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1
Passino, Kevin M. "Modeling and Cohesiveness Analysis of Midge Swarms." International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research 4, no. 4 (October 2013): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsir.2013100101.
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Midges (Anarete pritchardi) coordinate their flight motions to form a cohesive group during swarming. In this paper, individual midge motion dynamics, sensing abilities, and flight rules are represented with a midge swarm model. The sensing accuracy and flight rule are adjusted so that the model produces trajectory behavior, and velocity, speed, and acceleration distributions, that are remarkably similar to those found in midge swarm experiments. Mathematical analysis of the validated swarm model shows that the distances between the midges' positions and the swarm position centroid, and the midges' velocities and the swarm velocity centroid, are ultimately bounded (i.e., eventually satisfy a bound expressed in terms of individual midge parameters). Likewise, the swarm position and velocity centroids are shown to be ultimately bounded. These analytical results provide insights into why the identified individual midge sensing characteristics and flight rule lead to cohesive swarm behavior.
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Shanower, Thomas G. "Occurrence of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid, Macroglenes penetrans (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), in northeastern Montana." Canadian Entomologist 137, no. 6 (December 2005): 753–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-056.
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AbstractThe wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), is an infrequent but devastating pest that has been present in western North America for at least 100 years. This note provides the first published report of the presence of the wheat midge and its parasitoid, Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby), in Montana. Annual surveys were conducted in Daniels, Roosevelt, Sheridan, and Valley counties of northeastern Montana for 5 years (2000–2004) using a systematic soil sampling method to collect overwintering wheat midge larvae. In addition, in 2004, infested wheat heads were collected from 10 fields in Sheridan County, and wheat midges and parasitoids were reared. The wheat midge occurred in all four counties, though at relatively low levels. Densities fluctuated across years and locations, with the highest densities (>200 midge larvae/m2) occurring in Sheridan and Roosevelt counties. Macroglenes penetrans was found at all 10 sample sites and constituted up to 52% of the emerged adults (midges + parasitoids).
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Hallett, Rebecca H., Sheila A. Goodfellow, and James D. Heal. "Monitoring and detection of the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 139, no. 5 (October 2007): 700–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n05-071.
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AbstractIn 2002, two types of light traps were compared against sticky yellow cards for efficiency and selectivity in capturing adult swede midge Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Incandescent light traps were more efficient at capturing swede midge than were sticky traps. Incandescent light traps were more selective than blacklight traps and required less time for processing of samples and identification of captured midges. Emergence (2003 and 2004) and pheromone (2004) traps were used to assess swede midge population dynamics. Captures from emergence traps indicate up to five overlapping emergence events for swede midge each year. Emergence traps captured swede midge earlier in the season than pheromone traps, but pheromone-trap captures continued later in the season than those in emergence traps. Pheromone traps are small and portable, easy to maintain, and capture significantly more swede midge than emergence traps.
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Soroka, Juliana, Larry Grenkow, Boyd Mori, and Lars Andreassen. "Injury by Contarinia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to early-seeded and late-seeded canola in northeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, and assessment of seed treatments for midge control." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 02 (February 11, 2019): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2018.68.
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AbstractA three-year field study in northeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, determined the effects of seeding date and seed treatment on feeding injury by Contarinia Róndani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) midges to canola, Brassica napus Linnaeus (Brassicaceae), and subsequent seed yield. Emergence cage monitoring indicated the presence of two generations of midges at the four locations observed. Intensity of midge injury to canola was low, but damaged plants were common. Field location and seeding date influenced probability of midge injury and canola growth stage. The wettest of the four locations had the greatest number of midges but low levels of probability of damage in two of three years. Early-seeded plots had higher injury probability than late-seeded plots, with the highest probability of injury occurring one to two weeks after flowering commenced. Seed treatment marginally affected midge injury ratings, suggesting that insecticide efficacy dissipated before the midges attacked. Seed yield was higher in early-seeded than in late-seeded plots in two of three years, despite the greater level of damage seen in early-seeded plots. Overall, the research showed that the agronomic benefits of early seeding outweighed the effects of the midge damage observed; therefore, producers in the Canadian prairie provinces should seed canola when conditions are most agronomically suitable.
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Hodgdon, Elisabeth A., Rebecca H. Hallett, Chase A. Stratton, and Yolanda H. Chen. "Diel patterns of emergence and reproductive behaviour in the invasive swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 04 (June 18, 2019): 510–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.21.
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AbstractSwede midge (Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer); Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is a serious invasive pest of Brassica Linnaeus (Brassicaceae) oilseed and vegetable crops in Canada and the United States of America. Pheromone mating disruption is a promising new tactic for managing this difficult pest, but research is needed to determine how pheromone delivery can be optimised. With an understanding of swede midge diel mating patterns, pest managers could limit pheromone release to periods when midges are sexually active. We conducted a series of 24-hour trials to test whether swede midge exhibit diel periodicity of emergence, female calling, and male capture in pheromone traps. We found that females began releasing pheromones almost immediately following emergence within the first five hours after dawn. In the field, we found that males were most active from dawn until late morning, indicating that midges mate primarily during the first five hours of photophase. Low levels of reproductive activity during midday and nighttime hours present opportunities to turn off dispensers and reduce the cost of pheromone inputs in a swede midge mating disruption system.
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Yukawa, J., N. Uechi, M. Horikiri, and M. Tuda. "Description of the soybean pod gall midge, Asphondylia yushimai sp. n. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a major pest of soybean and findings of host alternation." Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, no. 1 (January 2003): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002218.
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AbstractThe soybean pod gall midge is an important pest of soybean in Japan and is known to occur also in Indonesia and China. This gall midge is described from Japan as Asphondylia yushimaisp. n. and is clearly distinguished from its congeners by the arrangement of the lower frontal horns of the pupa and the sequence of the mtDNA COI region. It is concluded that Prunus zippeliana Miquel is a winter host of the soybean pod gall midge since haplotypes of the soybean pod gall midge coincide with those of the Prunus fruit gall midge that produces fruit galls on P. zippeliana. In addition, phenological and distributional information on the two gall midges and on their host plants supports the identification of the winter host. In Japan, the soybean pod gall midge overwinters as a first instar in the fruit galls on P. zippeliana and emerges as an adult from the galls in May. In summer and autumn, the soybean pod gall midge has two or more generations in the pods of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill or wild fabaceous and caesalpiniaceous plants. Thus host alternation by A. yushimai is confirmed. This is the second finding of host alternation by a species of Asphondylia, the first instance being that of Asphondylia gennadii (Marchal) in Cyprus.
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Maia, Valéria Cid, and Barbara Proença. "Insect galls on Mikania glomerata (Asteraceae) in an area of Atlantic Forest in Viçosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil)." Check List 12, no. 6 (December 31, 2016): 2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.6.2026.
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Mikania glomerata (Asteraceae) hosts eight gall midge species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), each one responsible for a different gall morphotype. In a survey conducted in Recanto das Cigarras, Viçosa, Minas Gerais state (Brazil), we found three of these eight gall midges: Liodiplosis cylindrica, L. spherica, and Asphondylia glomeratae, each exhibiting a low infestation rate. This study offers an updated geographic distribution of these three gall midge species, recorded for the first time in Minas Gerais state.
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Araújo, Walter Santos de, and Valéria Cid Maia. "First characterization of a taxonomically well‑resolved trophic network composed by host plants and gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in the Neotropical region." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 61 (March 31, 2021): e20216134. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.34.
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In the present study we described the structure of a trophic network composed by gall-midge species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and their host plants in the Restinga of Barra de Maricá (Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Species data were retrieved from literature and different topological descriptors (links per species, connectance, and modularity of interactions) were used. All gall-midge species were monophages, with connectance of 2.8% of the 2,016 possible interactions. The network of host plants and gall midges had low number of links per species and high modularity, which indicates high specificity and specialization of plant-galling interactions in the area. This is the first characterization of a trophic network with good taxonomic resolution for the Neotropical gall midges.
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Jorgensen, Amanda, Jennifer Otani, and Maya L. Evenden. "Assessment of Available Tools for Monitoring Wheat Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 3 (March 17, 2020): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa017.
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Abstract Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, is an invasive pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) throughout Canada and the United States. The applicability of available monitoring tools, including sex-pheromone baited traps, yellow sticky cards, and soil core sample surveys, in the northern-most agroecosystem of its invasive range has not been assessed. In this study, the attraction of male wheat midge to two Delta traps (green and orange) baited with one of three pheromone lures (a flex lure and two red septa lures from different sources) were compared. The efficacy of three yellow sticky cards (7 × 12 cm, 14 × 18 cm, and 14 × 18 cm rolled into a cylinder) for capture of male and female midge was assessed. Larvae were extracted from wheat heads sampled at the same sites to determine relationships with earlier adult trap capture. More male adult midges were captured in pheromone-baited traps with a greater surface area and in traps baited with the Scotts flex lure than the Great Lakes IPM septa lure, which had higher and more variable pheromone release rates. The smaller yellow sticky cards captured more male and female midges than the larger yellow sticky cards, regardless of shape. The number of female midges captured on yellow sticky cards predicted the number of larvae in wheat heads. The number of male midges captured in pheromone-baited traps did not predict larval density. Relationships were found between the number of overwintering cocoons recovered in soil core samples and emerging midges the following spring.
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Chang, Kaowen Grace, and Hungju Chien. "The Effects of Landscape Elements on the Breeding Sites of Bloodsucking Midge." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 2863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052863.
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Forcipomyia taiwana, a bloodsucking midge that is one of the most irritating biting pests in Taiwan, has raised widespread public concern. However, we have little information about the extent to which landscape factors affect their potential habitats. As a result, landscape professionals do not have enough information to implement preventive strategies to control midges. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between landscaping and algae growth for larval breeding sites of Forcipomyia taiwana. The intent is to determine the environmental strategies that make the planned landscape unsuitable for midges to breed. GIS based on data collected from 16 constructed landscape sites (317,187 m2 in total) was utilized to spatially examine the relationship between the occurrence of the algae for midge breeding sites and the ground surface types and planting characteristics in each landscape. The results revealed that the potential midge habitats can be controlled through careful selection of the ground surface, the improvement of the site drainage, and choosing plants with the appropriate characteristics. Apart from choosing the appropriate type of paving surface, the integrity of the paving installation and the coverage of the ecological surface also influence prevention efficacy.
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Gilstrap, Frank E., and G. W. Brooks. "Sorghum Midge and Midge Parasitism on Johnsongrass." Journal of Economic Entomology 84, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/84.2.431.
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Haskett, Danielle R., and David F. Porinchu. "A quantitative midge-based reconstruction of mean July air temperature from a high-elevation site in central Colorado, USA, for MIS 6 and 5." Quaternary Research 82, no. 3 (November 2014): 580–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.05.002.
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AbstractSediments recovered from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site (ZRFS) in Snowmass Village, Colorado (USA) were analyzed for subfossil chironomids (or midges). The midge stratigraphy spans ~140–77 ka, which includes the end of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 and all of MIS 5. Notable shifts in midge assemblages occurred during two discrete intervals: the transition from MIS 6 to MIS 5e and midway through MIS 5a. A regional calibration set, incorporating lakes from the Colorado Rockies, Sierra Nevada, and Uinta Mountains, was used to develop a midge-based mean July air temperature (MJAT) inference model (r2jack = 0.61, RMSEP = 0.97°C). Model results indicate that the transition from MIS 6 to MIS 5e at the ZRFS was characterized by an increase in MJAT from ~9.0 to 10.5°C. The results also indicate that temperatures gradually increased through MIS 5 before reaching a maximum of 13.3°C during MIS 5a. This study represents the first set of quantitative, midge-based MJAT estimates in the continental U.S. that spans the entirety of MIS 5. Overall, our results suggest that conditions in the Colorado Rockies throughout MIS 5 were cooler than today, as the upper limit of the reconstructed temperatures is ~2°C below modern July air temperatures.
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Sedda, Luigi, Heidi E. Brown, Bethan V. Purse, Laura Burgin, John Gloster, and David J. Rogers. "A new algorithm quantifies the roles of wind and midge flight activity in the bluetongue epizootic in northwest Europe." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1737 (February 8, 2012): 2354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2555.
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The 2006 bluetongue (BT) outbreak in northwestern Europe had devastating effects on cattle and sheep in that intensively farmed area. The role of wind in disease spread, through its effect on Culicoides dispersal, is still uncertain, and remains unquantified. We examine here the relationship between farm-level infection dates and wind speed and direction within the framework of a novel model involving both mechanistic and stochastic steps. We consider wind as both a carrier of host semio-chemicals, to which midges might respond by upwind flight, and as a transporter of the midges themselves, in a more or less downwind direction. For completeness, we also consider midge movement independent of wind and various combinations of upwind, downwind and random movements. Using stochastic simulation, we are able to explain infection onset at 94 per cent of the 2025 affected farms. We conclude that 54 per cent of outbreaks occurred through (presumably midge) movement of infections over distances of no more than 5 km, 92 per cent over distances of no more than 31 km and only 2 per cent over any greater distances. The modal value for all infections combined is less than 1 km. Our analysis suggests that previous claims for a higher frequency of long-distance infections are unfounded. We suggest that many apparent long-distance infections resulted from sequences of shorter-range infections; a ‘stepping stone’ effect. Our analysis also found that downwind movement (the only sort so far considered in explanations of BT epidemics) is responsible for only 39 per cent of all infections, and highlights the effective contribution to disease spread of upwind midge movement, which accounted for 38 per cent of all infections. The importance of midge flight speed is also investigated. Within the same model framework, lower midge active flight speed (of 0.13 rather than 0.5 m s −1 ) reduced virtually to zero the role of upwind movement, mainly because modelled wind speeds in the area concerned were usually greater than such flight speed. Our analysis, therefore, highlights the need to improve our knowledge of midge flight speed in field situations, which is still very poorly understood. Finally, the model returned an intrinsic incubation period of 8 days, in accordance with the values reported in the literature. We argue that better understanding of the movement of infected insect vectors is an important ingredient in the management of future outbreaks of BT in Europe, and other devastating vector-borne diseases elsewhere.
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Keller, Troy A., and Emily M. Husted. "Dewatering as a non-toxic control of nuisance midge larvae in algal wastewater treatment floways." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.442.
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Attached-algae floways have tremendous potential for use in wastewater treatment because natural algal communities show high nutrient removal efficiencies, have low operating costs, and are easy to maintain. Algal wastewater floways may also serve as a sustainable option for producing renewable energy because algae grow rapidly, are easily harvested, and can serve as a source of biomass for biofuel. However, pests such as chironomids (Diptera) colonize open channel periphyton floways and their larvae damage the biofilms. While pesticides can control midge larvae, little information is known about alternative, non-toxic controls. This study examined the effectiveness of periodic, short-term dewatering (4 hours every 9 days) on midge abundance and periphyton growth in 16 recirculating, outdoor floways (3 m long, 0.1 m wide). We compared midge abundance and algal accumulation (chlorophyll a, b, c, and pheophytin) among control (n = 8) and dewatered (n = 8) floways filled with secondarily treated wastewater (27 days, 10 hours of daylight). Dewatered flumes had 42% fewer midges and 28–49% lower algal productivity (as measured by chlorophyll a, b, c, and pheophytin pigments). Chlorophyll a production rates averaged (±1 SD) 0.5 ± 0.2 μg/cm2/day in control floways compared to 0.3 ± 0.1 μg/cm2/day dewatered floways. Short-term dewatering effectively reduced midges but also damaged periphyton. To maximize the recovery of periphyton biomass, operators should harvest periphyton from floways during dewatering events before periphyton is damaged by desiccation or direct exposure to sunlight.
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Lloyd, Aaron M. "FIELD EVALUATION OF TALSTAR (BIFENTHRIN) RESIDENTIAL BARRIER TREATMENTS ALONE AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH MOSQUITO MAGNET LIBERTY PLUS TRAPS IN CEDAR KEY, FLORIDA." Journal of the Florida Mosquito Control Association 68, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/jfmca.v68i1.129100.
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The effectiveness of bifenthrin applications to vegetation with and without commercial mosquito traps (Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus) was evaluated against Culicoides biting midges in a residential coastal area located in Cedar Key, Florida. Efficacy evaluations were determined by surveillance trap collections and modified landing rate counts. In general, all treatments provided significant reduction from Culicoides biting midge pressure when compared with untreated yards with no traps (control). However, the combination of bifenthrin and Liberty Plus traps proved to be the most successful in reducing Culicoides compared with yards with only a Liberty Plus trap. Yards treated with bifenthrin alone or in combination with the Liberty Plus trap were more successful than controls, suggesting that Culicoides biting midge population suppression may be obtained through barrier application alone.
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Wise, Ian L., and Robert J. Lamb. "Diapause and emergence of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and its parasitoid Macroglenes penetrans (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)." Canadian Entomologist 136, no. 1 (February 2004): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-032.
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AbstractThe requirements for successful diapause of field-collected larvae and emergence of the adult wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), and its egg parasitoid Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby) were investigated in the laboratory. Both species showed little decline in survival for up to 5 weeks at 20 °C in dry wheat spikes and could successfully diapause in wheat spikes at 0 °C for at least 200 d, although larvae usually drop to the soil to diapause. Both species diapaused successfully in clay loam and fine quartz sand, but survival was lower in vermiculite or coarse activated clay. Diapause was completed successfully at soil temperatures of −5 to 2.5 °C, and both species survived for at least 500 d at 2.5 °C with no increase in mortality. Larval survival declined after 120 d at −10 °C. Usually more than 95% of all surviving wheat midges emerged as adults after a single diapause period of 100 d or more, but up to 5% of wheat midges and 12%−57% of parasitoids did not emerge until they were exposed to a second cold period. Postdiapausal larvae pupated and adult wheat midges emerged at constant temperatures of 16, 20, 26, and 28 °C with no differences in mortality, although none emerged at 10 °C. The timing of wheat midge emergence was temperature dependent, requiring 306 degree-days above a threshold of 9 °C. Degree-day requirements and soil temperatures from a nearby weather station accurately predicted the average timing of emergence in the field, but not the year-to-year variation in date of 50% emergence. The wheat midge and its parasitoid are well adapted to the conditions they encounter in their range in western Canada. Methods for rearing both species through diapause and adult emergence are described.
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Spinelli, Gustavo R., Pablo I. Marino, and Melina Mauad. "Diptera, Ceratopogonidae Newman, 1834: New records of Biting and Predaceous midges from Iberá wetlands, Argentina." Check List 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.5.886.
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The first Argentina records of four species of biting and predaceous midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are provided from the Iberá wetlands in Corrientes Province: Forcipomyia (Euprojoannisia) unica Bystrak and Wirth, Echinohelea blantoni Wirth, Neobezzia fittkaui Wirth and Ratanaworabhan and Paryphoconus grandis Macfie. This is the first record of the predaceous midge genus, Echinohelea Macfie, from Argentina.
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Anderson, R. M., and G. L. Teetes. "Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Sorghum, 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.231.
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Abstract Selected insecticides were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Hybrid grain sorghum (ATx399 × RTx430) was planted 20 May in rows spaced 30 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots, 8 rows × 40 ft long, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of plots. Insecticides were applied between 0800 and 0900 hours CDT by using a hand-held backpack sprayer with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 5.6 gpa. Application began when 10-30% of the panicles were flowering; insecticides were applied 10, 13, and 16 Jul. Adult sorghum midge abundance was determined just prior to each application by counting the number of sorghum midges on 10 individual sorghum panicles enclosed in clear plastic bags. The panicles were cut from the plant and returned to the laboratory for examination and sorghum midge counts. Grain yield data were collected from the 2 middle rows per plot. Panicles were hand harvested from selected 8.75 ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed. Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD.
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Rozo-Lopez, Paula, Berlin Londono-Renteria, and Barbara S. Drolet. "Venereal Transmission of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Culicoides sonorensis Midges." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040316.
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Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are well-known agricultural pests and transmission vectors of arboviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The epidemiology of VSV is complex and encompasses a broad range of vertebrate hosts, multiple routes of transmission, and diverse vector species. In temperate regions, viruses can overwinter in the absence of infected animals through unknown mechanisms, to reoccur the next year. Non-conventional routes for VSV vector transmission may help explain viral maintenance in midge populations during inter-epidemic periods and times of adverse conditions for bite transmission. In this study, we examined whether VSV could be transmitted venereally between male and female midges. Our results showed that VSV-infected females could venereally transmit virus to uninfected naïve males at a rate as high as 76.3% (RT-qPCR), 31.6% (virus isolation) during the third gonotrophic cycle. Additionally, VSV-infected males could venereally transmit virus to uninfected naïve females at a rate as high as 76.6% (RT-qPCR), 49.2% (virus isolation). Immunofluorescent staining of micro-dissected reproductive organs, immunochemical staining of midge histological sections, examination of internal reproductive organ morphology, and observations of mating behaviors were used to determine relevant anatomical sites for virus location and to hypothesize the potential mechanism for VSV transmission in C. sonorensis midges through copulation.
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DEXTER, J. E., K. R. PRESTON, L. A. COOKE, B. C. MORGAN, J. E. KRUGER, R. H. KILBORN, and R. H. ELLIOTT. "THE INFLUENCE OF ORANGE WHEAT BLOSSOM MIDGE (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin) DAMAGE ON HARD RED SPRING WHEAT QUALITY AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INSECTICIDE TREATMENTS." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 697–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-097.
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Orange wheat blossom midge damage can impart serious loss of quality to Canadian hard red spring wheat. The extent of wheat quality deterioration is highly variable and not well related to degree of visual midge damage. Midge-damaged hard red spring wheat exhibits very high protein content, reduced flour yield, dark flour color, increased flour ash, weak sticky dough properties, low baking absorption and poor bread quality. Midge-damaged wheat contains normal levels of α-amylase and proteolytic enzymes. Severely midge-damaged wheat exhibits inferior gluten protein quality, but the cause remains obscure. The poor baking quality of severely midge-damaged wheat is associated with an unusually low sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume. Samples with visual evidence of midge damage can be rapidly screened for quality defects on the basis of protein content and SDS-sedimentation volume. Aerial applications of Cygon and Lorsban to fields of midge-infested hard red spring wheat significantly reduced visual midge damage, and significantly reduced the extent of wheat quality deterioration.Key words: Midge (orange wheat blossom), wheat (spring), insecticide treatment
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Barker, P. S., and R. I. H. McKenzie. "Possible sources of resistance to the wheat midge in wheat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-120.
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The objective of this study was to find resistance in wheat cultivars to the wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana [Géhin]). A total of 61 spring and 61 winter wheats were assayed in 1992 to 1994. Thirteen selected cultivars were planted in 1994. Three kinds of apparent response to midge infestation were found. Eight winter wheat cultivars suffered neither the usual typical kind nor high numbers of shrivelling of the seeds often attributed to the midge, but produced instead small numbers of shorter and more rounded (tubby) seeds which could be due to midge activity. Cultivar RL5708 differed from all other cultivars in that it showed low proportions of damaged seeds, which were often associated with dead midge larvae. The third group included lines and cultivars showing the typical shrivelling of the seeds due to the wheat midge. In 1993 most late-planted spring wheat cultivars were less affected by the midge than the same cultivars planted earlier probably because of asynchrony between times of wheat flowering and midge opposition. The incorporation of resistance to the wheat midge into hard red spring wheats should contribute to a reduction of wheat losses in years when wheat midge are abundant. Key words: Winter wheat, spring wheat, wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, resistance
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SZADZIEWSKI, RYSZARD, ELŻBIETA SONTAG, WIESŁAW KRZEMIŃSKI, and JACEK SZWEDO. "Two new genera of insectivorous biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber." Palaeoentomology 2, no. 6 (December 20, 2019): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.6.17.
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Two new fossil genera and two new species of biting midges from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber are described and illustrated: Burmahelea neli Szadziewski & Sontag gen. et sp. nov. (Atriculicoidini) and Nelohelea neli Szadziewski & Sontag gen. et sp. nov. (Ceratopogonini). This is the oldest record (99 Ma) of a predatory biting midge in the extant tribe Ceratopogonini and the subfamily Ceratopogoninae.
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Steward, V. B., T. J. Kring, and W. C. Yearian. "EVALUATION OF SURVEY METHODS FOR ESTIMATING SORGHUM MIDGE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) DENSITIES IN GRAIN SORGHUM." Journal of Entomological Science 24, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-24.1.47.
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Six methods for sampling field populations of ovipositing sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola, in grain sorghum panicles were compared to an absolute sampling method. The methods evaluated were the visual, tap, remove, shake, beat-bucket, and grab. Population estimates obtained by visual examination were similar to absolute estimates when population density was low but significantly differed at mean midge densities above 9.2/panicle. The remaining sampling method density estimates were significantly less than the absolute method estimates. The visual examination method was relatively time efficient taking ca. one minute per panicle to complete. The effect of panicle compactness (open, medium, and compact) on the precision of the visual examination was investigated. Accuracy of the visual examination method significantly decreased as panicle compactness increased. This may be a result of either obstructed vision or increased density of midges with compactness or a combination of both.
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Chang, Chun-Gin, Chia-Hsuan Hsu, and Keryea Soong. "Navigation in darkness: How the marine midge (Pontomyia oceana) locates hard substrates above the water level to lay eggs." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): e0246060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246060.
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Finding suitable habitats for specific functions such as breeding provides examples of key biotic adaptation. The adult marine midge Pontomyia oceana requires an extremely specific habitat, i.e., hard substrates above water in shallow water, to deposit fertilized eggs. We investigated how these sea surface-skimming insects accomplished this with a stringent time constraint of 1–2 h of the adult life span in the evenings. We observed that in artificial containers, midges aggregated at bright spots only if the light was not in the direction of the sea. This behavior could potentially attract midges toward the shore and away from the open water. Experiments were performed in the intertidal zone in southern Taiwan to test three hypotheses explaining such behavior: gradients of temperature and CO2, and soundscape. No differences were observed in moving directions or aggregation of midges under artificial temperature and CO2 gradients. However, midges preferred sounds at 75 Hz compared with other frequencies (all ≤300 Hz) as observed in a field experiment involving floating traps with loudspeakers. Moreover, when background noise was experimentally masked using white noise of all frequencies, midges were significantly more likely to aggregate at bright spots in the direction of the sea than in the absence of white noise. These results establish that sound is used by midges to navigate in dark seas and move toward the shore where exposed hard substrates are in abundance. Marine mammals present well-known cases of sound pollution at sea; here the finding in the insignificant marine midge is just the harbinger of the potential effects noise at shore may have to affect critical reproductive stages of marine organisms.
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Karmakar, Moumita, Joshua Kurek, Heather Haig, and Brian F. Cumming. "Consensus among multiple trophic levels during high- and low-water stands over the last two millennia in a northwest Ontario lake." Quaternary Research 81, no. 2 (March 2014): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.12.006.
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AbstractWe investigated the modern distribution of fossil midges within a dimictic lake and explored downcore patterns of inferred lake depths over the last 2000 years from previously published proxies. Modern midge distribution within Gall Lake showed a consistent and predictable pattern related to the lake-depth gradient with recognizable assemblages characteristic of shallow-water, mid-depth and profundal environments. Interpretations of downcore changes in midge assemblages, in conjunction with quantitative lake-depth inferences across a priori defined (based on diatom data) ~ 500-yr wet and dry periods, demonstrated that both invertebrate and algal assemblages exhibited similar timing and nature of ecological responses. Midges were quantified by their relative abundance, concentrations and an index of Chaoborus to chironomids, and all showed the greatest differences between the wet and dry periods. During the low lake-level period of the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA: AD 900 to 1400), profundal chironomids declined, shallow-water and mid-depth chironomids increased, chironomid-inferred lake level declined and the Chaoborus-to-chironomid index decreased. The coherence between multiple trophic levels provides strong evidence of lower lake levels in Gall Lake during the MCA.
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Reinemann, Scott A., David F. Porinchu, Amy M. Bloom, Bryan G. Mark, and Jason E. Box. "A multi-proxy paleolimnological reconstruction of Holocene climate conditions in the Great Basin, United States." Quaternary Research 72, no. 3 (November 2009): 347–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.003.
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AbstractA sediment core spanning ∼ 7000 cal yr BP recovered from Stella Lake, a small sub-alpine lake located in Great Basin National Park, Nevada, was analyzed for subfossil chironomids (non-biting midges), diatoms, and organic content (estimated by loss-on-ignition (LOI)). Subfossil chironomid analysis indicates that Stella Lake was characterized by a warm, middle Holocene, followed by a cool “Neoglacial” period, with the last two millennia characterized by a return to warmer conditions. Throughout the majority of the core the Stella Lake diatom-community composition is dominated by small, periphytic taxa which are suggestive of shallow, cool, alkaline, oligotrophic waters with extensive seasonal ice cover. A reconstruction of mean July air temperature (MJAT) was developed by applying a midge-based inference model for MJAT (two-component WA-PLS) consisting of 79 lakes and 54 midge taxa (rjack2 = 0.55, RMSEP = 0.9°C). Comparison of the chironomid-inferred temperature record to existing regional paleoclimate reconstructions suggests that the midge-inferred temperatures correspond well to regional patterns. This multi-proxy record provides valuable insight into regional Holocene climate and environmental conditions by providing a quantitative reconstruction of peak Holocene warmth and aquatic ecosystem response to these changes in the Great Basin, a region projected to experience increased aridity and higher temperatures.
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Craggs, R., L. Golding, S. Clearwater, L. Susarla, and W. Donovan. "Control of chironomid midge larvae in wastewater stabilisation ponds: comparison of five compounds." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0460.
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Chironomid midge larvae are a valuable component of wastewater stabilisation pond (WSP) ecology. However, in high numbers, adult midge swarms can be a nuisance to near-by urban areas. Improving WSP treatment by incorporating aerobic or maturation ponds or by the addition of pre-treatment to reduce organic loading also increases the availability of aerobic sediment (midge larva habitat) in the pond system and the potential for midge nuisance problems. The efficacy of Maldison, an organophosphate traditionally used to control midge larvae in New Zealand WSPs, was compared to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), Methoprene, Pyriproxyfen and Diflubenzuron which are all more specific to insects and have fewer adverse environmental effects. Initial laboratory trials established the concentration of each compound required to achieve 95% control of the midge population. During 21-day small-scale trials within the WSP, Bti, Diflubenzuron and Maldison reduced live larvae numbers substantially (80–89%) compared to controls and adult midge emergence was markedly reduced by all compounds (72–96%). Large-scale trials with Bti (Vectobac® WG) powder (1000 μg/L) only caused a slight reduction in midge larvae numbers compared to controls and had little effect on adult emergence, however, Methoprene (Prolink XRG granules) (50 μgAI/L) reduced midge adult emergence by ∼80% over 25 days and has been used successfully to control several midge nuisance outbreaks.
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HELLQVIST, S., M. FINELL, and S. LANDSTRÖM. "Reed canary grass observations of effects on crop stand and fibre quality caused by infestation of Epicalamus phalaridis." Agricultural and Food Science 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5741.
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A severe infestation of the gall midge Epicalamus phalaridis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)occurred in a field of reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea in northern Sweden. The midge species has potential to become a serious pest on Phalaris grown for bioenergy or fibre production. Larvae of the midge feed beneath leaf sheaths and the crop lodges in late summer. Details are given on the biology of the midge. In the infested field, population densities of the midge were very high during three consecutive years. The crop was weakened and the occurrence of weeds increased. The dry matter yields declined markedly and were after three years of midge-attack about 50% of the average yield in the preceding years. The yield dropped comparatively more when the crop was harvested in the spring as opposed to harvest in late autumn and more at a nitrogen fertilisation at 100 kg compared to 200 kg N ha1 per year. The effect of midge attack on fibre quality was studied. The fibre properties of midge-infested parts of internodes were poor, but as midge-damaged parts are brittle, they could probably be sorted out in a fractionation process. Undamaged parts of infested internodes had the same fibre properties as those from an uninfested crop.;
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Lyrene, Paul M., and Jerry A. Payne. "Blueberry Gall Midge." Journal of Small Fruit & Viticulture 3, no. 2-3 (April 17, 1996): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j065v03n02_12.
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Rogers, D. J., P. L. Lo, J. T. S. Walker, L. M. Cole, and J. C. Devitt. "Development of a ‘lure and kill’ technique for apple leafcurling midge, Dasineura mali." New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (August 8, 2017): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.39.
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Apple leafcurling midge (ALCM) is an important quarantine pest of New Zealand apples. Current methods for ALCM control have difficulty meeting the strict phytosanitary standards of some export markets. ‘Lure and kill’ is a new strategy against this pest, in which males are attracted to an insecticide-treated substrate where they collect a lethal dose. Trials were conducted using a gel matrix “Specialized Pheromone & Lure Application Technology” (SPLATâ„¢) to dispense and release the ALCM sex pheromone and the insecticide permethrin. Lures using SPLATâ„¢ were placed within plastic cylinder traps that collected the dead midges so they could be counted to determine treatment efficacy. The size, shape and age of SPLATâ„¢ spots influenced midge catches. Higher catches occurred with spots having a larger quantity of pheromone, greater surface area of SPLATâ„¢, or with fresh material. The implications for the development of a lure and kill strategy for ALCM are discussed.
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Al-Busaidy, S. M., and P. S. Mellor. "Epidemiology of bluetongue and related orbiviruses in the Sultanate of Oman." Epidemiology and Infection 106, no. 1 (February 1991): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800056533.
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SUMMARYSentinel herds at 34 farms were used to study the epidemiology of bluetongue and related orbiviruses in Oman. The results indicate that bluetongue virus (BTV) is widespread and is enzootic in Northern Oman. At least three BTV serotypes (3, 4 and 22) were present at the time of the study. Antibodies to epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer virus (EHDV) type 2 and EHDV-318 were also detected but were less prevalent. Entomological investigations identified the presence of 16 species of Culicoides. The peak seasonal incidence of the BTV vector C. imicola and the EHDV vectors C. schultzei (group) midges at Rumais in Northern Oman correlated closely with the spring rains in that area. However, both species of midge were also present in lower numbers throughout the year. Four species of Omani midge, C. arabiensis, C. ibriensis, C. neoschultzei and C. buettikeri are new to science.
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Hamidou, Massaoudou, Oumarou Souleymane, Mahamadou Salifou, Malick N. Ba, Issoufou Kapran, Vernon Gracen, Kwado Ofori, and Eric Yirenkyi Danquah. "Exploitation of Hybrid Vigor for Identification of Promising Sorghum F1 Hybrid for High Grain Yield and Resistance to Sorghum Midge." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (November 19, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8853501.
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Sorghum is the second most grown cereal crop in Niger. However, sorghum production in the country is dominated by indigenous cultivars with low productivity. Productivity in grain sorghum has been achieved in developing countries around the world using hybrids. This study was conducted to evaluate heterosis in F1 sorghum hybrids for grain yield and resistance to midge. Fifty F1 sorghum hybrids were evaluated for grain yield and resistance to midge. Variation for grain yield, midge resistance, and flowering time was observed. The magnitude of better parent heterosis for grain yield and resistance to midge varied significantly among hybrids. Four hybrids combined high better parent heterosis for both grain yield and resistance to midge while eight hybrids were better than their better parent for resistance to midge. These hybrids performed well for grain yield and/or resistance to midge. Therefore, the parental lines involved in these hybrids can be advanced for commercial hybrids production or used in sorghum improvement programs.
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Vera, C. L., S. L. Fox, R. M. DePauw, M. A. H. Smith, I. L. Wise, F. R. Clarke, J. D. Procunier, and O. M. Lukow. "Relative performance of resistant wheat varietal blends and susceptible wheat cultivars exposed to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 1 (January 2013): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-019.
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Vera, C. L., Fox, S. L., DePauw, R. M., Smith, M. A. H., Wise, I. L., Clarke, F. R., Procunier, J. D. and Lukow, O. M. 2013. Relative performance of resistant wheat varietal blends and susceptible wheat cultivars exposed to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin). Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 59–66. Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), causes significant yield losses to spring wheat in western Canada. To mitigate these losses, midge-resistant wheat varietal blends, consisting of cultivars with the Sm1 midge resistance gene and containing 10% of a midge susceptible cultivar (interspersed refuge), were made available to farmers. To test their performance relative to conventional midge-susceptible cultivars, four varietal blends were grown during four consecutive growing seasons at eight locations in the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, and compared with four conventional midge-susceptible cultivars. Midge damage varied from year to year during the 4-yr study. In general, the varietal blends, as a group, yielded more grain than the susceptible cultivars, especially when grown in environments with high (12.8%) seed damage. In environments with low (0.9%) seed damage, the varietal blend yield increases were smaller but still significant, suggesting that some of the varietal blends may be endowed with additional superior attributes, unrelated to midge resistance. The Sm1 gene was independent of time to heading and maturity, plant height, lodging and seed weight.
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Rector, Brian G., Raymond J. Gagné, Juan Manuel Perilla López, Kirk C. Tonkel, Marie-Claude Bon, Fatiha Guermache, and Massimo Cristofaro. "Taxonomic Description of Stenodiplosis tectori n. sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Seed Parasite of Cheatgrass, Anisantha tectorum, Based on Morphological and Mitochondrial DNA Data." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 22, 2021): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080755.
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Cheatgrass is an annual grass species from Eurasia that has become invasive in much of western North America. It has been implicated in recent increases in the frequency, size, and intensity of wildfires, contributing to severe economic, environmental, and social destruction. In order to reduce this damage, the USDA-ARS established a classical biological control program against cheatgrass. In 2018 and 2019, adult gall midges were collected emerging from cheatgrass seed heads collected at several sites in Bulgaria and Greece; this is the first gall midge ever recorded from cheatgrass. Morphological comparisons with related midge species recorded from other plant hosts revealed that this midge from cheatgrass is a new species, described here as Stenodiplosis tectori n. sp. This status was supported by sequence comparisons of a barcode region of the gene encoding the mitochondrial cytochrome c subunit I (CO1) protein in Stenodiplosis tectori n. sp. and three congeners. The present study is the first to report MT-CO1 data in the genus Stenodiplosis. The ingroup Stenodiplosis tectori n. sp. collected in the Balkans grouped in one phylogenetic supported clade, with an average K2P-distance from its closest related congener, S. sorghicola, of 7.73% (SD = 1.10). The findings indicated relatively high year-to-year within-population diversity. Implications for this gall midge’s utility as a biological control agent of cheatgrass are discussed.
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Des Marteaux, Lauren E., and Rebecca H. Hallett. "Swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) diapause initiation under stable conditions: not a family affair." Canadian Entomologist 151, no. 04 (June 7, 2019): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2019.33.
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AbstractLarvae of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), rely on environmental cues to initiate the diapause programme. This facultative diapause strategy, which provides opportunities for both bet hedging and multivoltinism, likely contributed to the successful colonisation and spread of this invasive pest in North America. Population diapause incidence is variable even under relatively stable conditions (especially at the critical day length), yet the mechanisms influencing the developmental trajectory of individuals under such conditions are unknown. Here we approach the non-environmental (i.e., heritable) controls of this variation by comparing diapause frequencies within and among full-sibling swede midge families reared in one of two stable environments. Under warm, long-day conditions > 99% of swede midges pupated directly, while 86% of swede midges entered diapause under cool, short-day conditions. In the latter condition, most families exhibited mixed developmental trajectories (ranging from 36% to 96% diapause). This developmental variation among siblings indicates that the diapause induction threshold does not follow simple Mendelian inheritance with complete dominance for a particular allele, but may follow incomplete dominance or a more complex heredity. Alternatively, within-family diapause variation may result from maternal bet hedging or factors such as maternal age or larval nutrition.
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Dinh, Emily T. N., Juan Pablo Gomez, Jeremy P. Orange, Max A. Morris, Katherine A. Sayler, Bethany L. McGregor, Erik M. Blosser, Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena, Samantha M. Wisely, and Jason K. Blackburn. "Modeling Abundance of Culicoides stellifer, a Candidate Orbivirus Vector, Indicates Nonrandom Hemorrhagic Disease Risk for White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)." Viruses 13, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071328.
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(1) Background: Hemorrhagic diseases in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are caused by orbiviruses and have significant economic impact on the deer ranching industry in the United States. Culicoides stellifer is a suspected vector of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), with recent field evidence from Florida, but its natural history is poorly understood. Studying the distribution and abundance of C. stellifer across the landscape can inform our knowledge of how virus transmission can occur locally. We may then target vector management strategies in areas where viral transmission can occur. (2) Methods: Here, we used an occupancy modeling approach to estimate abundance of adult C. stellifer females at various physiological states to determine habitat preferences. We then mapped midge abundance during the orbiviral disease transmission period (May–October) in Florida. (3) Results: We found that overall, midge abundance was positively associated with sites in closer proximity to large-animal feeders. Additionally, midges generally preferred mixed bottomland hardwood and agricultural/sand/water habitats. Female C. stellifer with different physiological states preferred different habitats. (4) Conclusions: The differences in habitat preferences between midges across states indicate that disease risk for deer is heterogeneous across this landscape. This can inform how effective vector management strategies should be implemented.
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Sipos, Kitti, and Béla Pénzes. "Monitoring raspberry cane midge (Resseliella theobaldi) on the basis of temperature data." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 39 (November 10, 2010): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/39/2739.
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The ’midge blight’, in which the raspberry cane midge (Resseliella theobaldi) has an important role, is the greatest problem in the raspberry protection. The basis of the chemical protection against raspberry cane midge is the prediction of adult midge emergence. Before the application of sex pheromone traps developed for the investigation of flight pattern, the usage of the accumulated temperature was attempted for the prediction of egg laying, but these temperatures are different in each country. The aim of this paper is to give information on the time of raspberry cane midge emergence and flight pattern by using sex pheromone traps and accumulated temperature calculation.
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Wise, I. L., R. J. Lamb, and M. A. H. Smith. "Susceptibility of hulled and hulless barley (Gramineae) to Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)." Canadian Entomologist 134, no. 2 (April 2002): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134193-2.
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AbstractModern hulless wheats, Triticum aestivum L., are more susceptible to the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), than the hulled, wild, ancestral species. Hulless cultivars of barley, Hordeum vulgare L., are becoming more widely grown in western Canada than in the past. Hulled and hulless cultivars of two-rowed and six-rowed barleys were tested for their susceptibility to wheat midge, to determine if this midge might become a serious pest of barley and to assess which plant traits might affect host suitability. In the field, larval populations on 10 barley cultivars were much lower than on wheat. In the laboratory, when the flag leaf sheath was peeled back to expose preflowering spikes, female midges readily oviposited on spikes of barley, although less so on younger spikes. Few larvae were able to develop on barley when eggs were laid after spikes had flowered. All barleys completed flowering, or nearly so, before spikes emerged from the flag leaf sheath, with two-rowed cultivars flowering earlier than six-rowed barleys. No differences in larval densities were found between hulless and hulled barleys, and therefore, factors other than the hulled trait must account for reduced susceptibility of barley. Because barley flowers within the flag leaf sheath, its period of susceptibility to infestation is much shorter than for wheat, as evidenced by reduced infestation of earlier-flowering two-rowed cultivars compared with later-flowering six-rowed cultivars. Also, the tight closure of the leaf-like glumes that form the florets of barley probably makes access to young seeds more difficult for newly hatched larvae than is the case for wheat. At comparable crop growth stages, larval densities on all the barleys were < 10% of those on spring wheat. The introduction of hulless barley for production in Canada is unlikely to increase wheat midge damage on barley to an economic level.
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LI, JIA-HUI, DAVID GOPURENKO, DU-CHENG CAI, YE-MENG YANG, RONG HU, ARUNRAT THEPPARAT, APRIL H. WARDHANA, et al. "Culicoides Latreille biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Dongzhaigang mangrove forest, Hainan Province, China." Zootaxa 4227, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4227.1.2.
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The biting midge fauna of Dongzhaigang Mangrove Forest, Hainan Province, China was sampled on 14 October 2015 using three methods: a pan light trap operated from dusk until dawn the following morning and sweep net and human landing collections performed between 16:15–17:15 hr. Eight species, including two new records for China, Culicoides palawanensis and C. niphanae, and one new record for Hainan, C. circumbasalis, were collected. A key to assist with identification of specimens of these species is provided. DNA barcodes supported the morphological identification of some of these species and identified the potential presence of cryptic species and/or deep population structure in others. The newly recorded species were morphologically similar to species previously reported from Hainan, highlighting the need for further investigation into the taxonomy of biting midges in this region. Species composition and abundance varied considerably between the three collection techniques suggesting that multiple techniques likely provide a more comprehensive sample of biting midge fauna.
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Schaffner, Francis, C. Kaufmann, H. Schwermer, and A. Mathis. "Surveillance des moucherons piqueurs : détermination des périodes sans vecteurs en Suisse de 2007 à 2009." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10055.
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Since the introduction of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Northern Europe, a surveillance of the disease has been implemented in Switzerland, based on a collaborative network including the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, the Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis and the Institute of Parasitology (IPZ). In accordance with European regulations, the surveillance aims at determining zones which are seasonally free of bluetongue by showing lack of evidence of disease transmission or of activity of competent vectors. The results of two years (2007–2009) of surveillance of the winter activity of biting midges are presented. BT zones were identified for Switzerland and Liechtenstein based on (i) the 45x45 km grid, (ii) a spatial risk analysis on the occurrence of biting midges and susceptible livestock, and (iii) the limits of the Swiss administrative units (cantons). Thus, 16 BT zones were defined, comparable in area size (as ‘risk’ areas) and in populations of cattle, sheep and goats. Insects were caught with Onderstepoort ultraviolet-light traps once weekly at 19 stations, outdoors, from dusk to dawn, and from October to May. Trapping was maintained at six stations during the midge activity season. Trappings were implemented by volunteer farmers or local veterinary offices, and samples were sent to the Swiss reference laboratory for vector entomology (IPZ) where midge activity was classified from ‘no activity’ to ‘very high activity’. Midges were caught at all stations, but in very different numbers. From mid-November 2007 until end of March 2008 there was a period of very low Culicoides activity (catches without midges or below the threshold of 10 midges/trap/night). Then, the activity increased gradually, and the vector-free period was defined as ending on April 15th. All sites showed activity during the whole summer, globally with a decrease from July to September. The highest activity was recorded in Northern Switzerland (Basel), with an average of 3268 midges/trap/night. Surprisingly, the highest activity was not observed in Southern Switzerland where the mild climate is influenced by the Mediterranean Sea, but north of the Alps characterized by an Atlantic climate. During October to mid-November 2008, midge activity decreased, and less than 10 midges or 5 parous midges/trap/night were caught at all sites after mid-November. The vector-free period was thus determined as starting on December 15, 2008. Then, a very low activity was observed in Basel during early January, and no activity was observed in the cantons until the first week of March 2009. Very few midges were trapped until beginning of April, and first parous and blood-fed females were caught after mid- April. Thus, the vector-free period was declared to end on April 20, 2009. Vector-free periods could be defined for the whole of Switzerland during the two years of winter surveillance. A third year of surveillance is ongoing, and three-years’ data will be analysed for a possible extrapolation of an annual vector-free period.
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Glogoza, Phillip. "The wheat midge (a.k.a., Orange wheat blossom midge), Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin)." American Entomologist 53, no. 3 (2007): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/53.3.145.
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Smith, M. A. H., I. L. Wise, S. L. Fox, C. L. Vera, R. M. DePauw, and O. M. Lukow. "Seed damage and sources of yield loss by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in resistant wheat varietal blends relative to susceptible wheat cultivars in western Canada." Canadian Entomologist 146, no. 3 (April 24, 2014): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2013.77.
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AbstractSpring wheat varieties with the Sm1 gene for resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were compared with susceptible wheat (Triticum Linnaeus; Poaceae) with respect to sources of yield loss and reduction in market value from wheat midge feeding damage. Four resistant varietal blends (90% Sm1 wheat plus 10% susceptible refuge) and four susceptible cultivars were grown in replicated experiments at eight locations in western Canada. Frequencies and 1000-kernel weights of undamaged and midge-damaged seeds were assessed before harvest by dissecting samples of ripe spikes, and after harvest in samples of cleaned grain. Spike data were used to estimate yield losses from reduced weight of damaged seeds and loss of severely damaged seeds (⩽8 mg) at harvest. Among midge-damaged seeds in spikes, few were severely damaged in resistant varietal blends, whereas most were severely damaged in susceptible cultivars. Cleaned, harvested grain of resistant varietal blends and susceptible cultivars had similar frequencies of midge damage and were assessed similar market grades. The primary benefit of midge-resistant wheat was reduced yield loss due to seed damage by wheat midge larvae. Resistant wheat did not protect against loss of market grade, but market value could increase due to larger yields.
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Strachan, DB, RD Dillon, and RG Henzell. "Performance of steers fed grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) of varying sorghum midge (Contarinia sorghicola) resistance." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 1 (1993): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930021.
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This experiment examined the association between the level of sorghum midge resistance of a grain sorghum hybrid and its ultilisation by cattle. Twenty-five Hereford steers were placed in individual pens and fed a feedlot ration (80% grain) for 8 weeks containing 1 of the following grain sorghum hybrids: Pacific 810, DK55plus (susceptible to midge); Barrier (low resistance to midge); AQL39/QL36, DK470 (moderate resistance to midge). There was no significant (P>0.05) difference between the hybrids in dry matter intake, liveweight gain, feed conversion efficiency, apparent nitrogen digestibility, and digestibility of the dry matter. No tannins were detected in the grain of any of the hydrids. It was concluded that the development of grain sorghum hybrids resistant to sorghum midge will not affect the utilisation of the grain in steers.
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Elliott, R. H. "FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFICACY AND ECONOMIC RETURNS OF AERIAL SPRAYS AGAINST THE WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 120, no. 11 (November 1988): 941–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent120941-11.
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AbstractEvaluations of individually collected wheat heads and whole plants indicated that several factors may influence the efficacy of aerial sprays against the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin). These factors related to methods of assessing midge damage, condition of wheat heads during spraying, and methods of spray application. Location- and distribution-related influences also were important.Efficacy assessments were based on reductions in midge larvae, midge-damaged kernels, and percentage kernel damage. The latter data were confounded by differences in kernel numbers within wheat heads. In head and plant samples, sprays were more effective at reducing numbers of midge larvae than reducing the incidence of midge-damaged kernels. Evaluations of individual heads overestimated the efficacy of sprays in whole plants which contained one primary and two tiller heads. Sprays provided more effective midge control and kernel protection in the primary heads, which emerged before spraying, than tiller heads, which emerged mainly after spraying. Protection was usually better in apical than basal regions of each head type. In whole plants, efficacy declined as tillering increased.Plant evaluations indicated that the high-volume (37.4 L water per hectare) chlorpyrifos spray provided the best midge control and kernel protection (95% and 87%, respectively), followed by the low-volume (18.7 L water per hectare) chlorpyrifos spray (87% and 76%, respectively), and low-volume dimethoate spray (66% and 53%, respectively). When improvements in both yield and grade were considered and calculations based on 1987/1988 wheat prices, net returns from the three aerial sprays ranged from $62 to $113 Canadian per hectare. Long-term benefits of the sprays probably were less favourable. Reduction in wheat midge after spraying would negate the benefits of an egg–larval parasite, Pirene penetrans (Kirby), which was present in low numbers.
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Prévost, Y. H. "SPRUCE CONE AXIS MIDGE, DASINEURA RACHIPHAGA TRIPP (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN CONES OF BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 3 (June 1990): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122441-5.
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AbstractThe development of spruce cone axis midge, Dasineura rachiphaga Tripp, and its parasitoids, Platygaster lucida Fouts and Torymus sp., was studied in relation to the availability and development stage of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., cones.Spruce cone axis midge inhabiting black spruce cones appeared to undergo an extended diapause. This phenomenon probably was related to the production of cones. Platygaster lucida also appeared to undergo extended diapause and the proportion of P. lucida extending their diapause paralleled that of spruce cone axis midge which suggested a close dependance to their host.Spruce cone axis midge, P. lucida, and Torymus sp. emerged from mature cones about the same time and were closely synchronized with the availability of black spruce flowers.External morphological characters of the spruce cone axis midge that separate the two sexes in the pupal stage were described.
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Vasanthakumar, Duraikannu, Radheshyam Murlidhar Sharma, and Palanisamy Senthilkumar. "A new distribution record of the gall midge Octodiplosis bispina Sharma (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 14 (November 26, 2019): 14906–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4317.11.14.14906-14907.
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Studies on the insect fauna especially gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Tamil Nadu are relatively less in comparison to the other Indian region. Only fourty eight species of Cecidomyiidae have been reported so far from this region. The present study reports a gall midge,Octodiplosis bispina Sharma, 1987 as a new distributional record from Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu. Previously this species was reported from Aurangabad (Maharashtra) and Andaman Islands. The known distribution of this species now includes Tamil Nadu as well.
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VASANTHAKUMAR, DURAIKANNU, SENTHILKUMAR PALANISAMY, VINNY R. PETER, and RADHESHYAM M. SHARMA. "A new species of Asphondylia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) causing leaf galls on jujube, Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae) in India ." Zootaxa 4758, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4758.1.11.
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Jujube Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae), known as “Ber” in India, is an evergreen thorny shrub with reddish-brown fruits, chiefly found in Southeast Asia (Reza 2014). Up to now three species of gall midges have been associated with jujube: Phyllodiplosis jujubae Grover & Bakshi, and Silvestrina jujubae Chandra in India and Dasineura jujubifolia Jiao & Bu in China (Grover & Bakhshi 1978; Chandra 1988; Jiao et al. 2017). Between 2015 and 2018 during field trips by DV & VRP to Singanallur lake area, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, one of us (DV) noticed and collected leaves of Z. jujuba containing small galls on the midrib region of leaves. In the laboratory the leaves were dissected, and causative agent identified as a gall midge. The adults were reared and identified as undescribed species of gall midge, here described and named Asphondylia singanallurensis Vasanthakumar & Sharma. Type specimens were processed and mounted in Canada balsam as per the method in Kolesik et al. (2015). Holotype and paratypes were prepared and deposited in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India, WRC, Pune.
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WRIGHT, A. T., and J. DOANE. "WHEAT MIDGE INFESTATION OF SPRING CEREALS IN NORTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-013.
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Annual canarygrass and oats were found to be free of natural infestations of wheat midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin) in northeastern Saskatchewan. Six-row barley cultivars had low infestations and triticale, rye, wheat and durum wheat, high levels of infestation. Differences among susceptible cultivars were frequently due to asynchrony of plant susceptibility and midge oviposition.Key words: Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, wheat midge, cereals, cultivars
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Wade, A. J. "Bluetongue and midge control." Veterinary Record 161, no. 18 (November 3, 2007): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.18.633.
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Carpenter, S., P. Mellor, and S. Torr. "Bluetongue and midge control." Veterinary Record 161, no. 18 (November 3, 2007): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.161.18.633-a.
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