Journal articles on the topic 'Middle East Refugee Crisis'
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1
Culcasi, Karen. "Displacing Territory: Refugees in the Middle East." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 2 (April 20, 2017): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743817000095.
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In the summer of 2015, the UN reported that there were more than 60 million refugees worldwide, making the current refugee crisis the largest in history. Though the refugee crisis is global, it has a particular regional and local geography that demands attention. As readers ofIJMESundoubtedly know, this crisis has disproportionally affected people in the Middle East. Since the end of World War II, a majority of the world's refugees have originated from this region. Five years of war in Syria is the most recent cause of displacement, but the American-led Iraq War in 2003 and the displacement of Palestinians with the establishment of Israel in 1948 have produced tens of millions of refugees.
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Bin Zakariah, Muhamad Hasrul. "Britain and the Arab-Israel Conflict: Questioning the Motives Behind Continued Aid to 1967 Palestinian Refugees." Journal of Islam in Asia (E-ISSN: 2289-8077) 5, no. 1 (July 16, 2008): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/jia.v5i1.31.
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British involvement in Middle East politics can be traced to long before the First World War when its economic and strategic interests appeared to be the main reason for the involvement. The emergence of the newly created Israeli state, following the Balfour Declaration, marked the beginning of the Palestinian refugee crisis. Between 1948 and 1956, historical liability and obligation forced the British to be involved in providing humanitarian aid to the Palestinian refugees. British involvement in the Suez Crisis later in 1956, was a tragedy for British influence in the Middle East. Many scholars concluded that the 1956 campaign marked “the end of British empire in the Middle East” and the beginning of the cold war, American-Soviet rivalry that left Britain marginalised. Even prominent Middle East scholars such as Michael Ben Oren, in his book Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of Modern Middle East, did not give attention to the British role and involvement in the 1967 crisis. However, the British efforts to regain Arab trust whilst preserving its economic and strategic interests in the Middle East persuaded Britain to remain involved with the Palestinian refugee crisis. None of these scholars have tried to analyse the motives behind continued British involvement in humanitarian aid for Palestinian refugees – the crisis which lingers long after the end of the British Empire in the Middle East. This paper discusses this topic with a focus on refugees from the 1967 war and attempts to explain the reasons for continuation of British aid from an historical perspective. This research was based on historical document analysis and the extraction of archival sources from The National Archive (TNA) in London.
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Nouri, Selma. "Effects of conflict, displacement, and migration on the health of refugee and conflict-stricken populations in the Middle East." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v8i3.18590.
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<p dir="ltr">The global refugee crisis has reached an all-time high, with over 68 million innocent people forced to flee their homes due to violence, famine, governmental instability, or genocide. As a result of the struggles and traumas encountered by war and migration, millions of refugees suffer from acute and life-threatening physical and mental health illnesses. However, these diseases and internal-battles are often overlooked, leaving most conflict-stricken countries and refugee camps ill-equipped and unable to cope. Rather than settling into more humane and healthy living conditions, upon migration, most refugees are faced with realities that deny them <br /> a dignified and fulfilling life. More often than not, refugee camps and host countries accommodate a deplorable lifestyle that provides minimal and inadequate health-care, extreme and life-threatening poverty, and inhumane and unsanitary living conditions-exasperating the rate and risk of morbidity and mortality amongst refugee populations. This research paper aims to analyze the harsh conditions that refugees and conflict-stricken populations are currently forced to endure, as well as the effects of those conditions on the spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases, <br /> the development and growth of neonatal disorders, and the overall rise in mental illness. The paper also aims to suggest specific measures that can be taken in order to prevent the increase in morbidity and mortality rates amongst vulnerable refugee populations and recommend steps that international bodies and non-governmental organizations can take in order to solve the refugee health crisis.</p>
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Elmanaya, Nourelhuda, Harjito, and Eri Sofiatry. "WATER CRISIS AND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN THE SYRIAN REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS IN LEBANON." Jurnal TAMBORA 6, no. 2 (July 21, 2022): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36761/jt.v6i2.2010.
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Water scarcity is an urgent issue in the Middle East, and rapid population growth caused by the refugee crisis impose further demand on the water supply in the country. This research was carried out in order to portray the water crisis in Lebanon analyzing the water governance policies that have been implemented by the Lebanese government, especially after the Syrian refugee crisis. The aim of this case study is to describe the main reasons behind the water scarcity in Lebanon nowadays, besides analyzing the water governance strategies implemented by the Lebanese government and other international organizations to address this crisis within the context of the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon. Findings indicate that several actions must be done to minimize water stress in Lebanon if a political settlement in Syria is established and refugees begin to return to Syria. However, even if Syrian refugees return home and Lebanon's population declines, water scarcity will remain an issue that must be addressed. These long-term plans include agricultural water-use reform and, eventually, government water-sector reform.
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Morabia, Alfredo, and Georges C. Benjamin. "The Refugee Crisis in the Middle East and Public Health." American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 12 (December 2015): 2405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2015.302929.
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Robson, Laura. "REFUGEES AND THE CASE FOR INTERNATIONAL AUTHORITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND THE UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINIAN REFUGEES IN THE NEAR EAST COMPARED." International Journal of Middle East Studies 49, no. 4 (October 16, 2017): 625–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743817000629.
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AbstractIn the immediate aftermath of World War I, the newly formed League of Nations saw Middle Eastern refugees—particularly displaced Armenians and Assyrians scattered in camps across the Eastern Mediterranean—as venues for working out new forms of internationalism. In the late 1940s, following the British abandonment of the Palestine Mandate and the subsequent Zionist expulsion of most of the Palestinian Arab population, the new United Nations revived this concept of a refugee crisis requiring international intervention. This paper examines the parallel ways in which advocates for both the nascent League of Nations and the United Nations made use of mass refugee flows to formulate arguments for new, highly visible, and essentially permanent iterations of international authority across the Middle East.
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Akram, Susan M., Sarah Bidinger, Aaron Lang, Danielle Hites, Yoana Kuzmova, and Elena Noureddine. "Protecting Syrian Refugees: Laws, Policies, and Global Responsibility Sharing." Middle East Law and Governance 7, no. 3 (November 28, 2015): 287–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00703003.
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This article provides an excerpt of a report that maps out how the Syrian refugee crisis is being played out in four of the main states hosting the refugees, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and Turkey. This excerpt focuses on the laws and policies in the host states and how they are creating particularly devastating consequences for Palestinian refugees. The excerpt sets out the Report’s conclusions and recommendations, primarily the call for a global Comprehensive Plan of Action (cpa), with various components within and outside the Middle East region that build on existing legal obligations to better allocate responsibility for the refugee population and lift the overwhelming and unsustainable burden from the current frontline host states. The conclusions and recommendations combine legal and policy measures that would allow close the Palestinian refugee ‘protection gap,’ stem the phenomenon of trafficking and disasters-at-sea, prevent further fallout of the Syrian humanitarian crisis, and create incentive amongst the larger community of states to intervene to end the regional conflict.
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Crisp, Jeff. "The Syrian Emergency: A Catalyst for Change in the International Refugee Regime." Journal of Refugee Studies 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 1441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab009.
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Abstract Beginning in 2012, the Syrian refugee exodus has been one of the largest, speediest, and geopolitically significant seen in recent years. It has placed enormous pressures on host states in the Middle East, stretched the international humanitarian system to breaking point, and, of course, entailed enormous suffering for the millions of Syrian citizens who have been forced to flee from their own country. At the same time, the Syrian crisis has had a much broader impact on the global refugee regime and the way in which the international community addresses large-scale movements of displaced people. This article explores that impact, focusing on issues such as encampment and settlement strategies, the use of cash transfers, refugee employment and livelihoods, the refugee impact on host communities, the engagement of development actors in humanitarian crises and the challenge of providing safe and legal routes to people in need of protection. In these respects, the article suggests, the Syrian refugee emergency has acted as a more important catalyst for change than the high-level diplomatic activity associated with the Global Compact on Refugees.
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Rhodes, Sarah. "Middle East North Africa (MENA) Refugee Crisis: Digital Resources in Review." Review of Middle East Studies 52, no. 2 (November 2018): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2018.57.
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Mighton, Stephen. "The European Refugee Crisis: transitioning the EU from state-centric ‘kingdoms’ to a federalist system of multi-level governance." Federalism-E 17, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/fede.v17i1.13580.
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In an era where European integration has become increasingly questioned and where Euroscepticism battles the objectives envisioned by the Maastricht Treaty of 1992, the European Union (EU) desperately needs to revitalize its project of unification if its hopes to survive. Events of the last decade, such as the sovereign debt crisis, the global financial crisis, and the evolving refugee crisis, have challenged the efficacy of the EU and have seemingly undermined its legitimacy as a regulatory body. Taken individually, these crises pose a potent threat to the success of European integration and to the enlargement of member state unification. Most recently, the ongoing refugee crisis has created a sense of disunion within the EU giving way to a state of calamity as successive European efforts have failed at resolving this issue. Reeling from civil conflict and political turmoil, individuals from various regions, most notably Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, have fled the dangers and uncertainties of their homes in order to seek refuge within neighbouring European countries. This arduous and sudden development has prompted commentators, such as former Greek finance minister Yanis Varoufakis, to claim that the solidarity of the EU is being threatened at a level not seen since the migrant crisis of 1945 during the Second World War.[...]
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Wasilewski, Krzysztof. "The Role of Information and Communication Technology in the EU Response to the 2015 Refugee Crisis." Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny 46, no. 2 (176) (2020): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444972smpp.20.012.12328.
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The 2015 refugee crisis – as the mass influx of migrants from the Middle East is commonly dubbed – tested the European Union’s ability to react to large-scale humanitarian emergencies. Apart from various organizational, social and political changes that the 2015 refugee crisis has brought to the European Union, it has also marked the growing role of information and communication technology (ICT) in the EU’s asylum and migration policies. Drawing from the critical perspective of international relations and such concepts as securitization of migration, the paper aims to analyse the engagement of ICT by EU institutions and individual Member States during the refugee crisis in 2015.
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Nijdam, Elizabeth. "The smartphone aesthetics of mobility in Kate Evans’s Threads and Reinhard Kleist’s An Olympic Dream." Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 513–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjmc_00048_1.
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In the last decade, comics and graphic novels on migration have become an essential forum for representing refugee experience. This emergent genre of graphic narration not only offers the representation of migrant hardships from the subjective perspective of refugees, artists and volunteers working in the community, comics on the refugee crisis also develop empathy and awareness for the plight of migrants internationally by giving a voice to countless nameless ‐ and often faceless ‐ migrants, whose images circulate widely in the media. Moreover, comic artists working on refugee and migrant subjects are inventing new visual languages to express these individuals’ perilous journeys from war-torn regions of the Middle East, Africa and Asia to European soil, incorporating the very media technologies essential for migration ‐ and its representation ‐ into the comics form. Looking at the smartphone and social media aesthetics of two comics on global forced migration, Kate Evans’s Threads: From the Refugee Crisis and Reinhard Kleist’s An Olympic Dream: The Story of Samia Yusuf Omar, this article assesses the significance of incorporating the technologies of migration into its representation.
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Gökalp Aras, N. Ela, and Zeynep Şahin Mencütek. "The international migration and foreign policy nexus: the case of Syrian refugee crisis and Turkey." Migration Letters 12, no. 3 (July 18, 2015): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v12i3.274.
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The relationship between ‘foreign’ and ‘immigration and asylum’ policy is complex and has significant consequences beyond these policy areas. Despite their ever increasing importance, migration and refugee studies have been rarely tackled within the foreign policy dimension of state’s responses, in particular regarding refugee crisis. This paper both demonstrates the importance for and impact of foreign policy orientations on immigration and asylum policies. It questions how ‘foreign’ policy and ‘asylum’ policy are intertwined and generate differences in coping with the mass influx with a focus on the Syrian refugee crisis and Turkey’s policy responses. We argue that assertive foreign policy of Turkey, particularly willingness to be the actor ‘establishing the order’ in the Middle East’ which led to the ‘open-door’ and humanitarian asylum policy at the initial stages of refugee flow. However, the isolation of Turkish foreign policy along with the increase in the numbers of refugees necessitated recalibration of the adopted policy towards the one based on ‘non-arrival’, and ‘security’ emphasizing ‘temporary protection’, ‘voluntary return’ and the ‘burden share’.
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Geha, Carmen, and Joumana Talhouk. "From Recipients of Aid to Shapers of Policies: Conceptualizing Government–United Nations Relations during the Syrian Refugee Crisis in Lebanon." Journal of Refugee Studies 32, no. 4 (September 26, 2018): 645–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey052.
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AbstractThis article explores the influence of national politics on shaping responses to refugee crises in the Middle East. The article focuses on the case of Lebanon, typically described as a weak or failed state, to explain the progression of policies the Lebanese government used to respond to the Syrian refugee crisis. By using qualitative data from interviews with political officials, the article conceptualizes the change in relations between the Lebanese government and United Nations agencies as evidence of a progression in policies by the Lebanese government. Moving from largely a policy of no-policy, as the crisis in Syria turned into a protracted conflict, we depict Lebanon as moving from a mere recipient of aid from the United Nations to a more active player in shaping crisis response policies. The main thrust of this work is to highlight how exogenous shocks can make governments more influential in shaping United Nations agencies.
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Batmanghelichi, Kristin Soraya, A. George Bajalia, and Sami Al-Daghistani. "Introduction to the Special Issue Pluralism in Emergenc(i)es in the Middle East and North Africa." Review of Middle East Studies 54, no. 2 (December 2020): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2021.11.
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AbstractThe issue “Pluralisms in Emergenc(i)es” is a result of a two-conference series that took place in Amman and Tunis, in December 2017 and October 2018, respectively. Taking these two locations as historical epicenters of human, commodity, and capital mobility, in two connected regions, these conferences set out to interrogate the historical, social, and religious underpinnings of the migrant and refugee crisis in order to position this moment as a state of emergence, rather than a state of emergency. The focus of the essays included here explores pluralism as it has emerged in response to contemporary global crises, and asks a number of questions: What are the variations in how “pluralism” is understood, and how does it function in a time of crisis? What are the material and immaterial modes through which pluralism takes shape? Moreover, how does it change through the circulation of people - as migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers – and capital – whether under the auspices of international development funds, religious aid, or new labor markets? By crossing disciplinary boundaries, this special issue enters into a fundamental discussion about how “pluralism” is conceived across sites and offers new vistas for its conceptualization in North Africa and the Middle East.
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Shaya, Nessrin, and Rabih Shayya. "The impacts of World Bank education programs in alleviating Middle East economies within Syrian refugee crisis." International Journal of Development Issues 19, no. 3 (June 29, 2020): 377–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-11-2018-0179.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate the World Bank achievements in reinforcing Middle Eastern economies in the light of the Syrian refugees’ crisis. It aims to analyze the influence of the World Bank activities in sustaining and developing a key Lebanese sector under pressure, namely, education. Design/methodology/approach Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted, followed by thematic analysis of gathered data. The study participants included senior Lebanese World Bank professionals and education experts, who once held major leadership roles in the World Bank. Findings Data analysis revealed major contributions in human development, substantial governmental support and controlling damaging consequences of the Syrian crisis, which helped in supporting economic stabilization and prevented education sector from collapsing. Originality/value The desire of evaluating the World Bank activities in the education sector will help in understanding the World Bank’s role in the development process of the education sector and the associated local government support. In addition, the study seeks to assess governmental performance in adapting the required changes to achieve development and revealing strategies used for refugee crisis. Due to a shortage of relevant studies, this study seeks to fill the associated gap with implications and recommendations guiding educational development in the Middle East, in addition to operational recommendations and indications for further studies in the field.
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Lupieri, Sigrid, and Lorraine Frisina Doetter. "Transnational interdependency and healthcare system change: The role of humanitarian and development aid in shaping health policy in Jordan." Global Social Policy 20, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 192–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018119896465.
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This article examines the role of external financing as a form of transnational economic interdependency in shaping healthcare system change in Jordan. More specifically, this exploratory study traces the trajectory of Jordan’s healthcare policy such as regards public financing, investment in infrastructure, and policy priorities – especially, efforts at universalism and health as a human right – over the years 2008–2018. During this period of observation, the Jordanian healthcare system was subject to various exogenous shocks in the form of recurrent and large influxes of refugees from Iraq and Syria. Regarded as a crisis, the growing presence of the refugee population introduced a significant increase in humanitarian and development aid that brought with it resources for both the displaced and host populations. This study examines whether increased external financing in the form of overseas development aid necessarily translates into healthcare system expansion for both citizens and refugees. This article will contribute to filling the gap in knowledge and understanding of the complex interdependencies which influence the evolution of healthcare policies in a country not only affected by an ongoing refugee crisis, but also at the geopolitical crossroads of international interests in the Middle East region.
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Bakare Najimdeen. "Middle East Refugees' Crisis: Europeans' Three Dimensional Approaches." Policy Perspectives 13, no. 2 (2016): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/polipers.13.2.0063.
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Herdi Sahrasad and Ibnu Rusyd. "Political Islam, European Muslim and Terrorism Issues: A Reflection." Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial 8, no. 3 (September 7, 2021): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v8i3.153.
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In the period 2014-2015, the European Union was shaken by the influx of migrants from the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans (Eastern Europe) who increasingly flooded the western region of the white continent. In a March 2015 report, UNHCR said the conflicts in Iraq and Syria brought the number of asylum seekers in Western countries in 2014 to the highest level in 22 years. There were an estimated 866,000 asylum seekers in 2014. That number is a 45 percent increase compared to 2013. And, during the 2014-16 refugee crisis from the Middle East and Africa, millions of refugee flows from the Middle East and Africa were rejected. In this regard, Olivier Roy sees that in Europe itself there is a danger of radical Islamism, a Muslim terrorism movement that undermines European peace and undermines Western trust on Muslim communities and political Islam. This paper explains Roy's perspective and Islamic radicalism in Europe which does not benefit the position and image of Muslims in Europe and the West in general.
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Mandic, Danilo. "Trafficking and Syrian Refugee Smuggling: Evidence from the Balkan Route." Social Inclusion 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i2.917.
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As of March 2016, 4.8 million Syrian refugees were scattered in two dozen countries by the civil war. Refugee smuggling has been a major catalyst of human trafficking in the Middle East and Europe migrant crises. Data on the extent to which smuggling devolved into trafficking in this refugee wave is, however, scarce. This article investigates how Syrian refugees interact with smugglers, shedding light on how human smuggling and human trafficking interrelated on the Balkan Route. I rely on original evidence from in-depth interviews (n = 123) and surveys (n = 100) with Syrian refugees in Jordan, Turkey, Greece, Serbia, and Germany; as well as ethnographic observations in thirty-five refugee camps or other sites in these countries. I argue that most smugglers functioned as guides, informants, and allies in understudied ways—thus refugee perceptions diverge dramatically from government policy assumptions. I conclude with a recommendation for a targeted advice policy that would acknowledge the reality of migrant-smuggler relations, and more effectively curb trafficking instead of endangering refugees.
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Veebel, Viljar. "Is the European Migration Crisis Caused by Russian Hybrid Warfare?" Journal of Politics and Law 13, no. 2 (May 17, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v13n2p44.
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Recent developments in European security situation, starting with the Russia-Ukraine conflict, followed by the complicated Brexit and political instability in the Middle East and North Africa, have given rise to instability in the European Union. Yet, none of the other factors could be compared with the risks caused by the massive influx of refugees into the EU that challenges both solidarity and responsibility of the member states. In this context, it is extremely important to understand the actual security threats related to the refugee crisis and the root causes of growing refugee flows. This article discusses the roots of large-scale migration flows in the European Union (EU) over the present decade and investigates the potential link between migration flows and modern hybrid warfare, referring to the coordination of various modes of warfare, such as military and non-military means, conventional and non-conventional capabilities, state and non-state actors with an aim to cause instability and disarrangement. It is intriguing to investigate whether the increase in migration flows could be linked to present confrontation in the global arena on the Russia-West axis. Common patterns of migration flows from Syria and Ukraine to the EU are discussed, as well as policy recommendations are given to diminish the negative impact of similar events in the future.
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Wardeh, Mai, and Rui Cunha Marques. "Measuring the SDGs in Refugee Camps: An Insight into Arab States Bordering Syria." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021720.
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With the increasing refugee crisis worldwide, a great promise lies in the 2030 agenda to help ‘leave no one behind.’ This article aims to take stock of implementing the 2030 Agenda in the refugee camps of the Arab Middle East based on empirical data from Syrian refugees and Iraqi IDPs collected using a questionnaire distributed in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. SDGs’ indices were calculated using arithmetic mean and principal component analysis methods. Our study finds that the progress toward achieving the SDGs is diverse in three locations, mainly due to the policy applied in the host country. The respondents in Iraq ranked the best at social and economic sustainability, Jordan ranked the best at environmental sustainability, and Lebanon was the furthest left behind in the three dimensions. SDG7 has a high performance, but accelerating the progress toward achieving the remaining SDGs is essential. Without the substantial efforts of all stakeholders, the 2030 agenda will not be accomplished.
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Aydin, Ulviyye. "The Syrian Refugee Crisis: New Negotiation Chapter In European Union-Turkey Relations." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 19, no. 2 (July 2016): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2016.19.2.102.
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Syria is one of the countries where a revolution wave named Arab Spring uprose in early 2011. The most radical discourse from Arab Spring into the still ongoing civil wars took place in Syria as early as the second half of 2011. At the beginning it was a civil protest against Assad’s government. Nobody could not estimate the future developments in Syria. The cost of the war in Syria increases every day. More than 250,000 Syrians have lost their lives in four-and-a-half years of armed conflict, which began with anti-government protests before escalating into a full-scale civil war. More than 11 million others have been forced from their homes as forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad and those opposed to his rule battle each other - as well as jihadist militants from Islamic State. Mixed featured developments and longer resistance of Assad’s regime than estimated escalated tension in Syria in last four and half years. As a result, many countries in the Middle East, such as Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon, also Turkey, Serbia, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, Austria, Netherlands, Bulgaria are the sides that should pay a cost of the Syrian war. These states spend a remarkable budget for the Syrian refugees. Economic expenditure is just one dimension of Syrian refugee crisis. Movement of Syrian refugees to the European countries passing Turkish borders is one of the biggest migration crisis of the modern world history. Considering multifaced impacts of the migration, the aim of this paper is to analyze the Syrian refugee crisis as a new negotiation headline between the Europan Union and Turkey.
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Costa, Bruno Ferreira, and Géssica Teles. "THE ROLE OF CITIES IN WELCOMING REFUGEES." Diacrítica 31, no. 3 (May 28, 2019): 153–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.392.
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In recent years there has been a significant increase in the volume of migratory flowson a global scale, especially with the European Community area as the final destination.In fact, the European community’s space due to democratic stability and to itsliving conditions, has become a magnet for this new wave of refugees from countriesinvolved in various armed conflicts in North Africa and the Middle East. /is influxof migrants challenges all levels of government, especially local governments, who are at the forefront of receiving and welcoming refugees. /e present study focuseson the recent refugee crisis in Europe, as well as on how European cities, namelyParis and Berlin, worked to integrate a significant number of refugees, consideringthe different approaches and strategies to host this flow of refugees. Based on a comparativeand descriptive study, we will try to trace the political strategies adopted atthe local level in the reception of refugees, allowing to map the conditions for theeffective integration of these citizens in the European space.
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Ullah, AKM Ahsan. "Geopolitics of Conflicts and Refugees in the Middle East and North Africa." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 5, no. 3 (June 19, 2018): 258–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347798918776751.
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Geopolitically intertwined and strategically significant refugee policy in the MENA region is frequently analyzed in light of well-documented ethnic, religious, class, and border conflicts. However, the policy is also inexorably linked to the broader geopolitics of the global refugee protection regime and discourse. This article analyzes the complex relationship between geopolitics, domestic political dynamics, and their attendant crises in the MENA region. The complex set of political shockwaves of the Arab Spring induced massive mobility of people which may compound incipient political tensions between and within MENA states.
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Gabiam, Nell. "Palestinians and Europe’s ‘Refugee Crisis’ Seeking Asylum in France in the Wake of the Syrian War." Journal of Refugee Studies 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 1327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab015.
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Abstract This article examines French immigration policy through the experiences of Palestinians displaced by the war in Syria who are currently residing in France. In response to the Syrian refugee crisis, France has instituted an ‘asylum visa’ that enables refugees from Syria who are awarded the visa to travel legally from the Middle East to France to apply for asylum there. The asylum visa, also referred to as a ‘humanitarian visa’, extends to Syro-Palestinians. Humanitarian visas have been celebrated by some as a means by which individuals in need of international protection can seek asylum in Europe in a dignified and safe manner. I argue that it is too early to celebrate the French asylum visa. Indeed, evidence shows that steps to provide legal routes to Europe for asylum-seekers through humanitarian visas coexist with rather than overturn broader policies that seek to deter the majority of asylum-seekers from entering Europe.
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Nerghes, Adina, and Ju-Sung Lee. "Narratives of the Refugee Crisis: A Comparative Study of Mainstream-Media and Twitter." Media and Communication 7, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i2.1983.
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The European refugee crisis received heightened attention at the beginning of September 2015, when images of the drowned child, Aylan Kurdi, surfaced across mainstream and social media. While the flows of displaced persons, especially from the Middle East into Europe, had been ongoing until that date, this event and its coverage sparked a media firestorm. Mainstream-media content plays a major role in shaping discourse about events such as the refugee crisis, while social media’s participatory affordances allow for the narratives to be perpetuated, challenged, and injected with new perspectives. In this study, the perspectives and narratives of the refugee crisis from the mainstream news and Twitter—in the days following Aylan’s death—are compared and contrasted. Themes are extracted through topic modeling (LDA) and reveal how news and Twitter converge and also diverge. We show that in the initial stages of a crisis and following the tragic death of Aylan, public discussion on Twitter was highly positive. Unlike the mainstream-media, Twitter offered an alternative and multifaceted narrative, not bound by geo-politics, raising awareness and calling for solidarity and empathy towards those affected. This study demonstrates how mainstream and social media form a new and complementary media space, where narratives are created and transformed.
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Lee, Ju-Sung, and Adina Nerghes. "Refugee or Migrant Crisis? Labels, Perceived Agency, and Sentiment Polarity in Online Discussions." Social Media + Society 4, no. 3 (July 2018): 205630511878563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305118785638.
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In recent years, increasing attention has been dedicated to the hazardous and volatile situation in the Middle East, a crisis which has pushed many to flee their countries and seek refuge in neighboring countries or in Europe. In describing or discussing these tragic events, labels such as “European migrant crisis” and “European refugee crisis” started being widely used by the media, politicians, and the online world alike. The use of such labels has the potential to dictate the ways in which displaced people are received and perceived. With this study, we investigate label use in social media (specifically YouTube), the emergent patterns of labeling that can cause further disaffection and tension or elicit sympathy, and the sentiments associated with the different labels. Our findings suggest that migration issues are being framed not only through labels characterizing the crisis but also by their describing the individuals themselves. Using topic modeling and sentiment analysis jointly, our study offers valuable insights into the direction of public sentiment and the nature of discussions surrounding this significant societal crisis, as well as the nature of online opinion sharing. We conclude by proposing a four-dimensional model of label interpretation in relation to sentiment—that accounts for perceived agency, economic cost, permanence, and threat, and identifies threat and agency to be most impactful. This perspective reveals important influential aspects of labels and frames that may shape online public opinion and alter attitudes toward those directly affected by the crisis.
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Rother, Bjoern, Gaelle Pierre, Davide Lombardo, Risto Herrala, Priscilla Toffano, Erik Roos, Allan Auclair, and Karina Manasseh. "The Economic Impact of Conflicts and the Refugee Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa." Staff Discussion Notes 16, no. 8 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475535785.006.
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Пашков, В. О., and В. І. Правдін. "Analysis of migration processes in the EU and the theory of multiculturalism: current state and prospects." Public administration aspects 7, no. 12 (January 20, 2020): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/151971.
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The article deals with the problem of the migration crisis that has hit the EU. Since 2015, there has been a sharp increase in the number of refugees from the region, to which European countries were not ready. By the end of 2019, Europe has already exhausted its economic capacity to receive and accommodate refugees, but their flow is continuing. Over the last 5 years, more than 4 million refugees from the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia have come to Europe. In 2015, the flow of migrants was over 1.5 million people, in 2016 - 900 000, in 2017 - 650 000, in 2018 - 600 000, in 2019 - almost 550 000.The main causes of large-scale movement of migrants to Europe have been identified. Among them are wars and conflicts that destabilize the situation in their native countries; demographic outbreak in Africa and the Middle East, deteriorating funding for refugee camps in Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan, exacerbation of the 2018-2019 Syrian crisis; the availability of high social guarantees and diaspora relatives in many EU countries.The political, social, cultural consequences of the migration crisis for individual countries and the EU are analyzed. The increasing flow of refugees has exacerbated in European societies the problems of terrorism, the increase in crime rates, the poor cultural compatibility of the local population with refugees, the increased right-wing sentiment and the high social costs of migrant adaptation.The importance of the ideology of multiculturalism for the current migration crisis in the EU is substantiated. The phenomenon of multiculturalism is compared with the phenomena of globalization and shows the impact on the situation in society, which lead to conflict. Multiculturalism has recently been perceived as a means that can mitigate the negative (primarily for traditional cultures, ethnic and religious groups) consequences of globalization, but narrowing the philosophical view of the phenomenon of multiculturalism to the institutional level, modern representatives of the humanities and practices in Europe (political scientists, sociologists, politicians) faced with the fact that the interaction of cultures has not been adequately reflected in theory and held in practice.
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Makhroja, Mega Nisfa. "SEKURITISASI ISU MIGRASI DI POLANDIA : KEAMANAN NASIONAL ATAU SOLIDARITAS REGIONAL?" Indonesian Journal of Peace and Security Studies (IJPSS) 2, no. 1 (July 26, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ijpss.v1i1.33.
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This paper analyzes the policy of the Polish government in responding to the migration crisis in Europe. The Polish government decided not to accommodate more refugees from Africa and the Middle East for reasons of national security. The homogeneous character of society will be disturbed by massive waves of migration. On the other hand, as a member of the European Union, Poland has an obligation to follow the scheme of the distribution of refugee quota to his country. Using the securitization analysis of non-traditional security issues, this research will describe the securitization process that starts with securitizing actors, speech acts, existential threats, referent objects, audiences, and functional actors. The securitization process is carried out by constructing an issue that was not originally a security issue to a security issue. The findings of this study indicate that the Polish government's policy of rejecting refugees is a form of securitization of the issue of migration as a threat to its national security.
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Bydzovsky, J., M. Jackulikova, S. Ousmann, and R. Faashtol. "Nutritional Behavior and Status of Unaccompanied Minor Refugees in the Moria Camp, Lesbos, Greece." Clinical Social Work and Health Intervention 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22359/cswhi_12_2_14.
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Greece faces a migration crisis caused by thousands of refugees coming from the Middle East and Africa to overwhelmed camps that try to fulfill at least their basic needs including diet as a humanitarian aid. The aim of the survey is to determine both the eating habits and possibilities and objective anthropometric parameters to evaluate the nutritional status of unaccompanied children under 18 years of age in the Moria refugee camp on the island of Lesbos, Greece. The survey has found that the respondents are completely dependent on the food provided by the camp. 87% of them reported starvation at least once a week, 24% are underweight. The energetic value of the provided food is insufficient as compared to their real needs. We have encountered serious complaints about the catering but have also found that more than half of the respondents state that they would be able to cook for themselves. These minor refugees are also at risk of starting with smoking cigarettes or drinking alcohol.
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Makhroja, Mega Nisfa. "SEKURITISASI ISU MIGRASI DI POLANDIA : KEAMANAN NASIONAL ATAU SOLIDARITAS REGIONAL?" Indonesian Journal of Peace and Security Studies (IJPSS) 2, no. 1 (July 26, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ijpss.v2i1.33.
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the policy of the Polish government in responding to the migration crisis in Europe. The Polish government decided not to accommodate more refugees from Africa and the Middle East for reasons of national security. The homogeneous character of society will be disturbed by massive waves of migration. On the other hand, as a member of the European Union, Poland has an obligation to follow the scheme of the distribution of refugee quota to his country. Using the securitization analysis of non-traditional security issues, this research will describe the securitization process that starts with securitizing actors, speech acts, existential threats, referent objects, audiences, and functional actors. The securitization process is carried out by constructing an issue that was not originally a security issue to a security issue. The findings of this study indicate that the Polish government's policy of rejecting refugees is a form of securitization of the issue of migration as a threat to its national security.
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Žúborová, Viera, and Ingrid Borárosová. "Migration Discourse in Slovak Politics. Context and Content of Migration in Political Discourse: European Values versus Campaign Rhetoric." Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 11, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0005.
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Abstract The migration crisis has not only influenced the societies of Europe, their governments, and decisions taken by them but also affected the work of media. As soon as the migration crisis began to escalate in Europe, the old continent has continuously tried to cope with the influx of refugees from the war-threatened Middle East; not only individual statements of politicians and influential individuals but also communication flows themselves, which have created content and expanded context within networks, have become the center of interest. We can assume that in the previous months (especially in the case of the Slovak Republic), political and media discourses influenced societal and individual opinions and attitudes toward the migration crisis. The main aim of this article is to compare the various contents in the Slovak printed media in the context of the migration crisis. The dominant focus will be on analyzing media messages in the analyzed period in the context of creating political (media-based and electoral) discourse on the refugee crisis. We assume that over time, the main political discourse changed, and that the rhetoric of the main political actors also changed over time. The reason for this shift was the national election in March 2016.
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Sambur, Bilal. "The Effects of Syria War on Turkey-EU Relations." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2021.26.3.9.
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Syrian war has changed Middle East radically. Regional dynamics and actors have deeply influenced by Syrian war. Turkey is one of the Middle Eastern countries, which has influenced from this conflict most. Turkey has close relations with the EU in order to become its full member. Syrian war caused many problems between Turkey and the EU. Refugee crisis, Idlib problem, military interventions of Turkey in Syria and Eastern Mediteraanian disputes are chief problemler between Turkey and the EU. Syrian war brings Turkey and the EU relations to the end. In this paper, we intend to discuss the effects of Syria war on Turkey-the EU relations.
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Boronbaeva, Aitolgon. "Refugee Movements from Turkey to the European Union after 2015 – the Assessment of Impact." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 322–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i5.237.
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Suddenly in 2015, huge number of people started to arrive in European Union applying for asylum from Middle East countries such as Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq as well as Turkey. Turkey has become the main gateway for the people, who seek to reach European countries, originating migration crisis in the region. Indeed, the EU has been one of the main attractive destination in search of international protection, freedom, democracy and peace for them. They have forced to flee their home countries due to war, armed conflicts, political persecution and human rights violations. This dramatic level of refugee movements has brought about great challenges for European Union and its member states, which the EU had to give adequate response. Previous relevant policies hadn’t been established to manage with rapid change and wasn’t adequate in order to deal with such as great influx of refugees. While, EU started to cope with newcomers, by establishing or improving asylum policies and legal frameworks, the unprecedented level of refugee movements has brought comprehensive impact on particularly in three areas such as political, social and economic on EU since 2015. The main objective of this paper is to assess the impact of refugee movements to the EU as a whole since 2015 until the present time from three different areas such as political, economic and social, by using qualitative single case study analysis.
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McEwen, Fiona S., Cassandra Popham, Patricia Moghames, Demelza Smeeth, Bernadette de Villiers, Dahlia Saab, Georges Karam, John Fayyad, Elie Karam, and Michael Pluess. "Cohort profile: biological pathways of risk and resilience in Syrian refugee children (BIOPATH)." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 57, no. 4 (January 18, 2022): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02228-8.
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AbstractThe BIOPATH cohort was established to explore the interplay of psychosocial and biological factors in the development of resilience and mental health problems in Syrian refugee children. Based in Lebanon, a middle-income country significantly impacted by the refugee crisis, it is the first such cohort of refugees in the Middle East. Families were recruited from informal tented settlements in the Beqaa region using purposive cluster sampling. At baseline (October 2017–January 2018), N = 3188 individuals participated [n = 1594 child–caregiver dyads; child gender, 52.6% female; mean (SD) age = 11.44 (2.44) years, range = 6–19]. Re-participation rate at 1-year follow-up was 62.8%. Individual interviews were conducted with children and primary caregivers and biological samples collected from children. Measures include: (1) children’s well-being and mental health problems (using tools validated against clinical interviews in a subsample of the cohort); (2) psychosocial risk and protective factors at the level of the individual (e.g. coping strategies), family (e.g. parent–child relationship), community (e.g. collective efficacy), and wider context (e.g. services); (3) saliva samples for genetic and epigenetic (methylation) analyses; (4) hair samples to measure cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone. This cohort profile provides details about sampling and recruitment, data collection and measures, demographic data, attrition and potential bias, key findings on resilience and mental health problems in children and strengths and limitations of the cohort. Researchers interested in accessing data should contact Professor Michael Pluess at Queen Mary University of London, UK (e-mail: m.pluess@qmul.ac.uk).
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Salsabila, Nadia Khansa. "Aspek Pragmatisme Dalam Kebijakan Pintu Terbuka Jerman terhadap Pengungsi Timur Tengah: Solusi Grey Population." Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 12, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jhi.v12i1.12940.
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In 2015, refugee crisis that occurred in European Union due to the war inthe Middle East formed the background of Germany’s open-door policy.As it is implemented, this open-door policy attracted several controversieswith strong internal criticism and negative public opinion, but the policystill be maintained. This phenomenon raises questions regarding on thebasis of German legitimacy in maintaining an open-door policy whichhas always highlighted the sides and ideas of humanitarianism. Therefore,this study seeks to see other aspects of Germany’s open-door policyas German foreign policy, namely ‘pragmatism’ based on considerationof demographic issues related to greying population which have a negativeimpact on German’s stability and economic prospects. Based on thesethoughts, the author argues that Germany maintained the open-door policyas a solution to help overcome greying population in demographic andeconomic context. The open-door policy can be use as a solution throughthe use of refugees and immigrants as productive workers and tax payersin Germany.
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Guerra, Juliana Vidal Vieira, Valdecyr Herdy Alves, Lilyane Rachedi, Audrey Vidal Pereira, Maria Bertilla L. Riker Branco, Márcia Vieira dos Santos, Mariana Cabral Schveitzer, and Bruna Fernandes Carvalho. "Forced international migration for refugee food: a scoping review." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 24, no. 12 (December 2019): 4499–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320182412.23382019.
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Abstract Recent crisis and conflicts in African countries, the Middle East and the Americas have led to forced population migration and rekindled concern about food security. This article aims to map in the scientific literature the implications of forced migration on food and nutrition of refugees. Scoping Review, and database search: databases: PubMed Central, LILACS, SciElo, Science Direct and MEDLINE. Languages used in the survey were: English, Portuguese and Spanish, with publication year from 2013 to 2018. 173 articles were obtained and after removing of duplicates and full reading, 26 articles were selected and submitted to critical reading by two reviewers, resulting in 18 articles selected. From the analysis of the resulting articles, the following categories emerged: Food Inequity; Cultural Adaptation and Nutrition; Emerging Diseases and Strategies for the Promotion of Nutritional Health. Food insecurity is a marked consequence of forced international migration, and constitutes an emerging global public health problem, since concomitant with increasing population displacements also widens the range of chronic and nutritional diseases.
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Kodaneva, S. I. "COMMON EUROPEAN ASYLUM SYSTEM: THE CAUSES OF THE CRISIS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONALISM." Pravovedenie IAZH, no. 4 (2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rgpravo/2021.04.06.
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The massive influx of refugees from the Middle East in 2015 caused a crisis in the Common European Asylum System, which provoked a European constitutional crisis. This review presents three articles that formulate the existing problems and the risks they cause for the EU, as well as analyzing their causes and prerequisites.
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Du, Rebecca, Peter J. Hotez, Waleed S. Al-Salem, and Alvaro Acosta-Serrano. "Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Refugee Crises in the Middle East and North Africa." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10, no. 5 (May 26, 2016): e0004545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004545.
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Katrini, Eleni. "Spatial manifestations of collective refugee housing: The case of City Plaza." Radical Housing Journal 2, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54825/tohp7649.
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Within times of social, economic, and environmental crises, shelter and housing become intertwined with issues of forced migration and nomadic living. Since 2015, hundreds of thousands of people from Africa and the Middle East, have risked their lives crossing the Mediterranean Sea in attempt to evade conflict and exploitation, while searching for safety and stability. This movement has been framed by European governments through the lens of ‘crisis’, and thus has received different approaches as a response. Among them, some have been paternalistic in nature, some hostile, while others solidary. This article investigates City Plaza, a solidary approach to refugees, which proposes radical housing solutions for migrant populations through the occupation of vacant urban spaces. City Plaza is a self-organized collective housing hosting both refugees and activists squatting in a vacant hotel in downtown Athens, Greece. It offers a housing solution in the urban center as a counterexample to the state and NGO’s approaches of remote camps. The goal of the article is not only to present this case study as a solidary story to current refugee narratives, but to investigate critical spatial characteristics influencing the initiative. The case presented is part of a series of ethnographic case studies that investigate spatial patterns of collective sharing culture practices as everyday alternatives to capitalism and uncover ways through which space can enable and support them. The case studies follow an interdisciplinary research framework for studying spatial patterns of sharing culture, drawing concepts and methods from social sciences and theories of practice, architecture, urban design, and planning. Data are collected through interviews, documents’ review, spatial documentation, and mapping. The qualitative data analysis offers insights to the initiative’s history, structure, challenges, context, and value, but most prominently offers findings on key spatial characteristics that have shaped it.
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Chatty, D. "The Iraqi Refugees: The New Crisis in the Middle East. By Joseph Sassoon." Journal of Refugee Studies 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feq007.
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Ideström, Jonas, and Stig Linde. "Welfare State Supporter and Civil Society Activist: Church of Sweden in the “Refugee Crisis” 2015." Social Inclusion 7, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i2.1958.
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2015 was a year of an unprecedented migration from the Middle East to Europe. Sweden received almost 163,000 asylum applications. The civil society, including the former state church, took a notable responsibility. In a situation where the welfare systems are increasingly strained, and both the welfare state and the majority church are re-regulated, we ask: how does this play out in local contexts? This article reports from a theological action research project within a local parish in the Church of Sweden. The Lutheran church has from year 2000 changed its role to an independent faith denomination. The study describes the situation when the local authority and the parish together run temporary accommodation for young asylum seekers. For the local authority the choice of the church as a collaborator was a strategic choice. For the local parish this occasion verified the mission of the church. Confirming its former role as carrier of societal beliefs and values the Church of Sweden supports the welfare state. At the same time, the church explores a new role as a faith denomination and part of the civil society.
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Atia, Nadia. "The figure of the refugee in Hassan Blasim’s “The Reality and the Record”." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 54, no. 3 (June 7, 2017): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021989417707802.
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This article considers Hassan Blasim’s short story, “The Reality and the Record”. It argues that Blasim’s asylum seeker should be read as a powerful challenge to extant responses to the ever-growing global refugee crisis: a vision of the many difficulties faced by twenty-first century displaced persons, no longer confined to the refugee camps of the mid-twentieth century most often associated with Palestinian literature in the Middle East, but seeking elusive shelter in Europe. I argue that Blasim’s short story highlights the impossibility of the demands placed upon those seeking shelter in the developed world, reminding us of the under-recognized role of trauma, narrative, agency, and especially evidence in seeking humanitarian asylum. By undermining any confidence we might have in an idealized “truth”, the text questions the morality of asylum-seeking processes in the developed world, demanding that its readers reevaluate their own stance in relation to displaced persons, and asserting that the burden of narrating oneself into a place of safety, of performing worthy victimhood, is neither just, nor feasible.
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Dakroub, Karim. "Puppetry for building bridges: Psychosocial intervention in emergency settings in the Middle East." Applied Theatre Research 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/atr_00026_1.
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This article describes the application of puppetry to psychosocial support during the Syrian crisis since 2011. After many years of using applied puppetry with vulnerable populations, such as refugees and victims of military actions, the author developed a structured model of intervention, as well as a training programme on puppetry, as a medium of expression and communication for activists (social workers, psychologists, artists), allowing them to work with refugees and displaced people. This model is based on a psychosocial approach aimed at strengthening the resilience of the final beneficiaries. The article includes a detailed description of the training steps and techniques involved, linking them to concepts and theoretical background.
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Webber, Frances. "Europe’s unknown war." Race & Class 59, no. 1 (June 28, 2017): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396817701657.
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The EU’s response to the global ‘refugee crisis’ has involved the returning of refugees to war zones, for example in Afghanistan, in breach of human rights conventions. But it has also been so determined to stop further asylum seekers reaching European waters or shores that it has entered into the most dubious of agreements with countries outside the EU. Using bribery (aid, promises of investment, even the prospect of membership of the EU) and blackmail (threats of withdrawal of support for educational and health programmes), the EU has inveigled and browbeaten countries around the Mediterranean and as far afield as sub-Saharan Africa, to undertake immigration controls on its behalf. This has involved the EU in agreements with repressive regimes such as Turkey, Sudan and Eritrea, designed to block the movements of millions of people in the Middle East and Africa necessitated by war, famine, climate change and religious conflict. The outsourcing of migration policy to countries run by known dictators and war criminals has come at the expense of Europe’s humanitarian tradition, argues the author, who looks at the implications of policy by country and region.
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Gabiam, Nell. "Humanitarianism, Development, and Security in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Syrian Refugee Crisis." International Journal of Middle East Studies 48, no. 2 (April 7, 2016): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743816000131.
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The term humanitarianism finds its roots in 19th-century Europe and is generally defined as the “impartial, neutral, and independent provision of relief to victims of conflict and natural disasters.” Behind this definition lies a dynamic history. According to political scientists Michael Barnett and Thomas G. Weiss, this history can be divided into three phases. From the 19th century to World War II, humanitarianism was a reaction to the perceived breakdown of society and the emergence of moral ills caused by rapid industrialization within Europe. The era between World War II and the 1990s saw the emergence of many of today's nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations. These organizations sought to address the suffering caused by World War I and World War II, but also turned their gaze toward the non-Western world, which was in the process of decolonization. The third phase began in the 1990s, after the end of the Cold War, and witnessed an expansion of humanitarianism. One characteristic of this expansion is the increasing prominence of states, regional organizations, and the United Nations in the field of humanitarian action. Their increased prominence has been paralleled by a growing linkage between humanitarian concerns and the issue of state, regional, and global security. Is it possible that, in the 21st century, humanitarianism is entering a new (fourth) phase? And, if so, what role have events in the Middle East played in ushering it in? I seek to answer these questions by focusing on regional consultations that took place between June 2014 and July 2015 in preparation for the first ever World Humanitarian Summit (WHS), scheduled to take place in Istanbul in May 2016.
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Tsavdaroglou, Charalampos. "The Refugees’ Right to the Center of the City and Spatial Justice: Gentrification vs Commoning Practices in Tarlabaşı-Istanbul." Urban Planning 5, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i3.3098.
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During the recent refugee crisis and following the common statement-agreement between the European Union and Turkey (18 March 2016), more than half a million refugees have been trapped in Istanbul. Although the vast majority is living in remote areas in the perimeter of the city, there is a remarkable exception in the central neighborhood of Tarlabaşı. Over the decades, this area has become a shelter for newcomers from eastern Turkey and, recently, for thousands of refugees from the Middle East and Africa. In this neighborhood, refugees with the support of local and international solidarity groups establish communal houses, social centers, and collective kitchens, creating an example of commoning practices, mutual help, and transnational togetherness in the urban core. At the same time, over the past few years, Tarlabaşı has been the target of gentrification policies that aim to dislocate poor residents and refugees and to transform the area into a highincome residential area and a tourist destination. Thus, ongoing urban conflict is taking place for the right to the center of the city. This article follows the Lefebvrian concept of ‘the right to the city’ and Soja’s and Harvey’s notion of ‘spatial justice,’ taking also into account the discussion on the spatialities of ‘urban commons’ and ‘enclosures.’ It combines spatial analysis, participatory observation, and ethnographic research, and its main findings concern the refugees’ daily efforts against social segregation and exclusion shaped by commoning practices for spatial justice, visibility, and the right to the center of the city.
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Dabaieh, M., and M. Andriasyan. "VERNACULAR REHABILITATION AND REBUILDING FOR POST-CONFLICT MIGRATION AND RESETTLING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-901-2020.
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Abstract. Internal and external migration from vernacular settlements is not a new phenomenon. However, the scale and scope increased when forced migration is becoming exacerbated due to both armed conflicts and climate change. Political tensions are one of the most common threats to vernacular dwellings in conflict areas. Not only do destruction and vandalism cause harm to vernacular architecture, but people living in vernacular buildings are often forced to leave their homes in order to seek safety. On the other hand, vernacular architecture can help refugee crises in hosting countries. Billions of dollars are invested in establishing temporary refugee camps, yet we know for a fact they are rarely temporary. People stay in such camps for decades, commonly Cons located on the outskirts of cities, where vernacular settlements also tend to be. Investments in rebuilding, restoring and reusing vernacular settlements can be a win-win situation. The time and cost of the rehabilitation process might also not be suitable to many camps, or camp-like, contexts. Also, encounters some regulations for listed vernacular heritage sites that cannot be used as dwellings and must be kept as open museums. In this study, a proposal for reusing and rehabilitating vernacular settlements will be discussed together with reflections on challenges and obstacles. The case study chosen for this research is in the Middle East, where the majority of refugees settled after the Arab Spring. This paper demonstrates a methodology in which algorithmic modelling is applied to refugee settlement site planning.