Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Migrant'

Les persones migrants i les organitzacions de migrants són actors cívics i polítics de creixent interès en els fòrums de ciències socials, així com en entorns governamentals i de la societat civil. Malgrat això, a nivell acadèmic, encara suposa un desafiament teòric i empíric com abordar una anàlisi de les jerarquies de poder en què estan integrats els migrants. En particular, aquest és el cas quan es considera l'agència col·lectiva migrant des de perspectives transnacionals. L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és contribuir a aquests debats tot comprenent fins a quin punt les organitzacions d'un mateix grup de migrants tenen diferents nivells d'agència quan actuen translocalment. La tesi mostra que les tendències a pensar en l'agència (cívica i política) com a funció del lloc i de les estructures polítiques poden ignorar altres dimensions internes que afecten als col·lectius migrants. Les principals preguntes que aborda aquesta investigació són: Quins factors institucionals i actius de migrants sustenten l'agència d'associacions de migrants? Com canvia l'agència de les associacions de migrants en els processos transnacionals? L'agència d'associacions de migrants s’operacionalitza en dues dimensions: a) presència: legitimitat i visibilitat de les associacions de migrants; i b) pes: capacitat d'influir en la governança dels afers cívics i polítics. La investigació adapta marcs de poder d'estudis de desenvolupament a l'anàlisi de l'agència d'associacions de migrants per estudiar les relacions entre estructura-agència que els afecten. Per tant, tot i que el compromís transnacional dels migrants ja ha estat estudiat considerat en estudis sobre política transnacional, aquesta tesi vol contribuir a la comprensió de l'agència dels migrants a partir de conceptes de poder i d'agència treballats en estudis de desenvolupament. Sostinc que l'agència d'associacions de migrants és conseqüència dels actius de les associacions de migrants i de les institucions (formals i informals) que afecten aquestes associacions en els processos de codesenvolupament. Per respondre a les preguntes principals, es prenen processos de codesenvolupament que vinculen a les associacions de migrants senegalesos i les localitats a Catalunya i Senegal (a Kolda i Dakar). La investigació se centra en aquest cas extrem per cercar variacions regionals en l'entorn polític i diferències dins de la comunitat senegalesa, per tal de veure com aquests factors es relacionen amb l'agència de les associacions de migrants. D'acord amb aquest disseny, tres arguments principals guien la investigació. En primer lloc, sostinc que els entorns de polítiques afecten la forma en què l'agència d'associacions de migrants canvia en les localitats dins de la mateixa regió i de manera translocal. Diferents troballes donen suport a aquest argument. En relació a les localitats de residència, els resultats suggereixen que encara que el codesenvolupament pot ser una estratègia per superar contextos locals més tendents a l'exclusió respecte al compromís cívic migrant, la política no necessàriament du a una major visibilitat de les associacions de migrants en comparació amb els contextos locals que són, en general, més inclusius. En el context del país d'origen, es troba que, en coherència amb enfocaments que mostren els problemes en la penetració de l'estat senegalès al nivell local, el transnacionalisme local pot quedar desapercebut en observar dinàmiques a nivell regional i municipal. A més, les troballes mostren percepcions contrastades pel que fa a la legitimitat de les associacions de migrants a les localitats de residència o origen (rural). En general, les associacions de migrants tenen menys presència en Kolda que en altres localitats a nivell municipal. El segon argument és que els actius de les associacions de migrants influeixen en la seva presència en contextos d'origen i residència. L'anàlisi d'actius mostra presència cívica i política de les associacions de migrants a Kolda que romangué invisible en analitzar les institucions formals a nivell municipal i regional. Els resultats donen suport a la importància de factors com ara el nivell d'educació o el gènere per al transnacionalisme migrant. No obstant això, la investigació mostra com altres institucions informals que afecten les societats al Senegal, com els sistemes de lleialtat/noblesa, de caps tradicionals i els sistemes de parentiu, travessen actius i, per tant, també afecten l'agència d'associacions de migrants. El tercer argument de la investigació es basa en una anàlisi de la relació entre els actius i el pes de les associacions de migrants en origen. D'acord amb els resultats, sostinc que encara que els processos de codesenvolupament porten a la presència d'associacions de migrants en origen, no sempre aquests processos desafien desigualtats socials. El marc teòric ajuda a desemmascarar aquestes dinàmiques i obre la possibilitat d'analitzar l'agència d'associacions de migrants en diferents grups i contextos. En proposar una mirada que complementa marcs d'anàlisi sobre l'agència i l'empoderament, amb debats sobre estructura i agència en els estudis de migració, el marc apunta a millorar el diàleg entre aquests camps de coneixement.
Las personas migrantes y las organizaciones de migrantes son actores cívicos y políticos de creciente interés en los foros de ciencias sociales, así como en entornos gubernamentales y de la sociedad civil. Sin embargo, a nivel académico, todavía supone un desafío teórico y empírico cómo abordar un análisis de las jerarquías de poder en las que están integrados los migrantes. En particular, este es el caso cuando se considera la agencia colectiva migrante desde perspectivas transnacionales. El objetivo de esta tesis es contribuir a estos debates comprendiendo hasta qué punto las organizaciones de un mismo grupo de migrantes tienen diferentes niveles de agencia cuando actúan translocalmente. La tesis muestra que las tendencias a pensar en la agencia (cívica y política) como función del lugar y de las estructuras políticas pueden ignorar otras dimensiones internas que afectan a los colectivos migrantes. Las principales preguntas que aborda esta investigación son: ¿Qué factores institucionales y activos de migrantes sustentan la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes? ¿Cómo cambia la agencia de las asociaciones de migrantes en los procesos transnacionales? La agencia de asociaciones de migrantes se operacionaliza en dos dimensiones: a) presencia: legitimidad y visibilidad de las asociaciones de migrantes; y b) peso: capacidad de influir en la gobernanza de los asuntos cívicos y políticos. La investigación adapta marcos de poder de estudios de desarrollo al análisis de la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes para estudiar las relaciones entre estructura-agencia que les afectan. Por lo tanto, aunque el compromiso transnacional de los migrantes ya ha sido estudiado considerado en estudios sobre política transnacional, esta tesis busca contribuir a la comprensión de la agencia de los migrantes a partir de conceptos de poder y de agencia trabajados en estudios de desarrollo. Sostengo que la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes es consecuencia de los activos de las asociaciones de migrantes y de las instituciones (formales e informales) que afectan a estas asociaciones en los procesos de codesarrollo. Para responder a las preguntas principales, se toman procesos de codesarrollo que vinculan a las asociaciones de migrantes senegaleses y las localidades en Cataluña y Senegal (en Kolda y Dakar). La investigación se centra en este caso extremo para revelar variaciones regionales en el entorno político y diferencias dentro de la comunidad senegalesa, a fin de ver cómo estos factores se relacionan con la agencia de las asociaciones de migrantes. De acuerdo con este diseño, tres argumentos principales guían la investigación. En primer lugar, sostengo que los entornos de políticas afectan la forma en que la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes cambia en las localidades dentro de la misma región y de manera translocal. Diferentes hallazgos apoyan este argumento. En relación a las localidades de residencia, los resultados sugieren que aunque el codesarrollo puede ser una estrategia para superar contextos locales más tendentes a la exclusión con respecto al compromiso cívico migrante, la política no necesariamente lleva a una mayor visibilidad de las asociaciones de migrantes en comparación con los contextos locales que son, en general, más inclusivos. En el contexto del país de origen, se encuentra que, en coherencia con enfoques que muestran los problemas en la penetración del estado senegalés en el nivel local, el transnacionalismo local puede quedar desapercibido al observar dinámicas a nivel regional y municipal. Además, los hallazgos muestran percepciones contrastadas en cuanto a la legitimidad de las asociaciones de migrantes en las localidades de residencia u origen (rural). En general, las asociaciones de migrantes tienen menos presencia en Kolda que en otras localidades a nivel municipal. El segundo argumento es que los activos de las asociaciones de migrantes influyen en su presencia en contextos de origen y residencia. El análisis de activos revela presencia cívica y política de las asociaciones de migrantes en Kolda que permaneció invisible al analizar las instituciones formales a nivel municipal y regional. Los resultados apoyan la importancia de factores como el nivel de educación o el género para el transnacionalismo migrante. Sin embargo, la investigación muestra cómo otras instituciones informales que afectan a las sociedades en Senegal, como los sistemas de lealtad/nobleza, de jefes tradicionales y los sistemas de parentesco, atraviesan activos y, por lo tanto, también afectan la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes. El tercer argumento de la investigación se basa en un análisis de la relación entre los activos y el peso de las asociaciones de migrantes en origen. De acuerdo con los resultados, sostengo que aunque los procesos de codesarrollo llevan a la presencia de asociaciones de migrantes en origen, no siempre estos procesos desafían desigualdades sociales. El marco teórico ayuda a revelar estas dinámicas y abre la posibilidad de analizar la agencia de asociaciones de migrantes en diferentes grupos y contextos. Al proponer una mirada que complementa marcos de análisis sobre la agencia y el empoderamiento, con debates sobre estructura y agencia en los estudios de migración, el marco apunta a mejorar el diálogo entre estos campos de conocimiento.
Migrants and migrant organisations are civic and political actors of increasing interest in social science and policy forums as well as in governmental and civil society settings. Yet, at the academic level, there is still a theoretical and empirical challenge concerning how to tackle an analysis of the power hierarchies in which migrants are embedded. Indeed, this is particularly the case when considering migrant collective agency within transnational perspectives. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to these debates by analysing to what degree organisations from the same migrant groups have different levels of agency when performing translocally. The thesis shows that tendencies to think about (civic and political) agency as a function of place and policy structures tends to disregard other internal dimensions that affect the collectives. The main questions that this research addresses are: Which institutional factors and migrant assets underpin the agency of migrant associations? How does the agency of migrant associations change across transnational processes? The agency of migrant associations is operationalized as having two dimensions: a) presence: the legitimacy and visibility of migrant associations; and b) weight: the capacity to influence the governance of civic and political affairs. The research adapts power frameworks from development studies to the analysis of migrant agency in order to analyse the relations between structure and agency factors affecting migrants. Thus, while migrant transnational engagement has been looked at in studies of transnational politics, this thesis seeks to contribute to our understanding of the agency of migrants by drawing on concepts of power and agency from development studies. I contend that the agency of migrant associations is an outcome of migrant associations’ assets and (formal and informal) institutions affecting these associations in codevelopment processes. To answer these main questions, the research draws upon codevelopment processes linking Senegalese migrant associations and localities in Catalonia and Senegal (in Kolda and Dakar). The research focuses on this extreme case to unpack regional variations in policy environment, and differences within the Senegalese community, in order to see how these factors relate to the agency of migrant associations. In accordance with this design, three main arguments guide the research. First, I argue that policy environments affect how the agency of migrant associations changes across localities within the same region and translocally. Different findings support this argument. Regarding localities in residence, results suggest that even though nurturing codevelopment may be a strategy to overcome more exclusionary local contexts regarding migrant civic engagement, this type of policy approach does not necessarily lead to more visibility of migrant associations. In the context of the country origin, it is found that – consistent with approaches that show awareness of the problems state penetration can have at local levels in Senegal, hometown transnationalism may be 'under the radar' when observing regional and municipal dynamics. Moreover, the findings show contrasting perceptions of the legitimacy of migrant associations in localities of residence or (rural) origin. Overall, migrant associations have less presence in Kolda than in the other localities at the municipal level. The second argument is that the assets of the migrant associations (human, organisational and financial) influence their presence in origin and residence contexts. The analysis of assets uncovers the civic and political presence of migrant associations in Kolda that remained invisible when analysing formal institutions at municipal and regional levels. The findings support the importance of factors such as level of education or gender for migrant transnationalism. However, research shows how the informal institutions affecting societies in Senegal - such as allegiance/nobility systems, chieftaincy and kin systems - traverse assets and consequently affect the agency of migrant associations. The third argument of the research is based on an analysis of the relationship between assets and weight of migrant associations in origin. According to the results, I argue that although codevelopment processes do lead to presence of migrant associations in origin - expressed either through more formal or assets-based mechanisms, at different governance levels including the village - it is rare for them to challenge social inequalities.

Cette thèse porte sur les envois de fonds des migrants vers la Turquie. La dynamique migratoire du pays et les principaux déterminants des envois de fonds sont analysés aux niveaux microéconomique et macroéconomique. L’apport de la thèse est d’exploiter deux nouvelles enquêtes réalisées en France, afin de mieux connaitre le comportement des migrants en matière d’envoi d’argent. Les migrants de première génération et ceux de deuxième génération sont étudiés séparément. Les transferts privés et les transferts collectifs sont également analysés indépendamment. Si le remboursement des prêts ne joue pas dans la décision de transférer au niveau microéconomique, l’altruisme et la motivation d’échange sont confirmés. Les transferts collectifs sont plutôt déterminés par le sentiment d’attachement au pays d’origine, l’intention de retourner et l’appartenance aux réseaux communautaires. Au niveau macroéconomique, les motifs de consommation comme ceux de l’investissement sont déterminants
This research focuses on the migrants’ remittances to Turkey. Migration and remittances dynamics of the country and the main determinants of remittances are studied at microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. The main contribution of this thesis is the analysis of two recent surveys carried out in France in order to better understand the remitting behaviour of migrants. Thanks to detailed individual level data, different populations such as first and second generation migrants are analysed separately, as well as different types of transfers such as remittances sent to support households as opposed to collective projects. Although no evidence is found for repayment of loans hypothesis at microeconomic level, altruistic and exchange related motivations can be observed. Collective transfers are more determined by attachment to the home country, intention to return home and being member of a home country association. The results of the macroeconomic level analysis show evidence for both consumption and investment motivations

Migrant families have long been victims of their unusual lifestyle. High poverty conditions combined with constant mobility in search for agricultural work have contributed to their challenging lifestyle. As a result, Latino migrant students are among the least likely to graduate from high school and pursue a college degree. However, in spite of such challenges faced by Latino migrant families, a small percentage of Latino migrant students graduate from high school and enroll in an institution of higher learning. The purpose of this research was to identify strategies employed by Latino migrant parents to assist their children in graduating from high school and enrolling in an institution of higher education. The study specifically focused on the role Latino migrant parents play in supporting and guiding their children into higher education. The following three questions guided this study: (a) How is parent involvement perceived and defined by Latino migrant parents of students enrolled in higher education?; (b) What barriers and support systems were present that impeded or supported their children's pursuit of higher education?; and, (c) What educational strategies are present in migrant families that have children in higher education?

Guided by a critical race theorist approach, individual interviews and focus group interviews. five themes emerged from the findings: (a) Success as Defined by Migrant Families; (b) Reinforcing the Value of Hard Work: (c) Notable Barriers and Obstacles in the Latino Migrant Community; (d) Strategies to Succeed Academically; and (e) The Impact of the Migrant Education Program.

One important and notable limitation of the study was the sample size. It is possible that a larger size would have resulted in more divergent findings and would have yielded broader recommendations. Furthermore, it is probable that only utilizing interviews as the primary information source has limited the findings.

The socio-economic attainment of migrants and their descendants has been a pressing subject of research for scholars and policy makers. Educational outcomes attract particular attention, as education is a means for social advancement and achieving better occupational status. As the largest migrant group in Europe, Turks are of special interest in the discussion of migrant incorporation. However, assimilation theories dominate research, with limited interest, if any, in the true impact of migration on educational attainment. Using the unique 2000 Families dataset, this thesis compares the educational outcomes of Turks in European countries to their non-migrant comparators in Turkey across three generations. The 2000 Families dataset includes information about complete lineages of nearly 2000 persons born in Turkey between 1920 and 1945 in five high-sending regions; 80 per cent of these 'ancestors' migrated to Europe as 'guest workers' between 1960 and 1974, and 20 per cent stayed in Turkey. In this work, I first compare measurements of educational outcomes theoretically and their implications to international comparisons. methodologically. Next, I study the educational outcomes of Turks in Europe across two generations by comparing them to Turks in Turkey. I then focus on the direct effect of grandparents' socio-economic characteristics on educational outcomes and explore mobility patterns. Finally, I look at Turks in Europe and discuss country differences in their education as a positional good and note the effect of parental ethnic capital on educational outcomes. Existing research typically compares migrants to natives or other migrant groups in the destination countries. Therefore, it often overlooks changes migrants and their descendants go through relative to their comparators in the origin countries. Migrants' outcomes should be seen in reference to not only the groups in the destination but also those in the origin. Only then can a more complete picture of incorporation be drawn.

Thesis (PhD) -- Bond University, 2006.
"This thesis submitted to Bond University in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy". Bibliography: pages 258-284. Also available via the World Wide Web.

This thesis examines the working lives of foreign-born academics who come to work to the UK. Its main aim is to understand the degree and conditions of migrant scholars' inclusion in professional practice abroad. The thesis fulfils this aim by developing a conceptual approach to encapsulate how migrant professionals' working lives are conditioned by the pre-existing professional structures. Grounded in the principle of social closure, this framework proposes that migrant professionals' employment abroad is influenced by the different forms and rules of closure, as well as by the sites in which closure rules are applied. The synthesis of the theoretical framework with findings from sixty-two interviews with foreign-born scholars employed in thirteen British universities shows that migrant academics' working lives are explained by ‘modes of incorporation'. ‘Modes of incorporation' designate the distinct ways in which the academic profession has reacted to the increased presence of foreign incomers, and comprise integration, exclusion, subordination and indifference. The proposed framework extends the understanding of the demographic change in professions, and offers a way to capture migrant professionals' movement across countries.

The purpose of this study is to define and delineate the factors which influence the decision by non-English speaking background migrant Muslim women to access or not access their eligibility for English language tuition, as set out by current policies governing the eligibility of migrants to participate in Adult Migrant Education programs. As such, the study is of particular interest to both key informants: teachers, community workers, coordinators, and to the target population themselves-Migrant Muslim women. It is also of benefit to those who are concerned with implementing language programs as it will provide them with an understanding of the issues facing Muslim women that may prevent them from accessing such classes. It is also of particular interest because it delves into and explores an• area where much speculation has taken place, but where little research of significance has been directed. The target population is defined as adult (over age 16) Muslim women from a non-English speaking background who are currently residing in the Perth metropolitan area. Two groups within this target population have been included in the study, the first being those women who have accessed migrant language tuition in a formal class setting (excluding those who have accessed the home tutor scheme). The second being those women who have not, with the objective of drawing a typology of the kind of Muslim women accessing classes-age, country of birth, family, socio-economic status, perceived need to learn English, level of education and aspirations and other relevant variables that were brought to light through the research process. Data was collected using both quantitative and qualitative research methods which involved the analysis of figures pertaining to the numbers of women from Muslim countries of birth who have accessed English language classes through the Adult Migrant Education Program in order to arrive at conclusions about the relative absence of Muslim women in these programs. Qualitative data was collected using a structured interview with twenty three women from the target population as well as interviews with three key informants. The purpose of the key informant interviews was to gain an understanding of the external factors accessibility, availability of information and practical considerations such as child care transport and provision of special arrangements that may affect the decision or the ability of Muslim women to attend classes.

How do migrant remittances affect the prospects for democracy in receiving states? In this thesis, I use a range of methods including statistical analysis of macro-economic and micro-level survey data and qualitative interviews to investigate this question. I use cross-national data, barometer surveys from the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa and post-Communist countries and 63 interviews conducted with remittance recipients in Jordan and Tunisia. I find that remittances from migrants in democratic states are associated with political liberalisation and the downfall of authoritarian regimes, but that remittances from migrants in non-democratic states are not. An important causal mechanism is that of protests: remittances from democratic countries fuel protests in authoritarian regimes. On the individual level, I show that remittances are associated with greater non-electoral political participation because recipients perceive themselves to have higher levels of economic security. I also find that financial remittances from democratic countries are accompanied by and reinforce the transmission of social remittances in the form of pro-democratic political norms. In addition to the main findings, I present the first evidence for electoral remittance cycles in authoritarian regimes, clarify our knowledge about how and why remittances affect different forms of political participation and add to our understanding of the political dimensions of social remittances.

This study is in the tradition of audience reception research and has its focus on the relationship between television viewing and the everyday life of a group of children, who had recently migrated to Australia from non-English speaking countries. The research method applied in this study is ethnographic, using indepths interviews with the children as well as some observations about the television viewing activity in their homes. In chapter one, I present the theoretical context in which this case study can be located. Chapter 2 discusses the research method and provides profiles of the children. Chapter 3 is concerned with the description of television's place in the lives of individual children, in order to give insight into social and cultural aspects of their television experiences. Chapter 4 examines some common themes in the children's television use, highlighting how the collective experience of being a recent migrant has influence on television viewing. The thesis is rounded off by some concluding remarks.

Historically, migrants from non-English speaking backgrounds (NESB) arrived in Australia without formal qualifications and with poor English language skills. Consequently many of these migrants found employment at the lower end of the labour market in semi-skilled jobs. However, as a result of changes to immigration policy, since 1996 migrant intakes have been centred on skilled workers and driven by the need to fill identified skill shortages. Skilled migrants must meet English language skills and education requirements, have work experience in an occupation identified as ‘in demand’ and are subject to predefined quotas in order to gain entry. However, one of the main challenges for skilled independent migrants is finding employment commensurate with their qualifications and skills. This thesis focuses on the expectations and experiences of skilled migrants who are seeking employment in Australia. Through in-depth qualitative interviews, the research explores the complexities of this job search experience. There has been minimal published qualitative research about the experiences or outcomes for NESB skilled migrants since the major policy change of 1996. This is particularly the case for migrant women’s experiences and this thesis specifically addresses this gap, examining how such experiences differ from men’s. From both public policy and social justice perspectives, it is important to understand the job search experiences of these skilled migrants, female and male.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
Full Text

The attempt to come to terms with the meaning of home, both literally and metaphorically, has become a major concern in literary studies. This dissertation explores the various novelistic representations of home from the point of view of Arab migrant novelists. Home, which contains various references to architectural structures, nations, states, or belonging, can no longer be thought of as a generalized or unified experience. For the migrant writer, the concept of home takes shape as a result of interaction between the past and the present, with memory playing a powerful role. It is created as a result of various forces in tension that include personal and national experiences, the context within which migration from the traditional home place occurred, ideological allegiances and identity politics. I argue through my exploration of a number of novels written by Arab writers who migrated from their home countries that the concept of home can no longer be referred to as a generalized, definite or a fixed notion. Given the different circumstances of the movement from one country to another, even among nationals of the same country, what are the themes that will be stressed in an Arab writer’s imagination and portrayal of home? Will writers stress the exclusions of exile, and define their presence away from the original country clearly as ‘exile’, fixating on painful nostalgia? How does memory influence the perception of home? Will those writers who have lived a long time in a new ‘foreign’ country emphasize the adaptations in the diaspora and the privileges of migration? Will they offer critiques of the national project, making a clear distinction between the personal home and the national project? Will such boundaries be as clearly defined for all the writers? Those questions guide my investigation into the representation of home in the novels of Palestinian, Lebanese and Iraqi writers living away from their three countries of origin. This investigation takes place within the postcolonial theoretical framework of the implications of the site of migration about the revision of the centrality of the nation as a referent of identity. The analysis uncovers a variety of illustrations in the imagination of home and the portrayal of the national experience in the novels. The analysis also highlights the inextricable link between the personal experience and the political experience, whereby the ideological stance on issues of nation and nationalism cannot be easily isolated in an assessment of the cultural product at the site of migration.

Since the 1990s, governments of migrant sending and receiving countries, policy institutes, the United Nations and allied international financial institutions, and migration researchers in the academy have shown a heightened interest in the role that diasporas can play in the development of the Global South. As government responsibility to social welfare recedes and as humanitarian aid shrinks, these stakeholders have looked toward the wealth offered by diasporas. The resultant discourse of diaspora and development, the dissertation argues, is changing the meaning of the discursive construction of "diaspora" in its articulation with the concurrent construct of "development". This presents scholars with new challenges in studying diaspora and transnationalism. The expansion of who gets to be counted as diaspora and its articulation with newly extended diasporic citizenship limits the nature of citizenship to the performative and to the exclusive domain of giving. Accordingly, the study examines the communicate and relational practices of Association for India's Development (AID), a 1000-volunteer-strong migrant Indian non-profit organization in the United States, to critique and expand the diaspora and development discourse. Through an extended case study of AID's practice and performance of citizenship, this study makes contributions to theories about the space of `home' and its relation to the practice of politics; migrant presence and performance of citizenship in the Global North; diasporic interventions in the discourse of development; and strategic mobilizing for broad-based social justice issues. First, the dissertation unpacks the meaning-making practices that AID volunteers associate with the construct `development', and demonstrates how the volunteers' discourse of "development as sustainability" challenges notions of charity and the brain metaphor trafficking in policy reports and scholarship. The study then examines the treatment of diasporic imaginings of home in theory and migration policy, juxtaposed with AID's practices related to India arguing that practices of deconstructing home/nation allow this organization to center diasporic privilege rather than loss. This allows for less common alliance-building practices with populations from historically marginalized religious, caste and class backgrounds and a centering of marginalized voices within multiple diasporic homes. The dissertation also examines annual die-ins by AID's Austin chapter, staged in solidarity with survivors of the Bhopal gas disaster of 1984 that complicates the notion of presence in theorizations of transformation in new forms of citizenship. The study finally takes an ethnographic peek into an education project that used to be supported by AID in India. The backstage organizing work studied, suggests that what seems like a single-issue movement strategically employs universal discourses of `quality education' for organizing multiple publics. The study required multi-sited critical ethnographic fieldwork in the United States and in India, participant observation, in-depth interviews, and rhetorical/discourse analyses of AID's practices. The study offers a people-centered exploration of diaspora engagement with social development, which is difficult to grasp solely through research informed by macro-level and quantitative data. Overall, this work complicates the monolithic understanding of development in current research on diaspora and development, demonstrating that local and transnational actors both participate in, and challenge the development discourse to communicatively and relationally address issues of social development and transnational environmental justice.

From a native researcher's perspective, the thesis shows that although not acknowledged officially, migrant social exclusion does exist in the city in nominally communist Vietnam in a period of capitalist globalisation. Migrant social exclusion has three major inter-related dimensions, namely vulnerability, morality and legality, which are both characteristics and causes of their exclusion. Credentialism, exploitation and de-networking are important concepts that characterise the vulnerability of socially excluded migrants. Morally, they are excluded from a number of fundamental human rights. Legally, they are considered outsiders in both urban policies and services, which results from their exclusion from urban citizenship. Furthermore, migrant children are excluded from two distinctive rights for them, namely those to protection and development. Together, the dimensions constitute a theoretical framework for analysing this issue in Vietnam's major cities. Migrant social exclusion requires us to rethink the effects of capitalism on new social groups in transitional cities.l In particular, it has changed the focus of capitalist effects from the conventional Marxist critique of exploitation to social exclusion. Social exclusion is a negative thing for both the people excluded and the society in which they are residing. Migrant social exclusion indicates one of the negative impacts on social solidarity and unity, the core values that Vietnam has been proud to possess and know how to employ for its war victories. Importantly, after the two revolutions, and the market reform under the pressures of globalisation, the social development in modern Vietnam is regressive. The market reform has brought back to the city a stratified society where people increasingly tend to belong to different social groups with different statuses, interests and concerns. Regarding future directions, it is essential to affirm that migrants have fundamental human and legal rights to claim in cities for them and their families. To facilitate their inclusion, policies are required to pay attention to the inclusive role of universal citizenship, the facilitating role of policy and institutions and the protective role of participatory democracy. I Transitional cities refer to those that are transiting from a state planning system to a market mechanism in post-communist countries. 3

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 259-270) Based on 18-months fieldwork, 1997-1999, in various organisations, social clubs and radio programs that were constructed by participants and 'outsiders' as an expression of a local migrant community. Attempts to answer and challenge what it means to be a Latin American in Adelaide and in what sense Latin American migrants and refugees in Adelaide can be spoken about as members of an 'ethnic/migrant community' in relation to the official multiculturalism discourse and popular representations of migrants in Australia.

The migration shows that our world are increasingly becoming heterogeneous, multi-racial and multicultural. It produces complex contexts and ranges of human learning that lead to bordercrossing of different learning experiences. Lifelong learning is one of the crucial ways to advance human's self empowerment and social development appreciating learners' experience regardless of geographic location, race, gender and class. Particularly, this thesis argues that lifelong learning involves deriving roles to enhance a full participation of different social agenCIes including underprivileged migrant workers, as one of the devalued learning groups. The investigation of how migrant workers learn in the non-formal learning community requires critical analysis. The learning paths through using qualitative research methodologies, in terms of learning needs, processes, domains and mechanisms are investigated whilst conducting an exploratory case study in Korea. The theoretical foundation of lifelong learning related to migration suggests that migration is an interconnected social practice expanding cultural, ethnic, communicative difference and plurality in the learning society. The findings show that migrants' learning is an ongoing process and it is fundamental to their life itself to cope with their social disjuncture. It identifies implications for the novel understanding of the migrant worker as a subjective learning agency, rather than as a 'guest working machine'. Despite societal oppression and exclusion, they attempt to broaden their critical awareness of the world and self understanding throughout continuous engagements in the community. It could enlighten marginalised learners' 'voice' and their empowerment using reflections and transformations of their experiences in a critical manner. Hence this work satisfies requirements of intellectual rigor as well as highlighting hidden learning issues facilitating an appreciation of migrants' life experience and their civic participation through social learning opportunities. It takes the discussion to new levels of how lifelong learning policy reveals further researches that will develop current practice and theory.

This paper uses peace and conflict theory to analyse the migrant worker issue in the Gulf States, focusing on Indian construction workers in the emirate of Dubai. Peace and conflict theory is found to provide a missing perspective on the question, which is best understood in an interdisciplinary frame-work combined with for example migration and development theory. Migrant workers’ vulnerability in the global free market is described and the modern economic history of the Gulf region is discussed to explain today’s unique labour situation. Different regional and local parties to the conflict are identified to distinguish guiding interests and their impact on the conflict. Put in an international perspective, the same conflict mechanisms found in the Gulf are detected globally. They reveal widespread practises of structural and cultural violence that can only be contested by a vibrant global civil society guided by truly cosmopolitan values.

This study sought to examine the relationship between ethnic identity and the grade and gender of the subjects. Changes in ethnic identity over time were also analyzed. Students attending grades four through eight of the Nyssa Migrant School summer program participated in this study. One hundred twenty-four participants completed the pretest, eighty-nine completed the posttest, with a total of seventy-nine completing both the pretest and posttest. Students responded to the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, which examined the subcategories of belonging and exploration to comprise the overall ethnic identity level. Scores were compared by grade and by gender at pretest and at posttest. Scores were also examined in those same subgroups for a change over time in the 79 subjects completing both the pretest and posttest. Though not statistically significant, results indicated a trend for males as a whole to show a greater increase in overall ethnic identity over the course of the summer school program than their female counterparts. Results also showed an increase (although not statistically significant) in ethnic identity for the group as a whole over the course of the six-week program, warranting further investigation into the summer program's effectiveness for enhancing ethnic identity. This aforementioned increase was more pronounced in children in the older grades, supporting a developmental progression of ethnic identity. At both the pretest and posttest, adjusted means for belonging were statistically significantly higher than those for exploration, F(l, 77) = 171.03,p = .000; F(l, 77) = 141.12,p = .000, respectively. Implications of these findings for future programs and future research are discussed.

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Criminologia
O objetivo do presente projeto consiste na compreensão da problemática existente entorno das crianças migrantes e as problemáticas e desafios vigentes para a Criminologia acerca deste problema, através de pesquisa entorno das crianças migrantes assim como as leis vigentes que protegem as crianças nessas situações de maior vulnerabilidade. A pesquisa inclui a elaboração de um questionário que pretende compreender a situação a nível euro-peu, e dirigido às principais agências que trabalham sobre esta questão.
The objective of this project is to understand the existing problems surrounding the migrant children and the problems and challenges in the Criminology of this problem, through re-search around migrant children as well as the laws that protect children in these situations of greater vulnerability. The research includes the elaboration of a questionnaire that in-tends to understand the situation at European level, and directed to the main agencies work-ing on this issue.
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The purpose of the research was to investigate whether cultural dissonance was experienced by a group of migrant students during educational and cultural transition to new education systems which shared cultural markers of language and ethnicity. Cultural dissonance is defined in this study as:A sense of discord or disharmony, experienced by participants in cultural change where cultural differences are found to occur which are unexpected, unexplained and therefore difficult to negotiate and which inhibit behavioural adaptation.The study utilised case histories of children from forty-seven families. The respondents in the research were the children's parents. The families had emigrated from the United Kingdom to Western Australia during the period 1985-1995.The families reported receiving little information about education systems in Western Australia prior to migration. In the post-migration period, little official information was provided at system or at school level. Because placing the children in schools was a priority for the families, encounters with Western Australian education systems took place within a few weeks of their arrival as migrants.This lack of prior information meant that cultural differences in educational provision were unexpected and unexplained. In particular, families encountered unexpected problems in the appropriate placement of their children in Western Australian schools. Accented English and differences in word usage led to unexpected rejection and teasing. The perceived failure on the part of schools to address these and other differences caused confrontations between parents and many schools and disrupted the children's educational progress. These discordant experiences and difficulties led to what, in this study, is characterised as cultural dissonance.The implications for the study are discussed on two levels. With particular reference to Western Australian education systems, the lack of induction policies for English-speaking migrant children was apparent. There appeared to be no system or school level guidelines which mandated the use of printed matter, provided at State system level to address these difficulties. The schools were not seen to make good use of the information parents provided about the children's educational stages. The intervention of teachers at classroom level to discourage teasing was seen as ineffective and in two cases teachers contributed to the problems being encountered.On a more general level, the study has implications for attitudinal change within Australian society towards the reception of skilled and financially secure migrant new criteria for entry to Australia have implications for the socio-economic status of potential migrants. The self-identity of these families is influenced by their status in the social hierarchies of their country-of origin. Skilled and professional families are likely to resist policies for their children's induction being seen as a low priority in Western Australian schools simply because of the child's migrant status.The research findings gave rise to recommendations that:Information of education systems in Western Australia should be made available to all intending migrant families with children.Induction policies for all migrant children should be in place and be utilised in Western Australian schools.The formulation of policy takes account of the effects of changes to migrant socio- economic status, brought about by the changes to the criteria for entry to Australia.The study concluded that shared markers of language and ethnicity were not sufficient to ensure that the cultural differences in education systems were not experienced by the families. A lack of prior information on those differences and a lack of induction policies for the children led to difficulties and to experiences of cultural dissonance for the families.

China's internal migration has drawn extensive interest since the 1980s, and numerous studies have focused on migrant workers who are employed by the "world’s factories". However, less attention has been paid to migrant workers participating in the informal economy in urban China. In fact, the informal economy, which refers to income-generating activities that are not regulated by the state, has been estimated to have expanded dramatically over the past two decades, and migrant workers comprise the overwhelming majority of participants in the informal sector. These informals are mostly self-employed or paid employees working for informal factories hidden in the urban villages. This study, taking an urban village known as Kangle village in Guangzhou as its research site, adopts an ethnographic method to understand the lives of China's migrant workers engaged in the informal economy. It attempts to (1) examine the institutional environment for the expansion of the informal economy in urban China, (2) understand the individual choices of migrant workers in terms of being formal or informal, (3) explore their economic performance and (4) discover whether the informal economy could represent an alternative for migrant workers to achieve upward mobility in receiving cities. It is found that institutional factors, including policy practices of the state, regulation enforcement by local government and the relative autonomy of the migrant enclave all contribute to the development of the informal economy in urban China. Individual choices in being formal or informal are based primarily on participants' rational calculations comparing costs and benefits; howbeit these choices have actually been largely affected by the social networks of migrant workers. Migrant workers engaged in the informal economy receive relatively higher incomes than their counterparts in the formal sector. However, the higher monthly incomes for the wage employees in the informal economy can also be viewed as compensation for their willingness to undertake the risky, dirty, long-hour informal jobs. Social networks have also played an essential role in the economic performance of migrant workers in the informal economy. For instance, the strong social ties of migrant workers largely facilitate the process of becoming self-employed or migrant entrepreneurs by providing market information, financial support and labor resources. Also, the use of social networks reduces the transaction costs between different business owners in the informal sector where formal contracts are absent. Economic stratification among the migrant workers in the urban village is obvious, and a small number of migrants have achieved economic success by becoming self-employed or migrant entrepreneurs. Nonetheless, migrant entrepreneurship cannot continue to be a sustainable alternative for the majority of migrant workers to achieve upward mobility due to the vulnerability of the informal economy and the absence of institutional inclusion for the participants in the informal economy. It is thus suggested that society and government rethink and adjust current institutional settings to improve work conditions, promote entrepreneurship, and facilitate the formalization of the informal economy on the one hand; meanwhile initiate top-down reforms for the integration of migrant workers in both the formal and informal sectors.
published_or_final_version
Social Work and Social Administration
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

In China, the so-called “tidal wave” of rural-urban migrant workers since the early 1980s has created unique challenges for the government, one being migrant children's education in cities. In 2001, the central government adopted a policy of “two priorities” (liangweizhu) towards the provision of compulsory education for these children, where the two areas of focus would be management by local governments in receiving areas – which, in the case of municipalities like Beijing, refers primarily to the municipal and district governments – and education in public schools. This decentralization of responsibilities, however, has created space for differential policy implementation, and, in Beijing, this has meant that many migrant children still attend poor quality, often unlicensed migrant schools that are vulnerable to government closures and demolition. Though migrant children's education is attracting increasing government and societal attention, the effects of decentralization on privately-run migrant schools and their students remain largely unexplored. In light of the policy of “two priorities,” this thesis highlights the development of two trends in Beijing: 1) the emergence of variation between district policy approaches and 2) increased civil society involvement. Using Haidian, Shijingshan, and Fengtai districts as cases, this study draws on evidence from qualitative interviews and policy document analysis to examine the interaction between these two trends and the consequences for migrant schools. It addresses critical questions concerning how policy implementation operates in an increasingly important but complex policy area and why, including the roles of policy history and local context, and illustrates that the municipal and district-level policy approaches shape the situations of migrant schools and their students directly and indirectly (through their impact on civil society). These findings shed light on the complexities of the implementation process and the implications for trends in social stratification, creating a stronger foundation upon which to improve educational opportunities for migrant children in Beijing.

La protection des travailleurs migrants est au cœur de l’actualité internationale. En effet, la mondialisation a relativisé la notion d’espace, et malgré la réticence des Etats à ouvrir leurs frontières à la circulation des personnes, les migrants représentent aujourd’hui 3% de la population mondiale, et les travailleurs migrants et les membres de leur famille 90% du nombre total de migrants. L’objet de cette étude est de s’interroger sur la manière dont le droit international protège les travailleurs migrants, et sur l’émergence d’un statut international à leur profit. Le traitement des travailleurs étrangers reste une question politiquement sensible, comme l’atteste le faible succès de la Convention des Nations Unies sur la protection de tous les travailleurs migrants et des membres de leur famille de 1990. Par ailleurs, la circulation internationale des personnes ne fait, sauf quelques rares exceptions, l’objet d’aucune concertation internationale. Pourtant les droits des travailleurs migrants, traditionnellement définis à partir de l’obligation internationale de traitement, vont considérablement s’étoffer grâce à une complémentarité du droit international du travail et du droit international des droits de l’homme. La complémentarité de ces matières offre également aux travailleurs migrants un nombre croissant de voies de recours dans l’ordre juridique international. Mais surtout la protection des droits des travailleurs étrangers fait l’objet d’une concertation international particulièrement dynamique, élément clé de l’effectivité de leurs droits
The protection of the migrant workers is at the heart of the international current events. Indeed, the globalization put in perspective the notion of space, and despite the reluctance of states to open their borders to the movement of people, the migrants represent 3% of the world population today, and the migrant workers and members of their families representing 90% of the total number of migrants. The purpose of this study is to wonder about the way the international law protects migrant workers, and the emergence of an international status for their benefit. The treatment of foreign workers remains a politically sensitive question, as evidenced by the low weak success of the United Nations Convention on the Protection of All Migrant Workers and the Members of their Families in 1990. Moreover, the international movement of persons is not, with few exceptions, subject to any international consultation. Nevertheless the rights of migrant workers, traditionally defined from the international obligation of treatment will be considerably expanded through a complementarity of international labor law and the international law of human rights. Such complementarity also offers to migrant workers an increasing number of international legal remedies. But especially the protection of the rights of foreign workers is the object of a dialogue with international particularly dynamic cooperation, key element of the effectiveness of their rights

Alors que les flux migratoires « spontanés » sont en recrudescence depuis le début du XXIe siècle, la mer est devenue le théâtre d’un drame humanitaire qui semble sans fin. Sur toutes les façades maritimes européennes, les décès ou disparitions de migrants demeurent fréquents du fait de conditions de transport extrêmes, le plus souvent liées au trafic dont ils sont l’objet, ou de manoeuvres dangereuses opérées à l’occasion de leur arraisonnement. Au risque de perdre la vie en mer s’ajoutent des atteintes répétées à la dignité et à la liberté du migrant imputables à certains États côtiers de départ et de destination qui cherchent à interrompre sa navigation, y compris lorsqu’il manifeste un besoin de protection internationale. Si la lutte contre l’immigration irrégulière ou la criminalité organisée constitue un motif légitime d’interception en vertu du droit international de la mer, les actions (recours abusif à la force, refoulement, expulsion collective, privation arbitraire de liberté) et inactions (refus de coordonner un sauvetage ou de coopérer au débarquement des rescapés dans un lieu sûr) de certains États dans cet espace constituent une grave méconnaissance des droits de l’Homme, du droit des réfugiés et du droit relatif à la sauvegarde de la vie humaine en mer. Le comportement des acteurs privés du monde maritime peut également se révéler préjudiciable au migrant en détresse, rescapé ou passager clandestin. Le constat ainsi dressé impose de réfléchir à la manière d’assurer la jouissance et l’exercice effectifs des droits du migrant en mer. À cet égard, la présente thèse se propose de résoudre des problématiques insuffisamment ou non appréhendées par le droit positif : elles concernent la teneur et la portée du droit fondamental d’émigrer appliqué à l’espace maritime, la question de la licéité d’un refus de débarquement opposé à un migrant rescapé, ou encore l’incapacité apparente des juridictions supranationales à contrôler les pratiques d’États européens qui tentent de diluer leur responsabilité à l’égard du migrant en mer dans celle d’États tiers
While “spontaneous” migratory flows are on the increase since the beginning of the 21st century, the sea has become the scene of a humanitarian drama that seems endless. On all the European seaboards, the deaths or disappearances of migrants remain frequent due to extreme transport conditions, most often linked to the smuggling in which they are the object, or dangerous maneuvers carried out during their boarding. In addition to the risk of losing their life at sea, there are repeated attacks on the dignity and freedom of the migrant attributable to certain coastal States of departure and destination which seek to interrupt his navigation, including when he requires international protection. The fight against irregular immigration or organized crime constitutes a legitimate reason for interception under the international law of the sea; however, the actions (abusive use of force, refoulement, collective expulsion, arbitrary deprivation of liberty) and inactions (refusal to coordinate a rescue or to cooperate in the disembarkation of the survivors in a place of safety) of some states in this space constitute a serious disregard for human rights, refugee law and the law relating to the safeguard of human life in sea. The behavior of private users of the sea can also be detrimental to migrants in distress, survivors or stowaways. This observation requires to think about how to ensure the effective enjoyment and exercise of the rights of migrants at sea. In this respect, the thesis proposes to resolve issues that are insufficiently or not apprehended by positive law and which concern the content and scope of the fundamental right to emigrate applied to the maritime space, the question of the legality of a refusal to disembark opposed to a surviving migrant, or the apparent inability of supranational jurisdictions to control the practices of European States which attempt to dilute their responsibility with regard to the migrant at sea in that of third States

Includes bibliographical references.
South Africa has a history of distorted and controlled migration. Remnants of this history are still present to this day. The purpose of this study is to understand the patterns of migration in contemporary South Africa. In particular we focus on the interactions between migration and labour force participation decisions. Using the GPS coordinates in South Africa’s first nationally representative panel dataset, the National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS), migration is defined as a movement of individuals across municipal boundaries between waves of the NIDS survey. The analysis then goes on to explore the factors driving this migration. A range of relevant individual and household variables are available in NIDS. In addition community level factors such as socio-economic indicators and local service delivery are derived from Census and Community Survey and merged into NIDS in order to provide a rich dataset. Descriptive analysis is followed by the estimation of a biprobit model of migration and participation. Thereafter, the post-migration earnings of migrants are estimated while accounting for selection. The young, educated and the relatively better-off in migrant communities are more likely to migrate and individuals are found to migrate out of communities with high levels of relative inequality. The interdependence of the migration and participation decisions is affirmed. In modeling earnings of migrants we find we find that the selection into migration has a negative effect on wages, especially for high income earners. In general we find that South Africa is beginning to report similar trends in migration to its developing country peers.

Anthropologists and other social scientists have striven to explain the causes and brutality of the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s and the subsequent wars in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo. Consequently most subsequent anthropological studies have concentrated on issues of nationalism, genocide, and war crimes. Less attention has been paid to other consequences of this disintegration such as the massive internal and external migration during and after the war. This thesis examines the consequences of this outward migration from urban Serbia since the 1990s. In contrast to studies which concentrate on migrants' experiences, I focus on the relationship between elderly parents in Belgrade and their migrant children in London, New York, Toronto, and Sydney, using a material culture perspective to analyze the transformation of basic kinship ties between parents and children. This perspective provides insights into how people become or resist becoming 'refugees', 'migrants', 'guestworkers', 'Serbs' or 'mothers of emigrants.' Activities such as gifting practices, including those involving food and drinks are shown to have a significant impact upon social status both in countries of origin and destination. During twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork carried out in London and Belgrade in 2005/2006, my research focused on homes, gifts and remittances, all of considerable significance to informants. These provide valuable and original insights into parent-child dynamics in the context of post- conflict migration. The most contested genre was remittances which, contrary to a prevailing development discourse, created humiliation and even disgrace among Belgrade parents more than financial relief and economic security. This forms part of a larger conclusion that for parents, their children's migration from post-1990 Serbia represents not a gain but a permanent, traumatic loss. On a larger scale, this thesis contributes to understanding social transformation and its effect on kinship ties in a post-conflict and post-communist Serbian society.

Today migrants are increasingly seen as potential ‘philanthropists' or even as the ‘instigators' of development transition in their countries of origin. This thesis explores, via an original multiperspective bottom-up approach, how the discourse of migrants' contribution to development is constructed and put into concrete practice in the case of Moldova. The young republic is one of Europe's lesser-known countries and yet, with its intense recent experience of migration, it presents a fertile territory for in-depth study of the migration–development dynamic, with special reference to the role of migrant associations. More specifically, the heart of the thesis investigates, with a transnational lens, representations and negotiations of migrants' collective development efforts, firstly among migrants, secondly among development actors, and thirdly the aid-relationships between the two. The thesis engages with the literature on the relationship between migrants' transnational development practices and transnational power hierarchies, highlighting the role of international development policy discourses and initiatives from an interdisciplinary perspective. It aims to contribute to the broader theoretical discussion on linkages between transnational collective practices of Eastern European migrants living in EU countries and the development transition in the Eastern European 'neighbourhood'. Using a variety of field methods including multi-sited ethnography, the data collection took place over a period of one year – following the ‘discourse on migrants' contribution to development' in the transnational social field of migrant civil society and in the transnational field of development organisations across seven European countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Moldova, Switzerland and the UK. The findings reveal significant differences between migrants and mainstream development agencies on the issues of Moldova's transformation process, development practices and on the notion of ‘ideal' development partners. Migrants' collective transnational development practices appear as a dynamic process shaped not only by the current and understudied Moldovan migration features and based on various socio-economic and cultural indicators, but also by the country's Socialist past and its marginalised place within Europe. The results also show unexpected relationship patterns between migrants and state institutions and aid agencies, in which the latter two rely on migrant associations to carry out their newly-created migration–development policies and programmes. And an overall discomfort was found among aid-workers in engaging Moldovan migrants as their partners, expressed in double standards applied to migrants in ‘aidland'.

ObjectivesUnderstanding the difficulties faced by different migrant groups is vital to address disparities and inform targeted health-care service delivery. Migrant oncology patients experience increased morbidity, mortality and psychological distress, with this tentatively linked to language and communication difficulties. The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate the communication barriers and challenges experienced by Arabic, Greek and Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese) speaking oncology patients in Australia. MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional design using patient-reported outcome survey data from migrant and English-speaking Australian-born patients with cancer. Patients were recruited through oncology clinics and Australian state cancer registries. Data were collected regarding patient clinical and demographic characteristics and health-care and communication experiences. Data from the clinics and registries were combined for analysis. ResultsSignificant differences were found between migrant groups in demographic characteristics, communication and health-care experiences, and information and care preferences. Chinese patients cited problems with understanding medical information, the Australian health-care system, and communicating with their health-care team. Conversely, Arabic- and Greek-speaking patients reported higher understanding of the health-care system, and less communication difficulties. ConclusionsOur study findings suggest that migrant groups differ from each other in their health communication expectations and requirements. Lower education and health literacy of some groups may play a role in poorer health outcomes. Public health interventions and assistance provided to migrants should be tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of that language or cultural group. Future research directions are discussed.

Despite extensive research into China’s migrant workers, little is known about their happiness levels, particularly in the cultural and social context of China. Based on hedonic and eudaimonic theories, this study explores the happiness of China’s migrant workers in terms of subjective wellbeing, mental health, and self-actualisation, in addition to contrasting it with that of urban residents, by analysing 45 semi-structured interviews and 600 questionnaires conducted in Shanghai in 2014. The major findings are as follows: (1) migrant workers’ definition of happiness primarily focuses on their family lives, especially their children, and not particularly on themselves; (2) migrant workers’ definition of happiness is significantly influenced by traditional Confucian culture, while this is less true for urban residents; (3) demographic variables, i.e. gender, age, education, marital status, income, working hours, and number of children, appear to have no discernible effect on migrant workers’ happiness levels, except for housing status and length of residence; (4) seven factors affect the happiness levels of migrant workers: material wealth; meeting the basic psychological needs of relatedness; mental health; social environment; meeting the basic psychological needs of competence; family life; and job and career; (5) a happy migrant worker is one who has a healthy mind, satisfactory material conditions and relatedness needs, a basic level of satisfaction with the social environment, and a higher degree of satisfaction with his/her family life, job, and competence; (6) there is a happiness gap between migrant workers and urban residents, and distinctions in material wellbeing regarding income, social welfare, and housing are the main drivers of such a disparity. With regard to Chinese urbanisation, building an equal and free Chinese society, lowering property prices, improving migrant workers’ satisfaction with their material conditions, and improving migrant workers’ education and professional skills would best promote migrant workers’ happiness; (7) two theoretical models – ‘Mapping Chinese Happiness’ and ‘The Cupcake Model’ – are proposed to generalise the characteristics and influential factors of Chinese people’s happiness.

This paper basically tries to seek if there are any tendencies or possibilities that the power of colonizer still remains in the colonized country in terms of migration policy regarding migrant worker rights. In this paper, the author focuses on the policy of both Malaysia and the United Kingdom as a host country regarding the rights of migrant as the topic of the paper. In this paper the author uses comparative analysis by comparing the migration policy of Malaysia and the United Kingdom and focuses on the migrant worker rights to see if there are any possibilities or tendencies that Malaysia adopted the migration policy of the United Kingdom. In conclusion, the United Kingdom policy regarding the system and recruitment of migrant workers in order to limit the influx of migrant workers influenced Malaysia to adopt similar policy. But Malaysia has different implementation of policy regarding migrant worker rights comparing to the United Kingdom.

Among the children of immigrants in the United States, the children of migrant farmworkers are at significant risk of not finishing high school. These children deal with challenging socioeconomic conditions specific to their migratory lifestyle and living situations, which negatively impact their schooling experience. Migrant families' cultural diversity plays a significant role in the adjustment and integration of migrant students in schools as they transition into a host educational community. Conflicts between migrant families and schools sometimes occur because of cultural differences regarding the characteristics of interpersonal relationships, standards of behavior, students' cultural identity, and the objectives of education. This qualitative study examines cultural aspects that Latino migrant students describe as part of their cultural identity, including their experiences as migrants and participants in Oregon Migrant Education Program. The aim is to illustrate the cultural elements that Latino migrant students consider when making academic or professional choices after high school.

Entering the 9th year of the Syrian Crisis, there are still more than 400 thousand school aged Syrian children considered ‘out-of-school’ in Turkey. Several previous studies as well as reports of International Organisations and Civil Society Organisations such as UNICEF and Support to Life argue that out-of-school Syrian children have formed part of the Turkish informal labour market. Restrained migration policies incorporated with the needs of global labour markets have caused precarisation of the migrant labour, and in the case of Turkey precarisation of migrant child labour as well. The aim of the current study is to critically analyse the strategies and interventions of this multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour. Hence, a qualitative research method was employed in order to answer the study’s research questions. First, document analysis was conducted to identify the multilevel institutional framework; and second, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with selected informants working for International Organisations. By facilitating Carol Bacchi’s ‘What is the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) approach, each actor’s strategies and interventions directed to migrant child labour are scrutinised. While each actor by definition manages to identify the causes of (migrant) child labour, the strategies and interventions are constrained by the conventional migration management approach as well as the discourses of “the best interest of the child” and “fair trade”.

The purpose of the research was to investigate whether cultural dissonance was experienced by a group of migrant students during educational and cultural transition to new education systems which shared cultural markers of language and ethnicity. Cultural dissonance is defined in this study as:A sense of discord or disharmony, experienced by participants in cultural change where cultural differences are found to occur which are unexpected, unexplained and therefore difficult to negotiate and which inhibit behavioural adaptation.The study utilised case histories of children from forty-seven families. The respondents in the research were the children's parents. The families had emigrated from the United Kingdom to Western Australia during the period 1985-1995.The families reported receiving little information about education systems in Western Australia prior to migration. In the post-migration period, little official information was provided at system or at school level. Because placing the children in schools was a priority for the families, encounters with Western Australian education systems took place within a few weeks of their arrival as migrants.This lack of prior information meant that cultural differences in educational provision were unexpected and unexplained. In particular, families encountered unexpected problems in the appropriate placement of their children in Western Australian schools. Accented English and differences in word usage led to unexpected rejection and teasing. The perceived failure on the part of schools to address these and other differences caused confrontations between parents and many schools and disrupted the children's educational progress. These discordant experiences and difficulties led to what, in this study, is characterised as cultural dissonance.The implications for the study are discussed on two levels. With particular ++
reference to Western Australian education systems, the lack of induction policies for English-speaking migrant children was apparent. There appeared to be no system or school level guidelines which mandated the use of printed matter, provided at State system level to address these difficulties. The schools were not seen to make good use of the information parents provided about the children's educational stages. The intervention of teachers at classroom level to discourage teasing was seen as ineffective and in two cases teachers contributed to the problems being encountered.On a more general level, the study has implications for attitudinal change within Australian society towards the reception of skilled and financially secure migrant new criteria for entry to Australia have implications for the socio-economic status of potential migrants. The self-identity of these families is influenced by their status in the social hierarchies of their country-of origin. Skilled and professional families are likely to resist policies for their children's induction being seen as a low priority in Western Australian schools simply because of the child's migrant status.The research findings gave rise to recommendations that:Information of education systems in Western Australia should be made available to all intending migrant families with children.Induction policies for all migrant children should be in place and be utilised in Western Australian schools.The formulation of policy takes account of the effects of changes to migrant socio- economic status, brought about by the changes to the criteria for entry to Australia.The study concluded that shared markers of language and ethnicity were not sufficient to ensure that the cultural differences in education systems were not experienced by the families. A lack of prior information on those differences and a lack of induction ++
policies for the children led to difficulties and to experiences of cultural dissonance for the families.

Les migrations constituent un phénomène transnational dont la gestion a traditionnellement occupé l’intérêt des Etats de destination des migrants dans l’exercice de leur souveraineté. Avec l’avènement de la mondialisation, le panorama migratoire s’est transformé. Les migrations occupent une place chaque fois plus importante dans les agendas des Etats ayant compris que la maîtrise des migrations nécessitait de la coopération et de l’action conjointe à l’échelle internationale. La gouvernance des migrations comporte tout un ensemble de défis tant pour les Etats de destination des migrants que pour les Etats d’origine et pour la communauté internationale dans son ensemble. D’une part se présente l’intérêt de contrôler l’arrivée des migrants très influencé par des conceptions sécuritaires; d’une autre part apparaissent les conceptions des migrations comme outils du développement qui visent à tirer profit des effets considérés comme positifs des migrations et restreindre ses effets négatifs. Et finalement nous constatons l’existence de circonstances pouvant mettre en danger les droits humains des migrants et face auxquelles des mesures doivent être prises pour assurer le respect total des droits de l’homme des migrants. Concilier les intérêts présents autour de la maîtrise des migrations n’est pas une tâche facile. Afin de trouver un cadre idéal pour la maîtrise des migrations et la protection des droits des migrants, nous explorons 5 hypothèses d’étude qui nous mènent à analyser la gestion mondiale migratoire, la gouvernance régionale des migrations (dans le cadre de l’Amérique latine et des relations bilatérales entre cette dernière et l’Union européenne), la protection des migrants en tant que personnes vulnérables titulaires des droits à vocation universelle, ainsi que la protection proposé par les Etats d’origine des migrants (le cas particulier de la Colombie). Les atouts et les défis de chaque espace de discussion sont analysés ainsi que leurs apports à la maîtrise des migrations et à la protection des migrants
Migrations are a transnational phenomenon that its management has traditionally called attention from the destination states exercising its sovereignty. With the arrival of globalization, the migration perspective has changed. Migrations have an increasingly more important place in the government’s agenda, which has understood that migration management needed the cooperation and the joint action at an international level. The governance of migration involves multiple challenges for the destination countries as well as the countries of origin and for the international community. On one hand, it presents the interest of controlling the arrival of migrants, with a strong influence of security conceptions; on the other hand other ideas have immerged that consider migration as tools for development. Those ideas aim to profit from the effects that are considered as benefits of migration and to stop the negative effects. Finally, we consider the existence of the circumstances that can put in danger migrant’s human rights and for which some measures should be taken. Reconciling the interests surrounding the management of migration is not a simple task. For finding ideal management framework for the governance of migration and the protection of migrant’s human rights, we will explore 5 hypotheses. We will analyze the global administration of migration; the regional administration (in the framework of Latin America); the protection of migrants as vulnerable people having universal rights, as well as the protection from the migrant’s state of origin (in the particular case of Colombia). The assets and the challenges of each one of those discussion environments will be analyzed as well as its contributions to migration’s governance and migrant’s protection

Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Limpopo, 2014
Problem Statement This proposal investigates the life of men who left their beloved families with the aim of seeking jobs in order to support them. Most of the men when they get employed, they forget about where they come from and start new families by marrying another wives in urban areas. Furthermore this study will seek to find out how these men could get help and to restore their dignity. Methodology In order to achieve the aim and objectives of this proposal, the researcher will utilise textual analysis and interview method. Significance This study will act as wake-up call to the new generation to take into consideration the importance of where they original come from. In addition, the study will contribute to the existing knowledge and understanding the purpose of living their homes to seek employment not to start new families.

The question of increasing immigration and refugee pressure in Europe has become a sensitive political and economic issues, and also subject to ideological conflicts, not only in countries that face this phenomenon most intensively, but also in those member states that are not considered to be typical immigrant states such as the Czech Republic. While during the previous crisis in the eurozone and the Greek debt crisis the division of the EU to the north and south could be observed, migrant crisis in 2015 divided the EU in another way. It is rather excessive compassion of the West on one side and xenophobic attitude of Eastern European countries on the other. Diploma thesis will examine the similarities and differences of opinions on solving the migrant crisis between the two EU member states, which represent these two ideological poles, Germany and the Czech Republic, with the regard to their international legal obligations, obligations of membership in the EU and protection of their own national interests. It will also examine what influences the formation of these opinions and what role can the phenomenon of migration crisis play in the building or a change of state identity.

In the wake of financial crisis the UK Coalition government has emphasised an ‘enterprise for all’ agenda for economic growth that, paradoxically, marginalises migrant entrepreneurs within an ‘immigrant reduction’ agenda. While migrant entrepreneurs may be written off as ‘failing’ within economic theory and policy, my research shows instead that the value of migrant enterprise is far from marginal. Focusing on Ghanaian and Polish migrant enterprise within and through London, I recentre our understanding away from the spatially partial (trans)national frameworks used in previous studies, towards a spatially holistic translocal conceptualisation of migrant enterprise. I re-conceptualise the value of migrant enterprise as a continuum of economic and social value, created for multiple stakeholders who consume and simultaneously construct this value relationally across space. Further, I unpack migrant enterprise practices in relation to migrant entrepreneurs’ translocal capital mobilisations and personal mobilities that stretch across localities in the Global North and South. I argue that this translocal framework also provides a more useful basis for facilitating migrant enterprise in practice. I highlight key gaps in support provision between publicly-funded institutions that fail to engage with the specific yet heterogeneous needs of migrant entrepreneurs, combined with self-funded support provisions that are inaccessible to the most capital-poor migrant entrepreneurs. To address these gaps, I make the case for further development of and investment in community-based enterprise support as an appropriate and realistic approach for enabling migrant entrepreneurs to create value across space. My research also expands the intellectual trading zone within Geography by constructing a ‘hybrid’ Economic-Development Geography of translocal migrant enterprise. I argue that the continued expansion of this ‘hybrid’ inter-sub-disciplinary approach is crucial to Geographers’ capacity to theorise our increasingly globalised world and effect positive change within it.

Background Migrants in many European countries including Germany tend to utilize preventive measures less frequently than the majority population. Little is known about the dental health of migrants as well as about their oral health behaviour, particularly in the adult population. The aim of this study was to examine differences in the uptake of annual dental check-ups in adult migrants and non-migrants in Germany. Methods We used data from the cross-sectional survey ‘German Health Update 2010’ conducted by the Robert Koch Institute (n = 22,050). Data from 21,741 German-speaking respondents with information on the use of dental check-ups was available, of which 3404 (15.7%) were migrants. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to adjust for demographic and socioeconomic confounders, including the place of residence as well as type of health insurance. Results Migrants were generally younger, had a lower socioeconomic status and showed a lower utilization of dental check-ups. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for utilization was 0.67 (95%-CI = 0.61–0.73). After adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic confounders the chance only increased slightly (adjusted OR = 0.71; 95%-CI = 0.65–0.77). Conclusions The analysis shows that migration status is associated with a reduced chance of attending dental check-ups, independently of demographic and socioeconomic factors. The influence of other factors, such as type of health insurance and place of residence had also no influence on the association. Migrants are exposed to different barriers in the health care system, comprising the patient, provider and system level. Further studies need to examine the relevant barriers for the uptake of preventive dental services in order to devise appropriate migrant- sensitive measures of dental prevention.

This thesis explores chronicity amongst a small group of migrants living with HIV and other illnesses in London. It elucidates their engagements and experiences with self-care, particularly in light of tenuous citizenship. Drawing on field work in London from 2010-2011 with support groups for persons with HIV, largely made up of refugees and asylum seekers, I look at how social vulnerability and frustrations of claims to citizenship are crucial factors in creating conditions for doubt – reservations that centre less on living normally with chronic illness, than living and pursuing a life. I suggest chronicity encompasses varying and contested temporalities that place pressure on what the body is expected to achieve and endure. The thesis argues the task is not only to identify sources of injury and suffering, but to consider different manifestations of how people carry on living, and the ordinary ethical orientations emerging therein. It makes a number of interdisciplinary contributions to studies of chronic illness, chronicity, HIV, ordinary ethics, and migration. It brings together subjects of migration and HIV in novel ways. In drawing attention to the accidental converging of HIV, pharmaceuticals and migration, it highlights the unpredictable forms in which citizenship claims take shape, and go adrift. The thesis thus highlights how the basis for social entry, as well as exclusion, is deeply troubled. Being sick with HIV initiates one into systems of care offered by hospitals and charities, and further services for some, without resolving the legal and political-economic barriers to employment and self-sufficiency. For scholars and practitioners working within areas of community and public health, this study adds to research on both the continued importance and limitations of support groups for HIV and chronic illness management. This thesis illustrates how multifaceted support groups are, in the activities and conversation that unfold, and how this diversity is also a matter of recognising the diversity of individuals and collectives within them. It contributes to ethnographies of HIV in terms of chronic illness and chronicity by focusing less on the integration and presence of HIV into everyday routine, than its lapsing into a wider ethos of wellness and optimism, common hardships and distractions. In considering not only how individuals suffer but also how they endure, this work contributes to the emerging body of scholarship on ordinary ethics, and the extent to which the pursuit of good is stitched into both everyday and extraordinary events and negotiations.