Journal articles on the topic 'Migrant labor Australia'
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JUNANKAR, P. N., SATYA PAUL, and WAHIDA YASMEEN. "ARE ASIAN MIGRANTS DISCRIMINATED AGAINST IN THE LABOR MARKET? A CASE STUDY OF AUSTRALIA." Singapore Economic Review 55, no. 04 (December 2010): 619–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021759081000395x.
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This paper explores the issue of discrimination against Asian migrants relative to their non-Asian counterparts in the Australian labour market. A unique and consistent data set from three waves of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia (LSIA, 1993–95) is used to estimate probit models of the probability of being unemployed separately for males and females of Asian and non-Asian origins. The unemployment probability gap between the two migrant groups is decomposed into two components, the first associated with differences in their human capital and other demographic characteristics, and the second with differences in their impacts (called discrimination). The results provide an evidence of discrimination against Asian male migrants in all three waves. Discrimination against Asian females is detected only in the first wave. The Asian females who are professionals and can speak English 'well' are rather favoured relative to their non-Asian counterparts. Thus, the empirical evidence on discrimination against migrants of Asian origin is mixed.
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Khoo, Siew-Ean, Kee Pookong, Trevor Dang, and Jing Shu. "Asian Immigrant Settlement and Adjustment in Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 339–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300205.
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Asians have been the fastest growing overseas-born population inAustralia, more than doubling from 1981 to 1991. Based on the 1991 Census, this article broadly examines economic and social characteristics of the Asian-born population in Australia. Economic factors such as labor force participation, unemployment, occupation, income and housing reveal a great diversity in the settlement experience of the Asian-born, attributable to the diversity of backgrounds. The speed and success of adjustment by refugees and migrants from business, skill and family migrant streams are assisted by such social factors as English language proficiency.
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Tierney, Robert. "Inter‐ethnic and labour‐community coalitions in class struggle in Taiwan since the advent of temporary immigration." Journal of Organizational Change Management 21, no. 4 (July 4, 2008): 482–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810810884876.
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PurposeThis paper aims to analyse the class dimensions of racism in Taiwan against temporary migrant workers and migrants' efforts to build inter‐ethnic and labour‐community coalitions in struggle against racism.Design/methodology/approachAn important source of data for this study were the unstructured interview. Between September 2000 and December 2005, more than 50 temporary migrants and their support groups in Taiwan were interviewed, specifically about migrants' experiences of racism and their resistance strategies. These interviews were conducted face‐to‐face, sometimes with the assistance of translators. Between 2001 and 2007, some 70 people were interviewed by telephone, between Australia and Taiwan.FindingsIn Taiwan, temporary migrants suffer the racism of exploitation in that capital and the state “racially” categorize them as suitable only for the lowest paid and least appealing jobs. Migrants also suffer neglect by and exclusion from the labour unions. However, migrants have succeeded, on occasions, in class mobilization by building powerful inter‐ethnic ties as well as coalitions with some labor unions, local organizations and human rights lobbies.Research limitations/implicationsThe research raises implications for understanding the economic, social and political conditions which influence the emergence of inter‐ethnic bonds and labour‐community coalitions in class struggle.Practical implicationsThe research will contribute to a greater appreciation among Taiwan's labour activists of the real subordination of temporary migrant labour to capital and of the benefits of supporting migrants' mobilization efforts. These benefits can flow not only to migrants but also to the labour unions.Originality/valueA significant body of academic literature has recently emerged on temporary and illegal migrants' efforts to engage the union movements of industrialized host countries. There is a dearth, however, of academic research on the capacity of temporary migrants to invigorate union activism in Asia, including Taiwan.
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Li, Yao-Tai. "Constituting Co-Ethnic Exploitation: The Economic and Cultural Meanings of Cash-in-Hand Jobs for Ethnic Chinese Migrants in Australia." Critical Sociology 43, no. 6 (September 23, 2015): 919–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920515606504.
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This article asks two questions: for immigrants, how is an exploitative labor market constituted, and how do immigrant employees and employers understand exploitation involving co-ethnics? Taking ethnic Chinese immigrants (PRC-Chinese, Taiwanese, Hong Kongese) as an example, this article examines employer hiring strategies, employee economic rationales, cultural perceptions, and the work experiences of ethnic Chinese migrant workers who find work in the informal sector in Australia. This article argues that language barriers, relatively higher earnings than home countries, the flexibility of cash-in-hand jobs, and the low expectation that job-seekers have of co-ethnic employers increase the willingness of ethnic Chinese migrants to work in the cash economy. On the other hand, employers look for an ‘obedient’ employee and create the image of a ‘good boss’ to decrease the expression of hostile emotions from their employees. Considering how economic factors and mutual cultural perceptions are embedded and reflected in the informal labor market, this article concludes that co-ethnic exploitation is formulated and justified by both employers and employees in Australia.
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Dalton, Bronwen, and Kyungja Jung. "Becoming cosmopolitan women while negotiating structurally limited choices: The case of Korean migrant sex workers in Australia." Organization 26, no. 3 (November 22, 2018): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508418812554.
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International labor mobility holds the promise that one can become a cosmopolitan citizen of the world. But this interpretation of mobility rarely features in research and media focused on Asian women who travel and engage in sex work. In both arenas, the dominant narrative is that migrant sex workers are poor, the victims of sex trafficking, and pose a risk to public health. This narrative is laced with Orientalist overtones of the Asian sex worker as the alluringly exotic ‘other’, passive and particularly vulnerable, and in need of rescue. However, the interviews of 11 Korean women sex workers based in Sydney, Australia, challenge this narrative. These women engaged in a transnational quest to become cosmopolitan citizens of the world, albeit making logical choices from structurally limited options shaped by their multiple identities as women, sex workers, and Korean, and their relative precarious position in the Australian labor market. Their stories highlight how migration and work can be an agentic process of self-expression and self-actualization of identity. This identity has emerged against the backdrop of shifting meanings and practices of social reproduction in Korea, a country that has experienced a highly compressed transition from developing, to modern capitalist state. Theoretically, the article draws on post-colonial feminist theory to shed light into the conflicting views on migrant sex workers in existing research, by focusing on the women’s voices, which have been neglected or silenced.
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Aguilar, Filomeno V. "Nationhood and Transborder Labor Migrations: The Late Twentieth Century from a Late Nineteenth-Century Perspective." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 9, no. 2 (June 2000): 171–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680000900202.
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This paper seeks to provide a perspective on contemporary Philippine labor migrations by viewing this phenomenon in light of analogous transborder movements of workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Based on information about so-called Manilla men in Australia and British Malaya, the paper discusses living and working conditions of migrant workers in the earlier period. The paper takes up the broader context of indentured work in the nineteenth century and the reaction by such countries of origin as China and Japan to interrogate the pervasive sense of shame and victimization felt in present-day Philippines arising from the export of labor. The broad parameters of the Philippine national narrative are explored in view of the continuities and changes in the relationship between national identity and long-distance movements of workers.
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Sardak, Sergii E., Kateryna V. Shymanska, Alla P. Girman, and Oleksandr P. Krupskyi. "International youth migration: features, tendencies, regulation prospects." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 30, no. 2 (July 18, 2021): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112133.
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The article examines the global and regional issues of international youth migration. The obtained results are most interesting for those regions where the population is shrinking and aging with a rising need to involve youth for educational services and local labor markets, or vice versa, for those losing youth due to their emigration. It is emphasized that youth create an economically active social group, which volume and quality significantly affect the country’s development. During the global migration trends identification, the authors identified the international youth migration flows’ differences and features. The paper notes that the global trends in the international youth migration development include: increase in volume and percentage of youth in the overall number of migrants and the local population; growth of youth migrants in more developed regions and high-income countries; the dominance of migratory centers for youth in Oceania, North America, and Europe; formation of powerful centers of migration of intellectual young labor resources in the UAE, Canada, the USA, Australia, and New Zealand. The available formational policy in youth migration regulation, on the example of India, China, Taiwan, Japan, USA, and Western Europe, is studied. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international migration flows is considered, including changes in international migration in 2020. Based on the UN data analysis on age groups of migrants within geographical regions, it was determined that the prerequisite for such a structure of migration centers is a high level of migratory attractiveness. Such migration-center structure is also explained by the significant level of cross-regional migration, as in the localized regions, their factors of «attraction-repulsion» are formed. It is stressed out that increas- ing military and political instability has led to the uphill of forced youth migrants. The paper proposes the flow optimization directions of international youth migration by formulating the link between migration policy and elements of other integration policies on migrant youth (employment policy, social, educational, information and security policies).
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Urban, Andrew. "Commodity Production and the Sociology of Work: Ideologies of Labor and the Making of Globalization." International Labor and Working-Class History 81 (2012): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547912000154.
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A common feature in almost any world atlas is the colorful, symbol-driven commodity maps that identify national and global regions by the production of specific types of crops or the extraction of natural resources found there. Oranges grow in the state of Florida in the United States; copper is mined in the northern region of Chile; perhaps tiny representations of sheep indicate that Australia is a major producer of wool. These visual productions of space are both compelling and misleading, implying that access to the world's bounty is as simple as knowing where things are located within a larger division and ordering of the world. Yet oranges are not indigenous to Florida, and their contemporary mass production is made possible largely by the employment of undocumented migrant workers and the legal exclusions that make them a cheap source of labor. Without well-funded and meticulously crafted campaigns urging residents living in temperate climates to purchase and consume oranges year round, oranges' profitable hold in Florida would likewise not be sustainable. Such complexities raise the question, where are the maps that illustrate the dynamic cultural, labor, and political relationships between the commodities and the places where they are produced?
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Liu, Xiaomin, Steven J. Bowe, Allison Milner, Lin Li, Lay San Too, and Anthony D. Lamontagne. "Differential Exposure to Job Stressors: A Comparative Analysis Between Migrant and Australia-Born Workers." Annals of Work Exposures and Health 63, no. 9 (October 17, 2019): 975–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxz073.
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Abstract Aims Previous studies have suggested that migrants have higher exposures to psychosocial job stressors than native-born workers. We explored migrant status-related differences in skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority, and whether the differences varied by gender, age, and educational attainment. Methods Data were from Wave 14 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey. A total number of 9031 persons were included in the analysis. Outcomes included skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority. Exposure included migrant status defined by (i) country of birth (COB), (ii) the combination of COB and English/Non-English dominant language of COB, and (iii) the combination of COB and years since arrival in Australia. Data were analysed using linear regression, adjusting for gender, age, and educational attainment. These covariates were also analysed as effect modifiers of the relationship between migrant status and job stressor exposure. Results In the unadjusted analysis, only migrant workers from Non-English-speaking countries (Non-ESC-born) had significantly lower skill discretion and job complexity than Australia-born workers (−0.29, 95% CI: −0.56; −0.01); however, results from fully adjusted models showed that all migrant groups, except migrant workers from Main-English-speaking countries, had significantly lower skill discretion and job complexity than Australia-born workers (overseas-born workers, −0.59, 95% CI: −0.79; −0.38; Non-ESC-born, −1.01, 95% CI: −1.27; −0.75; migrant workers who had arrived ≤5 years ago, −1.33, 95% CI: −1.94; −0.72; arrived 6–10 years ago, −0.92, 95% CI: −1.46; −0.39; and arrived ≥11 years ago, −0.45, 95% CI: −0.67; −0.22). On the contrary, the unadjusted model showed that migrant workers had higher decision authority than Australia-born workers, whereas in the fully adjusted model, no difference in decision authority was found between migrant workers and Australia-born workers. Effect modification results showed that as educational attainment increased, differences in skill discretion and job complexity between Australia-born workers and Non-ESC-born migrants progressively increased; whereas Non-ESC-born migrants with postgraduate degree showed significantly lower decision authority than Australia-born workers. Conclusions This study suggests that skill discretion and job complexity but not decision authority is associated with migrant status. Migrants with high educational attainment from Non-English-speaking countries appear to be most affected by lower skill discretion/job complexity and decision authority; however, differences in skill discretion and job complexity attenuate over time for Non-ESC-born migrants, consistent with an acculturation effect. Low skill discretion and job complexity, to the extent that it overlaps with underemployment, may adversely affect migrant workers’ well-being. Targeted language skill support could facilitate migrant integration into the Australian labour market.
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Liu, Bowe, Milner, Li, Too, and LaMontagne. "Job Insecurity: A Comparative Analysis between Migrant and Native Workers in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 4159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214159.
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Job insecurity is a modifiable risk factor for poor health outcomes, and exposure to job insecurity varies by population groups. This study assessed if job insecurity exposure varied by migrant status and if the differences varied by gender, age, educational attainment, and occupational skill level. Data were from wave 14 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey. The outcome was job insecurity. Exposure was migrant status defined by (1) the country of birth (COB), (2) the dominant language of the COB, and (3) the number of years since arrival in Australia. Data were analysed using linear regression, adjusting for gender, age, educational attainment, and occupational skill level. These covariates were also analysed as effect modifiers for the migrant status–job insecurity relationships. Migrant workers, especially those from non-English speaking countries (non-ESC-born), experienced higher job insecurity than Australia-born workers; however, these disparities disappeared after 11+ years post-arrival. The migrant status–job insecurity relationships were modified by educational attainment. Unexpectedly, the disparities in job insecurity between non-ESC-born migrants and Australia-born workers increased with increasing educational attainment, and for those most highly educated, the disparities persisted beyond 11 years post-arrival. Our findings suggested that continuing language skill support and discrimination prevention could facilitate migrant integration into the Australian labour market.
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Jaric, Ljubica. "Contemporary skill migration in Australia." Stanovnistvo 39, no. 1-4 (2001): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0104157j.
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Immigration has always been a key of the Australian social and economic development. Australia administers separate Migration and Humanitarian Programs. The Migration Program has two streams: Family and Skill. The smaller Special Eligibility stream includes groups such as former Australian citizens and former residents who have maintained ties with Australia. The Skill stream of Australia's Migration Program is specifically designed to target migrants who have skills or outstanding abilities that will contribute to the Australian economy. The migration to Australia of people with qualifications and relevant work experience can help to address skill shortages in Australia and enhance the size, skill level and productivity of the Australian labour force. Skilled migrants were mainly employed in managerial, administrative, professional or paraprofessional occupations or as traders. Permanent movement represents the major element of net overseas migration. Australia has experienced not only permanent influx of skilled but longterm movement as an affect of globalisation of business, the creation of international labour and education markets and cheaper travel. The level of longterm movements is strongly influenced by both domestic and international conditions of development, particularly economic conditions. More Australians are going overseas to work and study and foreigners are coming to Australia in larger numbers for the same reasons. Skill migration in FRY is mostly correlated with the economic situation in the country. Skill stream from FRY to Australia has been significantly increased since 1990. In the Australian official statistics separate data for the FRY has been available since July 1998. Prior to July 1998. FRY component was substantial proportion of total Former Yugoslav Republics. Estimated Serbian skill stream is around 4500 people.
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Faggion, Laura, and Raffaello Furlan. "CULTURAL MEANINGS EMBEDDED IN THE FAÇADE OF ITALIAN MIGRANTS’ HOUSES IN BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i1.1225.
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In the Post-WWII period, while industrial production in Italy had diminished and millions of people were unemployed, Australia was facing the opposite problem of shortage of labour, due to a rapid agricultural and industrial development. By virtue of the immigration policy adopted by the Australian government in the 1950s, assistance with the cost of migration to Australia was provided to those Italians willing to migrate to Australia. Italian migrants, as well as diverse migrant groups, brought with them cultural practices and a way of life, which are nowadays part of the multicultural Australian built environment and society. This research study focuses on the domestic dwellings built in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Brisbane by the Italian migrants. Namely, it is argued that the façade of migrants’ houses is embedded by cultural meanings. The study is of qualitative nature and as primary sources of data uses (1) semi-structured interviews, (2) photo-elicitation interviews and (3) focus group discussion, which were conducted both in Australia with twenty first-generation Italian migrants, and in Italy with ten informants, indigenous to the Veneto region, where they built their homes. Visual data about the houses was collected with (4) photographs and drawings. The findings reveal that Italian houses are concurrently a physical structure and a set of meanings based on culture: these two components are tied together rather than being separate and distinct. Namely, the Veneto migrants chose two models for the construction of their houses in Brisbane: (1) the rural houses built in the 1970s and 1980s by their ancestors (2) and the villas designed by Andrea Palladio in the 15th century in the Veneto region for noble families.
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Wright, Chris F., and Stephen Clibborn. "A guest-worker state? The declining power and agency of migrant labour in Australia." Economic and Labour Relations Review 31, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 34–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304619897670.
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This article presents an historical and comparative analysis of the bargaining power and agency conferred upon migrant workers in Australia under distinct policy regimes. Through an assessment of four criteria – residency status, mobility, skill thresholds and institutional protections – we find that migrant workers arriving in Australia in the period from 1973 to 1996 had high levels of bargaining power and agency. Since 1996, migrant workers’ power and agency has been incrementally curtailed, to the extent that Australia’s labour immigration policy resembles a guest-worker regime where migrants’ rights are restricted, their capacity to bargain for decent working conditions with their employers is truncated and their agency to pursue opportunities available to citizens and permanent residents is diminished. In contrast to recent assessments that Australia’s temporary visa system is working effectively, our analysis indicates that it is failing to protect temporary migrants at work. JEL Codes: J24, J61, J83
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Howe, Joanna, Laurie Berg, and Bassina Farbenblum. "Unfair Dismissal Law and Temporary Migrant Labour in Australia." Federal Law Review 46, no. 1 (March 2018): 19–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.46.1.2.
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Increasing attention is being given to the exploitation of temporary migrant workers in Australia, in particular in relation to wage underpayments. But very little focus has been given to the ability of temporary migrant workers to access legal remedies under Australian employment law. This article examines whether temporary migrant workers are able to make and pursue a claim for unfair dismissal within the federal jurisdiction. As unfair dismissal law seeks to protect job security and provides an essential check on managerial prerogative, it is important that temporary migrant workers are able to access this legal avenue to protect them from arbitrary dismissal. We argue there are serious deficiencies in the application, coverage and content of federal unfair dismissal law in relation to temporary migrant workers in Australia.
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STAKANOV, Roman. "SYNTHETIC SYSTEM OF REGIONAL MIGRATION POLICY: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FORMATION." Economy of Ukraine 2018, no. 6 (June 15, 2018): 44–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2018.06.044.
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The task of the research was to structure the existing migration systems, to define the role of regional level in the current migration policy and to determine how formation of a synthetic system of regional migration policy is taking place. The author proposes to divide the immigration policy into three types: the demand-driven migration system, the supply-driven migration system and the synthetic migration system. Demand-oriented systems can manifest themselves through the testing of the labor market, preliminary certification of employers, as well as attestation. The key priority of the supply-driven migration systems is to focus on the national interests of the destination country and maximize the positive effect of large-scale involvement of migrants with high human capital. The main form of manifestation of this system is the use of the points-based migration system, according to which individual characteristics of a potential migrant are assessed. To overcome the limitations of both approaches, a number of countries are switching to use of the synthetic migration policy, which includes the elements of both aforementioned systems. Combination of tools of demand- and supply-driven migration systems allows both to take into account the migration interests of the state (mainly due to preservation or introduction of the points-based migration system) and to account for interests of employers (for example, providing for a large number of points for employees with job offers). The synthetic migration system is mostly used by countries that have a long history of immigration and have previously used the supply-driven migration system (e.g., Canada, Australia). However, countries with the demand-driven migration system (in particular, the USA through the mechanism of the RAISE Act) are approaching it as well. There is no single migration policy regarding labor migration in framework of the regional integration associations; however, in some regions, the regional migration policy is manifested in coordination of the national migration policy at the regional level. The synthetic migration policy serves as the basis for regional regulation in Oceania, and also has significant chances for implementation in the North America region.
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Wood, Gavin A. "The Depletion and Restoration of Migrants' Human Capital." Journal of Industrial Relations 34, no. 4 (December 1992): 550–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569203400403.
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Studies of the assimilation of migrants into the Australian labour market suggest that migrants receive lower returns from schooling, experience and qualifications. However, as period of residence lengthens there is evidence that migrant wages catch up with those of Australian-born residents. This convergence can be attributed to the 'repair' of human capital eroded due to the non-transferability of country- and firm-specific skills and knowledge. Combining data on migrant arrivals with census data on overseas- born residents, the present paper estimates the changing occupational mix among a cohort of migrants. The occupational mix is used to construct a proxy measure for the stock of human capital. We find that migrants experience an initial loss of human capital, although the restoration phase is a short one of no more than three or four years. However, beyond this restoration phase migrants from non-English-speaking countries do not match the rate of human capital accumulation achieved by Australian- born residents.
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Mayes, Robyn. "‘We’re Sending you Back’: Temporary Skilled Labour Migration, Social Networks and Local Community." Migration, Mobility, & Displacement 3, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/mmd31201717074.
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This paper contributes to the emergent literature on the temporal and dynamic constitution of temporary skilled migrant networks, foregrounding under-researched interrelations between migrant and non-migrant networks. It does so through examination of the lived experience of transnational, temporary skilled labour migrants resident in Ravensthorpe in rural Western Australia (WA) who were confronted with the sudden closure of the mining operation where they were employed. As a result they faced imminent forced departure from Australia. Drawing on qualitative data collected in Ravensthorpe three weeks after the closure, this paper foregrounds the role of this shared, profoundly socially-disruptive event in the formation of a temporary, multi-ethnic migrant network and related interactions with a local network. Analysis of these social relations foregrounds the role of catalysing events and external prompts (beyond ethnicity and the migration act) in the formation of temporary migrant networks, along with the importance of local contexts, policy conditions and employer action. The social networks formed in Hopetoun, and associated mobilisation of social capital, confirm the potential and richness of non-migrant networks for shaping the migrant experience, and foreground the ways in which these interrelations in turn can shape the local experience of migration, just as it highlights the capacity of community groups to act as social and political allies for temporary migrants.that would require migrants to depart after a set number of years and instead recommend a pathway to permanent residence based on duration of stay.
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Filus, Adam. "Stosunek rządu Australii do nielegalnej migracji w latach 1996–2018." Poliarchia 6, no. 1(10) (September 26, 2019): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/poliarchia.06.2018.10.03.
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Australian Governments’ Stance on Illegal Immigration in 1996–2018
Australia is well known for its strict immigration policy. It results from the country’s constant struggle with the flow of illegal migrants, brought to Australian shores through human smuggling. The author analyses immigration policies of five Prime Ministers representing two major Australian parties: the Liberal Party of Australia and the Australian Labor Party. Starting with the premiership of John Howard (1996–2007), and ending with Malcolm Turnbull’s era (2015– –2018), the author examines the situation of illegal immigrants in Australia and changes in immigration and asylum policies.
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Hawthorne, Lesleyanne. "Migrant engineers’ job interview performance." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 15, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 90–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.15.2.06haw.
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Abstract More than 12,000 migrant engineers have migrated to Australia in the past four years – the majority NESB professionals of prime workforce age selected under the skilled immigration program. These engineers are currently experiencing extreme levels of unemployment – in part due to Australia’s recession, but in part due to disproportionate labour market rejection. This paper examines the critical ‘gatekeeping’ role of the employment interview. It explores the cultural attitudes a range of East European engineers bring to Australian engineering job interview questions – in particular ‘process’ questions (requiring detailed description of knowledge of engineering processes), and ‘self-promotion’ questions (inviting positive presentation of demonstrated professional skills). The paper then analyses the videotaped job interview performance of two East European engineers, who answer such questions poorly in interviews conducted by the Institution of Engineers, Australia. The paper suggests that disparities between country of origin interview strategies and those used in Australia might usefully be targeted as areas for further research. Such research could lead to more effective cross-cultural interview training, while lessening the risk of interview failure.
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van den Broek, Diane, and Dimitria Groutsis. "Global nursing and the lived experience of migration intermediaries." Work, Employment and Society 31, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 851–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016658437.
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Discussion of skilled migration often focuses on skill shortages and global labour market trends, with little attention directed to the individual experiences of the migrants themselves. ‘Divina’ is a migrant nurse who left her home country of the Philippines to gain work in Australia. In the process of this migration, Divina was drawn into a complex web of co-ethnic relationships with migration intermediaries that shaped much of her experiences with respect to entry and employment in Australia. Her story highlights how migration intermediaries can exacerbate the precarious and vulnerable position of skilled migrants. The dangers are particularly striking for those migrating from non-English-speaking and/or developing nations, where vulnerabilities can be entrenched by ‘trusting’ co-ethnic relations forged between sending and receiving countries.
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Piperoglou, Andonis. "Migrant Labour and Their “Capitalist Compatriots”: Towards a History of Ethnic Capitalism." Labour History: Volume 121, Issue 1 121, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlh.2021.23.
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The relationship between migration and Australian capitalism has long been a topic of robust scholarly debate in sociology and economics. Researchers in those fields have highlighted how migration has left an indelible imprint on Australian capitalism. By contrast, Australian migration histories have given scant attention to the role ethnic groups played in Australian capitalism. This lack of attention is particularly curious in historical studies of Greek Australia given the significance of small business in facilitating migration and settlement. From Federation onwards, Greek ethnic capitalism - or, more precisely, the relations between Greek migrant labourers and their petite bourgeoisie employers - became a topic of media coverage. In fact, the relations between Greek workers and employers were so important that newspapers routinely reported on the subject. This article examines this media coverage, its racialist and criminalising connotations, and historical relevance. It concludes with some observations on how histories of capitalism can productively engage with the histories of ethnicisation.
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Khoo, Siew-Ean, Peter McDonald, Carmen Voigt-Graf, and Graeme Hugo. "A Global Labor Market: Factors Motivating the Sponsorship and Temporary Migration of Skilled Workers to Australia." International Migration Review 41, no. 2 (June 2007): 480–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00076.x.
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The recruitment of skilled foreign workers is becoming increasingly important to many industrialized countries. This paper examines the factors motivating the sponsorship and temporary migration of skilled workers to Australia under the temporary business entry program, a new development in Australia's migration policy. The importance of labor demand in the destination country in stimulating skilled temporary migration is clearly demonstrated by the reasons given by employers in the study while the reasons indicated by skilled temporary migrants for coming to work in Australia show the importance of both economic and non-economic factors in motivating skilled labor migration.
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Oliver, Damian, and Serena Yu. "The Australian labour market in 2018." Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 3 (June 2019): 326–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619834332.
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In 2018, the Australian labour market continued to see only very moderate wages growth despite strong employment growth and low unemployment. This remains an international phenomenon with underlying economic and legal structural causes. Employment growth was concentrated in part-time jobs for both males and females, and in both manufacturing and white-collar industries. The Fair Work Commission increased the National Minimum Wage by 3.5%, a higher percentage increase than previous years but one that reflected higher growth in average earnings and inflation. The climate surrounding agreement making was less febrile than in recent years, with fewer high-profile attempts to terminate existing enterprise agreements. However, collective bargaining coverage in the private sector continues to decline to historic lows. Changes to skilled migration were the most significant shift in labour market policy in 2018, with a significant reduction in the number of permanent skilled migrants and a new temporary skilled migrant visa category with much stricter eligibility requirements. If sustained, this reduction may contribute to increasing pressure on wages in the years to come.
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Davies, Gloria, and Gaby Ramia. "Governance Reform towards “Serving Migrant Workers”: The Local Implementation of Central Government Regulations." China Quarterly 193 (March 2008): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741008000088.
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AbstractUsing data from three provinces as part of a joint study by Monash University in Australia and China's Institute of Labour Science, an affiliate body of the national Ministry of Labour and Social Security, this article examines the extension of social rights and social security coverage to intra-national migrants in China as a public governance issue. More specifically, it analyses how central government regulations on improving the situation of migrant workers are being interpreted and implemented by local governments. In this regard, it offers a unique case study of difficulties encountered in the local implementation of policy directives issued by the central government.
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Liu, Xiaomin, Steven J. Bowe, Lin Li, Lay San Too, and Anthony D. LaMontagne. "Psychosocial job characteristics and mental health: Do associations differ by migrant status in an Australian working population sample?" PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e0242906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242906.
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Migrant workers may experience higher burdens of occupational injury and illness compared to native-born workers, which may be due to the differential exposure to occupational hazards, differential vulnerability to exposure-associated health impacts, or both. This study aims to assess if the relationships between psychosocial job characteristics and mental health vary by migrant status in Australia (differential vulnerability). A total of 8969 persons from wave 14 (2014–2015) of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey were included in the analysis. Psychosocial job characteristics included skill discretion, decision authority and job insecurity. Mental health was assessed via a Mental Health Inventory-5 score (MHI-5), with a higher score indicating better mental health. Migrant status was defined by (i) country of birth (COB), (ii) the combination of COB and English/Non-English dominant language of COB and (iii) the combination of COB and years since arrival in Australia. Data were analysed using linear regression, adjusting for gender, age and educational attainment. Migrant status was analysed as an effect modifier of the relationships between psychosocial job characteristics and mental health. Skill discretion and decision authority were positively associated with the MHI-5 score while job insecurity was negatively associated with the MHI-5 score. We found no statistical evidence of migrant status acting as an effect modifier of the psychosocial job characteristic―MHI-5 relationships. With respect to psychosocial job characteristic―mental health relationships, these results suggest that differential exposure to job stressors is a more important mechanism than differential vulnerability for generating occupational health inequities between migrants and native-born workers in Australia.
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Macioti, P. G., Eurydice Aroney, Calum Bennachie, Anne E. Fehrenbacher, Calogero Giametta, Heidi Hoefinger, Nicola Mai, and Jennifer Musto. "Framing the Mother Tac: The Racialised, Sexualised and Gendered Politics of Modern Slavery in Australia." Social Sciences 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9110192.
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Centred on the slavery trial “Crown vs. Rungnapha Kanbut” heard in Sydney, New South Wales, between 10 April and 15 May 2019, this article seeks to frame the figure of the “Mother Tac” or the “mother of contract”, also called “mama tac” or “mae tac”—a term used amongst Thai migrants to describe a woman who hosts, collects debts from, and organises work for Thai migrant sex workers in their destination country. It proposes that this largely unexplored figure has come to assume a disproportionate role in the “modern slavery” approach to human trafficking, with its emphasis on absolute victims and individual offenders. The harms suffered by Kanbut’s victims are put into context by referring to existing literature on women accused of trafficking; interviews with Thai migrant sex workers, including Kanbut’s primary victim, and with members from the Australian Federal Police Human Trafficking Unit; and ethnographic field notes. The article unveils how constructions of both victim and offender, as well as definitions of slavery, are racialised, gendered, and sexualised and rely on the victims’ subjective accounts of bounded exploitation. By documenting these and other limitations involved in a criminal justice approach, the authors reveal its shortfalls. For instance, while harsh sentences are meant as a deterrence to others, the complex and structural roots of migrant labour exploitation remain unaffected. This research finds that improved legal migration pathways, the decriminalisation of the sex industry, and improved access to information and support for migrant sex workers are key to reducing heavier forms of labour exploitation, including human trafficking, in the Australian sex industry.
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Krisjanous, Jayne, and Djavlonbek Kadirov. "“Migrants Are Splendid Types”." Journal of Macromarketing 38, no. 4 (October 15, 2018): 425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146718802887.
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Human migration is often a result of flight from post-conflict socio-economic disintegration, where dysfunctional marketing systems exacerbate the suffering of people. Despite the potential trauma and disruption incurred, a move away to systems perceived to be better are favored. Using a historical research approach, this article focuses on the end of World War II that heralded an unprecedented humanitarian crisis involving millions of displaced persons, marshalled in Displaced Persons’ (DP) Camps. This investigation focuses on the “Beautiful Balts” megamarketing campaign in Australia, the promotion of a handpicked consignment of DPs from the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia to host-to-be communities, in order to satisfy the economy’s growing need for fresh industrial labour input. The authors argue that this campaign was crucial in dismantling the “white only” frame through the use of the hitherto undocumented process of frame demystification. This campaign set the stage for the opening up of Australia to greater numbers of post-WWII DP migrants from different ethnicities and fundamental changes to beliefs and practices that configured Australian marketing systems of the day.
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Hawthorne, Lesleyanne. "“Picking Winners”: The Recent Transformation of Australia's Skilled Migration Policy." International Migration Review 39, no. 3 (September 2005): 663–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00284.x.
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From 1980 to 1996, Australian researchers identified consistently inferior labor market outcomes for professionals from non-English-speaking background source countries. In 1997, the incoming conservative government initiated a major review of Australia's skilled migration program, based on a determination to ‘select for success' among applicants. Subsequent initiatives included mandatory English language testing, rigorous qualifications screening, incentives for international students to migrate, and abolition of income support in the first two years post-arrival. This article provides a detailed analysis of factors leading to this policy transformation. Labor market outcomes for 2001 are defined, including a halving of unemployment among recently arrived migrants.
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Fudge, Judy, and Joo-Cheong Tham. "Unsavoury Employer Practices: Understanding Temporary Migrant Work in the Australian Food Services Sector." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 35, Issue 1 (March 1, 2019): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2019002.
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Why do employers in specific sectors use migrant workers to a significant extent? Taking temporary migrant work in the Australian food services sector as a case study, this article argues that employer demand for migrant workers is shaped by two forms of social regulation: the immigration controls that create a supply of different kinds of migrant workers, and the labour market norms and institutions that operate within a specific industrial sector. Specifically, the article argues that the cost-minimization strategy of the Australian food services sector in conjunction with its precarious work norms result in ‘demand’ on the part of employers in the sector for vulnerable workers to perform precarious jobs. Such ‘demand’ is met in part by the workers supplied through temporary labour migration programs who may be an attractive form of precarious labour because of the conditionalities they experience. The normalization of noncompliance with labour laws by food services employers, that stems from the broader culture of illegality in the sector, further heightens the vulnerability (and attractiveness) of temporary migrant labour, allowing employers to ‘demand’ illegal working conditions.
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Faaliyat, Rosa, Keith Townsend, David Peetz, and Susan Ressia. "Skilled migrant employees' perceptions of support from line managers." Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 39, no. 8 (May 12, 2020): 931–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/edi-09-2019-0246.
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PurposeThis paper explores the experiences of non-English-speaking background (NESB) skilled employees working in Australian workplaces, their perceptions of managers' actions and how a lack of employee involvement and participation (EIP) practices and performance appraisal (PA) is perceived regarding career progression.Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory research project is based on 26 semi-structured interviews with skilled migrant NESB employees based in Australia. Social exchange theory (SET) and labour market segmentation theory (LMST) are applied to help explain macro- and micro-level influences on NESB employees and their relationships with their line managers and the workforce.FindingsParticipants perceived line managers to be highly communicative and approachable; however, they indicated how a lack of EIP in decision-making and in their PA affected career progression opportunities for NESB employees. While they were satisfied overall with their jobs, the research indicated a need for improved practices and support from the broader organisation in these two identified areas.Originality/valueThere is relatively little research on how the challenges of an increasingly diverse workforce are managed, particularly from NESB employees' perspective. Therefore, this research fills a gap concerning NESB employees' experience in Australian organisations.
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Howe, Joanna, Alex Reilly, Stephen Clibborn, Diane van den Broek, and Chris F. Wright. "Slicing and Dicing Work in the Australian Horticulture Industry: Labour Market Segmentation within the Temporary Migrant Workforce." Federal Law Review 48, no. 2 (March 23, 2020): 247–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x20905956.
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This article exposes how disparity in the immigration rules of different visas combines with poor enforcement of labour standards to produce a segmented labour market in the Australian horticulture industry. We argue that the precarious work norms of the horticulture industry result in a ‘demand’ on the part of employers for harvest workers to perform precarious jobs. Such demand has been met by the workers supplied through different segments of temporary migrant labour who may be a particularly attractive form of precarious labour because of the conditionalities they experience as a result of their visa class. Our analysis demonstrates that not only do growers make preferences between local and temporary migrant workers, but they also make preferences between different types of temporary migrant workers. In identifying segmentation between temporary migrant workers on different visa categories, the article makes a significant contribution to the labour market segmentation literature, which hitherto has focused on segmentation between migrant workers and non-migrant workers.
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Underhill, Elsa, Dimitria Groutsis, Diane van den Broek, and Malcolm Rimmer. "Organising across borders: Mobilising temporary migrant labour in Australian food production." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 278–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619879726.
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This article builds on the growing literature on migrant worker mobilisation by analysing how the temporary migrant workforce, employed in food production, interacts with two Australian trade unions alongside ethno-specific social media groups, offshore unions and community/religious organisations. The contribution of this article is twofold. Firstly, we demonstrate divergence in union strategies, distinguishing between (i) a ‘traditional self-reliant’ strategy, where unions recruit temporary migrant workforces by using established methods and their own resources and (ii) network collectivism, where unions also engage with temporary migrant workforces obliquely through external social media platforms and alliances. Our second contribution is to examine how the components of network collectivism interact as an integrated strategy for temporary migrant worker mobilisation.
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Ho, Christina, and Caroline Alcorso. "Migrants and Employment." Journal of Sociology 40, no. 3 (September 2004): 237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783304045721.
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The Australian government claims that its emphasis on skills in the migration program has paid off, with recent migrants achieving superior labour market outcomes to previous cohorts, and contributing more to the ‘productive diversity’ of the Australian workforce. Such sentiments are supported by most contemporary scholars of migration. Their conclusions stem from the adoption of a human capital approach where migrants’ labour market outcomes are seen to directly reflect their individual skills and other attributes, as opposed to social and institutional practices such as discrimination or exclusion. In this article we subject the prevailing ‘success story’ about skilled migration to scrutiny, and point to alternative ways of interpreting the empirical evidence (namely, longitudinal survey data) as well as alternative ways of explaining the incorporation of migrants in the Australian workforce.
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Bonnell, Andrew G. "Transnational Socialists? German Social Democrats in Australia before 1914." Itinerario 37, no. 1 (April 2013): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115313000284.
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Emigration from the German states was a mass phenomenon in the “long” nineteenth century. Much of this migration was of course labour migration, and German workers were very much on the move during the nineteenth century: in addition to the traditional Wanderschaft (travels) of journeymen, the century saw increasing internal migration within and between German-speaking lands, migration from rural areas to cities, and the participation of working people in emigration to destinations outside Europe. Over five million Germans left the German states from 1820 to 1914, with a large majority choosing the United States as their destination, especially in the earliest waves of migration. By comparison with the mass migration to North America, the flow of German migrants to the British colonies in Australia (which federated to form a single Commonwealth in 1901) was a relative trickle, but the numbers were still significant in the Australian context, with Germans counted as the second-largest national group among European settlers after the “British-born” (which included the Irish) in the nineteenth century, albeit a long way behind the British. After the influx of Old Lutheran religious dissidents from Prussia to South Australia in the late 1830s, there was a wave of German emigrants in the 1840s and 1850s, driven by the “push” factor of agrarian and economic crisis in the German states in the 1840s followed by the attraction of the Australian gold rushes and other opportunities, such as land-ownership incentives. While the majority of German settlers were economic migrants, this latter period also saw the arrival in the Australian colonies of a few “Forty-Eighters,” radicals and liberals who had been active in the political upheavals of 1848–9, some of whom became active in politics and the press in Australia. The 1891 census counted over 45,000 German-born residents in the Australian colonies.
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Newman, Andrew. "The Legal In/Security of Temporary Migrant Agricultural Work: Case Studies from Canada and Australia." Deakin Law Review 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/dlr2013vol18no2art43.
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Despite differing labour law systems and program structures, temporary migrant agricultural workers under the Canadian Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program and Australian Seasonal Worker Program often possess minimal security of employment rights and protections, despite potentially lengthy periods of consecutive seasonal service to the same employer. Such lesser rights and protections are partly due to the central role played by continuity of service in determining the length of reasonable notice periods and the strength of unfair dismissal protections and stand-down/recall rights. Although it is often presumed that the temporary duration of the seasonal work visa necessarily severs the legal continuity of the employment relationship, such is not the case. This article argues that security of employment rights and protections can be re-conceptualised to recognise non-continuous seasonal service within the current parameters of a fixed-term work visa. In both Canada and Australia this could be accomplished through contractual or collective agreement terms or through the amendment of labour law legislation. Such reforms would recognise a form of unpaid ‘migrant worker leave’, whereby the legal continuity of employment would be preserved despite periods of mandatory repatriation, thus allowing accrual of security of employment rights and protections.
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Haines, Robin, Margrette Kleinig, Deborah Oxley, and Eric Richards. "Migration and Opportunity: An Antipodean Perspective." International Review of Social History 43, no. 2 (August 1998): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859098000121.
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Australian data can reflect on British questions, about the quality of immigrant labour, and the opportunities gained by migrating, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Three case studies are presented. The first uses quantitative methods and convict transportation records to argue that Ireland suffered a “brain drain” when Britain industrialized, siphoning off the cream of its workers to England and some, eventually, to Australia. Drawing on an entirely different type of data, the second study reaches strikingly similar positive conclusions about the qualities of Australia's early assisted immigrants: three splendidly visible immigrants stand for the tens of thousands of people who sailed out of urban and rural Britain to the distant colonies. A no less optimistic view of Australia's immigrants half a century later is demonstrated in the third case study on female domestic servants. Often referred to as the submerged stratum of the workforce, the most oppressed and the least skilled, the label “domestic servant” obscured a wide range of internal distinctions of rank and experience, and too often simply homogenized them into a sump of “surplus women”. This study helps to rescue the immigrant women from this fate and invests them with individuality and volition, offering the vision of the intercontinentally peripatetic domestic, piloting her way about the globe, taking advantage of colonial labour shortages to maximize her mobility and her family strategies. Best of all, these migrants emerge as individuals out of the mass, faces with names, people with agenda.
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Howe, Joanna, Laurie Berg, and Bassina Farbenblum. "Unfair Dismissal Law and Temporary Migrant Labour in Australia." Federal Law Review 46, no. 1 (March 2018): 19–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x1804600102.
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Morrison, Philip S. "Migrants, manufacturing and metropolitan labour markets in Australia." Australian Geographer 21, no. 2 (November 1990): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049189008703011.
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Chamaratana, Thanapauge. "Endeavours: The Relationship in Social Network of Thai Student Labourers in Australia." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.3(1).
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Objective - This article aims to examine the relationship in the social network of Thai student labourers or special migrants known as “Thai-Aus labourers”, who are studying and working in Sydney, Australia. Methodology/Technique – Data was collected via in-depth interviews with 18 key Thai-Aus labourers in Sydney, Australia. These key informants were selected using the snowball technique. Content analysis was performed with the data based on the ATLAS.ti programme, and the social networks were analysed using the Ucinet and Netdraw programme. Finding – The results conclude that the relationships within the social networks of the Thai-Aus labourers were complex, although they each shared the same goal. The relationships were principally based on benefit exchange even though personal relationships appeared on the surface. Novelty - The directional flow in the pattern of benefit-giving and receiving, and the duration, did not affect relationships, which depended more on personal cases. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: J21, J29. Keywords: Brokers; Social Network; Migrant Labour Network; Working Abroad of Thai Labourers. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Chamaratana, T. 2020. Endeavours: The Relationship in Social Network of Thai Student Labourers in Australia, Global J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Review 8(3): 144 – 152. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.3(1)
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Howe, Joanna, and Alexander Reilly. "Meeting Australia's Labour Needs: The Case for a New Low-Skill Work Visa." Federal Law Review 43, no. 2 (June 2015): 259–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.43.2.4.
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This article examines whether Australia's regulatory settings for temporary migrant labour are working effectively and argues that a backdoor currently exists which permits the entry of low skilled migrant workers on visas which are not for a work purpose, namely the international student visa and the working holiday maker visa. We propose that an explicit visa pathway be created for low and semi-skilled workers so that the working conditions of these visa holders are more appropriately monitored and to enable Australia's temporary labour migration program to better meet skill shortages in the economy.
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Persian, Jayne. "Displaced persons in Queensland: Stuart migrant camp." Queensland Review 25, no. 2 (December 2018): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2018.27.
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AbstractThis article examines the lived experience and recent commemorative efforts relating to the experience of displaced prsons who were sent to Queensland in the post-war period. 170,000 displaced persons — predominantly Central and Eastern Europeans — arrived in Australia between 1947 and 1952. They were sent to reception and training centres upon their arrival before commencing a two-year indentured labour contract. Memorialisation of these camps tends to present them as the founding places of the migrant experience in Australia; however, there has been very little historical work on displaced persons in Queensland, or on the Queensland migrant camps — Wacol, Enoggera, Stuart and Cairns. This article focuses on recent commemorative attempts surrounding the Stuart migrant camp in order to argue that, in relation to displaced persons, family and community memories drive commemorative activities.
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Yu, Kyoung-Hee. "Negotiating ‘otherness’ as skilled migrants." Journal of Industrial Relations 61, no. 2 (November 6, 2018): 198–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618802607.
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While culture is beginning to be understood as a mechanism of stratification in the labor market alongside attribute-based discrimination, we lack a corresponding understanding of how skilled migrants deal with their otherness in the labor market. This article seeks to contribute to an understanding of the lived experiences of skilled migrants by identifying the material and social consequences of performing extra work to obtain cultural legitimacy. In contrast to the recent focus on understanding cultural others’ responses to pressures for conformity in terms of identity conflict, this study identifies the context in which cultural legitimacy is required and constructed, both in terms of macro-societal and institutional influences on identity regulation within organizations as well as interactional dynamics and power relations. Based on interviews with migrants in the field of accounting and finance in Australia, I draw out the main features of ‘cultural work’ and show the potential consequences of not performing cultural work as well as the means of migrants’ resistance against pressures for conformity.
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Tani, Massimiliano. "Migration Policy and Immigrants’ Labor Market Performance." International Migration Review 54, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918318815608.
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This article studies whether migration policy is a suitable tool to improve the inefficient use of immigrants’ human capital. This line of investigation complements the traditional analysis of migration policy as a tool to manage labor supply. The effect of migration policy is studied, using a policy change that occurred in Australia in the late 1990s that tightened the selection applied to certain economic immigrants. The empirical analysis, based on data collected by the Longitudinal Survey of Migrants to Australia, confirms that the policy change raised, on average, the human capital of the affected group. It also, however, consistently reveals that the change had no detectable impact on indicators measuring immigrants’ skill utilization. This result suggests that migration policy, by itself, may not be best suited to address issues related to the efficient use of foreign talent in the labor market. Better coordination with employment policy may alleviate this problem. Additional research on migration policy’s effect on efficiency-related issues is also called for.
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Stevens, Catriona. "Temporary work, permanent visas and circular dreams: Temporal disjunctures and precarity among Chinese migrants to Australia." Current Sociology 67, no. 2 (September 13, 2018): 294–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392118792926.
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This article considers the disjunctures that exist between the temporalities of legal status and those of migrants’ lived experiences, and explores the relationship between precarity and temporality. Ethnographic research conducted among recent migrants from China living in Perth, Western Australia with a focus on migrants who have been sponsored by employers to work and remain in Australia, demonstrates that while migrants may hold temporary or permanent visas, their migration objectives and settlement processes do not necessarily accord with their formal status. Many individuals who arrived in Australia with the intention of quickly attaining permanent residency find their plans are stymied by shifting circumstances and changes to migration legislation. They instead continue to experience the precarious employment, liminality and family disruption that come with a prolonged and indeterminate temporariness. Meanwhile others have become permanent residents despite arriving as self-imagined sojourners, employment in Australia very often only the next step in a series of temporary labour migrations. Even after many years of permanent status, however, these migrants commonly experience a limited sense of belonging and imagine futures that entail circular patterns of on-migration. The case studies presented disrupt the sense of permanence that is implied in secure legal statuses, and provide evidence of the lasting impact of precarious temporalities.
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Kulu-Glasgow, Isik, Djamila Schans, and Monika Smit. "The Dutch battle for highly skilled migrants: policy, implementation and the role of social networks." Migration Letters 15, no. 4 (September 30, 2018): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i4.7.
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In recent years a growing competition for talent has emerged among developed nations. Policymakers across North-America, Australia and Europe have implemented targeted migration programs to attract global talent in order to gain the net positive effects associated with skilled migration. Research so far has mainly focused on analyzing such programs in traditional destinations for highly skilled migrants such as the United States, Canada and Australia. In this article we take the Netherlands as a case study of the more recent European involvement in the ‘race for talent’. We first describe how ‘highly skilled’ migrants are categorized in the various skilled migration schemes that exist in the Netherlands. Secondly, by using primary data on highly-skilled migrants who participated in one of these schemes we look at whether the policy measures attracted the intended target group. We conclude that policy measures that favor highly skilled migrants by themselves are not enough to attract talent. Having social capital in the Netherlands as well as the recruiting efforts of Dutch employers are more important in attracting highly skilled migrants. Also, being highly skilled does not necessarily mean that access to the Dutch labor market is without obstacles.
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Akhmetova, G. F. "Dynamics of labor migration in the Republic of Bashkortostan." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-2-265-278.
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The article considers some indicators of the widespread social phenomenon in Russia - labor migration, which, according to the data for 2019, involves about 2.9 million Russians, or 4% of the employed population. These are internal labor migrants who temporarily work outside their regions. This type of labor migration of Russians has common features with temporary employment in the United States, Canada, and Australia (long distance commuting - LDC), fly-in/fly-out - FIFO). The empirical basis of the article consists of the statistical data (results of the labor force survey by the Federal State Statistics Service for 2011-2019) and the results of sociological research conducted in the region with a high level of shift employment - the Republic of Bashkortostan - in 2015-2019. The statistical data prove regional differences in the Russian shift employment: the majority (72%) of internal labor migrants live in a third of the regions with high and medium levels of temporary labor migration; in some regions, the level of temporary labor migration decreases. The sociological data show different involvement in shift employment depending on place of residence, gender and age, marital status and level of education. The same social-territorial and social-demographic features are evident at the national level. At the federal level, internal labor migration, as a tool for social-economic development, helps to solve the problem of labor shortage in certain areas and sectors of economy; therefore, such labor migration is supported by legal acts. At the regional level, it decreases the labor and demographic potential of the regions that provide labor migrants. To preserve the economic and demographic potential and to strengthen the competitiveness of such regions, we need to develop regional labor markets and labor mobility within regions.
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Awasthi, S. P., and Ashoka Chandra. "Migration from India to Australia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300207.
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The article examines the contemporary trends and future prospects of migration from India to Australia. The focus is on Indian Settlers and Temporary Entrants admitted to Australia for employment and Indian students admitted to Australia for higher studies. The volume of emigration for permanent residence during the early 1990s has made India one of the leading source countries of migration to Australia. A majority of Indians admitted as Settlers every year join the labor force. Recent data indicate that, among Indian Settlers, there is a preponderance of unsponsored Independent Skilled Migrants. Given the anticipated growth in the number of Indian students, the coming years are likely to witness a spurt in Skilled Temporary Workers from India.
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Dalley, Stewart. "Recent changes to immigration laws: Implications for hospitality employers." Hospitality Insights 1, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v1i1.4.
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Immigration New Zealand (INZ) recently announced changes to the skilled migrant residence and essential-skills work visas based on a strong association between skills and salary. This shift will impact both employers and migrants, especially in hospitality.
According to the INZ, the hospitality sector was the fourth-largest recipient of skilled migrant residence visas in their last reporting year [1,2]. INZ expects migrants employed as chefs, café/restaurant managers and retail managers to be the hardest hit by these changes [1,2]. Residence under the skilled migrant policy can be gained for jobs in skill levels 1–3 as defined in the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO). Traditionally, hotel managers, chefs, and café/restaurant managers have been classed as level 2, and bakers at level 3 in accordance with ANZSCO. However, skills levels are now also assessed based on salary (at least $23.49 p/h) and specialist skills obtained through qualifications and/or work experience.
Migrants paid a justifiable $35.24 p/h for a position previously considered unskilled (levels 4–5), or those with positions unclassified by ANZSCO, could gain residence under the new policy shift. While this could mean a residence visa for people whose jobs do not neatly fit within ANZSCO, INZ are not easily deceived. Indeed, the Labour Inspectorate reports that 20 percent of the published list of employers currently barred from recruiting migrants (due to breaches of employment and immigration laws) are in the hospitality sector. Accordingly, there is little to be gained by migrants claiming to be paid $80,000 for a housekeeping position.
Approximately 21 percent of essential-skills work visas issued by Immigration New Zealand in the last reporting year were for migrants in the hospitality sector [1,2]. Essential-skills work visas cover five skills levels (as indicated by ANZSCO) but now have accompanying salary thresholds. The main change affects migrants earning below $19.97 p/h because they will now be unable to sponsor their partner’s work visa or child’s domestic student visa. While their partner and child would still be able to apply for visas, the partner would have to meet the visa requirements in their own right to obtain a work visa, and their child could only obtain an international student visa – the costs associated with which would likely consume the ‘low’ salary of the migrant worker. Additionally, this ‘low-skilled’ migrant will only be able to obtain one ‘low-skilled’ essential-skills work visa of three-year duration before experiencing a 12-month stand-down period, during which they would be barred from applying for another low-skilled essential-skills work visa. This does not, however, prevent the migrant from applying for an essential-skills visa at a higher skill level or for a visa in another category entirely. Those in positions assessed as skill levels 4–5 under ANZSCO and paid below $19.97p/h will only be issued a 12-month work visa, and will be unable to sponsor a partner for a work visa or a child for domestic student status. There are some elements of the policy change that are not retrospective. It is, therefore, vital to seek specific advice in each case.
Many employers will now be faced with the prospect of increasing salaries to attract migrants or expending more time and resources to recruit and train New Zealanders. However, it is recalled that many employers, particularly in the regions, have experienced recruitment difficulties for decades. It is, therefore, unclear whether these changes will produce the desired increase in job opportunities and salaries for New Zealanders or whether they will only add to the recruitment woes of employers.
Corresponding author
Stewart is a Senior Solicitor with Ryken and Associates (www.rykenlaw.co.nz). He assists in all aspects of immigration and refugee law, including advising on visas, deportation and humanitarian claims. He has experience in representing clients at the Immigration and Protection Tribunal, Family Court, District Court and High Court. Stewart is an active member of the Auckland District Law Society’s Immigration and Refugee Law Committee, where he engages with Immigration New Zealand, the Immigration Protection Tribunal, and other outside organisations, to help shape and inform discussion on immigration and refugee-related policy matters. His work has been published in the New Zealand Law Society’s official magazine (LawTalk) and the New Zealand Law Journal.
Stewart Dalley can be contacted at: stewart@rykenlaw.co.nz
References
(1) New Zealand Immigration. www.immigration.govt.nz/about-us/research-and-statistics/statistics
(2) Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Aide Memoire Information for Ministers: Composition of the Skilled Migrant Category – updated slide pack, May 26, 2016.
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Cai, Lixin, and Amy Y. C. Liu. "Wage differentials between immigrants and the native-born in Australia." International Journal of Manpower 36, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 374–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2014-0104.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the wage differentials along the entire distribution between immigrants and the Australian-born. Design/methodology/approach – Using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, the authors apply a semi-parametric method (DiNardo et al., 1996) to decompose the distributional wage gap between immigrants and native-born Australians into composition effect and wage structure effect. The authors further apply the unconditional quantile regression (UQR) method (Firpo et al., 2007) to decompose the overall wage structure effect into contributions from individual wage covariates. Findings – Relative to the native-born, both effects favour immigrants from English-speaking countries. For male immigrants from non-English-speaking countries (NESC) the favourable composition effect is offset by disadvantage in the wage structure effect, leaving little overall wage difference. Female immigrants from NESC are disadvantaged at the lower part of the wage distribution. Practical implications – The increasingly skill-based immigration policy in Australia has increased skill levels of immigrants relative to the Australian-born. However, the playing field may yet to be equal for the recent NESC immigrants due to unfavourable rewards to their productivity factors. Also, immigrants are not homogeneous. Countries of origin and gender matter in affecting wage outcomes. Originality/value – The unique wage-setting system and the increasingly skill-based immigration policy have made Australia an interesting case. The authors examine the entire wage distribution between migrants and native-born rather than focus on the mean. The authors differentiate immigrants by their country of origin and gender; and apply the UQR decomposition to identify the contributions from individual wage covariates.
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Altzinger, Wilfried. "How Labour Market Experiences of Migrants Differ: Australia and Austria Compared1." International Migration 33, no. 1 (January 1995): 55–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1995.tb00019.x.
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