Relevant bibliographies by topics / Midges

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Academic literature on the topic 'Midges'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Midges"

1

Rozo-Lopez, Paula, Berlin Londono-Renteria, and Barbara S. Drolet. "Impacts of Infectious Dose, Feeding Behavior, and Age of Culicoides sonorensis Biting Midges on Infection Dynamics of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070816.

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Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are biological vectors of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in the U.S. Yet, little is known regarding the amount of ingested virus required to infect midges, nor how their feeding behavior or age affects viral replication and vector competence. We determined the minimum infectious dose of VSV-New Jersey for C. sonorensis midges and examined the effects of multiple blood-feeding cycles and age at the time of virus acquisition on infection dynamics. A minimum dose of 3.2 logs of virus/mL of blood resulted in midgut infections, and 5.2 logs/mL resulted in a disseminated infection to salivary glands. For blood-feeding behavior studies, ingestion of one or two non-infectious blood meals (BM) after a VSV infectious blood meal (VSV-BM) resulted in higher whole-body virus titers than midges receiving only the single infectious VSV-BM. Interestingly, this infection enhancement was not seen when a non-infectious BM preceded the infectious VSV-BM. Lastly, increased midge age at the time of infection correlated to increased whole-body virus titers. This research highlights the epidemiological implications of infectious doses, vector feeding behaviors, and vector age on VSV infection dynamics to estimate the risk of transmission by Culicoides midges more precisely.
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Passino, Kevin M. "Modeling and Cohesiveness Analysis of Midge Swarms." International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research 4, no. 4 (October 2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsir.2013100101.

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Midges (Anarete pritchardi) coordinate their flight motions to form a cohesive group during swarming. In this paper, individual midge motion dynamics, sensing abilities, and flight rules are represented with a midge swarm model. The sensing accuracy and flight rule are adjusted so that the model produces trajectory behavior, and velocity, speed, and acceleration distributions, that are remarkably similar to those found in midge swarm experiments. Mathematical analysis of the validated swarm model shows that the distances between the midges' positions and the swarm position centroid, and the midges' velocities and the swarm velocity centroid, are ultimately bounded (i.e., eventually satisfy a bound expressed in terms of individual midge parameters). Likewise, the swarm position and velocity centroids are shown to be ultimately bounded. These analytical results provide insights into why the identified individual midge sensing characteristics and flight rule lead to cohesive swarm behavior.
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Gan, Shi-Rui, Wei Du, and Xiao-Fan Wang. "Functional Differentiation of Floral Color and Scent in Gall Midge Pollination: A Study of a Schisandraceae Plant." Plants 11, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11070974.

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Gall midges are among the most host-specific insects. Their interactions with plants likely date back to the Cretaceous period. Plants from at least seven families are involved in gall midge pollination; however, little is known about the pollination signals of gall midges. In this study, we used a Resseliella–Schisandra model to investigate the roles of floral scent and color in attracting gall midges. Field observations, behavioral bioassays via Y-tubes, and “flight box” experiments were performed. The results demonstrated that gall midges may be attracted by both floral scent and color and that two flower signals are more effective in promoting insect flower-landing than either alone. In the field, gall midges visited male flowers effectively at night but almost always visited female flowers during the day. Thus, during the Resseliella–Schisandra interactions, female flowers predominantly employed visual cues over scent to attract midges during the day; in contrast, olfactory cues were more functional for male flowers to export pollen in the dark. In this study, we first identified the roles of floral color and the functional differentiation of visual and olfactory cues during gall midge pollination.
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Soroka, Juliana, Larry Grenkow, Boyd Mori, and Lars Andreassen. "Injury by Contarinia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to early-seeded and late-seeded canola in northeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, and assessment of seed treatments for midge control." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 02 (February 11, 2019): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2018.68.

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AbstractA three-year field study in northeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, determined the effects of seeding date and seed treatment on feeding injury by Contarinia Róndani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) midges to canola, Brassica napus Linnaeus (Brassicaceae), and subsequent seed yield. Emergence cage monitoring indicated the presence of two generations of midges at the four locations observed. Intensity of midge injury to canola was low, but damaged plants were common. Field location and seeding date influenced probability of midge injury and canola growth stage. The wettest of the four locations had the greatest number of midges but low levels of probability of damage in two of three years. Early-seeded plots had higher injury probability than late-seeded plots, with the highest probability of injury occurring one to two weeks after flowering commenced. Seed treatment marginally affected midge injury ratings, suggesting that insecticide efficacy dissipated before the midges attacked. Seed yield was higher in early-seeded than in late-seeded plots in two of three years, despite the greater level of damage seen in early-seeded plots. Overall, the research showed that the agronomic benefits of early seeding outweighed the effects of the midge damage observed; therefore, producers in the Canadian prairie provinces should seed canola when conditions are most agronomically suitable.
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BUKAUSKAITĖ, DOVILĖ, RASA BERNOTIENĖ, TATJANA A. IEZHOVA, and GEDIMINAS VALKIŪNAS. "Mechanisms of mortality in Culicoides biting midges due to Haemoproteus infection." Parasitology 143, no. 13 (September 9, 2016): 1748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001426.

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SUMMARYWe examined the effects of Haemoproteus infection on the survival and pathology caused in the biting midges. Forty-six females of Culicoides impunctatus were exposed experimentally by allowing them to feed on a naturally infected red-backed shrike infected with Haemoproteus lanii (lineage hRB1, gametocytaemia 5·2%). Seventeen females were fed on an uninfected bird (controls). Dead insects were collected, counted and used for dissection, histological examination and polymerase chain reaction-based testing. Parasites were present in all experimentally infected biting midges, but absent from control insects. Survivorship differed significantly between the control and infected groups. Twelve hours post-exposure (PE), 45 (98%) experimentally infected midges were dead, but all control midges remained alive, and many of them survived until 7 day PE. The migrating ookinetes of H. lanii overfilled midgut, markedly damaged the midgut wall, entered the haemocoel and overfilled the abdomen and thorax of exposed biting midges. Massive infection by migrating ookinetes led to damage of abdomen and thorax of biting midges. The parasites often present in large clumps in the haemocoel in abdomen and thorax, leading to the interruption of the haemolymph circulation. These are the main reasons for rapid death of biting midges after feeding on high-intensity infections of Haemoproteus parasites.
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Jorgensen, Amanda, Jennifer Otani, and Maya L. Evenden. "Assessment of Available Tools for Monitoring Wheat Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 3 (March 17, 2020): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa017.

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Abstract Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, is an invasive pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) throughout Canada and the United States. The applicability of available monitoring tools, including sex-pheromone baited traps, yellow sticky cards, and soil core sample surveys, in the northern-most agroecosystem of its invasive range has not been assessed. In this study, the attraction of male wheat midge to two Delta traps (green and orange) baited with one of three pheromone lures (a flex lure and two red septa lures from different sources) were compared. The efficacy of three yellow sticky cards (7 × 12 cm, 14 × 18 cm, and 14 × 18 cm rolled into a cylinder) for capture of male and female midge was assessed. Larvae were extracted from wheat heads sampled at the same sites to determine relationships with earlier adult trap capture. More male adult midges were captured in pheromone-baited traps with a greater surface area and in traps baited with the Scotts flex lure than the Great Lakes IPM septa lure, which had higher and more variable pheromone release rates. The smaller yellow sticky cards captured more male and female midges than the larger yellow sticky cards, regardless of shape. The number of female midges captured on yellow sticky cards predicted the number of larvae in wheat heads. The number of male midges captured in pheromone-baited traps did not predict larval density. Relationships were found between the number of overwintering cocoons recovered in soil core samples and emerging midges the following spring.
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Sunantaraporn, Sakone, Thanaporn Hortiwakul, Kanyarat Kraivichian, Padet Siriyasatien, and Narisa Brownell. "Molecular Identification of Host Blood Meals and Detection of Blood Parasites in Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Collected from Phatthalung Province, Southern Thailand." Insects 13, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13100912.

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Five hundred and fifty-nine female biting midges were collected, and seventeen species in six subgenera (Avaritia, Haemophoructus, Hoffmania, Meijerehelea, Remmia, and Trithecoides) and two groups (Clavipalpis and Shortti) were identified. The dominant Culicoides species was C. peregrinus (30.94%), followed by C. subgenus Trithecoides. From blood meal analysis of engorged biting midges, they were found to feed on cows, dogs, pigs, and avians. The majority of blood preferences of biting midges (68%; 49/72) displayed a mixed pattern of host blood DNA (cow and avian). The overall non-engorged biting midge field infectivity rate was 1.44 % (7/487). We detected Leucocytozoon sp. in three Culicoides specimens, one from each species: C. fulvus, C. oxystoma, and C. subgenus Trithecoides. Crithidia sp. was found in two C. peregrinus specimens, and Trypanosoma sp. and P. juxtanucleare were separately found in two C. guttifer. More consideration should be paid to the capacity of biting midges to transmit pathogens such as avian haemosporidian and trypanosomatid parasites. To demonstrate that these biting midges are natural vectors of trypanosomatid parasites, additional research must be conducted with a greater number of biting midges in other endemic regions.
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Chang, Chun-Gin, Chia-Hsuan Hsu, and Keryea Soong. "Navigation in darkness: How the marine midge (Pontomyia oceana) locates hard substrates above the water level to lay eggs." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): e0246060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246060.

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Finding suitable habitats for specific functions such as breeding provides examples of key biotic adaptation. The adult marine midge Pontomyia oceana requires an extremely specific habitat, i.e., hard substrates above water in shallow water, to deposit fertilized eggs. We investigated how these sea surface-skimming insects accomplished this with a stringent time constraint of 1–2 h of the adult life span in the evenings. We observed that in artificial containers, midges aggregated at bright spots only if the light was not in the direction of the sea. This behavior could potentially attract midges toward the shore and away from the open water. Experiments were performed in the intertidal zone in southern Taiwan to test three hypotheses explaining such behavior: gradients of temperature and CO2, and soundscape. No differences were observed in moving directions or aggregation of midges under artificial temperature and CO2 gradients. However, midges preferred sounds at 75 Hz compared with other frequencies (all ≤300 Hz) as observed in a field experiment involving floating traps with loudspeakers. Moreover, when background noise was experimentally masked using white noise of all frequencies, midges were significantly more likely to aggregate at bright spots in the direction of the sea than in the absence of white noise. These results establish that sound is used by midges to navigate in dark seas and move toward the shore where exposed hard substrates are in abundance. Marine mammals present well-known cases of sound pollution at sea; here the finding in the insignificant marine midge is just the harbinger of the potential effects noise at shore may have to affect critical reproductive stages of marine organisms.
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Kaufmann, C., C. Schaffner, A. Tschuor, and A. Mathis. "Répartition et abondance des moucherons piqueurs, vecteurs potentiels de la fièvre catarrhale ovine, en Suisse." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10039.

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Indigenous biting midges proved to be highly efficient vectors for the recently introduced bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8). Since its introduction in Northern Europe, the virus has rapidly spread, reaching Switzerland in 2008. The aims of this project are to determine the distribution, abundance, and activity pat­terns of biting midges occurring in Switzerland. Insects were caught with Onderstepoort ultraviolet light traps once weekly at stations representing the 12 climatic regions of Switzerland throughout the whole year. In addition, catches were carried out at five stations in an Alpine region of Switzerland at alti­tudes between 1300 and 2000 metres above sea level from the end of June to the end of October 2008. Midges were grouped under the stereomicroscope into Obsoletus complex, Pulicaris complex or other Culicoides spp. Midges were caught at all stations, albeit in very different numbers. The highest monthly average was 10,000 midges per night (Dittingen); the third high­est average was recorded at the highest station (Juf, 2130 m). At stations below 1500 m, midges of the Obsoletus complex (98% in Dittingen) were predominant. In Central Europe, they are considered the most likely vectors responsible for BTV trans­mission. With increasing altitude, midges of the Pulicaris com­plex prevailed (91% in Juf). Catches in two neighbouring Alpine mountains of similar altitude (approximately 2000 m) varied considerably. It is most likely that there are no midge-free zones in the agricultural areas (including Alpine summer pastures) of Switzerland, but the vector competence of the various midges with regard to BTV needs to be urgently clarified.
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Rozo-Lopez, Paula, Yoonseong Park, and Barbara S. Drolet. "Effect of Constant Temperatures on Culicoides sonorensis Midge Physiology and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection." Insects 13, no. 4 (April 9, 2022): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13040372.

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Culicoides midges play an important role in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) transmission to US livestock. After VSV-blood feeding, blood digestion followed by oviposition occurs while ingested virus particles replicate and disseminate to salivary glands for transmission during subsequent blood-feeding events. Changes to environmental temperature may alter the feeding–oviposition–refeeding cycles, midge survival, VSV infection, and overall vector capacity. However, the heterothermic midge may respond rapidly to environmental changes by adjusting their thermal behavior to resting in areas closer to their physiological range. Here we investigated the effects of four constant environmental temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) on C. sonorensis survival, oviposition, and VSV infection, as well as resting thermal preferences after blood-feeding. We found that most midges preferred to rest in areas at 25–30 °C. These two constant temperatures (25 and 30 °C) allowed an intermediate fitness performance, with a 66% survival probability by day 10 and oviposition cycles occurring every 2–3 days. Additionally, VSV infection rates in bodies and heads with salivary glands were higher than in midges held at 20 °C and 35 °C. Our results provide insight into the implications of temperature on VSV–Culicoides interactions and confirm that the range of temperature preferred by midges can benefit both the vector and the arbovirus.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Midges"

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Hardy, Adam. "New midge resistance for Australian grain sorghum." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2007. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00003566/.

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[Abstract]: The development and commercial release of midge resistant grain sorghum hybrids in Australia has been one of the real success stories of the sorghum industry. Almost all the current commercial sorghum hybrids grown contain a significant baseline of midge resistance that has greatly reduced that pest status of this insect. However while breeding efforts have been successful, it seems only one mechanism of resistance remains present in commercial hybrids. This mechanism of resistance known as ‘ovipositional-antixenosis’ is polygenic in nature and has contributed to the gradual reduction in the genetic base of commercial sorghum hybrids, potentially limiting the advancement of other agronomic traits.In order to expand both the level of resistance and the genetic diversity within Australian commercial sorghum hybrids, research was undertaken to capture new sources of midge resistance. Initially the goal of this work was to isolate and characterise the most promising new antibiosis sources of midge resistance previously documented within international breeding lines. However as the work progressed the discovery of a previously undescribed tolerance source of midge resistance led to more detailed studies of midge larval biology within a narrow range of sorghum germplasm lines to better characterise the resistance mechanism.To complete this work a new water-injection technique was developed to allow more precise studies of midge larval biology where previous traditional screening methods were deemed inadequate. Using this method several antibiotic lines were shown to contain diverse modes of action, while the tolerance mechanism of resistance was confirmed and more accurately characterised. In all cases plant characters within the developing spikelet were associated with each resistance mechanism.Overall, one source of resistance, found in lines derived from the Indian land race line DJ6514, was identified as superior to the others tested. Germplasm derived from this source was found to confer inter-related antibiosis and tolerance mechanisms. Both mechanisms were indirectly shown to be caused by the unique antibiotic properties of the developing caryopsis. Larval mortality (antibiosis) increased in this line, in line with increased feeding against the developing caryopsis. A second tolerance mode of action was also linked to anti-feeding properties of the developing caryopsis. Larvae were recorded at higher than normal rates feeding away from the caryopsis resulting in the survival of both larvae and grain in a significant proportion of spikelets. This escape ‘tolerance’ mechanism of resistance was confirmed indirectly in several studies and could be artificially induced in other genotypes when larval feeding against the caryopsis was delayed. As such the resistance is better described as antixenosis to caryopsis feeding.When both resistance mechanisms are present, the resistance isolated from DJ6514 was found to cause a three to four fold increase in seed set in resistant lines. This source of resistance has been directly selected for incorporation into the Australian breeding program and has been shown to be inherited simply as a single gene that needs to be deployed on both sides of the breeding program to ensure stable expression. When breeding efforts are complete a new suite of highly resistant and genetically diverse midge resistant sorghum hybrids will emerge into the marketplace.
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Dickson, Travis. "Assessing midges as paleoecological indicators." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45760.

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Three exclusive studies (in-vitro, observational and empirical) comprise this doctorate dissertation aimed at assessing the capacity of midges (Order Diptera: Families Chironomidae, Chaoboridae and Ceratopogonidae) as paleoecological indicators. In-vitro experiments were conducted to determine the impact that temperature and salinity have on midge development and survival. Results indicate that some taxa may achieve optimal development at cooler temperatures; most taxa are cued for emergence by, and require, warmer temperatures; exposure to temperatures that are too warm may result in developmental stress and sometimes death; midge emergence events appear more or less synchronous; and emergences may be controlled by a threshold temperature as opposed to accumulated degree-days. Also, in-vitro experiments were conducted to assess larval midge salinity thresholds (LD50s). Dasyhelea (Ceratopogonidae), Cricotopus/Orthocladius, and Cladotanytarsus mancus type appeared to have the highest salinity LD50s while Chironomus anthracinus type and subtribe Tanytarsina displayed the lowest. In the second study, water chemistry and environmental data were compared with midge assemblage data using multivariate analysis to assess the environmental gradients that limit midge distributions in the Hudson Bay Lowlands (northeastern Manitoba). The results demonstrate the midges’ potential as paleosalinity indicators. The third study involved extracting sediment cores from four separate lakes within the Hudson Bay Lowlands, each extracted from a pond at a different elevation (range from 127 to 10 m above sea level) and distance from the current Hudson Bay shoreline (range from 104 to 2.5 km). My reconstructions suggest that two inland ponds experienced an initial gradual freshening trend from their inception to <1,000 cal. years BP, followed by more recent rapid freshening. Reconstructions for two ponds situated proximal to Hudson Bay indicate stable salinity through the entirety of the sediment records. Quantitative salinity reconstructions for each of the four sampled ponds were ‘statistically insignificant’ (P ≤ 0.05). Predicted isostatic rebound rates, inferred by linear extrapolation of age depth models constructed for four Hudson Bay Lowland ponds, do not indicate an exponentially declining salinity trend as expected.
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Muntzer, Alice Adair. "Tropism of bluetongue virus in Culicoides midges." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8358/.

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Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause diseases of significant consequence to human and animal health. The aspect of the lifecycle that distinguishes an arbovirus from another viral group, is the requirement for replication in an arthropod vector and vertebrate host. Culicoides midges (order: Diptera; family: Ceratopogonidae) transmit several arboviral diseases of economic importance including bluetongue virus (BTV), a double-stranded RNA virus within the genus Orbivirus (family: Reoviridae). The ability of an arbovirus, such as BTV, to replicate, disseminate and be transmitted to a susceptible host is determined by the interaction between extrinsic factors, such as the titre of ingested virus, and intrinsic factors such as the particular viral and vector genotype. This process is poorly understood. Here, data are presented to address this, describing BTV infection and replication in a model species, Culicoides sonorensis. The percentages of infected cells were objectively determined in insect tissues using automated image classification. BTV infected cells of the posterior midgut and the number of cells infected were viral strain and dose-dependent and correlated with infection rate. Virus replicated to high levels in the compound eyes, fat body and epithelial cells. The brain and other neural tissues were infected at later times tested, coinciding with the expected time of BTV transmission. Viral RNA and antigen were undetectable in the salivary glands and oocytes, but were detected at high prevalence in the mouthparts. These data show, for the first time, that Culicoides-borne arboviruses may exploit an alternative mechanism for transmission to a host than that used by mosquito-borne arboviruses. BTV may be transmitted directly from the mouthparts, without requiring the ability to replicate in the salivary glands.
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Abu-Azma, Yasser H. H. "Factors affecting the reproductive biology of Chironomus riparius." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337639.

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Jackson, J. M. "Life history characteristics of midges in temporary peat pools." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355477.

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Krosch, Matthew Neil. "Evolutionary biology of Gondwanan non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/41749/1/Matthew_Krosch_Thesis.pdf.

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The potential restriction to effective dispersal and gene flow caused by habitat fragmentation can apply to multiple levels of evolutionary scale; from the fragmentation of ancient supercontinents driving diversification and speciation on disjunct landmasses, to the isolation of proximate populations as a result of their inability to cross intervening unsuitable habitat. Investigating the role of habitat fragmentation in driving diversity within and among taxa can thus include inferences of phylogenetic relationships among taxa, assessments of intraspecific phylogeographic structure and analyses of gene flow among neighbouring populations. The proposed Gondwanan clade within the chironomid (non-biting midge) subfamily Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) represents a model system for investigating the role that population fragmentation and isolation has played at different evolutionary scales. A pilot study by Krosch et al (2009) indentified several highly divergent lineages restricted to ancient rainforest refugia and limited gene flow among proximate sites within a refuge for one member of this clade, Echinocladius martini Cranston. This study provided a framework for investigating the evolutionary history of this taxon and its relatives more thoroughly. Populations of E. martini were sampled in the Paluma bioregion of northeast Queensland to investigate patterns of fine-scale within- and among-stream dispersal and gene flow within a refuge more rigorously. Data was incorporated from Krosch et al (2009) and additional sites were sampled up- and downstream of the original sites. Analyses of genetic structure revealed strong natal site fidelity and high genetic structure among geographically proximate streams. Little evidence was found for regular headwater exchange among upstream sites, but there was distinct evidence for rare adult flight among sites on separate stream reaches. Overall, however, the distribution of shared haplotypes implied that both larval and adult dispersal was largely limited to the natal stream channel. Patterns of regional phylogeographic structure were examined in two related austral orthoclad taxa – Naonella forsythi Boothroyd from New Zealand and Ferringtonia patagonica Sæther and Andersen from southern South America – to provide a comparison with patterns revealed in their close relative E. martini. Both taxa inhabit tectonically active areas of the southern hemisphere that have also experienced several glaciation events throughout the Plio-Pleistocene that are thought to have affected population structure dramatically in many taxa. Four highly divergent lineages estimated to have diverged since the late Miocene were revealed in each taxon, mirroring patterns in E. martini; however, there was no evidence for local geographical endemism, implying substantial range expansion post-diversification. The differences in pattern evident among the three related taxa were suggested to have been influenced by variation in the responses of closed forest habitat to climatic fluctuations during interglacial periods across the three landmasses. Phylogeographic structure in E. martini was resolved at a continental scale by expanding upon the sampling design of Krosch et al (2009) to encompass populations in southeast Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. Patterns of phylogeographic structure were consistent with expectations and several previously unrecognised lineages were revealed from central- and southern Australia that were geographically endemic to closed forest refugia. Estimated divergence times were congruent with the timing of Plio-Pleistocene rainforest contractions across the east coast of Australia. This suggested that dispersal and gene flow of E. martini among isolated refugia was highly restricted and that this taxon was susceptible to the impacts of habitat change. Broader phylogenetic relationships among taxa considered to be members of this Gondwanan orthoclad group were resolved in order to test expected patterns of evolutionary affinities across the austral continents. The inferred phylogeny and estimated divergence times did not accord with expected patterns based on the geological sequence of break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent and implied instead several transoceanic dispersal events post-vicariance. Difficulties in appropriate taxonomic sampling and accurate calibration of molecular phylogenies notwithstanding, the sampling regime implemented in the current study has been the most intensive yet performed for austral members of the Orthocladiinae and unsurprisingly has revealed both novel taxa and phylogenetic relationships within and among described genera. Several novel associations between life stages are made here for both described and previously unknown taxa. Investigating evolutionary relationships within and among members of this clade of proposed Gondwanan orthoclad taxa has demonstrated that a complex interaction between historical population fragmentation and dispersal at several levels of evolutionary scale has been important in driving diversification in this group. While interruptions to migration, colonisation and gene flow driven by population fragmentation have clearly contributed to the development and maintenance of much of the diversity present in this group, long-distance dispersal has also played a role in influencing diversification of continental biotas and facilitating gene flow among disjunct populations.
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Wittmann, Emma Jane. "Temperature and the transmission of arboviruses by Culicoides biting midges." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/8e2879e9-8ad4-439e-9f6d-4e36a6a8afea.

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Fu, Haiyan. "Mechanisms controlling the infection of Culicoides biting midges with bluetongue virus." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14153.

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The mechanisms controlling the transmission of bluetongue virus (DTV) by vector Culicoides species were studied using immunohistochemistry, virus titration assays, in vitro transmission tests, viral binding protein analyses and transmission electron microscopy. After infection with BTV by intrathoracic (IT) inoculation, 100% of C. variipennis individuals from a susceptible colony developed a fully disseminated infection and transmitted the virus through their saliva. However only 35.4% of midges were . persistently infected after ingestion of an infectious blood meal, while only 12.1 % of persistently infected midges transmitted the virus through their saliva. The titres of BTV were about 10,·oTCIDsJmidge [Standard error of means (SEM) of log-transformed data=0.15, n=1400] in IT inoculated midges and varied from 0.32 to lQs.oTCIDsJmidge in orally infected individuals. Only those midges containing ~1 03.oTCIDso of BTV could transmit the virus through their saliva. The following patterns were observed in orally (persistently) infected individuals: 1) virus was restricted to the anterior and posterior midgut, and the foregut-midgut junction; 2) virus replicated in the gut cells, disseminated into the haemocoel but could only be detected in a few sporadic fat body cells beyond the gut; 3) virus escaped from the gut cells into the haemocoel and replicated in some secondary organs/tissues but at low levels; 4) a fully disseminated infection was observed and virus replicated in the haemocoel and secondary organs/tissues, including the salivary glands, at high levels. The infection of the gut can be divided into two main types: 1) virus replication in gut cells ranging from very low to higher levels but with virus spread throughout the cytoplasm of the infected cells; 2) virus positive reaction restricted to endosome-like structures in the cytoplasm of some gut cells. BTV was detected in the anterior and posterior midgut, foregut-midgut junction, fat body, ganglia, salivary glands and ommatidia of the compound eyes of some infected midges. No virus was ever found in the hindgut cells, muscles, Malpighian tubes and oocytes/nurse cells of the ovaries. BTV infection of the salivary glands of C. l'ariipcnnis was shown to follow a typical pattern. Virus entered the acinar cells from the haemococl passing through the basement membrane, then localised and replicated in virus inclusion bodies (VIBs) in the cytoplasm of acinar cells. Mature progeny virus particles were released into acini, then transported through intermediate ducts and accumulated in crystalline arrays in the lumen of the major secretory ducts. No virus was released back into the haemocoel through the basement membrane; nor was virus released back into acinar cells from the acini. Nervous tissue of C. l'ariipennis is one of the most susceptible tissues to BTV. Ultrastructural observation showed characteristics ofBTV replication, including formation of VIBs, large amounts of progeny virus particles and tubules, in infected thoracic ganglia. A 60-kD viral protein adhered to both BHK-21 (mammalian) cells and a Culicoides cell line, KC cells. A 44-kD BTV viral protein, co-migrating with non structural protein NS2, adsorbed to BHK-21 cells but not to KC cells, while a 39.6 kD viral protein, co-migrating with major inner capsid protein VP7, adhered only to KC cells but not to BHK-21 cells.
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Labuschagne, K., LJ Gerber, I. Espie, and S. Carpenter. "Culicoides biting midges at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa." Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001257.

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Abstract Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are responsible for the transmission of a large number of pathogens to livestock and wild animals. In this study the presence of the genus, using light traps based at four different sites within the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, was investigated during 2002-2004. In total, 37species were recorded, including large numbers of Culicoides irnicola Kieffer, 1913, which is responsible for the transmission of economically important arboviruses in South Africa, Europe, Middle and Far East. These results are discussed with reference to the wider Culicoides fauna in the Onderstepoort area of South Africa, their vector competence as well as biosecurity at the National Zoological Gardens.
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Marsh, Peter Michael. "Ecological studies on Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with reference to its control in the Highlands of Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15275.

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Books on the topic "Midges"

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Roberts, Alasdair. Midges. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1998.

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Bob, Dewar, ed. Midges. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2005.

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Hendry, G. A. F. Midges in Scotland. Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 1993.

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Hendry, G. A. F. Midges in Scotland. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989.

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Midges in Scotland. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989.

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Midges in Scotland. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2011.

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Yukawa, Junichi, and Makoto Tokuda, eds. Biology of Gall Midges. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6534-6.

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Joan, Worthington Charlotte, and Freshwater Biological Association, eds. British Dixidae (meniscus midges) and Thaumaleidae (trickle midges): Keys with ecological notes. Ambleside: Freshwater Biological Association, 1999.

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MacDonald, Ranald. Only ankles for midges to bite. Belfast: Lapwing Publications, 1993.

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L, Grogan William, ed. The predaceous midges of the world. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Midges"

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Midges." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1–5. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27769-6_1963-2.

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Mehlhorn, Heinz. "Midges." In Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 1661–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43978-4_1963.

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Hangay, George, Susan V. Gruner, F. W. Howard, John L. Capinera, Eugene J. Gerberg, Susan E. Halbert, John B. Heppner, et al. "Midges." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2383. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4613.

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Frank, J. Howard, J. Howard Frank, Michael C. Thomas, Allan A. Yousten, F. William Howard, Robin M. Giblin-davis, John B. Heppner, et al. "Phantom Midges." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2824. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2885.

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Heppner, John B., David B. Richman, Steven E. Naranjo, Dale Habeck, Christopher Asaro, Jean-Luc Boevé, Johann Baumgärtner, et al. "Solitary Midges." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 3466. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4271.

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Hangay, George, Susan V. Gruner, F. W. Howard, John L. Capinera, Eugene J. Gerberg, Susan E. Halbert, John B. Heppner, et al. "Mountain Midges." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2494. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4709.

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Cumming, Jeffrey M., Bradley J. Sinclair, Charles A. Triplehorn, Yousif Aldryhim, Eduardo Galante, Ma Angeles Marcos-Garcia, Malcolm Edmunds, et al. "Deer Midges." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1169. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_851.

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Cumming, Jeffrey M., Bradley J. Sinclair, Charles A. Triplehorn, Yousif Aldryhim, Eduardo Galante, Ma Angeles Marcos-Garcia, Malcolm Edmunds, et al. "Dixid Midges." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1234. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_956.

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Capinera, John L., Marjorie A. Hoy, Paul W. Paré, Mohamed A. Farag, John T. Trumble, Murray B. Isman, Byron J. Adams, et al. "Net-Winged Midges." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2596. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2197.

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Gratwick, Marion. "Wheat blossom midges." In Crop Pests in the UK, 310–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1490-5_62.

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Conference papers on the topic "Midges"

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Fedorova, O. A. "TO THE FAUNA OF MIDGES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) AND BITING MIDGES (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) YAMALO-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT." In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-40.

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On the territory of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, the study of midges and biting midges was carried out during the exploration of new oil and gas deposits in the second half of the 20th century. Currently, the study of the spread of midges and biting midges is relevant, since they are carriers of a number of infectious and invasive diseases of animals and humans. The fauna of blood-sucking diptera insects of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is represented by 116 species. The faunal list of blood-sucking midges of the region is represented by 24 species, including 1 – Simulium paramorsitans, biting midges by 33 species, including 1 species –Culicoides punctatus. This species was first indicated both for the tundra zone and for the region. Today the topic is relevant and requires further research.
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Sivkova, E. I. "VETERINARY AND MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF GADFLIES (DIPTERA, TABANIDAE)." In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-79.

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Now the interest of scientists and researchers in dipterous insects considerably increased. Blood-sicking dipterous insects (midges), include in the structure of mosquitoes (Culicidae), gadflies (Tabanidae), midges (Simuliidae) and other insects. The major factors determining the high number of midges are favorable climatic conditions for their reproduction and existence in combination with abundance of biotopes of cultivation (various reservoirs and marsh educations) and dwellings of an imago (existence of wood, shrubby or high grassy vegetation) and also presence of enough warm-blooded animals – a saturation source blood. The harm done by gadflies to the person and an animal is very big.
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Muntzer, Alice A. "Visualisation and quantification of bluetongue virus inCulicoidesbiting midges." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.115424.

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"Comparative genomics of heat shock proteins system in extremophile nonbiting midges." In Bioinformatics of Genome Regulation and Structure/ Systems Biology. institute of cytology and genetics siberian branch of the russian academy of science, Novosibirsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/bgrs/sb-2020-137.

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Robbek, N. S. "Experience in protecting domestic reindeer from the attack of midges in Oimyakonsky Yakutia." In ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-11-2018-130.

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Hollister, Jack, Rodrigo Vega, and M. A. Hannan Bin Azhar. "Automatic Identification of Non-biting Midges (Chironomidae) using Object Detection and Deep Learning Techniques." In 11th International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010822800003122.

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Gopurenko, David. "DNA barcoding for species identification of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides) from Australasia and Eastern Asia." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.104218.

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Gaponov, S. P., and T. R. Tewelde. "Bloodsucking mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) and midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) in the nests of passerine birds in Voronezh." In XI Всероссийский диптерологический симпозиум (с международным участием). Санкт-Петербург: Русское энтомологическое общество, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47640/978-5-00105-586-0_2020_69.

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Mapes, Carol C. "Expansion of the northeastern range of selected North American gall forming midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae:Celticecisspp.) on hackberries (Cannabaceae:Celtisspp.)." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112972.

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Tugwell, Laura. "Approaches to controllingCulicoidesbiting midges in the United Kingdom using vector-proof housing and immunological approaches targeting salivary proteins." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112607.

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Reports on the topic "Midges"

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Gottlieb, Yuval, and Bradley A. Mullens. Might Bacterial Symbionts Influence Vectorial Capacity of Biting Midges for Ruminant Viruses? United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7699837.bard.

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- Original objectives and revision: The feasibility study performed in the last year was aimed at determining the symbiotic profiles of eight selected Culicoidesspecies in Israel and the USA by: Comparing bacterial communities among geographic populations of primary bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors. Comparing bacterial communities between adults of field-collected, mammal-feeding BTV vectors and non-vectors. Comparing bacterial communities within and between mammal feeders and bird feeders, with special attention to species with unique immature habitats. We made an effort to collect the eight species during the beginning of the project, however, due to the short available collection season, and the significant changes in habitats available for Israeli Culicoides, we initially determined the symbiotic profile of five species: two BTV vectors (C. sonorensis, C. imicola), one mammal feeders with unknown vectoring ability (C. schultzei), one bird feeder (C. crepuscularis), and one unique habitat species (C. cacticola). In addition, upon preliminary symbiont identification we focused our effort on relevant specific symbionts. Background: Biting midges (Culicoides, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of many major viral diseases affecting farm animals, including BT, which is listed among the most damaging by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and has recently emerged in completely unexpected areas (Northern Europe). One of the strategies to reduce the vectorial capacity of insect vectors is by manipulating their specific symbionts either to affect the vector species or to influence performance of the disease agent within it. Despite significant efforts to elucidate the vectorial capacity of certain Culicoidesspecies, and the critical basis of variability in infection, almost no attention has been given to symbiotic interactions between the vector and its bacterial tenants. It is now established that bacterial symbionts have major influences on their host biology, and may interact with disease agents vectored by their hosts. - Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: During the feasibility project we have found two major bacterial symbionts in Israeli and American Culicoides. In Israel we discovered that C. imicola, a known vector of BT, and C. schultzeigp. a suspected vector of BT, carry the symbiotic bacterium Cardinium, a reproductive manipulator symbiont. In C. imicolathe infection rate was close to 50%, and in C. schultzeiit was lower, and restricted to one of two species within Schultzeigroup. In 3 American species (C. sonorensis, C. crepuscularis, C. cacticola) we found the bacterium Burkholderiasp. In all species tested we have also found other bacterial species in diverse quantities and frequencies. - Implications, both scientific and agricultural: Finding specific symbionts in Culicoidesvector species is the first step in developing symbiont based control (SBC) strategies. Both identified symbionts are known from other insects, and Cardiniumis also known as a reproductive manipulator that can cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, an important phenomenon that can be used for spreading desired traits in infected populations. The role of the symbionts in Culicoideshost can be target for manipulation to reduce the vectorial capacity of the host by either changing its fitness so that it is unable to serve as a vector, or by directly changing the symbiont in a way that will affect the performance of the disease agent in its vector. Since Burkholderiaperhaps can be cultured independently of the host, it is a promising candidate for the later option. Thus, we have now opened the door for studying the specific interactions between symbionts and vector species.
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Klement, Eyal, Elizabeth Howerth, William C. Wilson, David Stallknecht, Danny Mead, Hagai Yadin, Itamar Lensky, and Nadav Galon. Exploration of the Epidemiology of a Newly Emerging Cattle-Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Israel. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697118.bard.

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In September 2006 an outbreak of 'Bluetongue like' disease struck the cattle herds in Israel. Over 100 dairy and beef cattle herds were affected. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (an Orbivirusclosely related to bluetongue virus (BTV)), was isolated from samples collected from several herds during the outbreaks. Following are the aims of the study and summary of the results: which up until now were published in 6 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Three more articles are still under preparation: 1. To identify the origin of the virus: The virus identified was fully sequenced and compared with the sequences available in the GenBank. It appeared that while gene segment L2 was clustered with EHDV-7 isolated in Australia, most of the other segments were clustered with EHDV-6 isolates from South-Africa and Bahrain. This may suggest that the strain which affected Israel on 2006 may have been related to similar outbreaks which occurred in north-Africa at the same year and could also be a result of reassortment with an Australian strain (Wilson et al. article in preparation). Analysis of the serological results from Israel demonstrated that cows and calves were similarly positive as opposed to BTV for which seropositivity in cows was significantly higher than in calves. This finding also supports the hypothesis that the 2006 EHD outbreak in Israel was an incursive event and the virus was not present in Israel before this outbreak (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Journal, 2011) 2. To identify the vectors of this virus: In the US, Culicoides sonorensis was found as an efficient vector of EHDV as the virus was transmitted by midges fed on infected white tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileusvirginianus) to susceptible WTD (Ruder et al. Parasites and Vectors, 2012). We also examined the effect of temperature on replication of EHDV-7 in C. sonorensis and demonstrated that the time to detection of potentially competent midges decreased with increasing temperature (Ruder et al. in preparation). Although multiple attempts were made, we failed to evaluate wild-caught Culicoidesinsignisas a potential vector for EHDV-7; however, our finding that C. sonorensis is a competent vector is far more significant because this species is widespread in the U.S. As for Israeli Culicoides spp. the main species caught near farms affected during the outbreaks were C. imicolaand C. oxystoma. The vector competence studies performed in Israel were in a smaller scale than in the US due to lack of a laboratory colony of these species and due to lack of facilities to infect animals with vector borne diseases. However, we found both species to be susceptible for infection by EHDV. For C. oxystoma, 1/3 of the Culicoidesinfected were positive 11 days post feeding. 3. To identify the host and environmental factors influencing the level of exposure to EHDV, its spread and its associated morbidity: Analysis of the cattle morbidity in Israel showed that the disease resulted in an average loss of over 200 kg milk per cow in herds affected during September 2006 and 1.42% excess mortality in heavily infected herds (Kedmi et al. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010). Outbreak investigation showed that winds played a significant role in virus spread during the 2006 outbreak (Kedmi et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010). Further studies showed that both sheep (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Microbiology, 2011) and wild ruminants did not play a significant role in virus spread in Israel (Kedmi et al. article in preparation). Clinical studies in WTD showed that this species is highly susceptibile to EHDV-7 infection and disease (Ruder et al. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2012). Experimental infection of Holstein cattle (cows and calves) yielded subclinical viremia (Ruder et al. in preparation). The findings of this study, which resulted in 6 articles, published in peer reviewed journals and 4 more articles which are in preparation, contributed to the dairy industry in Israel by defining the main factors associated with disease spread and assessment of disease impact. In the US, we demonstrated that sufficient conditions exist for potential virus establishment if EHDV-7 were introduced. The significant knowledge gained through this study will enable better decision making regarding prevention and control measures for EHDV and similar viruses, such as BTV.
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Leclair, A. D. Geology, Midge Creek area, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130160.

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Liedl, G. L. Midwest Superconductivity Consortium. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5833884.

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Thurstin, Lisa. Midwest EVOLVE (Midwest Electric Vehicle Opportunities: Learning, eVents, Experience) (Final Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1737468.

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Lagos-Kutz, Doris, and David Voegtlin. Midwest Suction Trap Network. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1811.

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Lagos-Kutz, Doris, and David Voegtlin. Midwest Suction Trap Network. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2711.

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Lagos-Kutz, Doris, and David Voegtlin. Midwest Suction Trap Network. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-437.

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Lagos-Kutz, Doris, and David Voegtlin. Midwest Aphid Suction Trap Network. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1400.

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Cuttica, John, and Cliff Haefke. Midwest Clean Energy Application Center. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150294.

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