Journal articles on the topic 'Middle Eastern origins'
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Safonova, Nataliya V. "Specific Features of Middle Eastern Street-Art." Oriental Courier, no. 3-4 (2021): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310018032-3.
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The article focuses on the distinctive features of street-art, presented by artists from the Middle East. The origin and development of this artform in the Middle East differs from the Western one. In European countries and the United States (within the framework of Western culture) street-art was originally a way of personal self-expression, of saying «I was here», the possibility of individual opposition to the system and even its conceptual destruction. On the contrary, in the East, graffiti is characterized by a collective or communal character. It became a type of a mirror reflecting the city’s life and its inhabitants. It is believed that the first graffiti, as means of communication, an exchange of current news, appeared in Palestine. But the tradition of graffiti on walls has existed in the Middle East before. Today, many artists have been influenced by Western aesthetics and one of the modern trends in the development of street art is English-language graffiti. In this article, special attention is paid to the origins and development of Middle Eastern street-art, its message, tasks and goals, and what conceptually distinguishes it from similar art in the West. Particular emphasis is placed on one type of the street art — graffiti.
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Berry, Elliot M., Yardena Arnoni, and Michael Aviram. "The Middle Eastern and biblical origins of the Mediterranean diet." Public Health Nutrition 14, no. 12A (December 13, 2011): 2288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011002539.
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AbstractObjectiveTo place the Mediterranean diet (MedDi) in the context of the cultural history of the Middle East and emphasise the health effects of some of the biblical seven species – wheat, barley, grapes, figs, pomegranates, olives and date honey.DesignReview of the literature concerning the benefits of these foods.SettingMiddle East and Mediterranean Basin.SubjectsMediterranean populations and clinical studies utilising the MedDi.Results and conclusionsThe MedDi has been associated with lower rates of CVD, and epidemiological evidence promotes the benefits of consuming fruit and vegetables. Recommended foods for optimal health include whole grain, fish, wine, pomegranates, figs, walnuts and extra virgin olive oil. The biblical traditional diet, including the seven species and additional Mediterranean fruits, has great health advantages, especially for CVD. In addition to the diet, lifestyle adaptation that involves increasing physical activity and organised meals, together with healthy food choices, is consistent with the traditional MedDi. The MedDi is a manageable, lifestyle-friendly diet that, when fortified with its biblical antecedent attributes, may prove to be even more enjoyable and considerably healthier in combating the obesogenic environment and in decreasing the risks of the non-communicable diseases of modern life than conventional, modern dietary recommendations. The biblical seven species, together with other indigenous foods from the Middle East, are now scientifically recognised as healthy foods, and further improve the many beneficial effects of the MedDi.
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Ehrlich, Michael. "Palestinian Immigration from Latin American and Middle Eastern Perspectives." Journal of Migration History 5, no. 3 (November 14, 2019): 512–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00503005.
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The data obtained from Chile and Palestine suggests that there was only one significant immigration wave from Palestine to Chile – from the end of the nineteenth century until the First World War. This immigration was enabled by favourable global conditions such as available and reliable transportation, rather than being provoked by the exceptional hardship alleged to have occurred during those years. Palestinian immigration was chain migration: family members followed those who had immigrated earlier. Nonetheless, these were relatively short chains, which included only a handful of links. Those who arrived from Bethlehem and Bayt-Jala tended to marry Palestinian partners. These partners probably also stemmed from the same towns. Palestinians who arrived from other places often found local partners. Agar and Saffie have already demonstrated that the number of Palestinians in Chile is far fewer than the 350,000 suggested by Baeza, not to mention the 500,000 indicated by less credible sources. Yet, Agar and Saffie dealt with descendants, which is merely a technical term indicating someone with at least one Arab great-grandparent. It seems very difficult to determine to what extent such people identify themselves with their Arab or Palestinian origins. Therefore, the number of those who consider themselves Chileans of Palestinian origin is lower than 50,000, but how large precisely can only be speculated.
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Bower, M. A., M. G. Campana, M. Whitten, C. J. Edwards, H. Jones, E. Barrett, R. Cassidy, et al. "The cosmopolitan maternal heritage of the Thoroughbred racehorse breed shows a significant contribution from British and Irish native mares." Biology Letters 7, no. 2 (October 6, 2010): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0800.
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The paternal origins of Thoroughbred racehorses trace back to a handful of Middle Eastern stallions, imported to the British Isles during the seventeenth century. Yet, few details of the foundation mares were recorded, in many cases not even their names (several different maternal lineages trace back to ‘A Royal Mare’). This has fuelled intense speculation over their origins. We examined mitochondrial DNA from 1929 horses to determine the origin of Thoroughbred foundation mares. There is no evidence to support exclusive Arab maternal origins as some historical records have suggested, or a significant importation of Oriental mares (the term used in historic records to refer to Middle East and western Asian breeds including Arab, Akhal-Teke, Barb and Caspian). Instead, we show that Thoroughbred foundation mares had a cosmopolitan European heritage with a far greater contribution from British and Irish Native mares than previously recognized.
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Ross, J. Barrie. "The Origins of Western Dermatology." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 14, no. 6 (November 2010): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7750.2010.09090.
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Objective: On the premise that historical background makes the present more understandable, this review covers the origins of Western dermatology from its Greek and Roman origins through the Middle Ages to the defining moments in the late eighteenth century. Background and Conclusion: The development of major European centers at this time became the background for future centers in the eastern United States in the midnineteenth century and, finally, to the West Coast of the United States and Canada by the midtwentieth century.
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Oosthuizen, Susan. "The Origins of Cambridgeshire." Antiquaries Journal 78 (March 1998): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500500043.
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This paper examines the effects on the landscape of Anglo-Saxon immigration in a frontier zone, on either side of the Cam valley which formed the ancient boundary between East Anglia and Mercia. An examination of the placenames, institutions and landscape archaeology on either side of the Cam frontier appears to reveal an unexpected degree of continuity in landscape use between the Roman and middle Saxon periods. This apparent continuity is more marked on the eastern side of the frontier which was subject to centralized East Anglian control from an early date, than on the western bank where political and administrative fragmentation is more easily demonstrable.
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Oosthuizen, Susan. "The Origins of Cambridgeshire." Antiquaries Journal 78 (September 1998): 85–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500044954.
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This paper examines the effects on the landscape of Anglo-Saxon immigration in a frontier zone, on either side of the Cam valley which formed the ancient boundary between East Anglia and Mercia. An examination of the placenames, institutions and landscape archaeology on either side of the Cam frontier appears to reveal an unexpected degree of continuity in landscape use between the Roman and middle Saxon periods. This apparent continuity is more marked on the eastern side of the frontier which was subject to centralized East Anglian control from an early date, than on the western bank where political and administrative fragmentation is more easily demonstrable.
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Degterev, D. A., and E. A. Stepkin. "American Assistance to Israel: Origins, Structure, Dynamics." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(30) (June 28, 2013): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-3-30-92-99.
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This article provides an analysis of the U.S. foreign assistance to Israel. It shows the evolution, structure and key trends of aid flows in 1949-2012. Particular emphasis is placed on military assistance to Israel, aimed to provide Qualitative military edge (QME) of the country in the Middle East and to ensure regional stability. The game-theoretic analysis in particular the repeated games is applied in order to understand the mechanisms of the effect of U.S. military assistance to Middle Eastern countries. The basic directions of U.S. aid (development of missile defense systems in Israel and financing of a number of civil programs) are shown. The main point of critic of U.S. foreign assistance to Israel, as well as an assessment of the influence of the «Arab Spring» and the global economic crisis on aid flows are provided.
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Pellecchia, Marco, Riccardo Negrini, Licia Colli, Massimiliano Patrini, Elisabetta Milanesi, Alessandro Achilli, Giorgio Bertorelle, et al. "The mystery of Etruscan origins: novel clues from Bos taurus mitochondrial DNA." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1614 (February 13, 2007): 1175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0258.
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The Etruscan culture developed in Central Italy (Etruria) in the first millennium BC and for centuries dominated part of the Italian Peninsula, including Rome. The history of the Etruscans is at the roots of Mediterranean culture and civilization, but their origin is still debated: local or Eastern provenance? To shed light on this mystery, bovine and human mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) have been investigated, based on the well-recognized strict legacy which links human and livestock populations. In the region corresponding to ancient Etruria (Tuscany, Central Italy), several Bos taurus breeds have been reared since historical times. These breeds have a strikingly high level of mtDNA variation, which is found neither in the rest of Italy nor in Europe. The Tuscan bovines are genetically closer to Near Eastern than to European gene pools and this Eastern genetic signature is paralleled in modern human populations from Tuscany, which are genetically close to Anatolian and Middle Eastern ones. The evidence collected corroborates the hypothesis of a common past migration: both humans and cattle reached Etruria from the Eastern Mediterranean area by sea. Hence, the Eastern origin of Etruscans, first claimed by the classic historians Herodotus and Thucydides, receives strong independent support. As the Latin philosopher Seneca wrote: Asia Etruscos sibi vindicat (Asia claims the Etruscans back).
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Parczewski, Michał. "Origins of Early Slav Culture in Poland." Antiquity 65, no. 248 (September 1991): 676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080303.
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The archaeological remains of the Early Slav Culture (ESC), which dates to the 6th and 7th centuries AD, cover a substantial area of Europe ranging from eastern Byelorussia and the Ukraine to central Germany and Lower Austria, and from the Baltic to the Adriatic and Aegean. The Polish area is crucial for the clarification of the extremely unclear origins of the Slav ethnic group and the circumstances of its expansion around the middle of the 1st millennium AD. Traditionally, Polish scholars have viewed the lands lying athwart the basins of the Odra and Vistula rivers as the cradle of Slavia. This belief has to be subjected to closer scrutiny.
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Brown, Sarah K., Niels C. Pedersen, Sardar Jafarishorijeh, Danika L. Bannasch, Kristen D. Ahrens, Jui-Te Wu, Michaella Okon, and Benjamin N. Sacks. "Phylogenetic Distinctiveness of Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian Village Dog Y Chromosomes Illuminates Dog Origins." PLoS ONE 6, no. 12 (December 14, 2011): e28496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028496.
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Hughes, Andrew. "Centre For Medieval Studies Middle Eastern and Islamic Influence on Western Art & Liturgy." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i2.1811.
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Central to the conference, held during March 5-6, 2004, at Trinity College,University of Toronto (Canada), was the desire of its organizer, AndrewHughes, to find analogies in other disciplines to his speculation that theEuropean plainsong (liturgical chant) of the Middle Ages was performed in a manner similar to that of Middle Eastern music (“Continuous Music:Natural or Eastern? The Origins of Modern Performance Style”). His speculationstemmed from decades of discussions with his colleague TimothyMcGee about the nature of musical sound. Oral transmission, its replacementby various difficult-to-interpret notations, and an often polemic rejectionof Arabic influence make the investigation difficult and controversial.1McGee responded (“Some Concerns about Eastern Influence in MedievalMusic”) and later, working from practical experiments presented by agroup of graduate students attending the conference, offered a very interestingnew interpretation. Some reservations were expressed by CharlesBurnett (Warburg Institute, London), a distinguished Arabist with musicologicalqualifications. He was invited to comment on the initial round tableand the conference as a whole.Other papers relevant to music were George Sawa’s review of Arabictheories of medieval music (“The Uses of Arabic Language in MedievalRhythmic Discourses”). He referred to numerous matters that might havea bearing on European music, especially with respect to ornamentationand rhythm. Art Levine discussed other non-western musical cultures,some of which were also influenced by Islamic music, and raised questionsabout ornamentation, tuning, and the nature of pitch (e.g., what is anote? “What Can Non-Western Music Offer?”).Moving from the sound of music to words about it, Randall Rosenfelddescribed numerous pilgrimage and Crusader chronicles. They containpassages reporting that Europeans found little strange in eastern music,suggesting that eastern and western music cannot have been as dissimilaras seems to be the case today (“Frankish Reports of Central Asian andMiddle Eastern Musical Practice”). John Haines traced in detail the use ofArabic terms from Adelard of Bath’s twelfth-century translation ofEuclid’s geometrical writings to an important mid-thirteenth-centurymusical treatise, where the terms for quadrilateral shapes resemblingsquare notation are used to refer to musical symbols (“Anonymous IV’sElmuahim and Elmuarifa”). Luisa Nardini presented details of particularmelodic characteristics in Gregorian chants that identify Byzantine andGallican melodies in Gregorian repertories (“Aliens in Disguise:Byzantine and Gallican Songs as Mass Propers in Italian Sources”).In other disciplines, Philip Slavin revealed the striking similarities oftopics and words between Byzantine and Roman (Gregorian) penitentialliturgy, seeing possible origins in Jewish prayers and the fourth-centuryConstitutiones Apostolorum (“Byzantine and Western Penitential Prayers ...
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Wright, David K., Katherine M. Grillo, and Robert Soper. "Stone Cairns and Material Culture of the Middle to Late Holocene, Lake Turkana." Journal of African Archaeology 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2016): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10287.
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A recent archival research project in the National Museums of Kenya (NMK) identified artifacts and human remains associated with the 1980 excavation of stone cairns and habitation areas on the west side of Lake Turkana. The presence of stone grave cairns across eastern Africa is common, but their cultural origins and construction times are enigmatic. This article presents the results of the archival project and contextualizes both the artifacts found and the unpublished research notes within the framework of evolving settlement patterns in eastern Africa during the middle to late Holocene. Despite the presence of numerous decorative features on ceramics and the recovery of many complete lithic tools, the material culture is generally non-diagnostic within existing typo-technological categories. The research indicates that there was tremendous diversity in the material culture of the Turkana Basin during the late Holocene.
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Köroğlu, Kemalettin. "Conflict and Interaction in the Iron Age: The Origins of Urartian–Assyrian Relations." European Journal of Archaeology 18, no. 1 (2015): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957114y.0000000080.
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The Neo-Assyrian Kingdom and the Urartian Kingdom were two important Near Eastern states in the Middle Iron Age (ninth to sixth centuries BC) that steered political developments and considerably transformed the lives of populations within their territories. This article aims to explore the origins of Urartian–Assyrian relations: the processes and ways through which Mesopotamian and Assyrian influences reached the eastern Anatolian highlands. The populations who founded the Urartian Kingdom lived mostly as semi-nomadic tribes in eastern Anatolia and surrounding areas during the Early Iron Age (thirteenth to ninth centuries BC). It is impossible to explain the emergence of the Urartian Kingdom in the Van region towards the mid-ninth century BC—which quickly became a powerful rival of its contemporaries—as a natural development of local culture. The main question at this stage is how and from where Assyrian influences were transmitted to the tribes who founded the Urartian Kingdom. Our opinion is that the answer to this question should be sought in the Upper Tigris region, which was inhabited by both cultures (Pre-Urartian and Assyrian) before the foundation of the Urartian Kingdom.
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McCallum, Fiona. "Christians in the Middle East: A New Subfield?" International Journal of Middle East Studies 42, no. 3 (July 15, 2010): 486–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810000498.
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The topic of Christians in the Middle East appears to be enjoying a growing vitality within Middle East studies. This is not to say that scholarship ignored the subject in the past, but it was rarely seen as an independent area of study. Works tended to focus on the historical origins, faith, and rites of the different churches within Eastern Christianity. Those that looked specifically at Christian communities tended to concentrate on their relations with other groups, especially in the context of a minority framework. Some interdisciplinary volumes such as those edited by Andrea Pacini and Anthony O'Mahony moved beyond this limited approach to cover a wider range of issues, but several of the contributions retained this descriptive tendency rather than relating directly to theoretical debates within different disciplines.
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Weitzel, Elic M. "Declining Foraging Efficiency in the Middle Tennessee River Valley Prior to Initial Domestication." American Antiquity 84, no. 2 (April 2019): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2018.86.
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Recently, researchers investigating the origins of domestication have debated the significance of resource intensification in the shift from foraging to food production. In eastern North America, one of several independent centers of domestication, this question remains open. To determine whether initial domestication may have been preceded by intensification in eastern North America at approximately 5000 cal BP, I evaluated the archaeofaunal assemblages from six sites in the middle Tennessee River valley. Analyses of these data suggest that overall foraging efficiency gradually declined prior to initial domestication, but patch-specific declines in foraging efficiency occurred in wetland habitats and not terrestrial ones. Climatic warming and drying during the Middle Holocene, growing human populations, and oak-hickory forest expansion were the likely drivers of these changes in foraging efficiency. These results support the hypothesis that initial domestication in eastern North America was an outcome of intensification driven by environmental change and human population increases. Finally, while the debate concerning the relationship of intensification to domestication has been framed in terms of a conflict between niche construction theory and optimal foraging theory, these perspectives are compatible and should be integrated to understand domestication more fully.
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Hawting, G. R. "John Wansbrough, Islam, and monotheism." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 9, no. 1 (1997): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006897x00034.
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John Wansbrough has elaborated a model of the emergence of Islam, one of the chief merits of which is to place Islam squarely within the development of Semitic or Middle Eastern monotheism. This article draws attention to the way in which Islam's own tradition about its origins, and most modern scholarship which has worked within the framework provided by Muslim tradition, has the effect of distancing Islam from the development of the wider stream of monotheism - especially by explaining it as the result of an act of revelation which occurred in a remote region of inner Arabia. By insisting that Islam developed and came to fruition in the Middle East outside Arabia following the Arab conquest of the region and that its account of its own origins has to be understood in the same context, Wansbrough has increased our understanding of the nature of Islam's own tradition and what can and cannot be done with it. The article attempts to put him in a scholarly context and to contrast his approach with more usual modern scholarly discussion of the origins of Islam.
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Al-Laith, Abdul Ameer Ahmed. "Antioxidant components and antioxidant/antiradical activities of desert truffle (Tirmania nivea) from various Middle Eastern origins." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 23, no. 1 (February 2010): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2009.07.005.
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Stefan, Dr Sc Georgescu, and Dr Sc Munteanu Marilena. "Middle East: New Balkans of the World?" ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i2.147.
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Middle East is a region whose geopolitical dynamics has many analogies with the role of the Balkans in the first half of the 19th century and up to the 3rd decade of the 20th century, namely a "Powder keg of Europe", defined in the same period as the "Eastern Issue".Moreover, Middle East is a region located at the junction of three continents: Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean Africa, and along with ancient Egypt is the cradle of Western civilization, providing for it political, economic, religious, scientific, military, intellectual and institutional models.Four millennia of civilization before Christian era did not pass without leaving a trace.Trade, currency, law, diplomacy, technology applied to works in time of war or peace, the profit based economy and the bureaucratized economy, popular and absolutist government, nationalist and universal spirit, tolerance and fanaticism – all these are not inventions of the modern world, but have their origins and methods of implementation, often even sophisticated methods, in this region.
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Gros-Balthazard, Muriel, Khaled Hazzouri, and Jonathan Flowers. "Genomic Insights into Date Palm Origins." Genes 9, no. 10 (October 17, 2018): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9100502.
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With the development of next-generation sequencing technology, the amount of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) genomic data has grown rapidly and yielded new insights into this species and its origins. Here, we review advances in understanding of the evolutionary history of the date palm, with a particular emphasis on what has been learned from the analysis of genomic data. We first record current genomic resources available for date palm including genome assemblies and resequencing data. We discuss new insights into its domestication and diversification history based on these improved genomic resources. We further report recent discoveries such as the existence of wild ancestral populations in remote locations of Oman and high differentiation between African and Middle Eastern populations. While genomic data are consistent with the view that domestication took place in the Gulf region, they suggest that the process was more complex involving multiple gene pools and possibly a secondary domestication. Many questions remain unanswered, especially regarding the genetic architecture of domestication and diversification. We provide a road map to future studies that will further clarify the domestication history of this iconic crop.
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Eperjesi, Zoltán. "Certain Aspects of Mental Mapping and the Origins of the Nationalism in Eastern Europe / Câteva aspecte legate de numirea regiunilor şi originile naționalismului ȋn Europa de Est." Hiperboreea A2, no. 2-5 (January 1, 2013): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.2.2-5.0042.
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Abstract Author searches for the scientific origins of nationalisms in the region of Eastern Europe. The evaluation starts with an intellectual experiment by trying to understand certain complex aspects of mental mapping concerning the regional concepts of Eastern and Central Europe. Author examines certain historical definitions on nationalisms as extreme forms of patriotism re-emerged after the turnaround of 1989/1990 in the region of Eastern or Central Europe, in the Balkans. However, it is fact, that nationalism as such is still present today even in the Western part of Europe, thus it is in the middle of modern civilisations, despite intricate internationalisation processes. According to the author, it is necessary to understand the impact of communism on the development of nationalisms in Central and Eastern Europe, because this could be a connection link by evaluating different prevalent forms of nationalism in today's Europe.
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Kirillina, S. A., A. L. Safronova, and V. V. Orlov. "THE IDEA OF CALIPHATE IN THE MUSLIM WORLD (LATE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY): CHALLENGES AND REGIONAL RESPONSES." Islam in the modern world 14, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2018-14-3-133-150.
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The article deals with theoretical approaches to the essence of Caliphate as they were formulated by Middle Eastern and South Asian Islamic thinkers. The distinguishing characteristics of Pan-Islamic and Pan-Ottoman conceptions and their perception in the Muslim communities of Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire and among the Sunni Muslims of South Asia are analyzed. The study explores the historical and cultural background of the appeal of Caliphatist values for Muslims of various ethnic origins.
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Jakubowicz, Andrew Henry. ""Once upon a Time in … ethnocratic Australia: migration, refugees, diversity and contested discourses of inclusion "." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 3 (December 13, 2016): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v8i3.5239.
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To what extent can Australia be analysed as an ‘ethnocracy’, a term usually reserved for ostensibly democratic societies in which an ethnic group or groups control the life opportunities of a more widely ethnically diverse population? Australia adopted its first refugee policy in 1977 having been forced to address the humanitarian claims of Asian and Middle Eastern refugees. Only a few years after abandoning the White Australia policy of three generations, the public discourse about refugees was framed by the ethnic origins of these groups (primarily Vietnamese and Lebanese). Over the decades a utopian light has come to be cast on the Indo Chinese as a success story in settlement, while the Middle Eastern peoples have been shaded as a settlement failure. Yet the counter narratives developed in the SBS television documentary series “Once Upon a Time...” demonstrate how ethnocratic framing can be challenged and more nuanced and analytical discourses introduced into the public sphere.
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JÁNOS, JANY. "The Origins of the Kalīlah wa Dimnah: Reconsideration in the Light of Sasanian Legal History." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 22, no. 3-4 (October 2012): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186312000314.
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AbstractKalīlah wa Dimnah, a compendium of individual tales and short stories, is a very well-known Middle Eastern literary work. Although it can not match the popularity of the ‘One Thousand and One Nights’, it is nevertheless sufficiently well known to have attracted scholarly interest for decades. As a result, a considerable volume of scholarly writing has been produced regarding its origin and importance.This article focuses on the origin of one story in the work, the trial of Dimnah. Since the Indian original is missing, accepted wisdom attributes the writing of this story to its first Arabic translator, Ibn al-Muqaffac. Although I do not challenge this view, I argue that there could be an Urtext in Middle Persian which was later rewritten by the famous translator. In what follows, this article provides evidence for this hypothesis from what at first glance might be considered a surprising perspective – Sasanian legal history.
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Trachuk, Oleksii. "Relations between Steppe Nomads and Farmers in Eastern Europe and M. Gimbutas’ Migration Concept." Ukrainian Studies, no. 2(79) (August 3, 2021): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(79).2021.233781.
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After Ukraine had gained independence, artificial problems began to arise in the study of the ancient history of Eastern Europe, especially in the relations of steppe herders and farmers of Polissia. In particular, this applies to the Migration Concept of the American archaeologist M. Gimbutas recognized in Europe. After an unfounded “unscrupulous criticism” of archaeologists – representatives of the “Russian World” – an archaeologist from Moldova V. Dergachev spoke in defense of the objectivity of the 50-year study of this topic by M. Gimbutas in his monograph. Earlier, the Migration Concept of conquering Europe was supported by D. Telehin, Kh. Todorova, N. Ryndina, Ye. Chernykh, and others.Our study confirms the conceptual foundations of the ancient history of relations between nomadic steppes and farmers of Eastern Europe relying on the Migration Concept of M. Gimbutas. On the basis of the sources, protective fortifications of Kukuteny-Trypillia settlements and a large number of arrowheads – weapons of steppe riding archers – were found. In the early, middle, and late stages of Kukuteni-Trypillya culture, three waves of military invasion against European farmers by the Middle-Volga’s, Middle-Stog’s and Novodanyliv’s nomadic tribes of the eastern steppes can be traced. Further research will allow the author to solve the problems of the origins and causes of the disappearance of Kukuten-Trypillia tribes, the problems of burning Trypillia settlements, the fate of Buh-Dniester and East Trypillian tribes.
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Broodbank, Cyprian. "The Origins and Early Development of Mediterranean Maritime Activity." Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 19, no. 2 (April 15, 2007): 199–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jmea.2006.v19i2.199.
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The Mediterranean is one of the world's two earliest foci of maritime activity. Recent discoveries shed new light on the times and places at which such activity began, and on the reasons why it did so. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic data continue to provide inconclusive evidence. Maritime activity remained modest for much of the Upper Palaeolithic (in contrast to Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific), and was perhaps linked to relocations due to adverse environmental conditions. The break-through, in the form of a shift from the use of a littoral resource to the development of longer maritime routes, is attested on Cyprus and in the Aegean, and seems to have taken place during the harsh climate of the Younger Dryas. Subsequently, seafaring in the eastern sub-basins of the Mediterranean became associated with the expansion dynamics of Neolithic groups, and may have been transferred with farming to the centre and west, where prior signs of comparable activity are generally less evident.
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Petukhov, Alexander V. "ACCESSION OF KAZAN KHANATE TO RUSSIA IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS OF THE MIDDLE 20th CENTURY." Historical Search 1, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2020-1-3-68-74.
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The article analyzes the views of American historians of the middle 20th century on the problem of accession of Kazan Khanate to Russia. Studies on the history of Russian foreign policy have become relevant in the West with the beginning of the «cold war», the purpose of these studies was the need to identify the historical origins of «expansionist» foreign policy of the USSR and Russia. Searching the roots of “Russian expansionism”, Western science of the middle 20th century came to the conclusion about the non-European character of the Russian statehood, about Byzantine and Mongolian origins of the Russian state ideology, which substantiated its claim to world domination. Harvard University historians specializing in the history of Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe, in their works developed the concept of dual nature of the Russian state foreign policy ideology in the middle 16th century. On the one hand, this ideology was based on the Mongolian political tradition inherited from the Golden Horde. On the other hand, Russian ideology was influenced by the Byzantine political tradition. In the works of E. Keenan and Ya. Pelenski’s accession of Kazan Khanate to Russia was presented as the first embodiment in practice of Moscow rulers’ claims to dominate in the political space of Eastern Europe. At the same time, Kazan’s accession was a powerful impetus for the formation of the Russian state ideology, which was based on historical, dynastic, national and religious justifications for the claims to Kazan Khanate. Raised in the works of American historians, questions about Russian political culture and ideology of the 16th century, their reflection in the sources and interpretation of ideas by modern researchers maintain their scientific relevance today.
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Czarnecki, Piotr. "If not Bogomilism than What? The Origins of Catharism in the Light of the Sources." Studia Ceranea 11 (December 30, 2021): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.11.03.
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Since the end of the twentieth Century the traditional interpretation of Catharism, assuming it’s Eastern roots and dualist character is the object of a harsh criticism, formulated by the deconstructionist scholars. The moderated version of their new interpretation assumes that dualism didn’t play an important role in Catharism, and that the Cathar “dissidence” was not influenced by the Eastern dualist heresies (especially Bogomilism), but appeared independently in the West. According to the radical version Catharism didn’t exist at all and contemporary scholars should accept a new paradigm – Middle-Ages without Catharism.The aim of this article is to examine the source arguments, which stand behind both interpretations – on one side the arguments concerning the contacts of the Cahars with the Eastern dualists, with special attention paid to the time of their emergence and character of these relations, and on the other the arguments concerning Cathar dualist doctrines, which according to the deconstructionists were constructed arbitrarily by the Catholic polemists, basing on the ancient anti-heretical works, especially anti-Manichaean writings of St. Augustine. The article will try to find the answer to the question if the Cathar doctrines described in the Catholic sources are indeed so closely similar to the Manichaean teachings known from St. Augustine and at the same time so different from the Bogomil dualism. The analysis of the sources will show if the new interpretation is based on the arguments that are strong enough to overthrow the traditional one and if it the theory assuming lack of Bogomil influence can be considered as a serious alternative.
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Sallon, Sarah, Emira Cherif, Nathalie Chabrillange, Elaine Solowey, Muriel Gros-Balthazard, Sarah Ivorra, Jean-Frédéric Terral, Markus Egli, and Frédérique Aberlenc. "Origins and insights into the historic Judean date palm based on genetic analysis of germinated ancient seeds and morphometric studies." Science Advances 6, no. 6 (February 2020): eaax0384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax0384.
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Germination of 2000-year-old seeds of Phoenix dactylifera from Judean desert archaeological sites provides a unique opportunity to study the Judean date palm, described in antiquity for the quality, size, and medicinal properties of its fruit, but lost for centuries. Microsatellite genotyping of germinated seeds indicates that exchanges of genetic material occurred between the Middle East (eastern) and North Africa (western) date palm gene pools, with older seeds exhibiting a more eastern nuclear genome on a gradient from east to west of genetic contributions. Ancient seeds were significantly longer and wider than modern varieties, supporting historical records of the large size of the Judean date. These findings, in accord with the region’s location between east and west date palm gene pools, suggest that sophisticated agricultural practices may have contributed to the Judean date’s historical reputation. Given its exceptional storage potentialities, the date palm is a remarkable model for seed longevity research.
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Komlos, John, and Daniel Chirot. "The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21, no. 2 (1990): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204430.
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Naylor, Thomas H., and Daniel Chirot. "The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages Until the Early Twentieth Century." Contemporary Sociology 20, no. 1 (January 1991): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2072047.
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Açikyildiz, Birgül. "Ideology, Nationalism, and Architecture: Representations of Kurdish Sites in Turkish Art Historiography." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 323–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00082_1.
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This article discusses how the narrative of Turkish national historiography, crafted by Turkish elites in the 1930s in light of the official doctrine of the Turkish History Thesis and the Sun Language Thesis, attempted to Turkify the patronage of historical buildings constructed by diverse ethnic and religious communities of the country’s eastern region. I focus on the architectural production of the seven Kurdish dynasties that ruled a large area in the Middle East from the tenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Kurdish rulers constructed a large number of urban monuments bearing their names. These sites were appropriated into the Turkish national historiography in a denial of their Kurdish origins. This approach to history has rendered Kurdish material culture all but invisible, pushing the understanding of Kurdish architectural patronage and identity to the academic margins. This study aims to develop an alternative approach to the history of urban and architectural production in eastern and south-eastern Turkey, and opens a discussion for a definition of Kurdish art and architecture.
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Findley, Carter Vaughn. "The Middle East in World History: Spatial and Temporal Reorderings." Review of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (June 2020): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2020.23.
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In addition to my primary research specialty in Ottoman history, I prepared to teach the history of the Islamic Middle East from my first year in graduate school onward, and I did so throughout my academic career, including preparing graduate students to teach Ottoman and modern Middle Eastern history. My start in world history came later. Around the time I got tenure, my department decided, for comically bad reasons, to create a single world history course on the twentieth century. Having never witnessed creation ex nihilo in a department meeting before, I volunteered for the course. The department's reasons for creating the course were farcical, but I recognized it as a valuable intellectual property. In the existing state of the pedagogical literature, no one had paused to analyze the issues that made the twentieth century into more than the last chapter of a comprehensive world history book. A couple of years later, just as we finished teaching the course for the first time, an editor came along and asked if I had ever thought about writing a textbook. Yes, I had thought about it. Only I had assumed many years would pass before anyone would ask. Such were the origins of my coauthored Twentieth-Century World, having gone through seven editions from 1986 until 2010. It would be an understatement to say that radical revisions were required for each new edition, given not only the lengthening chronology but also the often radical revisions and improvements in the literature. If this presentation sounds more like a memoir than a research paper, the reason is that my dual lives in Middle Eastern and world history interacted in the pedagogical realm, raising issues that redirected my basic research and theoretical inquiries along the way.
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Ng, Chew Lip, Sandeep Uppal, Dong Hak Jung, and Ian Chi Yuan Loh. "Lengthening of the Asian Nose." Facial Plastic Surgery 36, no. 05 (October 2020): 539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1717057.
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AbstractThe Asian nose has its unique morphology and forms a significant proportion of noses treated by the rhinoplasty surgeon not only in Asia but also in other countries where the Asian diaspora resides. The anatomical features and dimensions of the Asian nose differ from noses of persons of African, Caucasian, Indian, and Middle Eastern origins, poses its own challenges, and warrants a unique set of techniques for its aesthetic improvement. In this article, we present an overview of the approach to the lengthening of the Asian nose, drawing from our own experience with managing the Asian nose and referencing the published literature on the subject.
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Huber, Valeska. "Pandemics and the politics of difference: rewriting the history of internationalism through nineteenth-century cholera." Journal of Global History 15, no. 3 (November 2020): 394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022820000236.
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AbstractThis article revisits the origins of internationalism in the field of health and shows how the cholera epidemics of the nineteenth century, much like the current coronavirus crisis, brought global differences such as social inequalities, political hierarchies, and scientific conflicts to the fore. Beyond drawing parallels between the cholera epidemics and the current crisis, the article argues for combining imperial and social histories in order to write richer and more grounded histories of internationalism. It explores this historiographical and methodological challenge by analysing the boardrooms of the international sanitary conferences, Middle Eastern quarantine stations catering for Mecca pilgrims, and ocean steamships aiming to move without delay during a worldwide health crisis.
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Jurkowski, Henryk. "Wertep." Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe 1, no. 1 (2015): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/pomi201506.
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Vertep. Vertep is a part of the group of religious representations belonging equally to the church rituals as well as to the foll<lore customs. It was born with the other mystery plays to- gether having their origins in the iconographic Gospel representations such as ”Christ cribs” in Byzantium and subsequently the performances of the Birth of the Infant such as the famous performance act prepared by saint Francisque from Asis in 1223. Later, the local puppet pre- sentation of ”Nahvity" had developed. They were ”Navidad” and ”Nahvite'” in the western Euro- pe and their counterparts in the middle Europe. Their common origin were the church utensils such as tabernacle or the small cabinet altar called retablo. These presentah'ons in the middle Europe were called ”crib” or ”szopka” while in eastern Europe ”vertep”. The ”Nativity” included the shepherds' homage, the Three Kings) homage as well as the massacre of lnnocents and l-lerod's punishment. Later on the new secular motifs and characters appeared, representing problems of the foll< life. At the time of modernism, real arb'sts showed interest in „Nativityl' giving it a new arh'sh'c interpretah'on. Vertep as a variety of ”Nativity” has its own properh'es and seems to be an independent product of the Ukrainian culture.
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Demchenko, Alexander I. "The Origins of Musicology: The Ancient World and Antiquity." Music Scholarship / Problemy Muzykal'noj Nauki, no. 2 (2022): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2782-3598.2022.2.007-022.
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The initial grounds of knowledge about music appeared virtually at the same time as it emerged as an art, i.e. tens of thousands of years ago. The earliest testimonies to this could be found in the mythological perceptions of various peoples, which has been realized most perceptively and diversely in the Greek myths. The primal elements of music theory were generated in the ancient hearths of civilization. Some of the outlooks widespread in the ancient world appeared in the cultures of Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Ancient Jewish artistic practice has also created its impact on the musicians of antiquity. The peoples of India and China also forged their own paths. Ancient Greek, as well as Ancient Middle Eastern musical knowledge was characterized by a syncretic connection of musical perceptions combined with scientific and philosophical systems, in what connection the musical perceptions of the ancient civilizations were frequently endowed with a cosmological character. Since the music of the ancient peoples was predominantly monophonic and, consequently, presented a culture of a monodic type, the theory of music in its entirety turned out to be essentially a teaching about melody. Musical aesthetics absorbed into itself an extremely broad circle of questions concerning the examined period, whereas the ethos of ancient peoples by its practical sides was aimed at the goals of musical upbringing.
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HO, HSUAN-CHING, CHI-NGAI TANG, and TAH-WEI CHU. "Coloconger maculatus sp. nov., a species of short-tail eel from eastern Taiwan (Anguilliformes: Colocongridae)." Zootaxa 5016, no. 2 (August 5, 2021): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5016.2.7.
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A new species of Coloconger is described from a large female collected off eastern Taiwan. It can be distinguished from congeners by having a large black blotch on rear portion of tail; posterior end of tail white; and combination of characters: head small 15.7% TL; 4 supratemporal pores, middle 2 in pair; 7 supraorbital pores, 2 pores over posterior nostril; 12 or 14 infraorbital pores; 14 preoperculomandibular pores; 226 dorsal-fin rays and 122 anal-fin rays; preanal vertebrae 77 and total vertebrae 145; rictus through a vertical of posterior margin of pupil; snout shorter than eye diameter; distance between origins of pectoral and dorsal fins 69.4% pectoral-fin length; and body brownish gray dorsally, light gray ventrally, and dorsal fin dark gray. Data and variations of Coloconger japonicus found in Taiwan are provided and discussed.
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Bisbal-Chinesta, Josep Francesc, Karin Tamar, Ángel Gálvez, Luís Albero, Pablo Vicent-Castelló, Laura Martín-Burgos, Miguel Alonso, et al. "Trade and stowaways: molecular evidence for human-mediated translocation of eastern skinks into the western Mediterranean." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191249.
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Abstract Human movements in the regions surrounding the Mediterranean Sea have caused a great impact in the composition of terrestrial fauna due to the introductions of several allochthonous species, intentionally or not. Reptiles are one of the groups where this anthropic impact is most evident, owing to the extensive intra-Mediterranean dispersals of recent chronologies. Chalcides ocellatus is a widespread skink with a natural distribution that covers almost the entire Mediterranean Basin. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain its origin: natural dispersions and human translocations. Previous molecular data suggest the occurrence of a recent dispersal phenomenon across the Mediterranean Sea. In this study we present the first record of this species in the Iberian Peninsula, in Serra del Molar (South-east Spain). We combined molecular analyses and archaeological records to study the origin of this population. The molecular results indicate that the population is phylogenetically closely related to specimens from north-eastern Egypt and southern Red Sea. We suggest that the species arrived at the Iberian Peninsula most likely through human-mediated dispersal by using the trade routes. Between the Iron to Middle Ages, even now, the region surrounding Serra del Molar has been the destination of human groups and commercial goods of Egyptian origins, in which Chalcides ocellatus could have arrived as stowaways. The regional geomorphological evolution would have restricted its expansion out of Serra del Molar. These findings provide new data about the impact of human movements on faunal introductions and present new information relating to mechanisms of long-distance translocations.
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Stolyarov, Yu N. "The Book about the Origin of the Yakuts and their Traditional Culture." Observatory of Culture 15, no. 3 (August 19, 2018): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2018-15-3-358-363.
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The author reviews the monograph of A.I. Gogolev “The Origin of the Sakha people and their traditional culture” (2018), the study of the ethnogenesis of the Yakut people (native name — Sakha) and the origins of their material and spiritual culture. For the sources, the author of the book used archaeological, ethnographic, linguistic and historical data of the entire Central Asia and Far Eastern area, as well as the adjacent and remote areas. A.I. Gogolev studied particularly carefully the area of Central Lena, because that area has become ethnic forming for the people of Sakha. The author discovered the Scythian-Siberian, ancient Altai and Hunnic roots of the Sakha culture, traced the formation of its basis under the infl uence of ancient and medieval Turkic tribes of Southern Siberia, Central Asia and the Baikal region. In the latter respect, A.I. Gogolev paid special attention to the historical and cultural ties of the Yakuts with the Turkic-speaking peoples of Southern Siberia and the Buryats. The researchers face the new challenges: to achieve fi nal clarity on the question who were ethnically the indigenous aborigines of the Middle Lena, to determine what impact on the spiritual and material culture of the Yakuts had the oldest religion — Tengrism, and to study more thoroughly the origins of the writing of the Sakha people.
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Diakov, Nikolai. "Islam in the Colonial Policy of France: from the Origins to the Fifth Republic." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015901-0.
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History of relations between France and the Islamic world goes back to the first centuries of Hijra, when the Franks first faced the Caliphate and its troops in the Eastern and Western Mediterranean. On the eve of the New times Paris had already developed its numerous contacts with Turkey, Iran and the Arab West — the Maghreb area. The conquest of Algeria (from 1830) formed a basis of the French colonial empire in Africa and Asia with the growing role of Islam in political activities and ambitions of Paris. Millions of Muslims in French colonies contributed to growth of political and economic progress of their metropoly with its pretensions to become a great Muslim power. Meanwhile, thousands of them lost their lives during two great world wars of the 20th century. Waves of immigration gave birth to an impressive Islamic community (‘umma), in France, reaching about a million of residents by the middle of the 20th century. With the growth of Muslim immigration from Africa and the Middle East a number of Muslims among the natives of France also augmented. By the end of the last century the Muslims formed as much as about 10 % of the whole population of France. The “French Islam” born at the dawn of the 20th century. after a century of its evolution became an important civilizational reality of Europe, at times more attractive for the local youth than traditional Christian values, or the new ideals, brought with the winds of globalism, multiculturalism and a “non-stop consumerism”.
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Otvos, Ervin G., and David M. Price. "Late Quaternary Inland Dunes of Southern Louisiana and Arid Climate Phases in the Gulf Coast Region." Quaternary Research 55, no. 2 (March 2001): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2215.
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AbstractThirty-five sand hills that form six scattered groups rise abruptly from the flat late Pleistocene coastal plain in southeastern Louisiana. New studies confirm their eolian origin. For the first time, several late Wisconsin to early Holocene episodes of arid climate conditions have been recognized and dated in this currently humid warm-temperate subtropical region. Periods of dune formation and reactivation (28,800 to 7900 yr B.P.) were determined by the thermoluminescence method. The onset of the current climate in this Gulf coastal region postdates early Holocene time. The textural and structural homogeneity of the ridge lithosomes, good sorting of their sand fraction, and the dominantly orange hues of the dune sediments contrast with the underlying yellowish–brown to light-brown sandy silts and the well-stratified, occasionally gravelly sands of the underlying alluvial Prairie Formation. Sharply defined, unconformable ridge bases; symmetrical, oval, occasionally parabolic mound shapes; and steep slopes confirm the dune origins. The dominant orientations of ridges and ridge chains clearly reflect paleowind directions. Age comparison with dunes of the lower Mississippi Valley, the northeastern–eastern Gulf of Mexico coast, and south Atlantic coastal areas confirms the existence of at least seasonally dry climate conditions from early Wisconsin to middle Holocene times. The onset of the modern humid-subtropical climate phase in this region thus dates back only to the middle Holocene.
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Martin, Richard C. "From the Editor." Review of Middle East Studies 50, no. 2 (August 2016): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2016.160.
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This issue of RoMES has been edited in a national atmosphere of anti-Muslim rhetoric, openly expressed by several candidates during the presidential primaries. Now the election campaign has moved to the appointment, by President-Elect, Donald J. Trump, of cabinet members and close advisors, many of whom share his views of the Middle East and its diverse population. And it does not look good for Muslims in America, including Muslims who are U.S. citizens. Along with Hispanics, African Americans, and Jews, Muslims—and indeed the Middle East as such—are regarded as problems that President-Elect Trump seems intent on doing something about. It is a view of Islam and the Middle East shared increasingly in word and deed by a sizeable and vocal portion of the electorate. What are we to make of the possibility of foreign and domestic policy being crafted by the likes of John R. Bolton, who associates Islam with jihadism and is an admirer of the Islamophobic writings of Robert Spencer? Will there be any tolerance in the new Trump administration of debate and the free exchange of ideas on the need for education about and understanding of the Middle East? The importance of this question relates to the growing population of naturalized and second generation citizens of Middle Eastern origins now living in the U.S. The Middle East is here, and contributing to American culture, religious life, economy, and citizenship.
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Peretz, Hava, Avital Mulai, Sali Usher, Ariella Zivelin, Avihai Segal, Zahavi Weisman, Moshe Mittelman, et al. "The Two Common Mutations Causing Factor XI Deficiency in Jews Stem From Distinct Founders: One of Ancient Middle Eastern Origin and Another of More Recent European Origin." Blood 90, no. 7 (October 1, 1997): 2654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.7.2654.2654_2654_2659.
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Previous studies showed that factor XI (FXI) deficiency commonly observed in Ashkenazi Jews is caused by two similarly frequent mutations, type II (Glu117stop) and type III (Phe283Leu) with allele frequencies of 0.0217 and 0.0254, respectively. In Iraqi Jews, who represent the ancient gene pool of Jews, only the type II mutation was observed with an allele frequency of 0.0167. In this study we sought founder effects for each mutation by examination of four FXI gene polymorphisms enabling haplotype analysis in affected Jewish patients of Ashkenazi, Iraqi, and other origins and in Arab patients. Initial population surveys of 387 Middle Eastern Jews (excluding Iraqi Jews), 560 North African/Sephardic Jews, and 382 Arabs revealed allele frequencies for the type II mutation of 0.0026, 0.0027, and 0.0065, respectively. In contrast, the type III mutation was not detected in any of these populations. All 60 independent chromosomes bearing the type III mutation were solely observed in Ashkenazi Jewish patients and were characterized by a relatively rare haplotype. All 103 independent chromosomes bearing the type II mutation in patients of Ashkenazi, Iraqi, Yemenite, Syrian, and Moroccan Jewish origin and of Arab origin were characterized by another distinct haplotype that was rare among normal Ashkenazi Jewish, Iraqi Jewish, and Arab chromosomes. These findings constitute the first example of a mutation common to Ashkenazi Jews, non-Ashkenazi Jews, and Arabs and are consistent with the origin of type II mutation in a founder before the divergence of the major segments of Jews. Our findings also indicate that the type III mutation arose more recently in an Ashkenazi Jewish individual.
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Gallivan, Martin D. "Measuring Sedentariness and Settlement Population: Accumulations Research in the Middle Atlantic Region." American Antiquity 67, no. 3 (July 2002): 535–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1593825.
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Archaeologists have long sought to understand the relationships between the quantity and diversity of material that accumulates at a site and the variables of community size and occupation duration. This paper examines these relationships through an analysis of mobility and settlement population in the late precontact and early colonial Chesapeake region of the eastern U.S. Drawing on previous accumulations research and two “strong” archaeological cases that provide critical values, the study develops measures of relative sedentariness and ceramic-discard behavior that can be used to model behavior at sites without stratified deposits or well-preserved architecture. Application of this model to the James River Valley of Virginia produces more reliable dates for the inception of village communities, several centuries following the adoption of maize-based horticulture in the region. The analysis also suggests that the fundamental nature of residential settlement changed dramatically in the study area after A.D. 1200 with the emergence of a settlement hierarchy including relatively large communities with lengthy occupation durations. The creation of a new cultural landscape containing substantial villages, combined with related changes in household and community organization, is central to the origins and development of the Powhatan paramountcy, one of North America's archetypal complex chiefdoms.
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Peretz, Hava, Avital Mulai, Sali Usher, Ariella Zivelin, Avihai Segal, Zahavi Weisman, Moshe Mittelman, et al. "The Two Common Mutations Causing Factor XI Deficiency in Jews Stem From Distinct Founders: One of Ancient Middle Eastern Origin and Another of More Recent European Origin." Blood 90, no. 7 (October 1, 1997): 2654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.7.2654.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Previous studies showed that factor XI (FXI) deficiency commonly observed in Ashkenazi Jews is caused by two similarly frequent mutations, type II (Glu117stop) and type III (Phe283Leu) with allele frequencies of 0.0217 and 0.0254, respectively. In Iraqi Jews, who represent the ancient gene pool of Jews, only the type II mutation was observed with an allele frequency of 0.0167. In this study we sought founder effects for each mutation by examination of four FXI gene polymorphisms enabling haplotype analysis in affected Jewish patients of Ashkenazi, Iraqi, and other origins and in Arab patients. Initial population surveys of 387 Middle Eastern Jews (excluding Iraqi Jews), 560 North African/Sephardic Jews, and 382 Arabs revealed allele frequencies for the type II mutation of 0.0026, 0.0027, and 0.0065, respectively. In contrast, the type III mutation was not detected in any of these populations. All 60 independent chromosomes bearing the type III mutation were solely observed in Ashkenazi Jewish patients and were characterized by a relatively rare haplotype. All 103 independent chromosomes bearing the type II mutation in patients of Ashkenazi, Iraqi, Yemenite, Syrian, and Moroccan Jewish origin and of Arab origin were characterized by another distinct haplotype that was rare among normal Ashkenazi Jewish, Iraqi Jewish, and Arab chromosomes. These findings constitute the first example of a mutation common to Ashkenazi Jews, non-Ashkenazi Jews, and Arabs and are consistent with the origin of type II mutation in a founder before the divergence of the major segments of Jews. Our findings also indicate that the type III mutation arose more recently in an Ashkenazi Jewish individual.
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Yalçin, Hatice Gönül. "Settlement mound Tepecik and the Karaz culture in Eastern Anatolia." Documenta Praehistorica 47 (December 1, 2020): 262–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.15.
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The longevity of the Kura-Araxes culture is an archaeological phenomenon in the Caucasus and Near East. Over the course of a millennium, this culture spread from its origins in Eastern Anatolia, the Transcaucasia and northwest Iran to Southeastern Anatolia, northern Syria, Palestine and Israel. Named after the settlement mound Karaz near Erzurum, the Karaz culture is a widely established Turkish term for the Kura-Araxes culture. In Palestine and Israel, this culture is called Khirbet-Kerak. Apart from the striking small finds and special architectural features, it has a special pottery with characteristics that remained almost uniform in its area of distribution. Situated in the Altınova plain in Eastern Anatolia, Tepecik was also home for this significant culture. Today, this settlement mound lies under the waters of the Keban Dam in Elazığ. Yet its strategic location on a tributary of the Euphrates enabled the emergence and development of various cultures. At this settlement, archaeologists documented the Karaz culture that occurred in an almost unbroken cultural sequence from the Late Chalcolithic up to the beginnings of the Middle Bronze Age. Thus, Tepecik is one of the most significant prehistoric settlements within the distribution area of the Kura-Araxes/Karaz/Khirbet Kerak culture in the Near East. This paper presents the Karaz pottery from Tepecik as well as the possible development of the Karaz culture in the course of the Early Bronze Age at this settlement.
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Safieddine, S., A. Boynard, P. F. Coheur, D. Hurtmans, G. Pfister, B. Quennehen, J. L. Thomas, et al. "Summertime tropospheric ozone assessment over the Mediterranean region using the thermal infrared IASI/MetOp sounder and the WRF-Chem model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 18 (September 23, 2014): 10119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-10119-2014.
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Abstract. Over the Mediterranean region, elevated tropospheric ozone (O3) values are recorded, especially in summer. We use the thermal Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to understand and interpret the factors and emission sources responsible for the high O3 concentrations observed in the Mediterranean troposphere. Six years (2008–2013) of IASI data have been analyzed and results show consistent maxima during summer, with an increase of up to 22% in the [0–8] km O3 column in the eastern part of the basin compared to the middle of the basin. We focus on summer 2010 to investigate the processes that contribute to these summer maxima. Using two modeled O3 tracers (inflow to the model domain and local anthropogenic emissions), we show that, between the surface and 2 km, O3 is mostly formed from anthropogenic emissions, while above 4 km it is mostly transported from outside the domain or from stratospheric origins. Evidence of stratosphere-to-troposphere exchange (STE) events in the eastern part of the basin is shown, and corresponds to a low water vapor mixing ratio and high potential vorticity.
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Hickman, Bill. "Origins and Development of the Turkish Novel, by Ahmet O. Evin. (Studies in Middle Eastern Literatures 11.) 223 pages, index. Bibliotheca Islamica, Minneapolis1983." Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 20, no. 1 (July 1986): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026318400059265.
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Poshekhonova, Olga, Alisa Zubova, and Anastasia Sleptsova. "Origins of the Northern Selkups Based on Anthropological Data." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2020): 152–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.1.13.
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The authors examine the origins of the Upper Taz Selkups based on craniology and dental anthropology. They are one of the least studied groups of the indigenous population of Western Siberia. Judging by historical and ethnolinguistic data, the Northern Selkups moved to the Upper Taz region in the 17th – 18th century. Anthropological materials of the Northern Selkups were first obtained only in 2013 and 2016 during the excavations of Kikki-Akki burial ground. Recorded according to archaeological data, the burial rite has direct analogies in Southern Selkups burial grounds of the 17th – 18th centuries, with the exception of the selected individual features of the Eastern Khanty traditions. The craniological sample from Kikki-Akki burial includes 21 skulls – 13 males and 8 females. The dental sample includes the teeth of 22 individuals – 10 male, 6 female and 6 children. During the study the authors examined the anthropological materials based on the method of description of dental and cranial morphology, performed statistical integration. Characteristics of the series were compared with the obtained data of West Siberian near-recent samples. The analysis of the data shows that the Vakh Khanty represent the closest analogy to the series from Kikki-Akki, but the female part of the craniological sampling has a strong resemblance to the groups of the Southern Selkups. The results confirm the available historical and ethnolinguistic data on their formation due to the resettlement of a part of the Southern Selkup group from the Ob River Basin to the north, i.e. to the upper reaches of the Taz River. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the Selkup appearance changed quite a lot in a short period of time (200–300 years) that passed since their migration. The Northern Selkups acquired a significant resemblance to the Vakh Khanty – the only population with which the Selkups could maintain marital relations during their resettlement from the Middle Ob River to the Taz River.