propri curricula secondo le Linee Guida Comunitarie, individuando procedure e risorse specifiche per le classi multilingui. Con un investimento ridotto, paragonato con il costo attuale dato da retrocessioni, ripetenze e abbandono scolastico, si riuscirebbe a sostenere il successo scolastico, le pari opportunità e il plurilinguismo, con conseguenze positive per i singoli e per l'economia nazionale.

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Wei-ShanChang and 張瑋珊. "The effect of cAMP on PMA-stimulated cell migration in HEL cells." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/as8377.

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碩士
國立成功大學
藥理學研究所
103
Some types of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can be treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which induces cell differentiation, in combination with other chemotherapeutics. However, previous studies indicated ATRA could lead to leukemia metastasis and bone marrow recurrence, affecting the prognosis. Lepmeningeal metastasis is the most common and severe. With respect to the mechanism of leukemia metastasis, previous reports have shown that the concentration of cAMP in different cells affect fibroblast, keratocyte and neutrophil cell motilities. However, the effects could vary on cell type, and the mechanism in leukemia metastasis is not clear. We induced human erythroleukemia cell (HEL) differentiation by PMA in the absence and presence of intracellular cAMP increasing. The morphology of PMA-stimulated HEL cells turned to be heterogeneous. With forskolin pretreatment, dipolar-shaped cells and cell motilities increased. Moreover, PMA-stimulated HEL cells released matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). MMP-9 protein level and activity were examined by Western blot and gelatin zymography respectively. MMP-9 protein level and activity were increased apparently while forskolin-pretreated, suggesting the invasive ability increased. In this report, the mechanism of the regulation of cAMP in the synthesis and secretion of MMP-9 has been investigated. Using the inhibitor experiments, we found novel PKCs, p38 and ERK1/2 were involved. PKCδ was further confirmed by RNA interference. Taken together, cAMP can improve PMA-stimulated HEL cell migration and invasion partly through increasing the expression and activity of MMP-9, and PKCδ, p38 and ERK1/2 were involved.

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Truong, Tammy. "Compartmentalized phosphodiesterase 4D isoforms expression, targeting and localization in vascular myocytes." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8658.

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During the development of atherosclerosis, contractile vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) change to cells capable of migrating and proliferating to mediate repair, where the responses may be adaptive or mal-adaptive in effect. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-elevating agents have been shown to inhibit migration of VSMC. cAMP activity within the cell is known to be ubiquitous and dynamic, requiring control through signal termination mechanisms for cellular homeostasis. Phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes are central to this critical regulatory process catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP. A great deal of insight into the role of PDEs in defining compartmentalization of cAMP signaling has arisen predominately from recent studies on the cAMP-specific PDE4 family. Compartmentalization of PDE4 is mediated by their unique N-terminal domains, which have been proposed to provide the “postcodes/zipcodes” for cellular localization. PDE4D isoforms vary widely, yet their conservation over evolutionary time suggests important non-redundant roles in distinct cellular processes. To study the potential role of individual PDE4D isoforms we seek to utilize the unique N-terminal targeting domains that are proposed to be responsible for their protein-protein interactions and site-directed localization. Herein, we report on the expression, targeting and localization of five “long” PDE4D isoforms and the impact on cell morphology of certain amino-terminal domains of individual PDE4D constructs expressing green fluorescent protein (NT-PDE4D/GFP) in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Through the development of engineered NT-PDE4D/GFP expression plasmids, we were able to study the cell biological impacts associated with the overexpression of individual PDE4D amino-terminal variants in HASMCs. We show that NT-PDE4D5/GFP and NT-PDE4D7/GFP expressing cells exhibited an elongated cell morphology, where this effect was much more marked in NT-PDE4D7/GFP expressing cells, exhibiting multiple leading edge structures and highly elongated “tails”. We identify a potential role for PDE4D7 targeting in the regulation of cell polarity and migration. Our results suggest the novel idea that PDE4D7, rather than the four other long PDE4D isoforms (PDE4D3, PDE4D5, PDE4D8, or PDE4D9), represents the dominant PDE4D variant involved in controlling cAMP-mediated effects on cell tail retraction dynamics.
Thesis (Master, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2014-03-13 13:00:31.684
Video I: Time-lapse video of GFP-expressing cell migration in HASMC. GFP expressing cells did not differ in cell migration or morphology compared to non-injected control cells. HASMCs were microinjected with GFP construct. Representative images of micoinjected GFP cells were taken 24 h post-injection overnight at 30min intervals using a Zeiss Axiovert S100 microscope and processed as described in Materials & Methods. (10X)
Video II: Time-lapse video of NT-PDE4D7/GFP-expressing cell migration in HASMC. NT-PDE4D7/GFP expressing cells exhibit elongated tail and decrease in cell migration compared to non-injected control cells. HASMCs were microinjected with NT-PDE4D7/GFP construct. Particle tracking of NT-PDE4D7 cells showed cleaving and full detachment of elongated tail. Representative images of micoinjected NT-PDE4D7 cells were taken 24 h post-injection overnight at 30min intervals using a Zeiss Axiovert S100 microscope and processed as described in Materials & Methods. (10X)

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De, Champlain-Bringué Isabelle. "Le camps de réfugié.e.s : un espace d'(in)sécurités? : violences sexuelles et liées au genre au sein des camps de réfugié.e.s." Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4976/1/M12599.pdf.

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Ce mémoire se veut un essai théorique analysant les situations de violences sexuelles et liées au genre au sein des camps de réfugié.e.s. Cette recherche est en effet motivée par le constat de la forte propension de ces violences, notamment domestiques, dans un espace qui se définit comme « sécuritaire », un environnement qui se doit d'offrir une certaine protection et sécurité. En empruntant un angle d'analyse féministe poststructuraliste, postcoloniale et intersectionnelle, cet essai vise à relever et à dépasser les biais de genre présents au sein des cadres conceptuels et des pratiques de l'organe principal responsable de l'assistance et de la protection des personnes réfugiées, soit le Haut-Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (UNHCR). En théorisant sur une biopolitique de l'humanitaire, ainsi que sur l'état d'exception qui caractérise la situation d'encampement, ce mémoire démontre que dans un tel cadre de rapports inégalitaires de pouvoir qui caractérisent la gestion des camps de réfugié.e.s, les politiques d'égalité entre les genres et les stratégies de lutte contre les violences sexuelles et liées au genre menées par les organisations humanitaires se heurtent à de forts obstacles. Si les camps de réfugié.e.s ne sont pas donnés à disparaître de sitôt, une transformation dans la manière de percevoir la sécurité, ou les (in)sécurités, passant inévitablement par une démocratisation de l'espace des camps, doivent figurer au premier plan parmi les changements qui devraient être effectués pour diminuer le sentiment d'insécurité et les violences qui affectent bon nombre de réfugié.e.s, surtout les femmes. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Migration forcée, féminisme poststructuraliste, violences de genre, biopolitique, sécurité positive.

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Mala, Uchurappa. "An integrative analysis of Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) in Glioma: The Essential role of PTGFRN and ASTN1 in Glioma and Glioma Stem-like Cells." Thesis, 2020. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4658.

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The central nervous system tissue contains neural stem cells which differentiate and give rise to the neurons and glial cells. The glial cells maintain neurons by providing nutrients, physical support and protection. Unlike neurons, glial cells retain their capacity to divide and proliferate throughout the life span of an individual. During proliferation of glial cells, dysregulation in cellular processes that control growth leads to formation of glial neoplasms or gliomas. The glial tumors are classified based on the predominant cell type; astrocytomas that originate mainly from astrocytes, oligodendrogliomas from oligodendrocytes and oligoastrocytomas both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Among all gliomas, astrocytomas are the most common central nervous system neoplasms which makes up to 60% of all the primary brain tumors. Being the most prevalent type, the world health organizations (WHO) classifies them into grades ranging from I to IV based on their intensity of malignancy. Grade-IV astrocytoma or Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form with a median survival of less than 15 months, despite all therapeutic modalities. CAMs are involved in cell-cell and cell-extra cellular matrix (ECM) communications and physical attachment between cells and ECM. CAMs are also involved in ‘out-in and in-out’ signalling which helps in cell survival, migration and stemness in both normal and cancer cells. Cell adhesion system works in various mechanisms by which it translates basic genetic information into complex three-dimensional pattern of cells in tissues. Dysregulation of CAMs is involved in different neoplastic transformation, survival, self-renewal, proliferation, migration, EMT, and metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CAMs in glioma development and progression. Part 1: Elucidation of Genetic and Epigenetic landscape alterations in Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) in Glioblastoma CAMs are important group of molecules expressed on the surface of the cell and often found dysregulated in multiple cancers including GBM. Though several reports emphasize the importance of a number of individual CAMs in glioma initiation and progression, there is no single report which shows the comprehensive view of their importance in glioma development and progression. In this study, we have curated all known CAMs from the literature and analysed using various bioinformatics tools to show their genetic alterations, probable mechanisms for regulation, association with tumor grade/nature, and survival correlation in GBM. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of CAMs (n=518) in multiple available data sets revealed genetic and epigenetic alterations among CAMs in GBM. We identified several genetically altered CAMs (n=293, 56%) in GBM. The mutations in the LRFN5 and PCDHGC5 predicted poor prognosis. The differential regulation of CAMs (n=181, 35%) contributed by copy number variation (CNV), DNA methylation and miRNA targeting. We identified two sets of differentially regulated CAMs that may be implicated in initial astrocytic transformation and glioma progression. Further, we have also identified a unique set of differentially regulated CAMs (n=22) specific to glioma stem-like cells (GSC) as compared to both neural stem cells (NSC) and differentiated glioma cells (DGC). Part 2: The essential role of Prostaglandin F2 receptor inhibitor (PTGFRN) in glioblastoma PTGFRN is an IgSF CAM, surface expressed single pass transmembrane protein and serves as a scaffolding protein. It is widely found to be associated with multiple tetraspanin members such as CD9, CD81, CD82 and CD151. It was reported as a highly expressed antigen in metastatic cancer cells and induces cell migration in multiple cancer types. In our study, integrative analysis of CAMs revealed that PTGFRN is one of the upregulated genes in GSCs compared to both DGCs and NSCs. In this section, we identified PTGFRN to be highly expressed in GSCs vs DGCs, GBM samples compared to controls as analysed in publicly available multiple datasets such as TCGA (Agilent and RNA-seq), REMBRANDT, GSE22866 and GSE7696. Further, when we explored the expression of PTGFRN in GBM cell lines, transcript and protein levels were found to be more in GBM cell lines as compared to immortalized astrocyte derived control cell lines. The survival analysis revealed that PTGFRN high expression is correlated with poor patient survival in GBM. The functional relevance of PTGFRN in GBM development and progression was investigated by shRNA mediated silencing followed by functional assays. In multiple GBM cell lines, silencing of PTGFRN reduced cell proliferation, colony formation and anchorage-independent growth in soft agar as compared to silencing of non-targeting (shNT) control. Silencing of PTGFRN in GSCs reduced number of neurospheres formed as compared to shNT control as assessed by neurosphere formation and limiting dilution assays. We also found that the knockdown of PTGFRN reduces migration and invasion in GBM cell lines. Cell cycle analysis showed G1 or G2/M phase arrest after silencing PTGFRN in GBM cell lines. Further, we observed that in GBM cell lines silencing of PTGFRN leads to apoptotic cell death by 40 to 50% as compared to shNT control. In order to understand the functional role of PTGFRN in GBM, we first identified the significantly differentially regulated genes between PTGFRN-high and PTGFRN-low expressed groups of GBM samples in TCGA Agilent dataset. The gene sets were further used for KEGG pathway, Gene Ontology (GO) and GSEA analyses. We found that the upregulated genes showed significant enrichment for focal adhesion and CAMs pathways, whereas negatively regulated genes showed significant enrichment for drug and xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome p450 pathways in KEGG pathway database. The GO and GSEA analyses showed significant enrichment for hallmarks: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), IL6 JAK STAT3 signalling, TNF alpha signalling via NF-kB and Notch signalling and significantly depleted for the hallmark: KRAS signalling DN (genes down-regulated by KRAS activation). To decipher the molecular mechanism for PTGFRN function in GBM, we checked the status of the most dysregulated oncogenic pathways after its knockdown in GBM cell lines. Silencing of PTGFN reduced phospho-AKT, phospho-ERK, phospho-4EBP and phospho-P70S6 levels compared to control condition in GBM cell lines. In order to test the role of PTGFRN in EMT and Focal adhesion processes, we silenced PTGFRN in GBM cell lines and observed a reduction in vimentin and Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) protein levels compared to control. It indicates that PTGFRN might be playing a potential role in pro-survival and promigratory pathways in GBM. Furthermore, we also evaluated various mechanisms by which PTGFRN expression is regulated in GBM. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that DNA hypomethylation and down regulation of microRNAs such as miR-107, miR-133b and miR-137 correlated with PTGFRN high expression in GBM. In order to test the role of methylation, we treated LN18 cell line (PTGFRN-low) with 5-Aza 2’-cytidine and observed that no rescue of PTGFRN expression which indicates that methylation may not play a role in its regulation. However, overexpression of miR-137 in the PTGFRN-high glioma cell lines (U373, U251 and U87) reduced PTGFRN protein levels indicating microRNA-dependent regulation of PTGFRN. Moreover, a recent report suggests that TGF-β signalling pathway may also regulate PTGFRN in GBM. Inhibition of TGF-β signalling with ALK5 inhibitor also reduced PTGFRN protein levels relative to the control treatment. The high activation of TGF-β signalling and down regulation of miR-137 expression might be responsible for high expression of PTGFRN in GBM. Part 3: Astrotactin 1 (ASTN1), a neural CAM is essential for survival and growth of Glioma Stem-like Cells Astrotactins (ASTN1 and ASTN2) are neural CAMs which are known to be involved in the development of CNS. ASTN1 was also shown to be upregulated in premalignant stem-like or progenitor cells of glioblastoma compared to astrocytes and hESCs. In our study, integrated gene expression analysis revealed ASTN1 as a highly upregulated CAM in GSCs compared to both NSCs and DGCs. We analysed ASTN1 transcript and protein levels in various GSC cell lines and corresponding differentiated glioma cells. We found ASTN1 to be upregulated in GSCs compared to corresponding DGCs at both transcript and protein levels. Silencing of ASTN1 in GSCs formed reduced number of neurospheres in neurosphere and limiting dilution assays as compared to shNT control. We also found that the cell viability was significantly reduced after silencing of ASTN1 in GSCs as assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay. In addition to knockdown, blocking of ASTN1 with antibody also inhibited the neurosphere formation in GSCs. We further investigated the mechanisms by which ASTN1 exhibits its role in GSC survival and growth. Silencing of ASTN1 in GSCs increased the number of annexin-V positive cells which indicates increased apoptosis. To further validate ASTN1 role in GSC stemness maintenance, we checked the essential four-reprogramming factors; Sox2, Po3f2, Olig2, and Sall2 which are necessary and sufficient for maintenance of stemness in GSCs. In GSCs, silencing of ASTN1 reduced transcript levels of all four reprogramming factors as compared to vector control. In conclusion, we have elucidated the altered landscape of CAMs in GBM and given an insight into impact of such alterations on functional and molecular role taking PTGFRN and ASTN1 as examples. In first part we provided a panoramic view of the various alterations in CAMs encountered in GBM. In second part, we identified that PTGFRN is required for GBM cell growth, migration, and invasion and we also found its regulation. In the third part, we demonstrated that ASTN1 is required for GSC survival and growth.

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ARRIGHI, Jean-Thomas. "Those who came and those who left : the territorial politics of migration in Scotland and Catalonia." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/21354.

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Defence date: 9 February 2012
Examining Board: Prof. Rainer Bauböck, EUI (Supervisor) ; Prof. Michael Keating, EUI (Co-supervisor) ; Dr Nicola McEwen, University of Edinburgh ; Prof. Andreas Wimmer, UCLA
First made available online 15 March 2019
Whilst minority nationalism and migration have been intensely studied in relative isolation from one another, research examining their mutual relationship is still scarce. This dissertation aims to fill this gap in the literature by exploring how migration politics are being fought over not only across society but also across territory in two well-researched cases of protracted nationalist mobilisation, Catalonia and Scotland. It meets three objectives: First, it introduces a theoretical framework accounting for sub-state elites’ and administrations’ boundary-making strategies in relation to immigrants and emigrants. Second, it systematically compares the evolution of boundary-making strategies in Catalonia and Scotland, prior to and after the establishment of self-governing institutions. Third, it identifies the circumstances under which nationalists came to adopt a predominantly territorial conception of national membership, privileging the inclusion of immigrants over that of emigrant populations. The main hypothesis states that minority nationalists have a vested interest in emphasizing residency as a significant criterion of national membership irrespectively of one’s place of birth and degree of attachment to the land in order to enhance their internal and external legitimacy. In addition, the location of the membership boundary depends upon the relative openness of the Territorial Opportunity Structure, which comprises three dimensions: the formal distribution of migration-related competencies, the initial boundary and its implications for later developments, and the dynamics of party competition at sub-state level. The empirical analysis shows that the attitudes of political elites in Scotland and Catalonia towards immigrants and emigrants have been shifting through time. This illustrates how nations are constantly constructed and reconstructed through processes of boundary-building, in a context also shaped by state-wide nationalism. The findings corroborate to a considerable extent the main hypothesis and show that dynamics of party competition have played a greater role in affecting boundary-making strategies in relation to immigrants and emigrants than historical path dependencies or the formal distribution of competencies.

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Grayson-Courtemanche, Catherine-Lune. "Growing Up in Exile : An Ethnography of Somali Youth Raised in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12296.

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La violence chronique qui caractérise la Somalie depuis plus de deux décennies a forcé près de deux millions de personnes à fuir. Cette ethnographie étudie l’expérience de l’asile prolongé de jeunes Somaliens qui ont grandi au camp de Kakuma, au Kenya. Leur expérience est hors du commun, bien qu’un nombre croissant de réfugiés passent de longues années dans des camps pourtant conçus comme temporaires, en vertu de la durée des conflits et de la normalisation de pratiques de mise à l’écart de populations « indésirables ». Nous explorons la perception qu’ont ces jeunes de leur environnement et de quelle façon leur exil structure leur perception du passé et de leur pays d’origine, et de leur futur. Ce faisant, nous considérons à la fois les spécificités du contexte et l’environnement global, afin de comprendre comment l’expérience des gens est façonnée par (et façonne) les dynamiques sociales, politiques, économiques et historiques. Nous observons que le camp est, et demeure, un espace de confinement, indépendamment de sa durée d’existence ; bien que conçu comme un lieu de gestion rationnelle des populations, le camp devient un monde social où se développent de nouvelles pratiques ; les jeunes Somaliens font preuve d’agentivité et interprètent leur expérience de manière à rendre leur quotidien acceptable ; ces derniers expriment une frustration croissante lorsque leurs études sont terminées et qu’ils peinent à s’établir en tant qu’adultes, ce qui exacerbe leur désir de quitter le camp. En effet, même s’il existe depuis plus de 20 ans, le camp demeure un lieu de transition. L’expérience de jeunes Somaliens qui ont grandi dans un camp de réfugiés n’a pas été étudiée auparavant. Nous soutenons que cette expérience est caractérisée par des tensions entre contraintes et opportunités, mobilité et immobilité, isolation et connexion ou victimisation et affirmation du sujet – et des temporalités contradictoires. Cette étude souligne que des notions comme la convivialité ou la pluralité des appartenances développées dans la littérature sur la cohabitation interethnique dans les villes ou sur l’identité des migrants aident à appréhender le réalité du camp. Cette ethnographie montre également que, loin d’être des victimes passives, les réfugiés contribuent à trouver des solutions à leur exil.
Chronic violence has characterized Somalia for over two decades, forcing nearly two million people to flee. This ethnography studies the experience of protracted exile of Somalis who were raised in Kakuma refugee camp, in Kenya, and are now young adults. Their experience is relatively uncommon, although increasing numbers of people spend long periods in camps conceived as temporary, due to the length of conflicts and the normalization of excluding populations deemed undesirable. I explore how young people perceive their living environment and how growing up in exile structures their view of the past and their country of origin, and the future and its possibilities. In doing so, I regularly shift perspectives from the specificities of the context to the global environment, to understand how people’s experience is shaped by (and shapes) the social, political, economical and historical dynamics in which it is embedded. My observations can be summarized into a few broad statements: regardless of how long it has existed, the camp is and remains a space of containment; conceived as a rationally organized space to manage populations, the camp becomes a messier social world where new practices develop; young Somalis display agency and interpret their experience in a way that makes the present bearable; frustration grows when Somali youth complete their education and struggle to establish themselves as adults, catalyzing their determination to leave Kakuma. Indeed, although refugees have been living there since the early 1990s, the camp remains a space of transition. Although there have been a number of studies on refugee camps in Kenya, no study has focused on the experience of Somali youth raised in a refugee camp. I argue that this experience is traversed and shaped by tensions between constraints and opportunities, mobility and immobility, isolation and connectedness, victimization and affirmation of the subject, citizenship and refugeeness – and by conflicting temporalities. This ethnographic study highlights the fact that notions such as conviviality or the multiplicity of people’s belongings developed in the literature on interethnic cohabitation in cities or the ethnic identity of migrants, help us to understand the camp experience. This research also shows that, far from being powerless victims, people actively contribute to finding solutions to their exile.

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Wurtz, Heather Marie. "The Paradoxes of Im/mobility in Central American Transit Migration in Mexico." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-ycyf-az42.

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This study examines the various ways that Central American migrants traversing Mexico’s southern border interpret, negotiate, and resist conditions of immobilization imposed by state refugee policy and other institutional impediments to northbound movement. My findings are informed by 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Tapachula, Chiapas, followed by an additional six, non-consecutive weeks in various sites of transit across Mexico as a Human Rights Observer in the migrant caravans of 2017 and 2018. Since 2011, as a result of increasing rates of violence, flows of Central American women, youth, and families across Mexico’s southern border have risen substantially. In efforts to curb northbound movement, the US has exerted significant pressure for the Mexican government to assume a greater role in the retention, organization, and deterrence of prospective refugee populations, resulting in the temporary resettlement along the southern border of thousands of migrants seeking international protection. Many of these migrants find themselves in a liminal space of legal and social uncertainty in which they must contend with a range of limitations and distinct possibilities as they consider their ongoing trajectories. Through close attention to the social worlds that emerge around and within migrants’ transit communities, I explore central themes related to the existentiality of im/mobility, gendered experiences of transit migration, the paradoxes of institutional practices of refugee protection within predominant transit zones, and diverse forms of resilience and coping that are given breadth through collective travel. Ultimately, I argue that it is critical to explore the narratives and lived realities of those most affected by migration-centered policy and discourse, and to recognize the critical role that migrants play in challenging and reimagining the terms of their in/exclusion.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Migration camp'

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