Academic literature on the topic 'Middle Irish Period'
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Journal articles on the topic "Middle Irish Period"
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Qiu, Fangzhe. "Old Irish aue ‘descendant’ and its descendants." Indogermanische Forschungen 124, no. 1 (September 18, 2019): 343–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2019-0013.
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Abstract This paper intends to study the history of the Old Irish word aue ‘descendant, grandchild’ in both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The former approach tries to demonstrate what forms this word evolved into from the early Old Irish period up to the end of the Middle Irish period, and to establish the phonological changes it underwent in accordance with our present understanding of the history of the Irish language. The latter approach is based on a linguistically annotated corpus of the Annals of Ulster, and shows the distribution of variant forms of aue in relation to the period they are attested in. The discrepancy between the two observations is discussed and various hypotheses are raised to explain it.
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Irslinger, Britta. "Intensifiers and reflexives in SAE, Insular Celtic and English." Indogermanische Forschungen 119, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): 159–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2014-0010.
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Abstract Intensifiers and reflexives have been studied as features both in areal linguistics and in the context of substratum hypotheses. While typical SAE languages differentiate between intensifiers and reflexives, English, Welsh and Irish use complex intensifiers for both functions. This article discusses the two strategies with regard to their diachronic developments, starting with PIE. Complex intensifiers are first recorded in Old British and emerge only later in English and Irish. These complex intensifiers are then increasingly used as reflexives, constituting an instance of areal divergence from SAE between the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. Breton, on the other hand, maintains its intensifier - reflexive differentiation due to areal convergence.
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Childs, Wendy R. "Irish merchants and seamen in late medieval England." Irish Historical Studies 32, no. 125 (May 2000): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400014632.
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Most studies of Anglo-Irish relations in the middle ages understandably concentrate on the activity of the English in Ireland, and unintentionally but inevitably this can leave the impression that the movement of people was all one way. But this was not so, and one group who travelled in the opposite direction were some of the merchants and seamen involved in the Anglo-Irish trade of the period. Irish merchants and seamen travelled widely and could be found in Iceland, Lisbon, Bordeaux, Brittany and Flanders, but probably their most regular trade remained with their closest neighbour and political overlord: England. They visited most western and southern English ports, but inevitably were found most frequently in the west, especially at Chester and Bristol. The majority of them stayed for a few days or weeks, as long as their business demanded. Others settled permanently in England, or, perhaps more accurately, re-settled in England, for those who came to England both as settlers and visitors were mainly the Anglo-Irish of the English towns in Ireland and not the Gaelic Irish. This makes it difficult to estimate accurately the numbers of both visitors and settlers, because the status of the Anglo-Irish was legally that of denizen, and record-keepers normally had no reason to identify them separately. They may, therefore, be hard to distinguish from native Englishmen of similar name outside the short periods when governments (central or urban) temporarily sought to restrict their activities. However, the general context within which they worked is quite clear, and this article considers three main aspects of that context: first, the pattern of the trade which attracted Irish merchants to England; second, the role of the Irish merchants and seamen in the trade; and third, examples of individual careers of merchants and seamen who settled in England.
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Wait, Morgan. "Writing the history of women’s programming at Telifís Éireann." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 20 (January 27, 2021): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.20.04.
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The history of women’s programming at the Irish television station Teilifís Éireann has long been neglected within the historiography of Irish television. Seminal studies within the field have focused quite specifically on the institutional history of the Irish station and have not paid much attention to programming. This is particularly true in regards to women’s programmes. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by demonstrating a methodological approach for reconstructing this lost segment of programming using the example of Home for Tea, a women’s magazine programme that ran on TÉ from 1964 to 1966. It was the network’s flagship women’s programme during this period but is completely absent from within the scholarship on Irish television. Drawing on the international literature on the history of women’s programmes this paper utilises press sources to reconstruct the Home for Tea’s content and discourse around it. It argues that, though Home for Tea has been neglected, a reconstruction of the programme illuminates wider themes of the everyday at Teilifís Éireann, such as a middle-class bias and the treatment of its actors. As such, its reconstruction, and that of other similar programmes, are exceptionally important in moving towards a more holistic history of the Irish station.
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Dochartaigh, Niall Ó. "Together in the middle: Back-channel negotiation in the Irish peace process." Journal of Peace Research 48, no. 6 (November 2011): 767–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343311417982.
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This article examines the development of cooperative relationships in back-channel communication and their impact on intraparty negotiation. It draws on extensive newly available evidence on back-channel communication in the Irish peace process to expand the range of detailed case studies on a topic which is shrouded in secrecy and resistant to academic inquiry. The article analyses the operation of a secret back channel that linked the Irish Republican Army to the British government over a period of 20 years, drawing on unique material from the private papers of the intermediary, Brendan Duddy, and a range of other primary sources. The article finds that interaction through this back channel increased predictability and laid a foundation of extremely limited trust by providing information and increasing mutual understanding. Strong cooperative relationships developed at the intersection between the two sides, based to a great extent on strong interpersonal relationships and continuity in personnel. This in turn produced direct pressure for changes in the position of parties as negotiators acted as advocates of movement in intraparty negotiations. The article finds that this back channel was characterized by a short chain, the direct involvement of principals and the establishment of a single primary channel of communication and that these features combined with secrecy to generate the distinctive cooperative dynamics identified in this article. It concludes that the potential for the development of cooperative relationships is particularly strong in back-channel negotiation for two reasons; first, the joint project of secrecy creates an ongoing shared task that builds trust and mutual understanding regardless of progress in the negotiations. Secondly, as a shared project based on the explicit aim of bypassing spoilers, the process creates structural pressures for cooperation to manage internal opponents on both sides, pressures intensified by the secrecy of the process.
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Byrne, Aisling. "From Hólar to Lisbon: Middle English Literature in Medieval Translation, c.1286–c.1550." Review of English Studies 71, no. 300 (September 9, 2019): 433–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgz085.
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Abstract This paper offers the first survey of evidence for the translation of Middle English literature beyond the English-speaking world in the medieval period. It identifies and discusses translations in five vernaculars: Welsh, Irish, Old Norse-Icelandic, Dutch, and Portuguese. The paper examines the contexts in which such translation took place and considers the role played by colonial, dynastic, trading, and ecclesiastical networks in the transmission of these works. It argues that English is in the curious position of being a vernacular with a reasonable international reach in translation, but often with relatively low literary and cultural prestige. It is evident that most texts translated from English in this period are works which themselves are based on sources in other languages, and it seems probable that English-language texts are often convenient intermediaries for courtly or devotional works more usually transmitted in French or Latin.
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TeBrake, Janet K. "Irish peasant women in revolt: the Land League years." Irish Historical Studies 28, no. 109 (May 1992): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400018587.
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Between 1879 and 1882 a mass agrarian movement, led by the Irish National Land League, became a strong, all-encompassing force in Irish life for a brief but crucial period. This movement, one of the largest agrarian movements to take place in nineteenth-century Europe, has been treated as a nationalist movement, with emphasis of study placed on the role, contributions and aims of the league’s national leaders. These men, seeking their own varieties of self-government, saw the land movement as means to a political end. To them the land agitation provided a stepping-stone to national independence. It was the Irish peasantry, however, motivated primarily by economic considerations, that provided the driving force behind the movement, and at this level Irish peasant women made major contributions to the agrarian revolt. In this study the Land League movement is viewed as an agrarian protest movement; its purpose is to examine in particular the roles played by the Irish peasant women during the Land League period.These contributions have not been adequately recognised in historical literature. Recently the role of the Irish peasant has been duly acknowledged, but in these discussions a male image usually appears. When the Irish women’s role in the land movement is examined, it is done so in the context of the organisation known as the Ladies’ Land League. These studies concentrate on the activities of the upper- and middle-class urban leaders, particularly the Parnell sisters. But to dwell only on the Ladies’ Land League as the focus of women’s participation in the Land League movement is far too narrow, for it obscures the fact that hundreds of peasant women were fighting the Land War on a daily basis long before the formation of the women’s organisation. The papers of some of the local branches of the Land League provide evidence which shows that Irish rural women participated in the Land War from its beginning. Although the archival sources of the Land League period are biased towards men, enough material regarding the peasant women’s activities, admittedly limited and somewhat sparse, does exist to allow a strong argument to be put forward that peasant women performed effectively in the Land War.
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McCafferty, Kevin. "William Carleton between Irish and English: using literary dialect to study language contact and change." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 14, no. 4 (November 2005): 339–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947005051288.
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This study examines two features of the Irish English literary dialect of William Carleton, a bilingual writer of the period when Ireland shifted to English. It addresses the issue of the validity of literary dialect via empirical comparison of the use of plural verbal -s in Carleton and in personal letters written by a close contemporary from a similar background. The result suggests considerable accuracy in Carleton’s dialect representation: he uses plural verbal -snot only in agreement with the complex constraints of the Northern Subject Rule but also in line with usage in the letters. Then the study examines Carleton’s use of the be after V-ing construction, which is typically a perfect in present-day Irish English. The future uses found in older texts are sometimes cited as examples of inauthentic literary dialect. However, like others of his generation, Carleton uses be after V-ingin both future and perfect senses. Given his social and linguistic background, his place in relation to the language shift, and the apparent accuracy with which he portrays dialect features, Carleton provides crucial support for the view that future uses arose in a language contact situation in which speakers of British English interpreted be after V-ingas a future, while speakers of Irish acquiring English intended it as a calque on an Irish perfect. As more Irish shifted to English, perfect meanings came to dominate. Carleton and his contemporaries bear witness to the middle phase of this process.
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O’Donnell, Lorna. "Woodland dynamics and use during the Bronze Age: New evidence from Irish archaeological charcoal." Holocene 27, no. 8 (April 1, 2017): 1078–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683616683252.
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Swathes of roads and pipelines cut through the Irish landscape during the ‘Celtic Tiger’ years (approximately 1994–2008) leading to an unprecedented number of archaeological excavations and creating a unique opportunity for extensive research of past landscapes on a broad scale. The vast quantities of bulk soil samples suddenly available necessitated the development and adaptation of new methodologies. Despite the huge volumes of these samples, of which charcoal is the most ubiquitous ecofact, to date charcoal analysis has been considerably under-utilised in the study of past Irish woodlands. This research presents one of the largest Bronze Age archaeological charcoal datasets in Europe. It provides new palaeoecological evidence contributing to the understanding of woodland cover transformation on the island of Ireland during the late-Holocene period. The most common taxa identified in the charcoal assemblage compare well with regional pollen diagrams, particularly the use of Quercus and Corylus. With intensifying human activity during the middle Bronze Age, the proportion of Maloideae, a light demanding family rose. This is the first clear evidence of anthropogenic influence during the middle Bronze Age in Ireland derived from archaeological charcoal. The size of the charcoal dataset makes it possible to evaluate woodland cover and resourcing from two perspectives – both archaeological and palaeoecological.
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Corrigan, Karen P. "Grammatical variation in Irish English." English Today 27, no. 2 (June 2011): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078411000198.
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Irish English (IrE) was initially learned as a second language as a result of the successive colonizations of Ireland by speakers of English and Scots dialects that began in the Middle Ages and reached a peak during what is termed ‘The Plantation Period’ of Irish history. The scheme persuaded English and Scottish settlers to colonize the island of Ireland, hailing from urban centres like London as well as more rural areas like Norfolk and Galloway. This intensive colonization process created the possibility that a novel type of English could emerge. This new variety is characterized by: (i) innovative forms; (ii) the incorporation of features drawn from Irish, the indigenous language prior to colonization, and (iii) other characteristics caused by the mixing of Irish with the regional Scots and English vernaculars of the new settlers. Interestingly (and not uncommonly when migratory movements of these kinds arise), modern varieties of IrE still retain this mixed heritage. Moreover, the colonization is preserved culturally – particularly in the north of Ireland – by ethnic divisions between the descendants of the migrant and indigenous populations. Thus, Catholics, who reflect the latter group, celebrate events like ‘St Patrick's Day’ while their Protestant neighbours commemorate ‘The Glorious Twelfth’ each July, celebrating the day in 1690 when King William III's victory at the Battle of the Boyne ensured the ultimate success of the Plantation scheme in which their forefathers participated. The linguistic consequences of this contact permeate all aspects of the speech used within these communities (accent, grammar and vocabulary). Moreover, some of the grammatical features that are the focus of this article have travelled to regions that have been intensively settled by Irish migrants. Hence, these features also have important implications for the study of transported dialects, which has recently become very topical and is the focus of a new strand of research in English variation studies typified by the publication of Hickey (ed. 2004).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Middle Irish Period"
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Smith, Peter J. "Three poems ascribed to Gilla Coemain : a critical edition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365849.
Full textBooks on the topic "Middle Irish Period"
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Chaucer, Geoffrey. Kenterberiĭskie rasskazy. Moskva: ĖKSMO, 2007.
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Chaucer, Geoffrey. The pardoner's tale. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
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Geoffrey, Chaucer. Canterbury hikayeleri. Istanbul: YKY, 1994.
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Burton, Raffel, ed. The Canterbury tales. 2nd ed. New York: Modern Library, 2008.
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Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury tales: Adapted from Geoffrey Chaucer's poem. Venice, FL: Eldridge Publishing Company, 1999.
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Geoffrey, Chaucer. The Canterbury tales: Fifteen tales and the general prologue : authoritative texts, sources and backgrounds, criticism. 2nd ed. New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 2005.
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Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury tales. London: Penguin Books, 2003.
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1932-, Murphy Michael, and Chaucer Geoffrey d. 1400, eds. The Canterbury tales: The general prologue and twelve major tales in modern spelling. Lanham: University Press of America, 1991.
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Chaucer, Geoffrey. General prologue to the Canterbury Tales. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
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C, Cawley A., ed. Canterbury tales. New York: Knopf, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Middle Irish Period"
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Johnson, Alice. "A British or an Irish city? The identity of Victorian Belfast." In Middle-Class Life in Victorian Belfast, 274–318. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620313.003.0008.
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Nineteenth-century Belfast was an Irish city unlike any other. The only Irish city to experience the industrial revolution, it enjoyed unprecedented levels of growth while other Irish cities declined. During and after the Famine, the divergence between Belfast’s fortunes and those of other Irish towns and cities became increasingly obvious. Keenly aware of its distinctive position in Irish society, Victorian Belfast - ‘Linenopolis’ - developed a civic identity based on its industry and prosperity. It projected an image of economic strength, independence and energy and consciously allied itself with British industrial centres. At the same time, however, Belfast’s unusual situation gave rise to confusion about civic and national identity. Was Belfast British, or Irish? This chapter brings together the themes of civic identity and national identity, exploring how they interacted for this social group. Through an examination of the city’s identity, image and civic pride in the post-Repeal, pre-Home Rule period, it addresses the question of what made Belfast a distinctive culture.
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Kelly, Laura. "‘Entering upon an Honourable and Important Profession’: Irish Medical Student Image and Representation in the Age of Medical Reform, c.1850–1900." In Irish Medical Education and Student Culture, c.1850-1950. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940599.003.0003.
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This chapter investigates how Irish medical schools from the mid-nineteenth century attempted to inculcate students with the ideals of the profession and reform the reputation of the rowdy medical student in order to help improve the status of the profession. Utilising lecturers’ introductory addresses, contemporary medical journals and doctors’ memoirs, it illustrates the role of lecturers in enforcing decorum, shaping the image and identity of students and encouraging traits such as gentility. The chapter explores what was considered to be a ‘good’ medical student in the period, assessing the role of medical schools in shaping respectable gentlemen who were most likely Protestant and middle-class in the nineteenth century and Catholic and middle-class in the twentieth century. Representations of medical students in the Irish press are also examined. This chapter shows how such representations changed over the period, examining the importance of class, religious affiliation and the appropriate traits that students were expected to possess.
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Kelly, Laura. "Beginnings: Medicine and Social Mobility, c.1850–1950." In Irish Medical Education and Student Culture, c.1850-1950. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940599.003.0004.
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This chapter provides an overview of the social backgrounds of a sample of medical students matriculating at Irish universities in the period arguing that in the Irish context, a medical career was an important avenue to social mobility for many students. Statistics relating to social background have been garnered through the use of matriculation records at Irish institutions and they suggest that the majority of students came from the middle or ‘middling’ classes but that there were important variations between Irish universities. Matriculation records also provide an insight into the geographic backgrounds of students, their previous education and where they lived during university. Drawing on the personal accounts of medical students in doctors’ memoirs, oral history interviews and student magazines, the chapter also assesses the reasons which underpinned men and women’s decision to pursue medicine in this period, arguing that social mobility was often at the heart of these decisions. Choice of medical school was also dependent on a range of factors, while students also had a choice of whether to aim at a degree or licence. Moreover, many nineteenth-century graduates obtained their qualifications in Scotland and England, so the issue of student mobility is particularly important in the Irish context.
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Helmut, Flachenecker. "The Contribution of Irish Scholars and Monks to the Religious Landscape in Germany in the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Period." In Ireland and the Irish in Germany - Reception and Perception, 29–44. Nomos, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845249933_29.
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Cooney, Gabriel. "Pathways for the Dead in the Middle and Late Bronze Age in Ireland." In Cremation and the Archaeology of Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798118.003.0015.
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Because of its diversity and visibility the mortuary record of the Early Bronze Age (2400–1500 cal. BC) has long dominated interpretation of that period in Ireland (e.g. Cooney and Grogan 1994; Waddell 1998; Brindley 2007) and burials from Bronze Age cemeteries represent over 70 per cent of the burial record from Irish prehistory (Murphy et al. 2010). The explosion of development-funded excavation in the period from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s provided a settlement balance to that picture and also evidence for additional cemeteries (e.g. Grogan et al. 2007; McQuade et al. 2009). This suggests that Early Bronze Age cemeteries served as local foci for communities. From the evidence of the numbers interred over a number of generations the dead buried in the cemeteries represent what Mary Helms (1998) has usefully called the ‘distinguished dead’ from communities, not the entire population. Treatment of the dead within the cemeteries is complex and there are clear indications of change over time. Interpretative models had associated inhumation with males and a broader shift over time from inhumation to cremation relying on a view of cremation and inhumation as opposed, separate mortuary rites (e.g. Mount 1997). However, the evidence indicates a much more complex set of pathways in the postmortem treatment of the dead in which cremation and inhumation were employed as complementary mortuary rites with an increasing focus on cremation over time (e.g. Cahill and Sikora 2011). This new picture has important implications for the increasing significance of the the pyre and the transformation of the dead (Mizoguchi 1993: 232). In looking at the period after 1500 cal. BC we see continuity in aspects of mortuary practice and use of sites, but in other ways mortuary practice changed dramatically. Cremation is now the dominant mortuary rite. Burial in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (down to 600 cal. BC) has been widely discussed as less visible, and hence much less important as an aspect of social behaviour (e.g. Cooney and Grogan 1994: 144). But it is more useful to think in terms of shifting emphases in mortuary practice. In a recent discussion Lynch and O’Donnell (2007: 107) have described this period as being characterized by ‘an incredibly intricate and variable physical treatment of the dead’.
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Panayi, Panikos. "Christians, Hindus, Jews, Muslims and Sikhs." In Migrant City, 196–224. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300210972.003.0008.
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This chapter explores religious diversity in London. Because of the variety of ethnic groups living in London by the beginning of the twenty-first century it would seem undeniable that religious diversity increased in London after 1945. However, as this chapter shows, religious diversity in London can be traced even further back — to the Middle Ages. Indeed, religious diversity has characterized the evolution of London since the Reformation as Protestant refugees from the continent moved to the British capital to escape persecution and established their own churches, followed from the seventeenth century by the first of many streams of Jews who constructed their own sacred spaces. The Irish and other Europeans did the same from the nineteenth century while the period since the end of the Second World War has seen the emergence of numerous mosques, some of them with origins in the earlier twentieth century. In London, the place of worship usually forms part of a wider welfare and educational network which attempts to reconnect with believers from the homeland.
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Scott-Smith, Tom. "From the Classical Soup Kitchen to the Irish Famine." In On an Empty Stomach, 17–31. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748653.003.0002.
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This chapter describes how the soup kitchen, based on an Elizabethan model but subsequently scaled up to meet the vast needs of a new urban underclass, became a standardized technology of relief by the middle of the nineteenth century. It returns to Alexis Soyer as well as a man called Count Rumford, who brought the soup kitchen into the modern age. Count Rumford's commitment to everyday reform generated a new word, “rumfordizing,” which meant improving and refining something in accordance with natural laws. In the 1790s he started to rumfordize the soup kitchen. With Rumford's help, the soup kitchen developed to meet the scale of need in urban areas, culminating in Alexis Soyer's “soup-shop of soup-shops” in Dublin. Rumford's vision of the soup kitchen, however, acted as a pivot between the classical and modern periods, before nutritional science emerged onto the scene.
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Byers, Eamon, Stephen Kelly, and Kath Stevenson. "‘The North Remembers’: The Uses and Abuses of the Middle Ages in Irish Political Culture." In The Middle Ages in the Modern World. British Academy, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266144.003.0003.
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‘Each person in Ulster’, Seamus Heaney famously remarked, ‘lives first in the Ulster of the actual present and then in one or other Ulster of the mind.’ While explicit reference to the Middle Ages may seem conspicuous by its absence in the litany of formative dates which pepper contemporary political and popular narrative in the North of Ireland – whether 1690 (the Battle of the Boyne), 1798 (the Rebellion of the United Irishmen), 1801 (the Act of Union), 1912 (the signing of the Ulster Covenant), 1916 (the Easter Rising) or 1998 (the signing of the Good Friday Agreement) – this essay argues, through examination of three case studies – of Cú Chulainn, the Hound of Ulster; the Red Hand; and St Patrick – that medievalism is at the very centre, both chronologically and conceptually, of the historicising reflexes of Irish politics.
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Mikhailova, Tatyana. "St. Ciaran: a Punishing Hand?" In Atlantica : Studies in Historical Poetics. Vol. XVII, 55–73. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2007.atlantica-17/55-73.
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The paper focuses on a historical episode occurring in a few Middle Irish Annals: the death of the Munster king Fedemid mac Crimthann: 844 (846?): “Saint Ciaran (dead in 549 - T.M.) gave him a thrust of his crozier, and he (Fedelmid) received an internal wound, so that he was not well until his death”. The compiler presumed his future addressees could understand this deed as a act of vengeance: king Fedelmid Feidlimid, king of Caisel, as Annals say, “put to death members of the community of Cluain Moccu Nóis and burned their church-lands to the very door of their church”. The paper aims at showing that the king was killed by a real person. The narrative structure follows the traditional folk one: S - V - O. The Subject and the Object may be replaced by supernatural beings. So, in our case the Subject (a real person) has been replaced by Saint Ciaran.
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Rowley-Conwy, Peter. "Chronologies in Conflict." In From Genesis to Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199227747.003.0005.
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This book is about a radically new scientific concept, how it was developed and promulgated, and finally came to be generally accepted. The concept in question is the archaeological Three Age System, the fundamental division of the prehistoric past into successive Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron. This is the basic chronology that now underpins the archaeology of most of the Old World. To be sure, we may question (for example) whether the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age really marks as great a social and cultural change as that from Middle to Late Bronze Age; or we may debate whether the Mesolithic should really be so named, or should be referred to as the Epi-Palaeolithic. But the fact that we can even argue in such terms demonstrates the all-pervasive strength of the fundamental Stone–Bronze–Iron classification. Terms like ‘Mesolithic’ or ‘Late Bronze Age’ may create their own problems, and the precise definitions of such periods and the nature of the transitions between them are often keenly contested; but the debates they engender operate within the parameters of the Three Age System as a whole, and thus act to reinforce it. No-one, after all, doubts that the Stone Age preceded the Bronze Age. But it was not always so. There is an archaeology even of the Three Age System itself. It was conceived in Denmark and southern Sweden; it was initially published there in the mid-1830s, and was fully accepted and operating in those countries in under a decade. Its acceptance in southern Scandinavia was remarkably rapid, and no serious assault was made there upon its fundamentals. The same cannot be said for its reception in the British Isles, however. Its acceptance and uptake here was variable and patchy, and some leading British and Irish scholars shunned it for forty years. This is something which is almost always overlooked in histories of archaeology, which instead place emphasis on the people who adopted the Three Age System. This is entirely understandable, but it has led to the people who rejected the Three Age System being almost entirely written out of the history of the archaeology of the British Isles.