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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Hallo, William W. Origins: The ancient Near Eastern background of some modern western institutions. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.

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2

1946-, Collins Judith, ed. The origins of the Romanesque: Near Eastern influences on European art, 4th-12th centuries. Woodstock, N.Y: Overlook Press, 1986.

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3

The African origins of classical civilisation. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2008.

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4

Wolff, Walther. The origins of Western art: Egypt, Mesopotamia, the Aegean. New York: Universe Books, 1989.

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5

Petrosyan, Armen. The Indo-European and ancient near Eastern origins of the Armenian epic: Myth and history. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man, 2002.

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6

The origins of Islamic reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'UlamÕa' in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Honolulu· HI: University of Hawai'i Press·, 2003.

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7

Asian Studies Association of Australia, ed. The origins of Islamic reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'Ulama' in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Crows Nest, N.S.W: Asian Studies Association of Australia in association with Allen & Unwin and University of Hawaii Press, 2004.

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8

Felicity, Cobbing, ed. Beyond the river: Ottoman Transjordan in original photographs. London: Stacey International, 2005.

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9

Lieberman, Bruce S. Evolution of the trilobite subfamily Proetinae Salter, 1864, and the origin, diversification, evolutionary affinity, and extinction of the Middle Devonian proetid fauna of eastern North America. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1994.

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10

Angkor, before and after: A cultural history of the Khmers. Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2004.

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11

Hallo, William W. Origins: The Ancient Near Eastern Background of Some Modern Western Institutions (Springer Finance). Brill Academic Publishers, 2003.

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12

The Origins Of Palestinian Art. Liverpool University Press, 2013.

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13

Chirot, Daniel. The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century. University of California Press, 1989.

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14

The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century. University of California Press, 1991.

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15

The Origins Of Palestinian Art. Liverpool University Press, 2013.

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16

Origins: The Ancient Near Eastern Background of Some Modern Western Institutions (Studies in the History of the Ancient Near East, V. 6). Brill Academic Publishers, 1996.

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17

Chirot, Daniel. Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century. University of California Press, 1989.

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18

Daniel, Chirot, ed. The Origins of backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and politics from the Middle Ages until the early twentieth century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

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19

The Middle Eastern Influence on Late Medieval Italian Dances: Origins of the 29987 Istampittas (Studies in Dance, V. 2). Edwin Mellen Pr, 2001.

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20

The Middle Eastern Influence on Late Medieval Italian Music: Origins of the 29987 Istampittas (Studies in the History and Interpretation of Music, V. 76.). Edwin Mellen Press, 2001.

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21

Azra, A. Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern 'Ulam' in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. BRILL, 2004.

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22

Gluska. The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War: Governement, Armed Forces and Defence Policy 1963-67 (Middle Eastern Military Studies). Routledge, 2006.

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23

Azra, Azyumardi. The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: NETWORKS OF MALAY-INDONESIAN & MIDDLE EASTERN 'ULAMA' IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES (ASAA Southeast Asia Publications). University of Hawaii Press, 2004.

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24

Hahn, Thomas, ed. A Cultural History of Race in the Middle Ages. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350067448.

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This volume presents a comprehensive and collaborative survey of how people, individually and within collective entities, thought about, experienced, and enacted racializing differences. Addressing events, texts, and images from the 5th to the 16th centuries, these essays by ten eminent scholars provide broad, multi-disciplinary analyses of materials whose origins range from the British Isles, Western Iberia, and North Africa across Western and Eastern Europe to the Middle East. These diverse communities possessed no single word equivalent to modern race, a term (raza) for genetic, religious, cultural, or territorial difference that emerges only at the end of the medieval period. Chapter by chapter, this volume nonetheless demonstrates the manifold beliefs, practices, institutions, and images that conveyed and enforced difference for the benefit of particular groups and to the detriment of others. Addressing the varying historiographical self-consciousness concerning race among medievalist scholars themselves, the separate analyses make use of paradigms drawn from social and political history, religious, environmental, literary, ethnic, and gender studies, the history of art and of science, and critical race theory. Chapters identify the eruption of racial discourses aroused by political or religious polemic, centered upon conversion within and among Jewish, Christian, and Islamic communions, and inspired by imagined or sustained contact with alien peoples. Authors draw their evidence from Hebrew, Latin, Arabic, and a profusion of European vernaculars, and provide searching examination of visual artifacts ranging from religious service books to maps, mosaics, and manuscript illuminations.
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25

Mattar, Karim. Specters of World Literature. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474467032.001.0001.

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This book draws on Edward Said, Aamir Mufti, Jacques Derrida, and world-systems theory to address the institutionalized construct of “world literature” from its origins in Goethe and Marx to the present day. It argues that through its history, this construct has served to incorporate if not annul local literatures and the concept of “local literature” itself, and to universalize the novel, the lyric poem, and the stage play as the only literary forms appropriate to modernity. It demonstrates this thesis through a comparative reading of the reinscription of the classical Arabic-Islamic concept of “adab” as “literature” in the modern, European sense in Egypt, Turkey, and Iran in the 19th to mid-20th centuries. It then turns to the Middle Eastern novel in the global contexts of its production, translation, circulation, and reception today. Through new readings of novels and other literary works by Abdelrahman Munif, Naguib Mahfouz, Orhan Pamuk, Azar Nafisi, Yasmin Crowther, and Marjane Satrapi, and with reference to landmarks of Middle Eastern and world literary history ranging from the Mu‘allaqāt and Alf Layla wa Layla to Don Quixote, it argues that these texts—like “world literature” itself—are constitutively haunted by specters of the literary forms and traditions, of the life-worlds that they expressed, cast aside by modernity. In the case of the Middle Eastern novel, it is adab and all that it encompassed in the classical Arab-Islamic world that is suppressed or othered, but that spectral, yet returns in new, genuinely worldly constellations of form.
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26

Ryan, Karen. The “Dorset Problem” Revisited. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.37.

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The origins and development of Dorset culture, recognized in 1925 by Diamond Jenness, remain poorly understood despite decades of research. This chapter considers how Dorset was initially defined, before highlighting the three competing theories proposed to explain the transition from Pre-Dorset to Dorset: the first arguing for widespread continuity and gradual change from Pre-Dorset into Dorset throughout the Eastern Arctic; the second contending that large-scale population discontinuities occurred as regional Pre-Dorset groups were replaced by a single expanding “Core Area” Dorset populace; with the third envisioning a more complex demographic history involving local developments and multiple minicore areas. Following this, the traits most frequently used to distinguish Early and Middle Dorset are summarized before the ramifications of new analyses on the perceived culture-historical position of Early and Middle Dorset are discussed.
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27

Jończyk, Ludwika, and Aneta Gołębiowska-Tobiasz. Zbrojni kupcy z Szurpił. Na szlaku ze Skandynawii do Bułgarii Nadwołżańskiej. University of Warsaw Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323549161.

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The monograph analyses the origin of artefacts (the elements of attire and equipment of an armed merchant, from the Volga Upland in Volga Bulgaria), unusual for north-eastern Poland and found during the excavations in Szurpiły in the Suwałki Region. It is an interesting journey along the trade routes of the early Middle Ages, which links culturally different and geographically distant regions of Europe.
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28

Warner, R. Stephen. Ethnicity, Race, and Religion beyond Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish Whites. Edited by Ronald H. Bayor. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766031.013.025.

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As argued by Will Herberg in the 1950s, religion remains a key to the incorporation of minority groups in America, notwithstanding—indeed, precisely because of—the fact that post-1965 immigrants to the United States have been overwhelmingly nonwhites of non-European origin. In contrast to the increasingly secular culture of Europe, the cultures of the Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin American, and African countries of origin of most of today’s immigrants remain highly religious (with the exception of China). In the face of racial prejudice, Hindus from India; Muslims from South Asia, the Middle East, and elsewhere; Protestants from Korea; and Catholics from Mexico are among the minorities who avail themselves of the constitutional rights and cultural status accorded to religious (more than to racial or ethnic) identities specifically in the United States to become accepted members of the community.
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29

Cobbing, Felicity, and Raouf Said Abujaber. Beyond the River: Ottoman Transjordan in Original Photographs. Interlink Publishing Group, 2005.

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30

Ozavci, Ozan. Dangerous Gifts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852964.001.0001.

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From Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 to the foreign interventions in the ongoing civil wars in Syria, Yemen, and Libya today, global empires or the so-called Great Powers have long assumed the responsibility of bringing security to the Middle East. The past two centuries have witnessed their numerous military occupations to ‘liberate’, ‘secure’, and ‘educate’ local populations. Consulting fresh primary sources collected from some thirty archives in the Middle East, Russia, the United States, and Western Europe, Dangerous Gifts revisits the late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century origins of these imperial security practices. It questions how it all began. Why did Great Power interventions in the Ottoman Levant tend to result in further turmoil and civil wars? Why has the region been embroiled in a paradox—an ever-increasing demand for security despite the increasing supply—ever since? It embeds this highly pertinent genealogical history into an innovative and captivating narrative around the Eastern Question, freeing the latter from the monopoly of Great Power politics, and also foregrounding the experience and agency of the Levantine actors: the gradual yet still forceful opening up of the latter’s economies to global free trade, the asymmetrical implementation of international law from their perspective, and the secondary importance attached to their threat perceptions in a world where political and economic decisions were ultimately made through the filter of global imperial interests.
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31

1960-, Chambers Eddie, Poovaya-Smith Nima, and Crafts Council, eds. Diverse cultures: An open exhibition of work by makers living in Britain of African, Afro-Caribbean, Middle or Far Eastern origin. London: Crafts Council, 1991.

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32

Bessard, Fanny. Caliphs and Merchants. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855828.001.0001.

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Caliphs and Merchants: Cities and Economies of Power in the Near East (700–950) offers fresh perspectives on the origins of the economic success of the early Islamic caliphate, identifying a number of previously unnoticed or underplayed yet crucial developments, such as the changing conditions of labour, attitudes towards professional associations, and the interplay between the state, Islamic religious institutions, and the economy. Moving beyond the well-studied transition between the death of Justinian in 565 and the Arab-Muslim conquests in the seventh century, Caliphs and Merchants focuses on the period of assertion of the Islamic world’s identity and authority. While the extraordinary prosperity of Near Eastern cities and economies in 700–950 was not unprecedented when one considers the early imperial Roman world, the aftermath of the Arab-Muslim conquests saw a deep transformation of urban retail and craft, which marked a break from the past. This book explores the mechanisms through which these changes resulted from the increasing involvement of caliphs and their governors in the patronage of urban economies, alongside the empowerment of enriched entrepreneurial tāǧir from the ninth century, as well as how they served the Arab-Muslim elite to secure their power and legitimacy. This book combines a wide corpus of literary sources in Arabic with original physical and epigraphic evidence. The approach is both comparative and global. The Middle East is examined in a Eurasian context, parallels being drawn between the Islamic world and Western Christendom, Byzantium, South East Asia, and China.
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33

Brennan, T. Corey. Final Years in Rome. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190250997.003.0009.

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Direct evidence for Sabina’s activities as Augusta in and around Rome is disappointing. Although inscriptions suggest some (limited) benefactions by the empress, the most conspicuous expression of Sabina’s heightened status comes from the Rome mint, which produced an impressive series of original images publicizing the empress’s imperial virtues. Changing titulature and hairstyles on Sabina’s Rome coins help establish a relative chronology and an understanding of the intended messages. The provincial coin issues bearing Sabina’s portrait are harder to assess: on their reverses their subject matter overlaps significantly with types showing the emperor. The regime also offered ever-changing sculptural images of Sabina. On both coins and sculptures, this era’s portrait artists, generally abandoning naturalism, pictured the middle-aged empress as a young serene beauty. The chapter also quantifies Sabina’s assimilation to specific goddesses in the eastern inscriptions, and seeks to understand how eastern communities balanced public honors for Hadrian, Sabina, and Antinoös.
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34

Michalak-Pikulska, Barbara, Marek Piela, and Tomasz Majtczak, eds. Oriental Languages and Civilizations. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/k7127.92/20.20.15519.

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The volume consists of six parts devoted to literature, languages, history, culture, science, religions and philosophy of the Eastern World. Its aim is to portray the present-day state of oriental studies, which are here understood predominantly as philologies of Asia and Africa, but also as a field of study including other, adjacent disciplines of the humanities, not neglecting the history of oriental research. The book’s multidisciplinary content reflects the multi- and often interdisciplinary nature of oriental studies today. Part 1 (Literature) offers new insights into belles-lettres written in Arabic, Hindi, Turkish, Urdu, Persian and Japanese. Part 2 (Linguistics) contains studies on Sanskrit texts (in a stylometric approach), Japanese nominals, Japanese poetry as a linguistic source, Arabic translations of the Bible, Arabic dialect of Morocco, Arabic culinary terms of Persian origin and Turkish vocabulary of the language reform era. Part 3 (History) investigates Napoleon’s campaign in the Middle East, Middle Eastern-Russian relations in the 18th century, the history of Seljuk Empire and the works of a Moroccan historian, Ǧaʿfar Ibn Aḥmad an-Nāṣīrī as-Salawī. Part 4 (History of Oriental Studies) deals with the history of oriental studies in Kraków and with the problems of a critical edition of the Quran. Part 5 (Culture and Science) examines the artistic achievements of Egyptian moviemaker Yūsuf Šahīn and possible influence of the Muslim science on medieval Polish scholars. Part 6 (Religion and Philosophy) explores some philosophical concepts of the Confucian ethics and the contribution of Karīma Bint Aḥmad Al-Marwaziyya to preservation and transmission of some religious traditions of Islam.
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35

Bernstein, Alan E. Hell and Its Rivals. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501707803.001.0001.

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The idea of punishment after death—whereby the souls of the wicked are consigned to hell—emerged out of beliefs found across the Mediterranean, from ancient Egypt to Zoroastrian Persia, and became fundamental to the Abrahamic religions. Once hell achieved doctrinal expression in the New Testament, the Talmud, and the Qur’ān, thinkers began to question hell’s eternity, and to consider possible alternatives—hell’s rivals. Some imagined outright escape, others periodic but temporary relief within the torments. One option, including Purgatory and, in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, the Middle State, was to consider the punishments to be temporary and purifying. Despite these moral and theological hesitations, the idea of hell has remained a historical and theological force until the present. This book examines an array of sources from within and beyond the three Abrahamic faiths—including theology, chronicles, legal charters, edifying tales, and narratives of near-death experiences—to analyze the origins and evolution of belief in hell. Key social institutions, including slavery, capital punishment, and monarchy, also affected the afterlife beliefs of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Reflection on hell encouraged a stigmatization of “the other” that in turn emphasized the differences between these religions. Yet, despite these rivalries, each community proclaimed eternal punishment and answered related challenges to it in similar terms. For all that divided them, they agreed on the need for—and fact of—hell.
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36

d'Hubert, Thibaut. In the Shade of the Golden Palace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190860332.001.0001.

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In the Shade of the Golden Palace explores the oeuvre of the prolific Bengali poet and translator Alaol (fl. 1651–1671), who rendered five narrative poems and one versified treatise from medieval Hindi and Persian into Bengali. The book maps the genres, structures, and themes of Alaol’s works, paying special attention to the poet’s own discourse on poetics and his literary genealogy, which included Sanskrit, Avadhi, Maithili, Persian, and Bengali authors. The monograph shows how a variety of literary experiments fostered by multilingual literacy took place in a seemingly remote corner of the Bay of Bengal: the kingdom of Arakan that lay between todays southeastern Bangladesh and Myanmar. After a careful contextualization of the emergence of Bengali Muslim literature in Arakan, I focus on courtly speech in Alaol’s poetry, his revisiting of classical categories in a vernacular context, and the prominent role of the discipline of lyrical arts (i.e. music, dance) in his conceptualization of the poetics of the written word. The book also contains a detailed analysis of Middle Bengali narrative poems, as well as translations of Old Maithili, Brajabuli, and Middle Bengali lyric poems that illustrate the styles that formed the core of connoisseurship in the regional courts of eastern South Asia, from Nepal to Arakan. The monograph operates on three levels: as a unique vade mecum for readers of Middle Bengali poetry, a detailed study of the cultural history of the frontier region of Arakan, and an original contribution to the poetics of South Asian literatures.
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37

Emhardt, William Chauncey, and George M. Lamsa. The Oldest Christian People. Gorgias Press LLC, 2006.

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38

Richardson, Hugh E., and David L. Snellgrove. A Cultural History of Tibet. 3rd ed. Orchid Press, 2004.

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39

Duchemin, Jacqueline. Mythes grecs et sources orientales. Les Belles Lettres, 2014.

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