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Journal articles on the topic 'Migraine without aura'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Reuter, U., MS Del Rio, H.-C. Diener, G. Allais, B. Davies, A. Gendolla, J. Pfeil, S. Schwalen, B. Schäuble, and J. van Oene. "Migraines with and without aura and their response to preventive therapy with topiramate." Cephalalgia 30, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2009.01999.x.

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Data from the Prolonged Migraine Prevention (PROMPT) with Topiramate trial were evaluated post hoc to determine whether topiramate could prevent migraine auras, and whether its efficacy in preventing migraine headaches was similar in patients with (MA; n = 269) and without (MoA; n = 542) aura. Migraines and auras were recorded during prospective baseline, 6-month open-label (OL) topiramate and 6-month double-blind (DB), placebo-controlled phases. In the last 28 OL days, migraines without aura and migraine auras decreased by 43.1% and 54.1%, respectively, in MA patients. MoA patients experienced a 44.3% reduction in migraines. In the DB phase, increases in migraines with placebo vs. topiramate were similar to the full study, but were generally not statistically significant, probably due to lack of power in the subgroup analysis. Similarly, there were no statistically significant changes in number of auras between groups. Thus, topiramate appears to reduce migraine auras in parallel with headache reductions, which are similar in patients with and without aura.
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2

Yamanaka, Gaku, Soken Go, Shinichiro Morichi, Mika Takeshita, Natsumi Morishita, Shinji Suzuki, Takamatsu Tomoko, et al. "Clinical Features and Burden Scores in Japanese Pediatric Migraines With Brainstem Aura, Hemiplegic Migraine, and Retinal Migraine." Journal of Child Neurology 35, no. 10 (June 1, 2020): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073820927840.

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Background: Migraines are a broad spectrum of disorders classified by the type of aura with some requiring attentive treatment. Vasoconstrictors, including triptans, should be avoided in the acute phase of migraines with brainstem aura, in hemiplegic migraine, and in retinal migraine. This study investigated the characteristics and burden of these migraines. Methods: Medical charts of 278 Japanese pediatric patients with migraines were retrospectively reviewed. Migraine burden of migraines with brainstem aura, hemiplegic migraines, and retinal migraine was assessed using the Headache Impact Test-6™ (HIT-6) and the Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment scale (PedMIDAS). Results: Of 278 patients screened, 12 (4.3%) patients with migraines with brainstem aura (n = 5), hemiplegic migraines (n = 2), and retinal migraine (n = 5) were enrolled in the study. All patients had migraine with/without typical aura, whereas some patients had coexisting migraine with another type of headache (chronic tension-type headache in 3 patients, and 1 each with frequent episodic tension-type headache, headache owing to medication overuse, and chronic migraine). Migraines with brainstem aura, hemiplegic migraines, and retinal migraine patients with coexisting headaches had higher HIT-6 or PedMIDAS scores, whereas migraines with brainstem aura, hemiplegic migraines, and retinal migraine patients without coexisting headache did not show high HIT-6 or PedMIDAS scores. Conclusion: All migraines with brainstem aura, hemiplegic migraines, and retinal migraine patients experienced migraine with or without typical aura, and some patients having other coexisting headaches also had high PedMIDAS and HIT-6 scores. PedMIDAS and HIT-6 should not be considered diagnostic indicators of migraines with brainstem aura, hemiplegic migraines, or retinal migraine. In clinical practice for headaches in children, careful history taking and proactive assessment of the aura are needed for accurate diagnosis of migraines with brainstem aura, hemiplegic migraines, and retinal migraine.
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3

Quliti, Khalid Al. "Migraine without Aura Correlation with Anxiety Level and Socio- Demographic Characteristics." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 2 (February 26, 2022): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22162578.

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Purpose: Different types of migraine may be studied separately to understand their epidemiology and pathophysiology better. No studies have investigated patients with associated factors of anxiety severity in migraine without auras. Therefore, in this study, anxiety and its associated factors were investigated in a sample of Saudi Arabian patients with migraine without aura. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 122 conveniently sampled migraine patients at Madinah hospitals, Saudi Arabia, completed the Generalized anxiety disorder-7 scale (GAD-7), and a tool for social, demographics, and clinical information. Results: The majority of patients who did not have an aura with their migraine were female (67.2%); many did not report participating in sports activities (58.2%), or have a family history of migraine-headaches (74.6%). Anxiety severity was higher in migraine-without-aura patients, and those undergoing treatment for co-morbid conditions (β = .547, p = .042), those without family history of migraine/chronic headache (β = .016, p = .016), and patients with high frequency of migraine medication use (β = .009, p = .009). Discussion: The correlation of the anxiety severity level in patients who have migraines without aura may have important clinical, and epidemiological implications. females with their change in hormonal stat have a higher prevalence of migraine without aura, those with no habitual sport activity, and family history of migraine may indicate the need for targeted screening for migraine in these groups. Keywords: migraine; headache; sports; family history; trauma; GAD
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4

Dai, Lingling, Qiang Xu, Xing Xiong, Yang Yu, Ximing Wang, Hui Dai, Hongru Zhao, and Jun Ke. "Propagation Structure of Intrinsic Brain Activity in Migraine without Aura." Brain Sciences 12, no. 7 (July 10, 2022): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12070903.

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Previous studies have revealed highly reproducible patterns of temporally lagged brain activity in healthy human adults. However, it is unknown whether temporal organization of intrinsic activity is altered in migraines or if it relates to migraine chronification. In this resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study, temporal features of intrinsic activity were investigated using resting-state lag analysis, and 39 episodic migraine patients, 17 chronic migraine patients, and 35 healthy controls were assessed. Temporally earlier intrinsic activity in the hippocampal complex was revealed in the chronic migraine group relative to the other two groups. We also found earlier intrinsic activity in the medial prefrontal cortex in chronic compared with episodic migraines. Both migraine groups showed earlier intrinsic activity in the lateral temporal cortex and sensorimotor cortex compared with the healthy control group. Across all patients, headache frequency negatively correlated with temporal lag of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampal complex. Disrupted propagation of intrinsic activity in regions involved in sensory, cognitive and affective processing of pain may contribute to abnormal brain function during migraines. Decreased time latency in the lateral temporal cortex and sensorimotor cortex may be common manifestations in episodic and chronic migraines. The temporal features of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampal complex were associated with migraine chronification.
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5

Russell, M. B., J. Hilden, S. A. Sorensen, and J. Olesen. "Familial occurrence of migraine without aura and migraine with aura." Neurology 43, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.7.1369.

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6

Russell, MB, L. Iselius, and J. Olesen. "Migraine Without Aura and Migraine with Aura are Inherited Disorders." Cephalalgia 16, no. 5 (August 1996): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1996.1605305.x.

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The familial occurrence and mode of inheritance were analysed in families with migraine without aura (MO) and migraine with aura (MA). The probands were found among 4000 persons from the general population. All persons with MA were included as probands, and an equivalent number of probands with MO was selected as a random sample among those with MO. Spouses and first-degree relatives were blindly interviewed. All interviews were performed by one neurological research fellow. The distinct familial patterns indicate that MO and MA have a different aetiology. Compared with the general population, the first-degree relatives of probands with MO had a 1.9-fold increased risk of MO while spouses had a 1.5-fold increased risk of MO, indicating that both genetic and environmental factors are important in MO. The first-degree relatives of probands with MA had a four-fold increased risk of MA while spouses had no increased risk of MA, indicating that MA is determined largely by genetic factors. The complex segregation analysis indicate that both MO and MA have multifactorial inheritance without generational difference.
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7

Rasmussen, Birthe Krogh, and Jes Olesen. "Migraine With Aura and Migraine Without Aura: An Epidemiological Study." Cephalalgia 12, no. 4 (August 1992): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1992.1204221.x.

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In a cross-sectional study of headache disorders in a representative general population of 1,000 persons the epidemiology of migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) was analysed in relation to sex and age distribution, symptomatology and precipitants. The headache disorders were classified on the basis of a clinical interview as well as a physical and a neurological examination using the operational diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society (IHS). Lifetime prevalence of MA was 5%, male:female ratio 1:2. Lifetime prevalence of MO was 8%, M:F ratio 1:7. Women, but not men, were significantly more likely to have MO than MA. Neither MA nor MO showed correlation to age in the studied age interval (25–64 years). Premonitory symptoms occurred in 16% of subjects with MA and in 12% with MO. One or more precipitating factor was present in 61% with MA and in 90% with MO. In both MA and MO the most conspicuous precipitating factor was stress and mental tension. Visual disturbances were the most common aura phenomenon occurring in 90% of subjects with MA. Aura symptoms of sensory, motor or speech disturbances rarely occurred without coexisting visual disturbances. The pain phase of MA fulfilled the criteria for MO of the IHS. Headache was, however, less severe and shorter lasting in MA than in MO. Onset at menarche, menstrual precipitation, menstrual problems, influence of pregnancy and use of oral contraceptives all showed some relationship with the presence of MO and less with MA. The present findings suggest that MA and MO share the pain phase. Among subjects with MA and MO, 50% and 62%, respectively, had consulted their general practitioner because of migraine. Selection bias in previous clinical studies is demonstrated by comparisons with the present unselected sample.
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8

Russell, Michael Bjørn, and Jes Olesen. "The Genetics of Migraine Without Aura and Migraine With Aura." Cephalalgia 13, no. 4 (August 1993): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1993.1304245.x.

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Studies of twins, spouses and familial aggregation strongly suggest that migraine without aura (MO) and migraine with aura (MA) are genetically determined. The mode of inheritance is most likely multifactorial in both MO and MA. However, autosomal dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance cannot be excluded in either MO or MA. At present the only evidence for genetic heterogeneity of MA is familial hemiplegic migraine with slowly progressive ataxia. This phenomenon can also be explained by linkage of different genes. All existing studies have been characterized by one or more of the following methodologic shortcomings: selection of probands from clinic populations, information obtained by questionnaire, family history obtained through probands, insufficient description of the attacks, lack of distinction between MO and MA. Useful strategies for future studies of migraine genetics are discussed.
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9

Russell, MB, HK Iversen, and J. Olesen. "Improved Description of the Migraine Aura by a Diagnostic Aura Diary." Cephalalgia 14, no. 2 (April 1994): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.1402107.x.

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We present a diagnostic aura diary for prospective recordings of migraine with aura. Three questionnaires are supplemented with sheets for drawings and plottings of visual and sensory auras. Twenty patients recorded 54 attacks of migraine with aura and 2 attacks of migraine aura without headache. The visual and sensory aura were usually gradually progressive, reaching maximum development in 15 and 25 min (median) respectively and had a total duration of 20 and 55 min (median) respectively. Approximately 13% of the attacks had acute onset of visual aura associated with other features more typical of migraine. The visual and sensory auras always preceded typical migraine headache, and headache occurring before aura symptoms was always of the tension type, The migraine headache was milder than in attacks of migraine without aura and often did not have migraine characteristics. In attacks with unilateral head pain, headache and aura symptoms were contralateral in 90% and ipsilateral in 10%.
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10

Russell, MB. "Genetics of migraine without aura, migraine with aura, migrainous disorder, head trauma migraine without aura and tension-type headache." Cephalalgia 21, no. 7 (September 2001): 778–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2001.00249.x.

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11

Russell, MB. "Genetics of Migraine without Aura, Migraine with Aura, Migrainous Disorder, Head Trauma Migraine without Aura and Tension-Type Headache." Cephalalgia 21, no. 7 (September 2001): 778–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033310240102100709.

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12

Prakash, Sanjay, Anurag Prakash, and Deepali Lodha. "Bilateral persistent ophthalmoplegia in a patient with migraine: persistent migraine aura without infarction?" BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 4 (April 2021): e242099. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-242099.

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Migraine auras typically last for 5–60 min. An aura that persists for more than a week without evidence of infarction on neuroimaging is called persistent aura without infarction. Persistent migraine aura without infarction is usually described with visual auras. Herein, we are reporting a 24-year-old man who had an attack of a headache with diplopia, vertigo and tinnitus. Tinnitus and vertigo disappeared within 30 min. The headache also disappeared within 6 hours. However, diplopia and ophthalmoplegia persisted for 4 weeks. Secondary causes of bilateral ophthalmoplegia were ruled out by a proper history, clinical examinations and appropriate investigations. A trial with lamotrigine and sodium valproate led to the complete improvement in ophthalmoplegia within 2 weeks. We considered ophthalmoplegia in this patient as ‘persistent brainstem aura without infarction’. We suggest that a possibility of persistent migraine aura without infarction should be considered in all migraineurs who have unexplained and persistent neurological symptoms.
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13

Denuelle, M., N. Fabre, P. Payoux, F. Chollet, and G. Geraud. "Posterior Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Migraine Without Aura." Cephalalgia 28, no. 8 (August 2008): 856–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01623.x.

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In cerebral blood flow studies, migraine aura is characterized by a posterior cortical hypoperfusion. In contrast, only rare and mild changes in brain perfusion have been demonstrated in migraine without aura, suggesting two different haemodynamic patterns in migraine with and without aura. Our aim was to study hypoperfusion with positron emission tomography (PET) as early as possible during spontaneous migraine without aura attacks. We used H215O PET to investigate seven patients (six female, one male) with migraine without aura (International Classification of Headache Diseases-II code 1.1) in three situations: during the headache phase, after headache relief following sumatriptan injection, and during an attack-free interval. Statistical analysis was performed with SPM2. Within 4 h after the attack onset, significant relative bilateral posterior cortical hypoperfusion was found and persisted after headache relief following sumatriptan injection. A posterior cortical hypoperfusion demonstrated in migraine without aura could suggest a common pathogenesis in migraine with and without aura. The significance of relative posterior hypoperfusion in migraine without aura is discussed according to the current knowledge of migraine pathogenesis.
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14

Rasmussen, BK. "Migraine with Aura and Migraine Without Aura are two Different Entities." Cephalalgia 15, no. 3 (June 1995): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1995.015003183.x.

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15

Blau, JN. "Migraine with Aura and Migraine Without Aura are not Different Entities." Cephalalgia 15, no. 3 (June 1995): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1995.015003186.x.

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16

Nieves, Walter L. "Genesis of Migraine Without Aura." Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 35, no. 9 (October 1995): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1995.hed3509565_1.x.

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17

Sand, T. "QEEG in Migraine Without Aura." Cephalalgia 18, no. 6 (August 1998): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1998.1806303-2.x.

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18

Allais, Gianni, Margarita Sanchez del Rio, Hans-Christoph Diener, Chiara Benedetto, Joop Pfeil, Barbara Schäuble, and Joop van Oene. "Perimenstrual migraines and their response to preventive therapy with topiramate." Cephalalgia 31, no. 2 (July 22, 2010): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102410378049.

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Introduction: Preventive treatment with topiramate is effective for overall reduction of migraine frequency, but there are few data regarding its efficacy on perimenstrual migraines. To determine whether topiramate can prevent perimenstrual migraines, we analyzed data from premenopausal women as a subgroup of the Prolonged Migraine Prevention with Topiramate (PROMPT) study. Methods: In total, 198 women from the PROMPT study with menstrually related migraine (MRM) were evaluated. After a one-to-two–month prospective baseline period, patients received open-label topiramate (50–200 mg/day) for six months. Results: During topiramate treatment, mean monthly migraine frequency was reduced from 7.03 at baseline to 4.36 (mean change: −2.66; p < .001, endpoint analysis). Mean percentage reductions were similar for migraines during and outside the perimenstrual period (−45.9% and −46.1%, respectively). In patients with aura, reductions in migraine days with (−48.3%) or without (−43.4%) aura were similar to those in patients without aura (−45.4%). Reductions were also similar whether women were taking combined oral contraceptives (−47.0%) or were not (−46.6%). Conclusions: Topiramate reduces the frequency, but not severity or duration, of perimenstrual migraines in women with MRM, including migraines with and without aura, and regardless of combined oral contraceptive use.
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19

Ball, HA, Z. Samaan, S. Brewster, N. Craddock, M. Gill, A. Korszun, W. Maier, et al. "Depression, Migraine With Aura and Migraine Without Aura: Their Familiality and Interrelatedness." Cephalalgia 29, no. 8 (August 2009): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01808.x.

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Migraine is frequently comorbid with depression. There appear to be common aetiological factors for both disorders, but the aetiology of migraine within depressed patients, in particular the significance of aura, has been little studied. A large sample of concordantly depressed sibling pairs [the Depression-Network (DeNT) sample] was assessed as having migraine with aura (MA), migraine without aura (MoA), probable migraine or no migraine according to International Headache Society guidelines. Correlations between siblings' migraine status were used to assess the nature of familial liability to migraine. A multiple threshold isocorrelational model fit best, in which different syndromes are conceptualized as different severities of one underlying dimension rather than as having separate aetiologies. Thus, MA and MoA were found to be different forms of the same disorder, with MA occupying the more extreme end of the spectrum of liability. Implications for our understanding of the relationship between migraine and depression are discussed.
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20

Sen, Souvik, X. Michelle Androulakis, Viktoriya Duda, Alvaro Alonso, Lin Yee Chen, Elsayed Z. Soliman, Jared Magnani, et al. "Migraine with visual aura is a risk factor for incident atrial fibrillation." Neurology 91, no. 24 (November 14, 2018): e2202-e2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006650.

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ObjectiveMigraine with visual aura is associated with cardioembolic stroke risk. The aim of this study was to test association between migraine with visual aura and atrial fibrillation (AF), in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.MethodsIn the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, a longitudinal, community-based cohort study, participants were interviewed for migraine history in 1993–1995 and were followed for incident AF through 2013. AF was adjudicated using ECGs, discharge codes, and death certificates. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to study the relation between migraine and its subtypes with incident AF, compared with controls without headaches. Mediation analysis was conducted to test whether AF was a mediator of migraine with visual aura-associated stroke risk.ResultsOf 11,939 participants assessed for headache and without prior AF or stroke, 426 reported migraines with visual aura, 1,090 migraine without visual aura, 1,018 nonmigraine headache, and 9,405 no headache. Over a 20-year follow-up period, incident AF was noted in 232 (15%) of 1,516 with migraine and 1,623 (17%) of 9,405 without headache. After adjustment for multiple confounders, migraine with visual aura was associated with increased risk of AF compared to no headache (hazard ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.62) as well as when compared to migraine without visual aura (hazard ratio 1.39, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.83). The data suggest that AF may be a potential mediator of migraine with visual aura–stroke risk.ConclusionsMigraine with aura was associated with increased risk of incident AF. This may potentially lead to ischemic strokes.
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21

Ranson, R., H. Igarashi, EA MacGregor, and M. Wilkinson. "The Similarities and Differences of Migraine with Aura and Migraine Without Aura: A Preliminary Study." Cephalalgia 11, no. 4 (September 1991): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1991.1104189.x.

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A preliminary study was undertaken to provide clinical evidence to support the hypothesis that: “Migraine with aura, migraine without aura and aura alone are the same condition, which differ in degree rather than pathophysiology.” At the City of London Migraine Clinic, 50 patients consecutively attending the clinic with a past or present history of migraine with aura were questioned. Of the 50 patients questioned 36 (70%) had a combination of migraine with aura, migraine without aura and/or aura alone; i.e. 70% had had more than one type of migraine attack. The duration, severity and frequency of attacks did not differ between migraine with and migraine without aura. Conclusion-the results support the hypothesis that migraine with and migraine without aura, and aura alone are not separate conditions, because: (1) most patients suffer from more than one type of migraine attack; (2) there are no significant differences in the characteristics of the migraine attacks in the different groups; (3) there are no significant differences in the characteristics of the subjects.
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22

Vetvik, Kjersti G., E. Anne MacGregor, Christofer Lundqvist, and Michael B. Russell. "Prevalence of menstrual migraine: A population-based study." Cephalalgia 34, no. 4 (October 7, 2013): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102413507637.

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Aim To present data from a population-based epidemiological study on menstrual migraine. Material and methods Altogether, 5000 women aged 30–34 years were screened for menstrual migraine. Women with self-reported menstrual migraine in at least half of their menstrual cycles were invited to an interview and examination. We expanded the International Classification of Headache Disorders III beta appendix criteria on menstrual migraine to include both migraine without aura and migraine with aura, as well as probable menstrual migraine with aura and migraine without aura. Results A total of 237 women were included in the study. The prevalence among all women was as follows: any type of menstrual migraine 7.6%; menstrual migraine without aura 6.1%; menstrual migraine with aura 0.6%; probable menstrual migraine without aura 0.6%; probable menstrual migraine with aura 0.3%. The corresponding figures among female migraineurs were: any type of menstrual migraine 22.0%, menstrual migraine without aura 17.6%, menstrual migraine with aura 1.7%, probable menstrual migraine without aura 1.6% and probable menstrual migraine with aura 1.0%. Conclusion More than one of every five female migraineurs aged 30–34 years have migraine in ≥50% of menstruations. The majority has menstrual migraine without aura and one of eight women had migraine with aura in relation to their menstruation. Our results indicate that the ICHD III beta appendix criteria of menstrual migraine are not exhaustive.
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23

Carvalho, Gabriela F., Flávia Heck Vianna-Bell, Lidiane L. Florencio, Carina F. Pinheiro, Fabiola Dach, Marcelo E. Bigal, and Debora Bevilaqua-Grossi. "Presence of vestibular symptoms and related disability in migraine with and without aura and chronic migraine." Cephalalgia 39, no. 1 (April 10, 2018): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102418769948.

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Objective To assess the presence and handicap due to vestibular symptoms in three subgroups of patients with migraine and controls. Methods Women between 18–55 years old were diagnosed by headache specialists and stratified as migraine with aura (n = 60), migraine without aura (n = 60), chronic migraine (n = 60) and controls (n = 60). Information regarding demographics, headache and vestibular symptoms were collected in this cross-sectional study. The self-perceived handicap related to vestibular symptoms was assessed through the Dizziness Handicap Inventory questionnaire. Results A total of 85% of women with migraine with aura and chronic migraine had vestibular symptoms contrasted to 70% of the migraine without aura group ( p < 0.05), and 12% of the control group reported symptoms ( p < 0.0001). Patients with migraine exhibited greater Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores than controls ( p < 0.001); and migraine with aura and chronic migraine groups reached greater scores than migraine without aura ( p < 0.01). Presence of migraine is associated with a greater risk of vestibular symptoms (migraine without aura: 5.20, migraine with aura: 6.60, chronic migraine:6.20, p < 0.0003) and with a greater risk of moderate-to-severe handicap (migraine without aura: 20.0, migraine with aura: 40.0, chronic migraine: 40.0, p < 0.0003). The presence of aura and greater migraine frequency adds to the risk of any handicap (migraine with aura: 1.9, chronic migraine: 1.7, p < 0.04) and to the risk of moderate-to-severe handicap (migraine with aura: 2.0, chronic migraine: 2.0, p < 0.0003). Migraine aura, intensity and frequency predict 36% of the dizziness handicap. Conclusion The prevalence of vestibular symptoms is increased in migraine during and between headache attacks, particularly in migraine with aura and chronic migraine along with an increased handicap due to those symptoms. Vestibular symptoms among subgroups of migraine should be considered when evaluating the functional impact of migraine.
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Tietjen, G. "Migraine With Aura and Migraine Without Aura: One Entity, Two, Or More?" Cephalalgia 15, no. 3 (June 1995): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1995.015003182.x.

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25

Christiansen, I., LL Thomsen, D. Daugaard, V. Ulrich, and J. Olesen. "Glyceryl Trinitrate Induces Attacks of Migraine Without Aura in Sufferers of Migraine with Aura." Cephalalgia 19, no. 7 (September 1999): 660–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1999.019007660.x.

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Migraine with aura and migraine without aura have the same pain phase, thus indicating that migraine with aura and migraine without aura share a common pathway of nociception. In recent years, increasing evidence has suggested that the messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) is involved in pain mechanisms of migraine without aura. In order to clarify whether the same is true for migraine with aura, in the present study we examined the headache response to intravenous infusion of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) (0.5 μg/kg/min for 20 min) in 12 sufferers of migraine with aura. The specific aim was to elucidate whether an aura and/or an attack of migraine without aura could be induced. Fourteen healthy subjects served as controls. Aura symptoms were not elicited in any subject. Headache was more severe in migraineurs than in the controls during and immediately after GTN infusion ( p=0.037) as well as during the following 11 h ( p=0.008). In the controls, the GTN-induced headache gradually disappeared, whereas in migraineurs peak headache intensity occurred at a mean time of 240 min post-infusion. At this time the induced headache in 6 of 12 migraineurs fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for migraine without aura of the International Headache Society. The results therefore suggest that NO is involved in the pain mechanisms of migraine with aura. Since cortical spreading depression has been shown to liberate NO in animals, this finding may help our understanding of the coupling between cortical spreading depression and headache in migraine with aura.
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26

Pfaffenrath, Volker, Ingrid Kommissari, Walter Pöllmann, Holger Kaube, and Michael Rath. "Cerebrovascular Risk Factors in Migraine with Prolonged Aura and Without Aura." Cephalalgia 11, no. 6 (December 1991): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1991.1106257.x.

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The role of cerebrovascular risk factors such as mitral valve prolapse, platelet aggregation, platelet activation and cardiac arrythmias in migraine was investigated in a total of 44 migraineurs (32 migraineurs without aura and 12 with prolonged aura) and 32 controls. Comparing the total of migraineurs and the two subgroups with controls, mitral valve prolapse, a raised thromboxane B2 level, at least one platelet aggregation dysfunction or an abnormality in 24-h ECG was statistically seen no more often than in the control group. Neither did combinations of the variables occur more frequently. Altogether, this study showed no increased coincidence of migraine with prolonged aura and migraine without aura with the above parameters. The absence of cardiac and haematological abnormalities in migraine with prolonged aura focuses attention on the control of the cortical microcirculation.
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Kallela, M., M. Wessman, M. Färkkilä, A. Palotie, M. Koskenvuo, M.-L. Honkasalo, and J. Kaprio. "Clinical Characteristics of Migraine in A Population-Based Twin Sample: Similarities and Differences Between Migraine with and Without Aura." Cephalalgia 19, no. 3 (April 1999): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1999.1903151.x.

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Objective: To look into clinical differences between migraine with and without aura in a population-based sample of migraineurs. Background: Migraine presents in two major forms, migraine with and migraine without aura. With the exception of the aura phase, the clinical characteristics of these entities are very similar. Despite this, however, the recent epidemiological data underline differences between migraine with and without aura. We tried to examine whether other features besides the aura differ between these two major forms of migraine. Methods: We studied 321 twins suffering from migraine with aura and 166 twins with migraine without aura from the population-based Finnish Twin Cohort. Migraine was diagnosed according to the criteria of the International Headache Society (MS). Analysis was based on the combination of a mailed questionnaire and a telephone interview by a neurologist. Special attention was paid to differences between migraine with and without aura. Results: Some qualities of headaches differed between IHS defined migraine with and without aura. Unilateral headache (Chi-squared p=0.039) and photophobia (Chi-squared p=0.010) were more typical for migraine with aura, while nausea was more typical for migraine without aura (Chi-squared p=0.002). Duration of headache in migraine without aura was also longer man in migraine with aura (Mann-Whitney U-test 0.007). Conclusions: There are clinical differences between IHS defined migraine with and without aura; even the headache phase between the two entities differs. It is worthwhile distinguishing between them when looking for the elusive genes for these more common forms of migraine.
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Santangelo, Gabriella, Antonio Russo, Alessandro Tessitore, Federica Garramone, Marcello Silvestro, Maria Rosaria Della Mura, Laura Marcuccio, Ilaria Fornaro, Luigi Trojano, and Gioacchino Tedeschi. "Prospective memory is dysfunctional in migraine without aura." Cephalalgia 38, no. 12 (February 7, 2018): 1825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102418758280.

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Introduction Prospective memory is the ability to carry out a delayed intended action, so to maintain and retrieve future plans, goals and activities. Deficits of prospective memory negatively impact on patients and caregivers’ everyday living and determine poor adherence to treatment. Since frontal regions are involved in both event- and time-based prospective memory tasks and are impaired in migraine without aura, defects of prospective memory might occur in migraine without aura patients; until now this issue has not been investigated. The aim of the current study was to explore time- versus event-based prospective memory in migraine without aura. Patients and methods Ninty-one consecutive migraine without aura patients and 84 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. They underwent a standardized measure of prospective memory evaluating both time-based and event-based prospective memory, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment assessing global cognitive status. Moreover, all participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II and a self-administered version of the Apathy Evaluation Scale, to assess severity of depressive symptoms and apathy, respectively. Results Migraine without aura and healthy subjects did not differ on demographic aspects (i.e. age, education and gender). However, individuals with migraine without aura demonstrated impaired prospective memory performance compared to healthy subjects, with a greater impairment demonstrated for the time-based tasks. Within the migraine without aura group, no significant association was found between prospective memory performance and clinical scores, apathy, and depression. Conclusions Individuals with migraine without aura experience particular difficulty executing a future intention; therefore, migraine without aura is associated with dysfunction of prospective memory.
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Frank, Florian, Martin Faulhaber, Karl Messlinger, Chiara Accinelli, Marina Peball, Alois Schiefecker, Katharina Kaltseis, Martin Burtscher, and Gregor Broessner. "Migraine and aura triggered by normobaric hypoxia." Cephalalgia 40, no. 14 (August 13, 2020): 1561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102420949202.

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Background For future experimental studies or the development of targeted pharmaceutical agents, a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of migraine is of utmost interest. Reliable methods to trigger migraine attacks including aura are desirable to study this complex disease in vivo. Methods To investigate hypoxia as a trigger for migraine and aura, we exposed volunteers diagnosed with migraine, with (n = 16) and without aura (n = 14), to hypoxia utilizing a hypoxic chamber adjusted to a FiO2 of 12.6%. The occurrence of headache, migraine, aura, and accompanying symptoms were registered and vital signs were collected for 6 hours under hypoxia and 2 hours of follow-up. A binary logistic regression analysis examined the probability of triggering headaches, migraines, aura, photo- and phonophobia. Findings Of 30 participants, 24 (80.0%) developed headaches and 19 (63.3%) migraine, five (16.7%) reported aura. Two patients that developed aura never experienced aura symptoms before in their life. The increase of mean heart frequency was higher in patients developing headaches or migraine. Mean SpO2 during hypoxia was 83.39%. Conclusion Hypoxia was able to trigger migraine attacks and aura independently of any pharmacological agent.
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Nagel-Leiby, Sandra, KMA Welch, Saul Grunfeld, and Giovanni D'Andrea. "Ovarian Steroid Levels in Migraine With and Without Aura." Cephalalgia 10, no. 3 (June 1990): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1990.1003147.x.

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Radioimmunoassays were used to measure interictal levels of ovarian steroids (oestradiol, total oestrogens and progesterone) in migraine patients at the onset of menses and coincident with the luteinizing hormone surge preceding ovulation. Results of these verified bio-chemically-contrasting points of the ovarian cycle were used to compare 13 migraine patients without aura and 6 migraine patients with aura with 17 non-migraine women. No group differences were found for physiological basal levels of ovarian steroids measured at menses. Preceding ovulation elevation in oestradiol levels relative to normal was found in migraine patients with aura but not in migraine patients without aura. These results suggest that a variation in oestradiol levels is an important factor in the different clinical expressions of migraine.
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Almohammadawi, Khalid Obiad Mohsin, Haider Saadoon Qasim Alhilfi, and Rafid Adil Abood Alkhalidy. "Clinical characteristics of migraine: A prospective cross-sectional study over nine years." F1000Research 7 (December 24, 2018): 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16854.1.

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Background: Migraine is the most common primary headache. This study aimed to describe clinical observations about migraine in outpatients in Iraq, including migraine types and subtypes, duration and frequency of acute attacks, severity, disability, effects on the quality of life, and complications. Methods: This is an outpatient-based prospective cross-sectional study, conducted in the Misan province, Iraq over nine years, and included 1412 patients aged 12 to 50 years. The data was collected from clinical records of patients who attended outpatient clinics. Results: The study included 1100 women (77.9%) and 312 men (22.1%); the women/men ratio being 3.5:1. The median age and standard deviation (SD) was 21 ± 5.42 years. The mean age at first attack of migraine was 17 ± 4.91 years. Migraine without aura was the most common type, accounting for 68% of the cases. The mean frequency of the attacks was (2 ± 4.63) days/month. In general, acute attacks were moderate to severe. Conclusions: In our study, we observed that migraine causes a headache resulting in episodes of temporary functional disability and women suffered more than men (ratio of 3.5:1). The mean age at first attack was a young age, and a family history of migraine highly altered distribution. Migraine without aura was the most common type, and symptoms including nausea and vomiting and photophobia were experienced by patients, which were used to diagnose migraines. Experienced aura was the most common migraine with aura, but also aura without a headache and aura with migraine were prevalent; therefore, it is important to differentiate between migraine subtypes. Visual aura was the most common aura, while motor symptoms were very rare. Chronic persistent headaches were a common complication recorded. These features provide evidence for the creation of screening tools in migraine prevention migraine.
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Genco, S., M. de Tommaso, AMP Prudenzano, M. Savarese, and FM Puca. "EEG Features in Juvenile Migraine: Topographic Analysis of Spontaneous and Visual Evoked Brain Electrical Activity: A Comparison with Adult Migraine." Cephalalgia 14, no. 1 (February 1994): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.1401041.x.

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Topographic analysis of spontaneous and steady-state visual evoked brain electrical activity was carried out between attacks in 82 migraine patients (40 youths and 42 adults). In adult migraine with aura a significant increase of delta rhythm percentage power was observed compared with migraine without aura and age-matched controls. Children suffering from migraine both with aura and without aura had an increased theta rhythm compared to normal controls. The presence of alpha interhemispheric asymmetry discriminated between migraine with aura and without aura, just as in adults. An increased amplitude of the SVEP F1 component with a tendency to the spread of visual reactivity was observed in juvenile migraine with and without aura; this pattern was not dissimilar from the one previously observed in adult migraine with and without aura. Abnormal photic driving in migraine is independent of age and type of migraine.
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Bassi, P., L. Brunati, B. Rapuzzi, and A. Mangoni. "Migraine without aura and ischemic stroke." Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences 13, no. 5 (June 1992): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02312154.

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de Tommaso, M., G. Trotta, E. Vecchio, D. Marinazzo, and S. Stramaglia. "S59: Migraine with and without aura." Clinical Neurophysiology 125 (June 2014): S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(14)50058-2.

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Zhao, Huiying, Else Eising, Boukje de Vries, Lisanne S. Vijfhuizen, Verneri Anttila, Bendik S. Winsvold, Tobias Kurth, et al. "Gene-based pleiotropy across migraine with aura and migraine without aura patient groups." Cephalalgia 36, no. 7 (December 8, 2015): 648–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102415591497.

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Introduction It is unclear whether patients diagnosed according to International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) experience distinct disorders or whether their migraine subtypes are genetically related. Aim Using a novel gene-based (statistical) approach, we aimed to identify individual genes and pathways associated both with MA and MO. Methods Gene-based tests were performed using genome-wide association summary statistic results from the most recent International Headache Genetics Consortium study comparing 4505 MA cases with 34,813 controls and 4038 MO cases with 40,294 controls. After accounting for non-independence of gene-based test results, we examined the significance of the proportion of shared genes associated with MA and MO. Results We found a significant overlap in genes associated with MA and MO. Of the total 1514 genes with a nominally significant gene-based p value ( pgene-based ≤ 0.05) in the MA subgroup, 107 also produced pgene-based ≤ 0.05 in the MO subgroup. The proportion of overlapping genes is almost double the empirically derived null expectation, producing significant evidence of gene-based overlap (pleiotropy) ( pbinomial-test = 1.5 × 10–4). Combining results across MA and MO, six genes produced genome-wide significant gene-based p values. Four of these genes ( TRPM8, UFL1, FHL5 and LRP1) were located in close proximity to previously reported genome-wide significant SNPs for migraine, while two genes, TARBP2 and NPFF separated by just 259 bp on chromosome 12q13.13, represent a novel risk locus. The genes overlapping in both migraine types were enriched for functions related to inflammation, the cardiovascular system and connective tissue. Conclusions Our results provide novel insight into the likely genes and biological mechanisms that underlie both MA and MO, and when combined with previous data, highlight the neuropeptide FF-amide peptide encoding gene ( NPFF) as a novel candidate risk gene for both types of migraine.
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Cananzi, AR, G. D'Andrea, F. Perini, F. Zamberlan, and KMA Welch. "Platelet and Plasma Levels of Glutamate and Glutamine in Migraine With and Without Aura." Cephalalgia 15, no. 2 (April 1995): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1995.015002132.x.

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We evaluated plasma and platelet glutamate and glutamine levels in migraine with and without aura during headache-free periods and compared the results with those of normal controls. The plasma and platelet levels of glutamine in migraine with and without aura were normal. Migraine without aura patients had higher glutamate levels in plasma, and normal platelet levels. In migraine with aura patients, glutamate levels were high in platelets, but not in plasma. This suggests different profiles of excitatory amino acid metabolism in migraine with and without aura.
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Bigal, ME, CA Bordini, SJ Tepper, and JG Speciali. "Intravenous Magnesium Sulphate in the Acute Treatment of Migraine Without Aura and Migraine with Aura. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study." Cephalalgia 22, no. 5 (June 2002): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00364.x.

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Magnesium sulphate has been used in the acute treatment of migraines; some studies found it to be a highly effective medication in the acute control of migraine pain and associated symptoms. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assesses the effect of magnesium sulphate on the pain and associated symptoms in patients with migraine without aura and migraine with aura. Sixty patients in each group were assigned at random to receive magnesium sulphate, 1000 mg intravenously, or 0.9% physiological saline, 10 ml. We used seven parameters of analgesic evaluation and an analogue scale to assess nausea, photophobia and phonophobia. In the migraine without aura group there was no statistically significant difference in the patients who received magnesium sulphate vs. placebo in pain relief. The analgesic therapeutic gain was 17% and number needed to treat was 5.98 at 1 h. There was also no statistical difference in relief of nausea. We did observe a significant lower intensity of photophobia and phonophobia in patients who received magnesium sulphate. In the migraine with aura group patients receiving magnesium sulphate presented a statistically significant improvement of pain and of all associated symptoms compared with controls. The analgesic therapeutic gain was 36.7% at 1 h. A smaller number of patients continued to have aura in the magnesium sulphate group compared with placebo 1 h after the administration of medication. Our data support the idea that magnesium sulphate can be used for the treatment of all symptoms in migraine with aura, or as an adjuvant therapy for associated symptoms in patients with migraine without aura.
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Gupta, Kamesh, Anurag Rohatgi, and Shivani Handa. "Case Report: Migrainous Infarct without Aura." Case Reports in Neurology 9, no. 3 (October 24, 2017): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000481281.

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Background: Stroke in a migraine with aura has been documented in several cases, even deserving the merit of a classification as complicated migraine. Herein, we present a rare case of migrainous infarct without aura. The diagnosis was challenging due to lack of risk factors. The patient was unique in not having any other comorbidities. Case Presentation: The case is of a 21-year-old female presenting with right-sided hemiplegia and facial drooping. She had had an index presentation of throbbing headaches for the past 2 years, typical of a migraine but not preceded by any aura symptoms. However, in the current episode, the pain became excessively severe and accompanied by right-sided hemiplegia and facial drooping. A full investigation workup using MRI revealed evidence of infarct in the left temporoparietal and basal ganglion region. Conclusion: Our case highlights the need to evaluate silent ischemic stroke in case of prolonged headache with a history of migraine as well as the need for precaution to avoid the use of triptans or opioids in such a case. It also highlights the conditions that need to be excluded before labeling it as a migrainous infarct.
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Turan, Hale, Bahriye Horasanli, Murat Ugur, and Hande Arslan. "Procalcitonin Levels in Migraine Patients." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 38, no. 1 (January 2011): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100011161.

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Abstract:Objectives:Migraine is a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Sterile vascular inflammation may develop during migraine attacks. This study aims to investigate procalcitonin (PCT) levels amongst migraine patients as they are important markers for infection and sepsis, but can also be found at elevated levels in various cases of inflammation.Methods:Eighty adult migraine patients participated in our study. Patients were initially separated into two main groups; Group-1 consisted of 34 patients who had migraines during the attack period. Group-2 consisted of 46 patients during the period in-between attacks. Afterwards, patients were further divided into four subgroups based on their aura status; Group-1a Migraine without aura, 27 patients during attack period, Group-1b Migraine with aura, 7 patients during attack period, Group-2a Migraine without aura, 40 patients during the period in-between attacks, Group-2b Migraine with aura, 6 patients during the period in-between attacks.Results:Average PCT levels in patients during attack periods were found to be higher than the average PCT levels of patients during the period in-between attacks. These elevated levels were determined to be statistically significant(p<0.01). Serum PCT levels of the patients with migraine without aura during the attack period were significantly higher than those of patients during the period in-between attacks(p<0.01).Conclusions:Based on significantly high levels of PCT, our results support the idea that sterile inflammation plays a role in migraine pathogenesis. Further studies are necessary to understand whether PCT is a marker for ischemic stroke risk in patients who go through frequent migraine attacks.
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Cuadrado, María L., Ángel Aledo-Serrano, Pedro López-Ruiz, Álvaro Gutiérrez-Viedma, Cristina Fernández, Aida Orviz, and José A. Arias. "Greater occipital nerve block for the acute treatment of prolonged or persistent migraine aura." Cephalalgia 37, no. 8 (June 10, 2016): 812–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102416655160.

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Background Presently, there is no evidence to guide the acute treatment of migraine aura. We aimed to describe the effect of greater occipital nerve (GON) anaesthetic block as a symptomatic treatment for long-lasting (prolonged or persistent) migraine aura. Methods Patients who presented with migraine aura lasting > 2 hours were consecutively recruited during one year at the Headache Unit and the Emergency Department of a tertiary hospital. All patients underwent a bilateral GON block with bupivacaine 0.5%. Patients were followed up for 24 hours. Results A total of 22 auras were treated in 18 patients. Auras consisted of visual ( n = 13), visual and sensory ( n = 4) or sensory symptoms alone ( n = 5). Eleven episodes met diagnostic criteria for persistent aura (>1 week) without infarction. The response was complete without early recurrence in 11 cases (50%), complete with recurrence in < 24 hours in two cases (9.1%), and partial with ≥ 50% improvement in six cases (27.3%). Complete responses without recurrence were more common in cases with prolonged auras lasting < 1 week than in those with persistent auras (72.7% vs. 27.3%; p = 0.033). Conclusions GON block could be an effective symptomatic treatment for prolonged or persistent migraine aura. Randomised controlled trials are still required to confirm these results.
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Nagaraj, Karthik, and Ramesh Patil. "Prevalence and risk factors of restless legs syndrome in patients of migraine without aura." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, no. 6 (November 25, 2019): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20195169.

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Background: An association between migraine and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) has been proposed due to shared dopaminergic dysfunction. Both have substantial effects on the quality of life. Identifying co morbidities of migraine helps in optimizing patient management. Objectives To study the prevalence of RLS in patients of migraine without aura, and associated co morbidities of RLS.Methods: This was a hospital based prospective observational study. All patients diagnosed as Migraine without aura as per ICHD-3 criteria completed the questions regarding migraine headache, Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG) Rating Scale. RLS was diagnosed using the IRLSSG criteria. Serological investigations were done to look for secondary causes of RLS.Results: Out of 200 consecutive patients of migraine without aura were included in the study over a period of 18 months. Frequency of RLS was 13.5% (n=27). All patients had primary RLS. Mean PSQI score was higher in the patients of migraine without aura with RLS than in non RLS patients of migraine without aura (3.30±2.66 vs 2.24±2.03 p≤0.0168). Poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression was found in 9%, 8% and 2.5% respectively in patients of migraine without aura.Conclusions: An association between migraine without aura and RLS was demonstrated. Migraine without aura was associated with increased frequency of poor sleep quality, anxiety and depression.
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Shibata, K., M. Osawa, and M. Iwata. "Pattern Reversal Visual Evoked Potentials in Migraine with Aura and Migraine Aura Without Headache." Cephalalgia 18, no. 6 (August 1998): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1998.1806319.x.

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Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) were recorded in 20 patients with migraine with aura (MA), 19 patients with migraine without headache (migraine equivalent; ME) during interictal periods, and 34 normal subjects. All migraine patients had hemianopsia or fortification spectra during attacks. In both MA and ME patients of less than 49 years of age, there were significant ( p<0.01) differences in amplitude of PVEPs at the mid-occipital and contralateral to visual aura electrode sites compared to normal subjects. Amplitude of PVEPs in MA and ME showed significant ( p<0.001) increases when recorded soon after attacks, especially within 10 days. There was a significant ( p<0.01) correlation between percentage asymmetries and the duration of illness in both MA and ME. We conclude from our PVEP findings that cortical spreading depression remains the most likely explanation for the migraine visual aura.
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Pinessi, L., M. Ferrero, S. Gentile, and I. Rainero. "Conversion from migraine without aura to typical aura without headache after irbesartan." Journal of Headache and Pain 6, no. 2 (April 2005): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10194-005-0161-6.

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Centonze, V., BM Polito, A. Valerio, MA Cassiano, R. Amato, G. Ricchetti, A. Bassi, A. Valente, and O. Albano. "Migraine with and Without Aura in the Same Patient." Cephalalgia 17, no. 5 (August 1997): 585–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1997.1705585.x.

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Migraine with aura and migraine without aura may be different clinical expressions of one disease. This theory is debated, however. In order to further address the issue, we administered a standardized questionnaire to 45 migraineurs. The results indicate a significant overlap between migraine with and without aura, most importantly with respect to response to therapy; 70% of patients had similar responses.
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Kogelman, Lisette JA, Katrine Falkenberg, Gisli H. Halldorsson, Lau U. Poulsen, Jacob Worm, Andres Ingason, Hreinn Stefansson, Kari Stefansson, Thomas F. Hansen, and Jes Olesen. "Comparing migraine with and without aura to healthy controls using RNA sequencing." Cephalalgia 39, no. 11 (May 19, 2019): 1435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102419851812.

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Background Migraine mechanisms are *These authors contributed equally to this work. only partly known. Some studies have previously described genes differentially expressed between blood from migraineurs and controls. The objective of this study was to describe gene expression in subtypes of migraine outside of attack and in healthy controls. Methods We extensively phenotyped 17 migraine without aura and nine migraine with aura female patients, and 20 age-matched female controls. Cubital venous blood was RNA sequenced. Genes differentially expressed between migraineurs (migraine without aura and migraine with aura) and controls, and between migraine without aura and migraine with aura were identified using a case-control design. A co-expression network was constructed to investigate the difference between migraineurs and healthy controls at the network level. Results We found two differentially expressed genes: NMNAT2 and RETN. Both were differentially expressed between migraine with aura and controls, but they could not be replicated in an independent cohort. Co-expression network analysis resulted in one cluster of highly interconnected genes that was nominally significantly associated with migraine; however, no pathways or gene ontology terms were detected. Conclusions We showed no clear distinct difference in gene expression profiles of peripheral blood of migraineurs and controls and were not able to replicate findings from previous studies. A larger sample size may be needed to detect minor differences.
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Jurgens, T. P., L. H. Schulte, and A. May. "Migraine trait symptoms in migraine with and without aura." Neurology 82, no. 16 (March 21, 2014): 1416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000000337.

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Benedek, K., J. Tajti, M. Janáky, L. Vécsei, and G. Benedek. "Spatial Contrast Sensitivity of Migraine Patients Without Aura." Cephalalgia 22, no. 2 (March 2002): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2002.00351.x.

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Visual disturbances are frequent symptoms in migraine. Since there is a possibility of separate damage in the magno- or parvo-cellular visual pathway in migraine patients, we performed a study including the measurement of static and dynamic spatial contrast sensitivity on 15 patients suffering from migraine without aura under photopic and scotopic conditions. Fifteen healthy volunteers without primary headache served as controls. The results revealed a marked decrease in contrast sensitivity at low spatial frequencies in the migraine patients. Spatial contrast sensitivity demonstrated some lateralization, as the sensitivity to low spatial frequencies obtained through separate eyes showed significantly larger side-differences in migraine patients than in control subjects. These findings suggest that the mechanisms responsible for vision at low spatial frequencies are impaired in migraine patients. This might indicate impaired function of the magnocellular pathways in this condition.
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Raieli, V., D. Raimondo, R. Cammalleri, and R. Camarda. "Migraine Headaches in Adolescents: A Student Population-Based Study in Monreale." Cephalalgia 15, no. 1 (February 1995): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1995.1501005.x.

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We assessed the prevalence of migraine headaches in an epidemiological survey of an 11 to 14-year-old student population. Migraine headaches were classified on the basis of questionnaires and neurological examination using the operational diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society. Prevalence of migraine without aura (IHS code 1.1) was 2.35%; that of migraine with aura (IHS code 1.2) was 0.62%. Migraine without aura was equally distributed among males and females, whereas migraine with aura was preponderant in the female cohort. The prevalence of migraine headaches in males was constant through the ages studied, whereas the prevalence of migraine headaches in females reached a peak at age 12 and plateaued over the following two years. Although the new IHS classification criteria of migraines are reliable and exhaustive, some subcriteria may not be valid in a juvenile population. For instance, the duration of the pain in young migraineurs is often briefer than in adults, and the intensity of pain was almost always described as moderate or severe. Therefore, in order to increase the reliability and comprehensiveness of the IHS classification, minor modifications should be made.
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Dehghan, Alireza, Erfan Saatchian, Mohammadreza Sobhani, and Alireza Montazerabadi. "Neurochemical metabolite alterations of the occipital lobe in migraine without aura by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy." Neuroradiology Journal 33, no. 5 (June 23, 2020): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400920932793.

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Background Migraine without aura is the most common type of migraine headache, accounting for about 80% of all migraines. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the neurochemical metabolite alterations in the occipital lobe of patients suffering from migraine without aura using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Methods Fifteen patients suffering from migraine without aura with an occipital plaque and 16 healthy controls were included in this study. Changes in the neurochemical metabolites in the occipital lobe were assessed using 1H-MRS. The ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) to creatine (Cr), choline (Cho) to Cr and myo-inositol (MI) to NAA were measured by voxel volume at 8 cm3. Results The mean NAA/Cr ratio decreased significantly in patients compared to controls. Cho/Cr and MI/NAA ratios increased significantly in patients. In addition, the duration of the disease and the frequency of headache attacks were significantly associated with a decrease in the NAA/Cr ratio and an increase in the Cho/Cr ratio. Conclusions Migraine without aura shows a significant association with changes in neurochemical metabolites detectable by 1H-MRS in the occipital lobe of patients. In addition, changes in metabolic ratios showed a significant relationship with the duration of the disease and the frequency of headache attacks.
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Russell, MB, and J. Olesen. "Migrainous Disorder and its Relation to Migraine Without Aura and Migraine with Aura. A Genetic Epidemiological Study." Cephalalgia 16, no. 6 (October 1996): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1996.1606431.x.

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Abstract:
Migrainous disorder was analysed in a large population-based study of 4000 forty-year-old males and females. All interviews were conducted by one physician and the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society were used. Of the 48 people with migrainous disorder, 40 had migrainous disorder without aura and 9 had migrainous disorder with aura One person had co-occurrence of migrainous disorder with and without aura. The lifetime prevalence of migrainous disorder was 2.5% with a male: female ratio of 1:1.2. The first-degree relatives of probands with migrainous disorder were blindly interviewed. Compared with the general population, first-degree relatives of probands with migrainous disorder without aura had a slightly but less increased risk of migraine without aura than first-degree relatives of probands with migraine without aura. First-degree relatives of probands with migrainous disorder with aura had no increased risk of migraine with aura. We conclude that migrainous disorder without aura in some people is a type of migraine without aura and in other people not. Migrainous disorder with aura may be unrelated to migraine with aura. œ
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