Journal articles on the topic 'Migrant detention centres'
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Van Hout, Marie-Claire, Cassie Lungu-Byrne, and Jennifer Germain. "Migrant health situation when detained in European immigration detention centres: a synthesis of extant qualitative literature." International Journal of Prisoner Health 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 221–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-12-2019-0074.
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Purpose Many migrants are detained in Europe not because they have committed a crime but because of lack of certainty over their immigration status. Although generally in good physical health on entry to Europe, migrant detainees have complex health needs, often related to mental health. Very little is known about the current health situation and health care needs of migrants when detained in European immigration detention settings. The review aims to synthesize the qualitative literature available on this issue from the perspectives of staff and migrants. Design/methodology/approach The authors undertook a synthesis of extant qualitative literature on migrant health experience and health situation when detained in European immigration detention settings; retrieved as part of a large-scale scoping review. Included records (n = 4) from Sweden and the UK representing both detainee and staff experiences were charted, synthesised and thematically analysed. Findings Three themes emerged from the analysis, namely, conditions in immigration detention settings, uncertainties and communication barriers and considerations of migrant detainee health. Conditions were described as inhumane, resembling prison and underpinned by communication difficulties, lack of adequate nutrition and responsive health care. Practical implications It is crucial that the experiences underpinning migration are understood to respond to the health needs of migrants, uphold their health rights and to ensure equitable access to health care in immigration detention settings. Originality/value There is a dearth of qualitative research in this area because of the difficulty of access to immigration detention settings for migrants. The authors highlight the critical need for further investigation of migrant health needs, so as to inform appropriate staff support and health service responses.
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Tazzioli, Martina. "Governing migrant mobility through mobility: Containment and dispersal at the internal frontiers of Europe." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654419839065.
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This article focuses on the twofold relationship between migrants’ mobility and modes of government, suggesting that mobility is an object of government and, at once, a technique for governing migrants. It focuses on mobility as a technology of government, investigating how intra-European migration movements are managed by national authorities, with particular attention to illegalized migrants who fall under the Dublin Regulation. Building on ethnographic research conducted between 2015 and 2017, the article centres first on the Italian–French border (Ventimiglia) and on the Swiss–Italian border (Como). Then, it moves on exploring how migrants are currently managed in France, being transferred from Calais to hosting centres across the country. It highlights how migrants’ movements are controlled, disrupted and diverted not (only) through detention and immobility but by generating effects of containment keeping migrants on the move and forcing them to engage in convoluted geography. It shows that one of the main strategies for governing migration through mobility consists in the politics of migrant dispersal, that is by scattering migrants across spaces and dividing emergent migrant groups.
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Boza Martínez, Diego, and Dévika Pérez Medina. "New Migrant Detention Strategies in Spain: Short-Term Assistance Centres and Internment Centres for Foreign Nationals." Paix et Securite Internationales, no. 7 (2019): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/10.25267/paix_secur_int.2019.i7.08.
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Boza Martínez, Diego, and Dévika Pérez Medina. "New Migrant Detention Strategies in Spain: Short-Term Assistance Centres and Internment Centres for Foreign Nationals." Paix et Securite Internationales, no. 7 (2019): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25267/paix_secur_int.2019.i7.08.
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Katz, Irit. "Camps by design: Architectural spectacles of migrant hostipitality." Incarceration 3, no. 1 (March 2022): 263266632210845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26326663221084586.
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Detention camps, ‘hospitality’ centres and other carceral facilities created to contain people ‘on the move’ are usually formed in familiar spatial arrangements such as prefabricated shelters organised in a grid layout. Over the recent years, however, a number of these facilities were architecturally designed in distinct formations while being presented as attractive spaces of care and support. By examining two such facilities created in different contexts and scales – the Holot detention camp in Israel’s Negev desert and the French urban Centre Humanitaire Paris-Nord – this paper analyses their spatial and political meaning in relation to the ways they were designed, managed, and presented to the public. Unlike minimal spaces of provision or spaces of participatory design in contexts of displacement, which might encourage the spatial agency of displaced people and the reworking of their political subjectivities, the paper shows how these architecturally designed facilities, with their spectacular form and infrastructural function, doubly objectify their residents. While the spectacular designs of these facilities frame irregular migrants as separated and temporary ‘guests’ who become the objects for the distant gaze of their ‘hosts’, their infrastructural spaces produce the migrants as constantly moving racialised bodies which are the objects of ongoing processes of concentration, categorisation, and circulation. These designed facilities, the paper argues, create visually identified and clearly defined spectacles of both hospitality and hostility, or in Derrida’s term, of hostipitality, through which irregular migrants are included by their receiving societies as only objectified, distant, and temporary guests.
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Loganathan, Tharani, Deng Rui, and Nicola Suyin Pocock. "Healthcare for migrant workers in destination countries: a comparative qualitative study of China and Malaysia." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e039800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039800.
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ObjectivesThis paper explores policies addressing migrant worker’s health and barriers to healthcare access in two middle-income, destination countries in Asia with cross-border migration to Yunnan province, China and international migration to Malaysia.DesignQualitative interviews were conducted in Rui Li City and Tenchong County in Yunnan Province, China (n=23) and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (n=44), along with review of policy documents. Data were thematically analysed.ParticipantsParticipants were migrant workers and key stakeholders with expertise in migrant issues including representatives from international organisations, local civil society organisations, government agencies, medical professionals, academia and trade unions.ResultsMigrant health policies at destination countries were predominantly protectionist, concerned with preventing transmission of communicable disease and the excessive burden on health systems. In China, foreign wives were entitled to state-provided maternal health services while female migrant workers had to pay out-of-pocket and often returned to Myanmar for deliveries. In Malaysia, immigration policies prohibit migrant workers from pregnancy, however, women do deliver at healthcare facilities. Mandatory HIV testing was imposed on migrants in both countries, where it was unclear whether and how informed consent was obtained from migrants. Migrants who did not pass mandatory health screenings in Malaysia would runaway rather than be deported and become undocumented in the process. Excessive attention on migrant workers with communicable disease control campaigns in China resulted in inadvertent stigmatisation. Language and financial barriers frustrated access to care in both countries. Reported conditions of overcrowding and inadequate healthcare access at immigration detention centres raise public health concern.ConclusionsThis study’s findings inform suggestions to mainstream the protection of migrant workers’ health within national health policies in two middle-income destination countries, to ensure that health systems are responsive to migrants’ needs as well as to strengthen bilateral and regional cooperation towards ensuring better migration management.
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Stamatakis, Nikolaos. "“Is Restorative Justice Greek to Me?”: Exploring Its Applicability in Greek Youth Detention Centres." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 29, no. 3-4 (December 22, 2021): 264–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-bja10026.
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Abstract Justice systems around the world are constantly working to balance reform/rehabilitation/re-entry and punishment in response to juvenile delinquency. In recent years, there has been a strong emphasis on the notion of restorative justice as an alternative approach to criminal justice, yet there continues to be a dearth of information on the interrelation between restorative justice, religion and imprisonment, especially among youth. The present research seeks to explore the applicability and possible future implementation of restorative justice programmes for late adolescent and young adult male offenders (18–21 years old) held in the Special Detention Institutions of Greece. It also aims to identify any links between restorative justice and religion in youth custodial settings among the large migrant population hosted in these institutions. A self-administered quantitative study was distributed to achieve this aim. The data analysis provided no statistically significant relationships between the inmates’ willingness to meet with their actual/surrogate victims and ask for forgiveness/restore relationships with them. Equally insignificant was found the inmates’ eagerness to get involved in restorative mediation with their capacity to acknowledge the harm that their illegal actions inflicted on others, and to make amends.
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Peano, Irene. "Excesses and double standards: migrant prostitutes, sovereignty and exceptions in contemporary Italy." Modern Italy 17, no. 4 (November 2012): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2012.706994.
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In this paper, the author proposes an analysis of the apparently contradictory attitudes towards transactional sexual exchanges, as they have emerged in public debate and informed legislation and policies in Italy over the past few years. The ambiguity towards commercial sex is linked to a specific dynamic of power, which denies sexual labour the status of work and makes it the object of repressive and criminalising policies, whilst at the same time habitually demanding sexual services in exchange for money, gifts or favours. The article shows how criminalisation functions as a prominent form for the control of subjects, related to the workings of sovereignty. In particular, the author considers the ways in which the criminalisation of prostitution and of undocumented migration, which compound in the figure of the migrant prostitute, represents a means for the exertion of sovereignty and relates to the centrality of desire, transgression and their disciplining in the contemporary context. However, closer examination of the subjective experiences of those who are supposedly excluded and criminalised, such as undocumented migrant sex workers in detention centres, reveals the incompleteness of disciplinary mechanisms.
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Abdul Hamid, Haezreena Begum Binti. "The Impact of Covid-19 On Migrants and Trafficked Persons in Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 4 (April 10, 2022): e001427. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i4.1427.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted people’s lives, economic status, and daily routine. The extensive scale of the virus has caused fear, confusion and panic throughout the globe spurring states to devise stringent procedures to manage the crisis. In Malaysia, A Movement Control Order (MCO) was implemented on 18 March 2020 as a preventive measure to control the spread of the virus. To enforce such restrictions, the government relies heavily on law enforcers, and the criminal justice system to ensure public safety and security. In light of such restrictive measures, those who are severely impacted by such repressive rules are the marginalized communities. This includes trafficked persons, migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers as law enforcers seek to use the pandemic to further control their movements and restrict their rights wherever possible. In this instance, xenophobia, anti-immigrant prejudice, intolerance, social exclusion, and discrimination exacerbates the vulnerability of migrants particularly undocumented migrants and trafficked victims. According to human rights activists, these groups are exposed to regular insults, verbal abuse, threat, public shaming and blame by citizens, employers, politicians, and enforcement agencies. Therefore, this article highlights two main points. They are: xenophobia between the dominant populations and the migrant community in Malaysia; state’s policing of migrants and the conditions of the detention centres and shelters in Malaysia. The article concludes by arguing that the policing and ‘protection’ of migrants during the pandemic have resulted in irreparable harm, mistrust, and stress among the migrants which undermines the positive development outcomes of migration.
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El Ghamari, Magdalena, and Monika Gabriela Bartoszewicz. "(Un)Sustainable Development of Minors in Libyan Refugee Camps in the Context of Conflict-Induced Migration." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 4537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114537.
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This paper looks at the challenges to the sustainable development of migrant and refugee children in Libyan refugee camps and migrant detention centres. Libya, next to Syria, is still the most destabilised Arab country with a myriad of conflicting parties, warlords, militias, terrorist organisations as well as smugglers and traffickers that continuously compete in a complex network of multidimensional power struggles. Our single case study based on ethnographic fieldwork adopts the human security approach, which provides security analysis with an inherently “sustainable” dimension. In the paper we provide an overview of the empirical study carried out in seven Libyan refugee camps (Tripoli, Tajoura, Sirte, Misrata, Benghazi, Derna and Tobruk) between 2013 and 2019. Our findings show that for refugee children even everyday activities pose a danger to health and life, and the many threats to their security encompass a broad spectrum from health to safety, from education to falling prey to bundlers from terrorist organisations and paramilitary militias. These issues, undoubtedly pertinent on the individual level of analysis, are further exacerbated by the underlying, conflict-induced factors and preclude a safe and secure environment.
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Dembech, Matteo, Zoltan Katz, and Istvan Szilard. "Strengthening Country Readiness for Pandemic-Related Mass Movement: Policy Lessons Learned." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 6377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126377.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has thus far restricted the large movement of people; nonetheless, we cannot exclude the disruptive power of a virus with similar characteristics to COVID-19 affecting both high- and low-income countries, as a factor for future mass migrations. Indeed, the top 15 countries affected by COVID-19 host about 9 million refugees, and it is, therefore, important to investigate and strengthen the readiness of countries’ health policies to ensure they are well equipped to deal with potential large influxes of ‘epidemic-related refugees and migrants.’ Using the Bardach Policy Framework as a tool for analysis, this article investigates the readiness of countries for a potential public health event (mass migration generated by future pandemics), therefore, aiming at a health response forecasting exercise. The article reviews the policies put in place by countries who faced large influxes of migrants between 2011 and 2015 (the policy-prolific years between the Arab Spring migration and the introduction of stringent measures in Europe) and new evidence generated in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (including the ‘ECDC Guidance on infection prevention and control of COVID-19 in migrant and refugee reception and detention centres in the EU/EEA and the UK’ and the ‘WHO Lancet priority for dealing with migration and COVID-19′) to formulate a policy option able to strengthen national system capacities for responding to influxes of epidemic-related migrants and the management of highly infectious diseases.
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Hasselberg, Ines. "Coerced to Leave: Punishment and the Surveillance of Foreign-National Offenders in the UK." Surveillance & Society 12, no. 4 (July 29, 2014): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i4.4760.
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Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in London among foreign-national offenders facing deportation from the United Kingdom, this paper seeks to examine how foreign-national offenders experience and understand state policies of control. Worldwide, foreign-nationals are increasingly subject to forms of state surveillance, not just when crossing borders but also during their stay within a given state’s territory. Detention centres, weekly or monthly reporting requirements, and electronic monitoring are already common migrant surveillance strategies allied to deportation policies in many countries across the globe. These forms of state control are conceived legally as administrative practices necessary to control foreign-nationals whose status is still being adjudicated and to enforce the removal of unwanted foreign-nationals. Consequently, these strategies are not inflicted through a judicial process, even though these same practices are used within the context of penal incarceration and supervision. The lived experience of deportability and associated state surveillance highlights the punitive and coercive effects of detention and related conditions of bail. Ironically, but perhaps not unintentionally, those who are deemed a risk and subject to surveillance and banishment are therefore constantly feeling vulnerable and in need of protection. Because they do not consider themselves a risk to society, the foreign-national offenders interviewed for this study understand state surveillance not as a measure of control, but rather as punishment for wanting to stay. In their eyes, it is designed to coerce them to leave. An examination of the experiences of detention and bail reveals how such forms of surveillance work to discipline deportable bodies.
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Sabo, Oana. "Documenting the undocumented: Valeria Luiselli’s refugee children archives." Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture 11, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjmc_00026_1.
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This article reads comparatively Valeria Luiselli’s essay Tell Me How It Ends: An Essay in Forty Questions and her novel Lost Children Archive in the context of critical debates about the uses of archival documents in contemporary literature and in relation to archival theory (Foucault, Derrida, Farge). Both texts draw on a wealth of archival materials to explore the causes of mass migration from Mexico and Central America to the United States since 2014, and especially the plight of refugee children who disappear in the desert, in detention centres, and through deportation. I argue that these texts use the archive as a compositional method to confront restricted representations of Mexican and Central American migration with a plethora of documents that propose a historical and transnational perspective. The proliferation of archives stands in for missing evidence and foregrounds multiple points of view on the refugee children, compelling readers to imagine their migrant journeys more vividly.
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Bracamontes, Damian Vergara. "Migrant Insubordination." Ethnic Studies Review 45, no. 1 (2022): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2022.45.1.3.
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Hunger strikes in detention centers across the nation have captivated media and scholarly attention. This article examines hunger strikes as signs of the development of both alliances and collective consciousness. Based on migrant testimonies, this article centers migrants in detention as critical social analysts who are crafting life affirming relationalities and launching staunch critiques of detention. This essay posits queer migrant kinship as a lens to interpret migrant sociality in detention. Queer migrant kinship reveals the centrality of care practices and witnessing as key elements politicizing migrants. Through this interdependent sensibility, migrants perform acts of radical care such as sharing resources, promoting well-being, and providing advocacy. Through these acts, this essay argues, migrants are challenging detention as a space of death and neglect into one of insubordination.
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Fiore, Teresa. "From exclusion to expression in A Sud di Lampedusa and Come un uomo sulla terra: Visualizing detention centres along Italy-bound migrant routes." Journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jicms.6.1.49_1.
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Norman, Mark. "Sport and Incarceration: Theoretical Considerations for Sport for Development Research." Social Inclusion 8, no. 3 (August 17, 2020): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i3.2748.
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Despite a rapid expansion in research on Sport for Development (SfD), there remain numerous untapped veins of exploration. This article makes a novel argument for increasing the theoretical and substantive depth of SfD research by linking it to the relatively small, yet developing, body of literature on sport and incarceration. Drawing from the emergent field of carceral geography and the literature on prison sport, this article provides critical theoretical considerations for SfD programs that occur in ‘compact’ sites of confinement, such as prisons or refugee camps, or are enmeshed in ‘diffuse’ manifestations of carcerality. Given the structures of inequality that have led to the confinement of more than 13 million people in prisons, refugee camps, and migrant detention centres across the globe, as well as the multitude of ways that groups and individuals are criminalized and stigmatized in community settings, there are compelling reasons for SfD research to more deeply engage with concerns of space and carcerality as they relate to sport. As such, this article provides an important foundation for future analyses of SfD and carcerality, and signposts some potential ways forward for a deepening of theoretical perspectives in SfD research.
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Tosh, Sarah R., Ulla D. Berg, and Kenneth Sebastian León. "Migrant Detention and COVID-19: Pandemic Responses in Four New Jersey Detention Centers." Journal on Migration and Human Security 9, no. 1 (March 2021): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23315024211003855.
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On March 24, 2020, a 31-year-old Mexican national in Bergen County Jail, New Jersey, became the first federal immigration detainee to test positive for the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). By April 10, 2020, New Jersey had more confirmed COVID-19 cases among immigration detainees than any other state in the nation. This article examines the relationship between COVID-19 and processes of migrant detention and deportation through a case study of New Jersey — an early epicenter of the pandemic and part of the broader New York City metro area. Drawing on publicly available reports and in-depth interviews with wardens, immigration lawyers, advocates, and former detainees, we describe the initial COVID-19 response in four detention facilities in New Jersey. Our findings suggest that migrant detention and deportation present distinct challenges that undermine attempts to contain the spread of COVID-19. We provide testimonies from migrant detainees who speak to these challenges in unsettling personal terms. Our interviews highlight the insufficient actions by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to contain the spread of the pandemic and a troubling lack of due process in immigration court proceedings. Based on these findings, we argue that reducing the number of migrants detained in the United States is needed not only in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic but also as a preventative measure for future health crises. Reductions can be achieved, in part, by reforming federal immigration laws on “mandatory detention.”
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Carney, Megan A. "Border Meals." Gastronomica 13, no. 4 (2013): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2013.13.4.32.
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This article examines how state practices around food contribute to the militarization of the migration experience. Specifically, I argue for more attention to the feeding practices of detention centers in particular, as the topic of food has been relatively absent from critical analyses of surveillance, detention, and deportation of unauthorized migrants. In the case of detention centers, depriving detainees of food is a primary mode of constructing detainee subjectivity. I present evidence of how detention systems both reinforce the logic of contemporary biopolitics by exacting discipline on migrant bodies through the provision of “border meals,” and extract value from detainees’ bodies in the form of profits for private industry. In looking to identify possible pathways toward change in this system, I suggest that there are problems with attempting to dismantle current detention practices by relying on a discourse that foregrounds detainees’ “trauma.” Instead, I argue that we may find migrants’ enacting resistance to the larger structures in which a system of detention in embedded through re-interpreting everyday expressions of affect.
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Ordaz, Jessica. "“AIDS Knows No Borders”." Radical History Review 2021, no. 140 (May 1, 2021): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-8841766.
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Abstract This article explores the intersection between migrant detention and HIV/AIDS from the 1980s to the present. “AIDS Knows No Borders” centers histories of exclusion, detention, and deportation. The first part discusses immigration policy that made AIDS screening mandatory as part of the asylum process and the activism that resulted in protest of these measures. AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power/Los Angeles (ACT UP/LA), a grassroots direct-action organization, opposed this legislation throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Activists highlighted the global nature of AIDS; challenged misinformation; conducted guerilla theater, phone zaps, and die-ins; and held demonstrations against the INS, the use of immigration detention, and their treatment of migrants with HIV/AIDS. The article then moves to discuss more contemporary testimonies from HIV/AIDS-positive detention migrants.
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Matsangos, Michael, Laoura Ziaka, Artistomenis K. Exadaktylos, Jolanta Klukowska-Rötzler, and Mairi Ziaka. "Health Status of Afghan Refugees in Europe: Policy and Practice Implications for an Optimised Healthcare." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 9157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159157.
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Four decades of civil war, violence, and destabilisation have forced millions of Afghans to flee their homes and to move to other countries worldwide. This increasing phenomenon may challenge physicians unfamiliar with the health status of this population, which may be markedly different from that of the host country. Moreover, several factors during their migration, such as transport in closed containers, accidental injuries, malnutrition, and accommodation in detention centres and refugee camps have a major influence on the health of refugees. By taking into account the variety of the specific diseases among migrant groups, the diversity of the origins of refugees and asylum seekers, and the increasing numbers of Afghan refugees, in this review we focus on the population of Afghans and describe their health status with the aim of optimising our medical approach and management. Our literature review shows that the most prevalent reported infections are tuberculosis and other respiratory tract infections and parasitic diseases, for example leishmaniasis, malaria, and intestinal parasitic infections. Anaemia, hyperlipidaemia, arterial hypertension, diabetes, smoking, overweight, malnutrition, low socioeconomic status, and poor access to healthcare facilities are additional risk factors for non-communicable diseases among Afghan refugees. With regards mental health issues, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are the most common diagnoses and culture shock and the feeling of being uprooted modulate their persistence. Further research is needed in order to provide us with extensive, high-quality data about the health status of Afghan refugees. The main objective of this review is to identify protective factors which could ensure key health concepts and good clinical practice.
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Kuehn, Bridget. "Mumps in Migrant Detention Centers." JAMA 322, no. 14 (October 8, 2019): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.15663.
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Dorling, Kamena. "Ending age-disputed detention." Children and Young People Now 2015, no. 6 (March 17, 2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/cypn.2015.6.27.
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SEYMOUR-BUTLER, AIDAN. "“Escaping the Sunken Place: indefinite detention, asylum seekers, and resistance in Yarl’s Wood IRC”." Denning Law Journal 31, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v31i1.1674.
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The Law Society has recently raised concerns about the UK’s migration system, stating that ‘failures in UK immigration and asylum undermine the rule of law’. Nowhere are those problems more apparent than in the UK’s handling of migrants and asylum seekers in detention centres. A particular recurring issue that speaks to the Law Society’s concern is the absence of a defined time limit for immigration detention. The possibility of indefinite detention has been a source of tension both within British politics, and within UK immigration detention centres. An example of this can be understood with reference to the Yarl’s Wood Immigration Removal Centre (IRC) in Bedfordshire, known for its controversial and rebellious past. In 2015 Nick Hardwick, a former chief prisoner inspector, labelled the Centre a place of ‘national concern’, after examining the mistreatment of vulnerable detainees. Yarl’s Wood’s problematic history, seems to have continued into the present, following a detainee led hunger strike that resulted in ‘renewed concerns’ over health care in detention centres. In addition to protesting the standard of medical treatment received by detainees, the strikers’ underlying focus was on indefinite detention. The Home Office’s response to these strikes was unsympathetic, it sent a letter to detainees suggesting that their continued participation in the strike may in fact result in their removal being accelerated. Although, the hunger strike ended in March 2018 the Home Office’s response to the strike raised some interesting legal and philosophical questions about human rights and resistance in detention centres. In order to grapple with some of these issues, this paper has been separated into two parts. The first part will attempt to contextualise the existing immigration regime and explore how legal disputes might fit within the broader scheme of opposing indefinite detention. It will also briefly examine the legal challenges that may arise from the use of threats of accelerated deportations.
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Kronick, Rachel, Janet Cleveland, and Cécile Rousseau. "“Do you want to help or go to war?”: Ethical challenges of critical research in immigration detention in Canada." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 6, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 644–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v6i2.926.
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In a time of mass displacement, countries across the globe are seeking to protect borders through coercive methods of deterrence such as immigration detention. In Canada, migrants—including children—may be detained in penal facilities having neither been charged nor convicted of crimes. In this paper we examine how we dealt with the series of ethical dilemmas that emerged while doing research in immigration detention centres in Canada. Using a critical ethnographic approach, we examine the process of our research in the field, seeking to understand what our emotional responses and those of the staff could tell us about detention itself, but also about what is at stake when researchers are faced with the suffering of participants in these spaces of confinement. The findings suggest that field work in immigration detention centres is an emotionally demanding process and that there were several pivotal moments in which our sense of moral and clinical obligations toward distressed detainees, especially children, were in conflict with our role as researchers. We also grapple with how the disciplinary gaze of the detention centre affects researchers entering the space. Given these tensions, we argue, spaces of critical reflection that can consider and contain the strongly evoked emotions are crucial, both for researchers, and perhaps more challengingly, for detention centre employees and gatekeepers as well.
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Hadjicharalambous, Demetris, and Stavros Parlalis. "Migrants’ Sexual Violence in the Mediterranean Region: A Regional Analysis." Sexes 2, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes2030024.
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Migration in the Mediterranean region has increased greatly during the last years. Reports and studies reveal that violence and injuries among refugees and migrants is a common occurrence in the WHO Europe Region. Available literature indicates that sexual violence incidents take place: (a) during the migratory journey to the host country, (b) while in detention centers, (c) once migrants have reached their destination, and (d) during the period in which a woman is subject of trafficking. This manuscript explores how sexual violence against refugee/immigrant women is presented in the international literature; a narrative review of the literature was conducted on the phenomenon of migration in the Mediterranean area, and specifically on sexual violence of migrant women. In order to face the challenges faced by migrant women victims of sexual violence, the following policies are suggested by international literature: (a) offer emergency medical and health care to sexual violence survivors, which is usually relatively limited, (b) offer mental health care and psychological support for sexual violence when planning services to provide clinical care, and (c) work towards the aim of transforming norms and values in order to promote gender equality and support non-violent behaviours.
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Stefanelli, Justine N. "Detained during a Pandemic: Human Rights behind Locked Doors." Social Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070276.
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Every year, thousands of people are detained in United States immigration detention centers. Built to prison specifications and often run by private companies, these detention centers have long been criticized by academics and advocacy groups. Problems such as overcrowding and lack of access to basic healthcare and legal representation have plagued individuals in detention centers for years. These failings have been illuminated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has disproportionately impacted detained migrants. Against a human rights backdrop, this article will examine how the U.S. immigration detention system has proven even more problematic in the context of the pandemic and offer insights to help avoid similar outcomes in the future.
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Lopez, William D., Nolan Kline, Alana M. W. LeBrón, Nicole L. Novak, Maria-Elena De Trinidad Young, Gregg Gonsalves, Ranit Mishori, Basil A. Safi, and Ian M. Kysel. "Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 in Immigration Detention Centers Requires the Release of Detainees." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 1 (January 2021): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305968.
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Immigration detention centers are densely populated facilities in which restrictive conditions limit detainees’ abilities to engage in social distancing or hygiene practices designed to prevent the spread of COVID-19. With tens of thousands of adults and children in more than 200 immigration detention centers across the United States, immigration detention centers are likely to experience COVID-19 outbreaks and add substantially to the population of those infected. Despite compelling evidence indicating a heightened risk of infection among detainees, state and federal governments have done little to protect the health of detained im-migrants. An evidence-based public health framework must guide the COVID-19 response in immigration detention centers. We draw on the hierarchy of controls framework to demonstrate how immigration detention centers are failing to implement even the least effective control strategies. Drawing on this framework and recent legal and medical advocacy efforts, we argue that safely releasing detainees from immigration detention centers into their communities is the most effective way to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks in immigration detention settings. Failure to do so will result in infection and death among those detained and deepen existing health and social inequities.
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Goldenziel, Jill I. "Khlaifia and Others v. Italy." American Journal of International Law 112, no. 2 (April 2018): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2018.28.
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In Khlaifia and Others v. Italy, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (Grand Chamber or Court) released a landmark opinion with broad implications for how states must respect the individual rights of migrants. In the judgment, issued on December 15, 2016, the Court held that Italy's treatment of migrants after the Arab Spring violated the requirement of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) that migrants receive procedural guarantees that enable them to challenge their detention and expulsion. The Court also held that Italy's treatment of migrants in detention centers did not violate the ECHR's prohibition on cruel and inhuman treatment, in part due to the emergency circumstances involved. The Court further held that Italy's return of migrants to Tunisia did not violate the prohibition on collective expulsion in Article 4 of Protocol 4 of the ECHR. Enforcement of the judgment would require many European states to provide a clear basis in domestic law for the detention of migrants and asylum-seekers. Given the global diffusion of state practices involving migrants, and other states’ desires to restrict migration, this case has broad implications for delineating the obligations of states to migrants and the rights of migrants within receiving countries.
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De Angelis, Maria. "Female Asylum Seekers: A Critical Attitude on UK Immigration Removal Centres." Social Policy and Society 19, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746419000216.
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The context to this article is sovereign biopower as experienced by female asylum seekers in the confined spaces of UK Immigration Removal Centres (IRCs). With approximately 27,000 migrants entering immigration detention in 2017, the UK’s immigration detention estate is one of the largest in Western Europe. Through an empirical study with former detainees, this article outlines how women experience Agamben’s politically bare life through IRC practices that confine, dehumanise, and compound their asylum vulnerabilities. It also explains how micro-transgressions around detention food, social relations, and faith practices reflect a Foucauldian critical attitude and restore a degree of political agency to asylum applicants. Centrally this article argues that everyday acts of resistance – confirming their identities as human / gendered / cultural beings with social belonging – can be read as political agency in women’s questioning of their asylum administration. As such, this article offers a rare insight on biopower and political agency as lived and performed by women inside the in/exclusive spaces of the IRC.
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Fabini, Giulia. "Managing illegality at the internal border: Governing through ‘differential inclusion’ in Italy." European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 1 (January 2017): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370816640138.
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This article interrogates whether a crimmigration frame could be used to assess immigration control in Italy. It argues that even if crimmigration laws are similar across European countries, the outcomes of European border control depend on the local context. It looks at the interaction between police, judges, and migrants at the internal borders in Bologna, Italy. The article is based on quantitative data (analysis of case files on pre-removal detention in Bologna’s detention centre) and qualitative data (one-to-one in-depth interviews with migrants and justices of the peace, and participant observation). The case study focuses on ‘differential inclusion’ of undocumented migrants informally allowed to remain in the Italian territory. Police manage illegality rather than enforcing removals, using selective non-enforcement of immigration laws as effectively as enforcement itself. The article’s main hypothesis is that, at the local level, the production of borders works as a provisional admission policy to include undocumented migrants, though in a subordinated position.
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Klein, Axel, and Lucy Williams. "Immigration Detention in the Community: Research on the Experiences of Migrants Released from Detention Centres in the UK." Population, Space and Place 18, no. 6 (June 21, 2012): 741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psp.1725.
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Kuehne, Anna, Elburg van Boetzelaer, Prince Alfani, Adolphe Fotso, Hitham Elhammali, Tom Khamala, Trygve Thorson, et al. "Health of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in detention in Tripoli, Libya, 2018-2019: Retrospective analysis of routine medical programme data." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 4, 2021): e0252460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252460.
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Libya is a major transit and destination country for international migration. UN agencies estimates 571,464 migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Libya in 2021; among these, 3,934 people are held in detention. We aimed to describe morbidities and water, hygiene, and sanitation (WHS) conditions in detention in Tripoli, Libya. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected between July 2018 and December 2019, as part of routine monitoring within an Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) project providing healthcare and WHS support for migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in some of the official detention centres (DC) in Tripoli. MSF had access to 1,630 detainees in eight different DCs on average per month. Only one DC was accessible to MSF every single month. The size of wall openings permitting cell ventilation failed to meet minimum standards in all DCs. Minimum standards for floor space, availability of water, toilets and showers were frequently not met. The most frequent diseases were acute respiratory tract infections (26.9%; 6,775/25,135), musculoskeletal diseases (24.1%; 6,058/25,135), skin diseases (14.1%; 3,538/25,135) and heartburn and reflux (10.0%; 2,502/25,135). Additionally, MSF recorded 190 cases of violence-induced wounds and 55 cases of sexual and gender-based violence. During an exhaustive nutrition screening in one DC, linear regression showed a reduction in mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of 2.5mm per month in detention (95%-CI 1.3–3.7, p<0.001). Detention of men, women and children continues to take place in Tripoli. Living conditions failed to meet minimum requirements. Health problems diagnosed at MSF consultations reflect the living conditions and consist largely of diseases related to overcrowding, lack of water and ventilation, and poor diet. Furthermore, every month that people stay in detention increases their risk of malnutrition. The documented living conditions and health problems call for an end of detention and better protection of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers in Libya.
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Turnbull, Sarah. "Living the spectre of forced return: negotiating deportability in British immigration detention." Migration Studies 7, no. 4 (July 17, 2018): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny024.
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Abstract Immigration detention and deportation are being increasingly utilised in many countries as key state responses to irregular migration. These practices work together to force migrants to their countries of origin or third countries, offering limited choice about whether to stay or leave. Drawing on a multi-sited ethnographic study of British immigration detention, this paper explores how detainees negotiate deportability and their accounts of the spectre of departing the United Kingdom, often against their wishes and occasionally by force. It analyses how deportability and the institutional structures and logics of immigration detention coalesce to shape detainees’ understandings of their positions and options as deportable subjects. The paper highlights the materiality of return from immigration detention and the complexities and multiplicities of how detainees account for their possible departures in relation to the themes of identity, belonging, and home. British immigration removal centres can be understood as ‘sites of struggle’ in which those subject to detention and deportation negotiate these interconnected practices, acting as best they can within coercive and isolating carceral institutions.
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Oztig, Lacin Idil. "Israeli Policy Toward African Asylum Seekers and Unauthorized Migrants." Borders in Globalization Review 3, no. 2 (June 8, 2022): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/bigr32202220573.
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This article sheds light on Israel’s practices against African asylum seekers and unauthorized immigrants. Since the mid-2000s, Israel has received a large influx of undocumented people from African countries. In order to curb unauthorized border crossings, Israel reached an agreement with Egypt for the return of unauthorized border crossers into Egypt, started building a border fence, and increased the number of detention centers. The 2012 amendment to the 1954 infiltration law made it so that any irregular border crosser was considered an infiltrator and therefore, detained. In 2015, Israel announced its forcible relocation policy. After examining asylum and migration dynamics in Israel and the governmental responses, this article identifies the pivotal roles played by Israeli human rights organizations and the Supreme Court in thwarting the government’s detention and forcible relocation policies.
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Akhtar, Zia. "Immigration Detention, Deportation and Judicial Review in the Age of Covid 19." European Journal of Law and Public Administration 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 125–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/eljpa/9.2/189.
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The first significant issue arising out of the COVID-19 pandemic for migrants who have been refused stay to come before the Administrative Court has been the question of the continued legality of immigration detention in the face of the risks and practical difficulties arising from the crisis. The pandemic raises two vital issues affecting the legality of immigration detention; on the one hand, that detainees may invite an increased risk of infection by reason of the “congregate” setting of detention centres, and on the other that removals in the short term will not be possible and that the probability of removal is uncertain even in the medium term. The issue is if the Home Office policy is “irrational and discriminatory” in its approach, which has led to inconsistencies in how the detention cases are handled. This paper enquires if the merit based judicial review can expedite the cases where administrative detention is concerned in circumstances of medical emergency. The argument here is that the Home Office should give full credence to the medical impact of detention to act in accordance with the Hardial Singh principles and by keeping in perspective the pandemic and the BMA reports of the unreasonableness of detention before deportation.
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Law, Victoria. "Stripping Away Invisibility: Exploring the Architecture of Detention." Monthly Review 67, no. 5 (October 5, 2015): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-067-05-2015-09_5.
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<div class="bookreview">tings chak, <em>Undocumented: The Architecture of Migrant Detention</em> (Montreal: Architecture Observer, 2014), 112 pages, 22 euros ($30.60 from Amazon), paperback.</div> Over the past six years, more than 100,000 people, including children, have been jailed in Canada, many without charge, trial, or an end in sight, merely for being undocumented.… Locked away from the public eye, they become invisible.… Like the people within, immigrant detention centers are often invisible as well. Photos and drawings of these places are rarely public; access is even more limited. Canada has three designated immigrant prisons, and it also rents beds in government-run prisons to house over one-third of its detainees.… <em>Undocumented: The Architecture of Migrant Detention </em>begins to strip away at this invisibility. In graphic novel form, Toronto-based multidisciplinary artist tings chak draws the physical spaces of buildings in which immigrant detainees spend months, if not years. In crisp black and white lines, chak walks the reader through the journey of each of these 100,000+ people when they first enter an immigrant detention center.<p class="mrlink"><p class="mrpurchaselink"><a href="http://monthlyreview.org/index/volume-67-number-5" title="Vol. 67, No. 5: October 2015" target="_self">Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the <em>Monthly Review</em> website.</a></p>
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Mancini, Marina. "Italy’s New Migration Control Policy: Stemming the Flow of Migrants From Libya Without Regard for Their Human Rights." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 27, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-02701015.
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During 2017, the Italian Government adopted a series of controversial measures in order to stem the increasing flow of migrants from Libya, with the full backing of the European Union. The Memorandum of Understanding between Italy and the Libyan Government of National Accord of 2 February 2017 provided the legal basis for most of them. In actual fact, those measures rapidly led to a significant reduction in the number of migrants arriving in Italy, while increasing that of migrants intercepted at sea by the Libyan Coast Guard and transferred to the detention centres managed by the Libyan Department for Combatting Illegal Immigration. As a result, the already inhuman conditions of detention therein further worsened. This article investigates whether and to what extent Italy can be held responsible under international law for human rights violations against migrants on Libyan soil and, at the hands of the Libyan Coast Guard, at sea. It is submitted that, owing to the active support to the Libyan Coast Guard and the adoption of a code of conduct restricting NGOs’ search and rescue activities, Italy is complicit in violations of the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment against migrants intercepted at sea and forcibly returned to Libya. It is also stressed that Italy would be responsible for directly violating the prohibition on torture and ill-treatment enshrined in Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, if it were ascertained that Italian military personnel exercise de facto control over Libyan Coast Guard vessels transporting migrants back to Libyan territory. In the light of this, the author highlights the urgent need for the Italian Government to rethink its migration control policy, amending the said Memorandum of Understanding and modifying the aforementioned measures so as to prioritise the protection of migrants’ fundamental human rights.
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Prokopovych, Markian. "Urban History of Overseas Migration in Habsburg Central Europe: Vienna and Budapest in the Late Nineteenth Century." Journal of Migration History 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2016): 330–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00202006.
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The complex routes taken by overseas migrants through nineteenth-century Central Europe included Vienna and Budapest as nodal points. In contrast to the ports of departure and arrival, and the role of labour migrants in urbanisation, the place of overseas migrants in larger urban histories of Vienna and Budapest remains largely unexplored. By using two case studies that represent the opposite sides on the spectrum of overseas travellers through Central Europe, this article aims to trace new directions such an exploration might take. Aiming to introduce the ‘spatial turn’ into the subject of overseas migration in Vienna and Budapest, it analyses how, on the local level, railway stations and the neighbouring areas functioned to accommodate shipping agencies, their agents and lodging houses, as well as the police, detention centres, and the local enterprise that helped to direct – facilitate or restrict – traffic through the urban fabric and between cities.
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Pichou, Maria. "Reception or Detention Centres? The detention of migrants and the EU ‘Hotspot’ Approach in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights." Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft 99, no. 2 (2016): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-7869-2016-2-114.
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Chapman, Jenifer, Claudia S. Estcourt, and Zhou Hua. "Saving 'face' and 'othering': getting to the root of barriers to condom use among Chinese female sex workers." Sexual Health 5, no. 3 (2008): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07057.
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Background: China has one of the most rapidly expanding HIV epidemics in the world with sexual transmission between female sex workers (FSW) and clients accounting for a rising fraction of new infections. Successful HIV prevention relies on the delivery of relevant, culturally appropriate messages to influence behaviour change. However, the cultural systems that give rise to barriers to condom use among Chinese FSW have been poorly examined. A better understanding of these barriers is fundamental to global HIV prevention efforts particularly considering increasing international migration of Chinese women who go on to engage in sex work in their migrant country. Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews with 23 FSW incarcerated in a re-education and detention centre in Shenzhen, China in July to August 2004. Results: All respondents were internal economic migrants who had entered the sex industry in pursuit of greater financial reward. Respondents explained that they would ‘lose face’ if they returned from their migration penniless. Women’s distinction between commercial and non-commercial partners was very subtle; the nature of ‘boyfriend’ relationships was diverse and these were often transactional. Condom use was influenced by gender norms, familiarity, a desire to ‘save’ and ‘give’ face and, in transactional relationships, whether more money was offered. Women felt HIV was a disease of ‘others’; only two women felt personally at risk. Conclusions: The present study has highlighted the importance of unique cultural structures in Chinese FSW sexual decision-making, an understanding of which will enhance the success of HIV-prevention efforts globally.
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Fotaki, Marianna. "A Crisis of Humanitarianism: Refugees at the Gates of Europe." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 6 (April 22, 2019): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.22.
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Having initially welcomed more than a million refugees and forced migrants into Europe between 2015 and 2016, the European Union’s (EU’s) policy has shifted toward externalising migration control to Turkey and Northern Africa. This goes against the spirit of international conventions aiming to protect vulnerable populations, yet there is widespread indifference toward those who remain stranded in Italy, Greece and bordering Mediterranean countries. Yet there are tens of thousands living in overcrowded reception facilities that have, in effect, turned into long-term detention centres with poor health and safety for those awaiting resettlement or asylum decisions. Disregard for humanitarian principles is predicated on radical inequality between lives that are worth living and protecting, and unworthy deaths that are unseen and unmarked by grieving. However, migration is on the rise due to natural and man-made disasters, and is becoming a global issue that concerns us all. We must therefore deal with it through collective political action that recognises refugees’ and forced migrants’ right to protection and ensures access to the health services they require.
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Horsti, Karina. "Witnessing the experience of European bordering: Watching the documentary Under den samme himmel in an immigration detention centre." International Journal of Cultural Studies 22, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877917743606.
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This article draws on theories of bordering and mediated witnessing to examine a documentary film that mediates migrants’ experiences of bordering in Europe. My analysis of Under den samme himmel/Days of Hope shows how the film captures the multiplicity of bordering practices, from geographical to socio-cultural borderings. The analysis is informed by watching and discussing the film in an immigrant detention facility in Finland with people who experienced and eye-witnessed experiences similar to those depicted in the film. This creates a sense of co-presence of the experiential landscapes in the border zones, and the film invites viewers to consider borders not as lines in the landscape, but as zones and as a form of practice that has consequences.
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Castle-Kanerová, Mítă. "Migration and Poverty: The Case of the Slovak Roma." Social Policy and Society 1, no. 2 (March 28, 2002): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746402000295.
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This article locates the issue of recent migration among Slovak Roma into the Czech Republic within the context of EU enlargement and the recent concerns over immigration control. The small-scale fieldwork undertaken among the Slovak Roma migrants in Czech detention centres revealed – not surprisingly – that the choice to seek asylum is closely associated with the loss of their economic status and employment in Slovakia. To become an asylum seeker in a neighbouring country is a way of looking for work whilst the family members are safe, free from harassment and unwanted hostilities back at home. The link between migration and poverty, however, should not be seen as a causal link for this category of asylum seekers, since increasing poverty among the Roma cannot be dissociated from political issues, such as institutional discrimination that has not been effectively addressed by the government itself.
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Rudvin, Mette, and Francesca Pesare. "Interpreting and Language Mediation for Victims of Human Trafficking:The Case of CIE, Detention centres for undocumented migrants in Bologna, Italy." TRANS. Revista de Traductología 1, no. 19 (December 1, 2015): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/trans.2015.v1i19.2095.
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Missbach, Antje, and Frieda Sinanu. "“The Scum of the Earth”? Foreign People Smugglers and Their Local Counterparts in Indonesia." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 30, no. 4 (December 2011): 57–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341103000403.
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Since 2008, the number of asylum seekers and refugees trying to reach Australia from Indonesia by boat has increased. With many of them hailing from conflict-ridden countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq and Sri Lanka, most entered Indonesia with short-term tourist visas or fraudulent papers or no documents at all. It is widely known that a significant number of these ‘irregular’ migrants pay various types of brokers (often labelled, accurately or otherwise, ‘human smugglers’) at least at one stage – either to enter the country or to escape it. As a non-signatory to the UN Refugee Convention, Indonesia does not permit local integration. While a substantial part of these migrants are detained in the 13 immigration detention centres scattered around the archipelago, many roam freely, looking for opportunities for onward migration. Due to the restrictive border protection arrangements between Australia and Indonesia and a number of bilateral intelligence measures for deterring ‘unwanted’ migrants, human smugglers have been gradually forced to adapt strategies, routes and prices. According to much of the available data, most human smugglers are not Indonesians but foreigners who have been lingering in Indonesia for many years. This article demonstrates, moreover, that these foreigners depend upon local contacts to successfully carry out their risky business. Most often, the Indonesian counterparts are solely facilitators or handymen, but in a number of cases Indonesian authorities have also been involved in this highly lucrative business.
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Sampaio, Paula Cristina, and Isabel Estrada Carvalhais. "The Meaning of Detention on Life Trajectories and Self-Identities: the Perspectives of Detained Migrants in a Removal Centre in Portugal." Journal of International Migration and Integration 20, no. 4 (January 8, 2019): 1137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-00650-z.
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Mauro, Maria Rosaria. "A STEP BACK IN THE PROTECTION OF MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS: THE GRAND CHAMBER’S JUDGMENT IN KHLAIFIA V. ITALY." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 26, no. 1 (October 11, 2017): 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116133-90000167a.
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On 15 December 2016 the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights adopted the judgment in Khlaifia and Others v. Italy. The case was referred to the Grand Chamber by Italy following the judgment released by the Second Section of the Court on 1 September 2015. The case concerns the detention and the ensuing repatriation to Tunisia of three irregular immigrants who arrived in Italy in 2011 during the “Arab Spring”. The judgment of the Grand Chamber confirms the Chamber’s judgment in relation to some important aspects, finding a violation of Article 5, paragraphs (1)(2) and (4), and of Article 13 in conjunction with Article 3, and recognising no violation of Article 3 as to the conditions in which the applicants were held on the ships Vincent and Audace in the harbour of Palermo. On the contrary, the Grand Chamber distances itself from the Chamber’s assessment concerning the respect of Article 3 in relation to the conditions in which the applicants were held in the Centro di soccorso e prima accoglienza (Centre for Rescue and Initial Reception) on Lampedusa, of Article 4 Protocol No. 4 and of Article 13 ECHR taken together with Article 4 Protocol No. 4 ECHR, as the majority in the Chamber found the violation of these articles. This note analyses the differences between the two judgments, emphasising possible implications for the protection of the rights of migrants in Europe. In this context, the European Union “hotspot approach” and the Italian “Decreto Minniti” are also considered.
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Arcos Ramírez, Federico, and Eva Díez Peralta. "Control de fronteras y derechos humanos en el Mediterráneo." Deusto Journal of Human Rights, no. 3 (December 11, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/djhr-3-2018pp13-47.
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<p>This article analyses some of the most controversial aspects of borders control and migratory flows in southern Europe, with the aim of proposing a necessary revision of the immigration and asylum policies in order to bring them in line with the most basic human rights and the requirements of the rule of law. For this purpose, it addresses, in the first place, the problems that are presiding over the development of rescue operations for migrants on the high seas, in particular the identification of clear and precise rules on the responsibilities of States, not only with respect to rescue and humanitarian assistance on boats, but also in relation to the duty to facilitate the disembarkation in their ports of the rescued persons. Secondly, problems of legitimacy derived from the mere existence of coercive controls at the borders and, in particular, from some of its instruments, such carriers sanctions, readmission agreements or the Immigration Detention Centers, in which the use of coercion is more debatable from an ethical and legal point of view.</p><p><strong>Received</strong>: 05 September 2018<br /><strong>Accepted</strong>: 20 October 2018<br /><strong>Published online</strong>: 11 December 2018</p>
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Knappe, Anna, Amir Jan, and Laura Böök. "Mohajer (camp-e-forsat)." Journal of Anthropological Films 3, no. 02 (October 21, 2019): e2697. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/jaf.v3i02.2697.
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Mohajer (camp-e-forsat) was filmed in Forssa asylum seeker reception center in Finland, together with a recently arrived group of Hazara asylum seekers from Afghanistan. In Mohajer (camp-e-forsat) the people who are labeled as asylum seekers and refugees, redefine themselves with the word mohajer. Mohajer is a loan word from Arabic, and in Persian it means anyone or anything migrating from one place to another.
A camp is a place where mohajers live in a state of waiting. Mohajers are asylum seekers, refugees, and other migrants in precarious situations and their camps are reception centers, detention centers, and temporary shelters. Camps are often located in remote areas, effectively isolating the individuals living in them. They are facilities for storing humans, full of invisible walls, and windows to remind people that the world they can see through them is out of their reach.
Cobra: “When someone asks me where I’m from, I say I’m from Afghanistan, but I’ve never been there. Mohajer means not belonging anywhere, not where you are and not where you’re from or your parents are from. My husband says that we’re born mohajers. There is no other name for us. When they ask your name, you should say your name is mohajer. Our umbilical cords are cut with the word mohajer. Even in hospitals, when a new Afghan child is born, they say a new mohajer was born. They don’t say this woman’s child was born, they say one Afghan mohajer was born. Those two words, Afghan and mohajer, are attached together, it’s always Afghan mohajer. Then many who have migrated, try to detach themselves from the word mohajer. But in a new country, you’re still a mohajer.”
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Garrett, Terence Michael. "The Security Apparatus, Federal Magistrate Courts, and Detention Centers as Simulacra: The Effects of Trump's Zero Tolerance Policy on Migrants and Refugees in the Rio Grande Valley." Politics & Policy 48, no. 2 (April 2020): 372–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/polp.12348.
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