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Academic literature on the topic 'Middle ear'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Middle ear"

TAKAHASHI, Haruo, Hiroaki SATO, Masaki KIRIYAMA, and Iwao HONJO. "Middle ear volume of middle ear diseases." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 79, no. 3 (1986): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.79.363.

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Sadé, Jacob, Michal Luntz, and Dalia Levy. "Middle Ear Gas Composition and Middle Ear Aeration." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 104, no. 5 (May 1995): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949510400506.

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Partial pressures of the gases in the middle ears of 14 guinea pigs were measured continuously on-line with a specially designed mass spectrometer. The average values were carbon dioxide 67.55 mm Hg, oxygen 48.91 mm Hg, and nitrogen 596.54 mm Hg. These values confirm earlier measurements and show that the gas composition of the middle ear differs basically from that of air and resembles that of venous blood. These findings are indicative of bilateral diffusion between the middle ear cavity and the blood. We propose that under physiologic as well as under pathologic (ie, atelectatic) conditions, the gas content of the middle ear is also controlled by diffusion. This mechanism fits well with the fluctuating character of atelectatic ears. Thus, a negative middle ear pressure could be secondary to excessive loss of gases through increased and excessive diffusion, although additional mechanisms are probably also involved. A likely contributing factor is poor pneumatization of the mastoid, with consequent absence of a physiologic pressure regulation mechanism by its pneumatic system.

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Takahashi, Haruo, Seishi Hasebe, and Iwao Honjo. "Summary Middle ear surgery viewed from middle ear ventilation." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 8, no. 1 (1998): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5106/jjshns.8.19.

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Takahashi, Masakatsu, Hideto Niwa, and Noriyuki Yanagita. "PO2Levels in Middle Ear Effusions and Middle Ear Mucosa." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 110, sup471 (January 1990): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489009124807.

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TAKAHASHI, Haruo. "Middle Ear Surgery from Viewpoint of Middle Ear Ventilation." Practica Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica 88, no. 9 (1995): 1113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5631/jibirin.88.1113.

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Rosowski, John J., Hideko H. Nakajima, Jeffrey T. Cheng, Mohamad A. Hamadeh, and Michael E. Ravicz. "Middle‐ear input impedance and middle‐ear sound transfer." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 127, no. 3 (March 2010): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3384496.

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Nayak, Dipak Ranjan, and Tulasi Kota Karanth. "CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIDDLE-EAR ACQUIRED CHOLESTEATOMA." ORISSA JOURNAL OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21176/ojolhns.2019.13.1.1.

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Devaney, Kenneth O., Alfio Ferlito, and Alessandra Rinaldo. "Epithelial tumors of the middle ear-are middle ear carcinoids really distinct from middle ear adenomas?" Acta Oto-Laryngologica 123, no. 6 (June 2003): 678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016480310001862.

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Berns, Stephen, and Gary Pearl. "Middle Ear Adenoma." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 130, no. 7 (July 1, 2006): 1067–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2006-130-1067-mea.

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Abstract Middle ear adenoma is a benign tumor of the middle ear that can have exocrine (mucinous) and/or neuroendocrine differentiation. Early authors described a separate tumor with predominantly neuroendocrine differentiation as a middle ear carcinoid tumor, but these are now known to be the same tumor. We review the literature of this tumor, including the clinical presentation, gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, differential diagnosis, and prognosis.

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Carnate, Jose M., Vincent G. Te, and Michelle Anne M. Encinas-Latoy. "Middle Ear Paraganglioma." Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 32, no. 1 (June 29, 2017): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v32i1.207.

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A 51-year old woman underwent mastoidectomy with labyrinthectomy on the right for a polypoid external auditory canal mass accompanied by tinnitus and ear discharge. She was reported to have undergone mastoidectomy on the same site seven years prior to the present consult. The material from this prior surgery was not made available to us. The submitted specimen from this surgery consisted of several dark brown irregular tissue fragments with an aggregate diameter of 4.2 centimeters. Histologic sections show tumor cells arranged in “ball-like” clusters, that are surrounded by a network of sinusoidal channels. The cells are round to oval, with round, uniform nuclei that have finely granular chromatin, and moderate amounts of eosinophilic to amphophilic cytoplasm. (Figure 1) Mitoses, nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromasia are not observed. Immunohistochemical studies show diffuse cytoplasmic positivity for synaptophysin and chromogranin. (Figure 2) The S100 stain highlights a peripheral layer of cells taking up the stain around the cell clusters. (Figure 3) Based on these features, we diagnosed the case as a paraganglioma, likely a recurrence. Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine neoplasms that arise from paraganglia found in various anatomic locations.1 In the middle ear, they arise from paraganglia found in the adventitia of the jugular bulb – hence, the old synonym “glomus jugulare” and “glomus tympanicum.” Other sites where they can develop include paraganglia of the carotid artery bifurcation (“chemodectoma”), the larynx, and the vagal trunk (“glomus vagale”). The World Health Organization has simplified the nomenclature of these tumors by calling all of them simply “paraganglioma” and specifying the site involved.1 In our case, it is likely a middle ear paraganglioma, borne out by the history, clinical picture, and the morphology. Head and neck paragangliomas occur in adults, from the 5th – 6th decade, more commonly in females, and present mostly with mass-related symptoms.2,3 The morphology of paragangliomas in all head and neck locations is similar. Hematoxylin-eosin sections show cells arranged in organoid groups (“cell-ball”, “Zellballen”) surrounded by a vascular network. There are two cell types encountered: the chief cells, which comprise the bulk of the cell nests and have abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, and the sustentacular cells, which are spindly and located at the periphery of the nests. Neuroendocrine immunohistochemical stains (e.g. synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56) highlight the chief cells, while S100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) highlight the sustentacular cells. Cytokeratin is typically non-reactive and distinguishes this tumor from neuroendocrine tumors (i.e. carcinoid, neuroendocrine carcinoma), and middle ear adenoma.1,3 There are no consistent histologic features that can discriminate between benign and malignant cases, nor are there criteria that can predict aggressive behavior and metastasis.1,2,3 Head and neck paragangliomas are slow-growing tumors, and surgery is the most common treatment option. Radiotherapy is an option, especially for vagal paragangliomas where severe vagal nerve deficits occur in surgically treated cases.1 Recurrence after surgery is reported to be less than 10% for carotid, and up to 17% in laryngeal cases.1 Metastasis on the other hand occur in 4 – 6 % of carotid, 2% of middle ear and laryngeal, and 16% of vagal tumors.3 The World Health Organization nomenclature states that “all paragangliomas have some potential for metastasis (albeit variable).”1 Thus, long-term follow-up may be prudent for all cases.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Middle ear"

Albiin, Nils. "Middle ear structure in relation to function : the rat in middle ear research." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Anatomi, 1985. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-141294.

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The present study was undertaken to evaluate the rat as a model for middle ear research. The rat was chosen primarily because the gross structure of its middle ear shows several similarities to that of man. It was considered of great importance to make a thorough structural study of the rat middle ear and to compare the results with those reported for the human middle ear. The thesis therefore includes independent studies on various aspects of rat middle ear structure and function as well as a review of the literature. The most pertinent findings in the experimental part of this study were the following. The rat Eustachian tube consists of a nasopharyngeal, and a cartilaginous and bony portion. The orifice of the nasopharyngeal portion is composed of two soft tissue lips, which appear to be opened mainly by the action of the salpingopharyngeal muscle, but also by the levator and tensor veli palatini muscles. The cartilaginous portion appears to be opened solely by the tensor veli palatini muscle. The tensor tympani muscle seems to have no effect on the tube. A ciliated and secretory epithelium lines the inferomedial walls of the tube throughout its length. In the tympanic cavity these thelial cell types extend as two tracts - one anterior and the other inferoposterior to the promontory - which communicate with the epitympanic/attic compartments. The remaining parts of the tube and the tympanic cavity are covered by a squamous/cuboidal, non-ciliated epithelium. The subepithelial loose connective tissue contains vessels, nerves, and connective tissue cells, among these mast cells. The mast cells are confined to areas covered by the ciliated epithelium, and in the floor of the bulla, in the pars flaccida, and along the manubrial vessels. Glands are restricted to the Eustachian tube. In the clearance/transport of serum-like material, from the epitympanum towards the tube, hydrostatic forces appear to be important. The tympanic membrane is vascularized from meatal and tympanal vessels. Meatal vessels branch in the pars flaccida and along the handle of the malleus, where they are localized directly beneath the outer, keratinizing, stratified, squamous epithelium. Furthermore, meatal vessels form a vascular network at the junction between the fibrocartilaginous annulus and the tympanic sulcus. Tympanal vessels send branches to the periphery of the pars tensa, where they run immediately beneath the tympanal, simple, squamous epithelium. In the major portion of the pars tensa, no blood vessels were found. The rat stapedial artery is a thin-walled vessel with a wide lumen. Without branching, it runs through the tympanic cavity to the extratympanal regions it supplies. In contrast to the corresponding artery in man, the rat stapedial artery persists throughout life. The artery does not seem to be affected by the fluid produced during experimentally induced otitis media with effusion. The middle ear structure in the rat and in man show both similarities and differences. If the differences are kept in mind and considered, it would seem that the rat is indeed a suitable model for experimental middle ear research.
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Joshi, Leena. "Middle ear development : genetics and disease." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/middle-ear-development(1c50ca89-84f5-4011-a9a7-1707ec43ded1).html.

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The mammalian middle ear is composed of three bony ossicles, the malleus, incus, and stapes that function to conduct sound from the external to the inner ear. Normal development of middle ear structures is integral for transduction of sound, defects resulting in conductive deafness. Mice are reliant on both embryonic and postnatal developmental events to acquire hearing, and Eya1 mutant mice present with middle ear defects during both these developmental periods. Therefore, the aim of this project was to investigate the role of Eya1 in middle ear development and disease. Eya1 mutant mice on several backgrounds have previously been characterised with middle ear ossicle defects, however the role of Eya1 in regulating ossicle development has not been investigated. In this project, I characterise novel ossicle joint patterning defects of Eya1 mice of the C57BL/6 background, and show Eya1 to be expressed in the middle ear ossicles during embryonic development. I also investigate genetic regulators of joint development and show Gdf5 misexpression in the Eya1 +/- middle ear. I suggest Eya1 indirectly regulates middle ear joint patterning through a more general role in cartilage development. During postnatal development, Eya1 may further be required for the maintenance of joints. Transformation of Meckel’s cartilage results in separation of the jaw and middle ear, and is a characteristic feature of modern mammaliaforms. The Eya1 +/- mouse exhibits a delay in postnatal Meckel’s cartilage development, suggesting Eya1 as a regulator of this process. I investigate mechanisms associated with transformation of Meckel’s cartilage, and suggest Eya1 regulates this process indirectly through recruitment of TRAP positive cells. During adult stages of postnatal development, Eya1 +/- mice are predisposed to developing middle ear infections. With the use of microscopy and histological techniques, I characterise the Eya1 +/- mouse as a model of otitis media.

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Jung, David S. "Optical assessment of middle ear inflammation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38529/.

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This thesis describes the development of an optical device to assess the inflammatory state of the middle ear mucosa through the ear canal, after ventilation tube insertion in otitis media with effusion in children. An optical phantom of the middle ear was developed in order to allow repeatable experiments. The phantom consists of eardrum and mucosa while all other structures are neglected. The optical properties of the phantom were determined based on literature review and experiments on an animal model. The middle ear mucosa phantom is based on a polyester resin, with dyes added to introduce absorption and a titanium dioxide based white colour to introduce scattering. Four phantom are created to model healthy, intermediate, and diseased mucosa. Several approaches are taken for the eardrum phantom, either a grid glass diffuser or a resin phantom with scattering introduced by fibre glass is used. Middle ear inflammation affects the mucosa while the eardrum might not be affected. Hence, the mucosa must be assessed and signals resulting from the eardrum, blocking the direct light path, filtered, in order to reduce background signals. During literature research and preliminary experiments, multi-wavelength measurements were selected to assess the mucosa and confocal techniques to allow measurements through the eardrum. The tissue is illuminated with two wavelengths and the reflected signal analysed. Appropriate selection of the wavelengths at characteristic point of the absorption spectrum of blood allows assessment of the inflammation via the blood concentration in tissue. The confocal idea was adopted leading to the “anti-confocal” system, where a central stop replacing the pinhole rejects light from the plane in focus rather than rejecting all out of focus light. With the eardrum in focus and a stop radius larger than the confocal pinhole radius (r_stop=0.48mm), most light from the eardrum is rejected (reduced to 0.2%) while signal from the mucosa are still detected (reduced to 25.6%), according to simulations. Simulations of the anti-confocal system showed an increase of the signal level by a factor of 3.2 or a 1.5 times higher background rejection ratio (SBR) compared to the conventional confocal system, when keeping the respective other value constant. This advantage still holds and is even improved in some cases when increasing the scattering coefficient (from 11 up to 44mm-1), reducing the scattering anisotropy (from 0.99 to 0.6), changing the distance between eardrum and mucosa (0.5 to 8mm), inaccurate focus (up to 3mm out of focus), and changed NA (0.055-0.27). Further, best wavelengths for measurements of the blood concentration and thus inflammation of the mucosa have been determined in simulations to be 730 and 546nm. In the investigated range of wavelengths (500 to 940nm), the relation of near infra-red signal at 730nm to green reflection signal at 546nm gives the highest response to a change in the total blood level in tissue while showing a low response to changes in blood oxygenation. The anti-confocal system was built as bench-top system and characterised. Instead of using a physical stop, a CCD camera was used and anti-confocal filtering done during post-processing, by selecting certain pixel on the camera. Experimental results confirmed the simulations and showed an increased signal and easier use of the anti-confocal system compared to the confocal system as no exact focus is required. An anti-confocal stop with 0.48mm radius showed best performance, showing a high contrast and low variation during the measurement. Measurements were possible with increased scattering (simulated by the stronger scattering grid glass diffuser) and attenuation (simulated by absorbing dyes added to the resin eardrum phantom) of the eardrum, increased distance between eardrum and mucosa (2-6mm), defocus of the system, and altered orientation of the phantom surface (0-10deg) with differences in the mucosal blood level still detectable. But the measured inflammation index is influenced by the transmission properties of the eardrum. While the influence of absorption can be accounted for by confocal detection of the properties of the eardrum during the same measurement, improved signal processing and modelling of light propagation are necessary to account for changed scattering of the eardrum. Tests on the hand of healthy volunteers showed that the proposed system is able to detect a change in the concentration of haemoglobin of living tissue measured through an eardrum simulating scattering layer. The next steps are the improvement of signal processing to account for changes of the measured inflammation index due to scattering of the eardrum. Once this is achieved, the optical system can be minimised to allow measurements on the ear and pilot trials for evaluation and calibration of the system.

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Gariepy, Brian. "Finite-element modelling of the newborn ear canal and middle ear." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97023.

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Hearing loss is a very common birth defect. However, current hearing screening does not provide adequate specificity. Tympanometry is a potential hearing-screening tool that is specific to conductive hearing loss, but the tympanograms of newborns are currently not standardized and not well understood. Finite-element models of the newborn ear canal and middle ear are developed and their responses to the tympanometric probe tone are studied. Low-frequency and dynamic simulations are used to model the ear's response to sound frequencies up to 2000 Hz. Material properties are taken from previous measurements and estimates, and the sensitivities of the models to these different parameters are examined. The simulation results are validated through comparison with previous experimental measures. Finally, the relative admittances of the ear canal and the middle ear at different frequencies are examined and implications for the interpretation of newborn tympanometry are discussed.
La perte d'audition est une anomalie congénitale très courante. Toutefois, le dépistage auditif actuel n'est pas spécifique. La tympanométrie est un dépistage auditif potentiel qui aide à dépister la surdité de transmission, mais les tympanogrammes des nouveau-nés ne sont pas bien compris ou standardisés. Deux modèles d'éléments finis ont été développés: l'un pour le conduit auditif des nouveau-nés, et l'autre pour l'oreille moyenne. Leurs réponses au ton de sonde tympanométrique sont étudiées. Les simulations quasi-statiques et dynamiques sont utilisés pour modeler la réponse de l'oreille aux fréquences de son jusqu'à 2000 Hz. Les propriétés matérielles sont prises des mesures et des estimations précédentes, et les sensibilités des modèles à ces différents paramètres sont examinées. Les résultats des simulations sont validés par la comparaison avec les mesures expérimentales précédentes. Enfin, les impédances relatives du canal externe de l'oreille et de l'oreille moyenne aux fréquences différentes sont examinées et les implications pour l'interprétation de la tympanométrie du nouveau-né sont discutées.

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Qi, Li. "Non-linear finite-element modelling of newborn ear canal and middle ear." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21904.

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Early hearing screening and diagnosis in newborns are important in order to avoid problems with language acquisition and psychosocial development. Current newborn hearing screening tests cannot effectively distinguish conductive hearing loss from sensorineural hearing loss, which requires different medical approaches. Tympanometry is a fast and accurate hearing test routinely used for the examination of conductive hearing loss for older children and adults; however, the tympanograms are hard to interpret for newborns and infants younger than seven months old due to significant differences in the outer and middle ear. In this work, we used the finite-element method (FEM) to investigate the behaviour of the newborn canal wall and middle ear in response to high static pressures as used in tympanometry. The model results are compared with the analysis results of multi-frequency tympanometry measured in healthy newborns and with available tympanometry measurements in newborns with presumed middle-ear effusion. Analysis results of multi-frequency tympanometry show that both susceptance and conductance increase with frequency. The equivalent volumes calculated from both tails of both the admittance and susceptance functions decreased as frequency increases. The volumes derived from susceptance decrease faster than do those derived from admittance. The 5th-to-95th percentile ranges of equivalent volume and energy reflectances are much lower than previous measurements in older children and adults. Non-linear finite-element models of the newborn ear canal and middle ear were developed. The ear-canal model indicates that the Young's modulus of the canal wall has a significant effect on the ear-canal volume change, which ranges from approximately 27% to 75% over the static-pressure range of ±3 kPa. The middle-ear model indicates that the middle-ear cavity and the Young's modulus of the tympanic membrane (TM) have significant effects on TM volume displacements. The TM volum
Il est important d'effectuer un dépistage et un diagnostic précoce de l'audition du nouveau-né afin d'éviter qu'il éprouve plus tard des difficultés dans l'acquisition du langage et dans son développement psychosocial. Les épreuves actuelles de dépistage de l'audition des nouveau-nés ne permettent pas de distinguer efficacement entre une perte auditive due à une surdité de transmission et une perte sensorineurale, chacun de ces troubles exigeant un traitement médical différent. La tympanométrie est une épreuve rapide et exacte que l'on utilise habituellement pour déceler une perte auditive due à une surdité de transmission chez les enfants plus âgés et chez les adultes. Cependant, dans le cas des nouveau-nés et des enfants en bas âge, les tympanogrammes sont difficiles à interpréter en raison de différences importantes dans l'oreille moyenne et externe. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé l'analyse par éléments finis pour examiner les comportements que manifestent la paroi du conduit auditif et l'oreille moyenne des nouveau-nés en réaction aux pressions statiques élevées utilisées en tympanométrie. Les résultats du modèle sont ensuite comparés aux résultats d'analyses de tympanométrie multifréquence effectuées sur des nouveau-nés en santé, et aux mesures tympanométriques disponibles réalisées sur des nouveau-nés souffrant d'un épanchement présumé dans l'oreille moyenne. Les résultats d'analyses de tympanométrie multifréquence indiquent que tant la susceptance que la conductance augmentent avec la fréquence. Les volumes équivalents calculés à partir de deux extrémités des fonctions d'admittance et de susceptance décroissent à mesure que la fréquence augmente. Les volumes issus de la susceptance diminuent plus rapidement que ceux issus de l'admittance. Les réflectances d'énergie et les volumes équivalents comprises dans une plage allant du 5e au 95e percentile sont beaucoup moins élevées que les$

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UEDA, HIROMI, and MASAYO BAKU. "A RARE CASE OF MIDDLE EAR ADENOMA." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20555.

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Tuck-Lee, James Peter. "Finite element analysis of middle ear mechanics /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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Ozyurt, Deniz. "Effects Of Scuba Diving On Middle Ear Pressure." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607207/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF SCUBA DIVING ON MIDDLE EAR PRESSURE Ö
zyurt, Deniz MS. Department of Physical Education and Sports Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Feza Korkusuz Co-Supervisor: Dr. Mehmet Ö
zekmekç
i April 2006, 42 pages Since
the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) was developed
the growth in the recreational diving population leaded an increase in diving-related injuries, mostly about the ear barotraumas. Previous findings show that inexperienced divers are more predisposed to ear barotraumas. This study was performed to see the dive related alterations of the middle ear pressure and the compliance of the tympanic membrane due to experience (experienced - skin divers and/or underwater rugby players and inexperienced -not use to skin diving or such water sports) and depth (3m and 12m) in 22 novice divers with normal pre-dive audiometry, tympanometry, and otorhinolaryngologic examination. Pre dive otologic inspections were taken and pre dive / post dive tympanograms were measured for each depth. In 8 ears of the 5 inexperienced divers either hyperemia or hemotympany were observed in the second day&
#8217
s (12m) otoscopic inspections. In the first post dive tympanometric measurements
middle ear pressure changes were observed in 19 ears of 14 divers. The compliance was not changed in 5 ears of 3 divers and increased in the reminder. In the second tympanometric measurements, 12 ears of the 8 divers showed negative middle ear pressure and compliance was not changed in 10 ears of 5 divers and increased in the reminder. Due to experience and middle ear pressure changes of each day
no meaningful, statistically significant correlation was found. Also no meaningful correlations were found neither for experience and compliance. A correlation of .542 between experience status and otologic inspection prior to 12m depth dives was a contradiction to the hypothesis there would not be any significant difference between experienced and well trained inexperienced groups as the otologic variations such as hyperemia or hemotympany were only seen in inexperienced novices. Again
the correlation of .571 showed that 3m depth dives had grater frequency of middle ear pressure changes than 12m depth dives. Similarly
due to the compliance correlation of .516, 3m depth dives had a grater frequency of compliance increases than 12m depth dives. These results however should be reconsidered as the 3m depth was the first open water dive day and 12m depth was the next day which the novices could use to the open water conditions.

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Elkhouri, Nidal. "Finite-element modelling of the gerbil middle ear." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98957.

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Hearing loss is the third leading chronic disability after arthritis and hypertension, and the most frequent birth defect. Non-invasive diagnoses and middle-ear prostheses are often unsatisfactory, partly because of a lack of understanding of middle-ear mechanics. The focus of this thesis is to develop a 3-D finite-element model to quantify the mechanics of the gerbil middle ear. An MRM dataset with a voxel size of 45 &mgr;m, and an x-ray micro-CT dataset with a voxel size of 5 um, supplemented by histological images, are the basis for 3-D reconstruction and finite-element mesh generation. The eardrum model is based on moire shape measurements. The material properties of all the structures in the model are based on a priori estimates from the literature.
The behaviour of the finite-element model in response to a static pressure of 1 Pa is analyzed. Overall, the model demonstrates good agreement with low-frequency experimental data. For example, (1) the ossicular ratio is found to be about 3.5; (2) maximum footplate displacements are about 34.2 run +/- 0.04 nm; (3) the motion of the stapes is predominantly piston-like; (4) the displacement pattern of the eardrum shows two points of maximum displacements, one in the posterior region and one in the anterior region. The results also include a series of sensitivity tests to evaluate the significance of the different parameters in the finite-element model. Finally, in an attempt to understand how the overall middle-ear mechanics is influenced by the anterior mallear ligament and the posterior incudal ligament, results are shown for cutting or stiffening the ligaments.

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Mikhael, Chadia. "Finite-element modelling of the human middle ear." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82619.

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Most models of the middle ear are based on oversimplified geometries and iterative material-property fitting to experimental data which may yield physiologically incorrect estimates.
The aim of our work was to build an accurate human middle-ear finite-element model that is based on accurate geometry and a priori material-property estimates.
A human temporal-bone specimen was obtained for which the middle-ear response had been measured by means of laser Doppler vibrometry. High-resolution micro-computed tomography data for the specimen were used for accurately defining structure geometry. This model comprises the tympanic membrane, the ossicles, two joints, and four ligaments. We assigned estimated material-property values derived from the literature.
We compared the response of our model with those of other human middle-ear models, and with experimental measurements including those from the same ear. Sensitivity of the model to several of its parameters was also investigated.

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Books on the topic "Middle ear"

Hamer, Forrest. Middle ear. Berkeley, CA: Roundhouse Press, 2000.

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Takahashi, Haruo. The Middle Ear. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68377-3.

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Puria, Sunil, Richard R. Fay, and Arthur N. Popper, eds. The Middle Ear. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6591-1.

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Mansour, Salah, Jacques Magnan, Karen Nicolas, and Hassan Haidar. Middle Ear Diseases. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72962-6.

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1972-, Gérard Jean-Marc, ed. Surgery of the middle ear. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2009.

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Agius, Adrian M. Nasal and middle ear ciliary beat frequency in chronic middle ear disease. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1995.

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Tos, Mirko. Manual of middle ear surgery. Stuttgart: Thieme, 1995.

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Sanna, M., and Guiseppe de Donato. Middle ear and mastoid microsurgery. 2nd ed. Stuttgart: Thieme, 2012.

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Tschabitscher, Manfred, and Clemens Klug. Endoscopic Anatomy of the Middle Ear. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6319-1.

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1929-, Suzuki Jun-Ichi, ed. Reconstructive surgery of the middle ear. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Middle ear"

Iurato, Salvatore, Christian Martin, Oliver Sterkers, and Wolfgang Arnold. "Middle Ear." In Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 55–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68940-9_4.

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Arnold, Wolfgang, Vincent Darrouzet, Christian Martin, Oliver Sterkers, and Salvatore Iurato. "Middle Ear/Inner Ear." In Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 81–103. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68940-9_5.

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Takahashi, Haruo. "Middle-Ear Pathophysiology After Ear Surgery." In The Middle Ear, 21–47. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68377-3_2.

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Dhillon, Ramindar S., and James W. Fairley. "Middle ear muscles." In Multiple-choice Questions in Otolaryngology, 22. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10805-3_33.

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Mansour, Salah, Jacques Magnan, Hassan Haidar Ahmad, Karen Nicolas, and Stéphane Louryan. "Middle Ear Cavity." In Comprehensive and Clinical Anatomy of the Middle Ear, 19–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15363-2_2.

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Mansour, Salah, Jacques Magnan, Hassan Haidar Ahmad, Karen Nicolas, and Stéphane Louryan. "Middle Ear Contents." In Comprehensive and Clinical Anatomy of the Middle Ear, 69–118. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15363-2_3.

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Mansour, Salah, Jacques Magnan, Hassan Haidar Ahmad, Karen Nicolas, and Stéphane Louryan. "Middle Ear Compartments." In Comprehensive and Clinical Anatomy of the Middle Ear, 119–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15363-2_4.

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Gurgel, Richard K., and Nikolas H. Blevins. "Middle Ear Adenoma." In Encyclopedia of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 1677–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23499-6_674.

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Rich, Jeremy N., Scott T. Allen, and Arnaldo L. Rivera. "Middle Ear Physiology." In Encyclopedia of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 1686–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23499-6_804.

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Khalil, Michael. "Middle Ear, The." In Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_991-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Middle ear"

KAWAMOTO, H., N. FUKUSHIMA, Y. MORI, M. MIYASATO, T. FUKUIRI, and T. OKUBO. "MIDDLE EAR AERATION AFTER TYMPANOPLASTY FOR MIDDLE EAR CHOLESTEATOMA." In Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812703019_0045.

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Ay, N., C. Riemann, and H. Sudhoff. "Middle Ear Adenoma." In Abstract- und Posterband – 91. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Welche Qualität macht den Unterschied. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1711263.

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Jadeed, R., AK Otremba, T. Braunschweig, and M. Westhofen. "Rare middle ear tumor." In Abstract- und Posterband – 89. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Forschung heute – Zukunft morgen. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1640393.

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Dirckx, J. J. J. "MIDDLE EAR STATIC PRESSURE: MEASUREMENT, REGULATION AND EFFECTS ON MIDDLE EAR MECHANICS." In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812708694_0002.

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Schmitt, M., S. Andrianopoulou, K. Feist, and B. Lippert. "Case Report: Middle ear tuberculosis." In Abstract- und Posterband – 91. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Welche Qualität macht den Unterschied. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1711292.

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Pankratov, Michail M., Dennis S. Poe, Arun K. Gadre, and Elie E. Rebeiz. "Endoscopy of the middle ear." In OE/LASE '92, edited by Abraham Katzir. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.60252.

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Huhnd, Laura, Stefan Koch, and Thomas Schrom. "Actinomycosis of the middle ear." In 95th Annual Meeting German Society of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery e. V., Bonn. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1785003.

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Müller, C., M. Bornitz, M. Neudert, and T. Zahnert. "Experiments on tympanic membrane reconstruction influencing the middle ear transfer function after middle ear reconstruction with the 'Vibrant-Soundbridge'-simulation of reduced middle ear ventilation." In Abstract- und Posterband – 89. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Forschung heute – Zukunft morgen. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1640491.

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RUGGERO, MARIO A., ANDREI N. TEMCHIN, LUIS ROBLES, and EDWARD H. OVERSTREET, III. "A NEW AND IMPROVED MIDDLE EAR." In Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812703019_0020.

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Vogel, Uwe, and Thomas Schmitt. "3D visualization of middle ear structures." In Medical Imaging '98, edited by Yongmin Kim and Seong K. Mun. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.312487.

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Reports on the topic "Middle ear"

Schnabel, Beverly. Central auditory processing in children with a history of chronic middle ear problems. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2781.

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Henry, Susan. Hourly fluctuation of middle ear pressure as a function of age in school-age children. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5976.

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Miller, Judi A., and Lynne Marshall. Three Methods for Estimating the Middle-Ear Muscle Reflex (MEMR) Using Otoacoustic Emission (OAE) Measurement Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612067.

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Chen, Lun, and Yi Shen. The effect of endoscopic versus microscopic surgery on the treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma:A meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.12.0110.

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Sylvia, Emily. Incentivizing higher-quality agricultural outputs. J-PAL, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31485/pi.3010.2021.

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Despite making investments in technologies and practices to improve the quality of their products, smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries do not often receive higher prices for their higher-quality agricultural goods. Disorganized markets with many intermediaries may make quality certification of goods more difficult, thus causing missed opportunities for consumers to eat better and producers to earn higher profits.

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Sylvia, Emily. Incentivizing higher-quality agricultural outputs. J-PAL, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31485/pi.3010.2021.

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Robinson, John A. Shaping the Middle East in an Era of Revolution: Synchronizing U.S. Central Command Theater Engagement. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada545813.

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Herbert, George. How Can Middle-income Countries Improve Their Skills Systems Post- COVID-19? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.082.

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Vocational training systems in middle-income countries are going to face multiple challenges in the post-COVID era, notably, challenges related to (1) automation; (2) the transition to a green economy, and (3) demographic pressures. Of these, automation - linked to the burgeoning ‘fourth industrial revolution’ that is set to transform the global economy - represents the most serious challenge and is the only one of the three challenges discussed in any depth in this paper. Whilst estimates of the likely scale of automation in the coming years and decades vary widely, it appears likely that waves of automation will lead to a dramatic decline in many kinds of jobs that largely involve routine, repetitive tasks. These trends pre-date COVID-19, but the disruption caused by the pandemic provides an opportunity to prepare for these challenges by implementing vocational training system reforms as part of the Build Back Better agenda. Reforms to vocational training systems will be crucial to ensuring middle-income countries respond appropriately to accelerating labour market changes. However, they should only form a limited part of that response and need to be integrated with a wide range of other policy measures. Vocational training reform will need to occur in the context of major reforms to basic education in order to ensure that all workers are equipped with the cross-cutting cognitive and socio-emotional skills they will require to perform hard-to-automate tasks and to be able to learn and adapt rapidly in a changing economy. Middle-income countries will also likely need to progressively expand social protection schemes in order to provide a safety net for workers that struggle to adapt to changing labour market requirements.

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Hatef, Elham, Renee F. Wilson, Susan M. Hannum, Allen Zhang, Hadi Kharrazi, Jonathan P. Weiner, Stacey A. Davis, and Karen A. Robinson. Use of Telehealth During the COVID-19 Era. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcsrcovidtelehealth.

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Objectives. To assess how to provide telehealth care by identifying characteristics of telehealth delivery, patient populations, settings, benefits and harms, and implementation strategies during the COVID-19 era. Data sources. PubMed®, CINAHL®, PsycINFO®, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from March 2020 to May 2022. Additional studies were identified from reference lists and experts. Review methods. We included studies that reported characteristics of telehealth use; benefits and harms of telehealth; factors impacting the success of telehealth, including satisfaction/dissatisfaction and barriers/facilitators; and implementation outcomes. We conducted a mixed-methods review, synthesizing quantitative and qualitative studies. Two reviewers independently screened search results for eligibility, serially extracted data, and independently assessed risk of bias of included studies. Results. We included 764 studies; 310 studies were included in our syntheses. Patients using telehealth were more likely to be people who are young to middle-aged, female, White, of higher socioeconomic status, and living in urban settings. Visits for mental and behavioral health conditions were more frequent than visits for other conditions, and mental or behavioral care was also more likely to be delivered via telehealth than care for other conditions. Across a variety of conditions, telehealth produced similar clinical outcomes as compared with in-person care. Telehealth care is appropriate for some patients, but more information is necessary to determine the suitability of telehealth for specific patient populations; patients and providers felt that telehealth may be less suitable and less desirable for patients with complex clinical conditions; and some patients perceive telehealth as a barrier to improved health outcomes owing to the absence of a physical exam and challenges in developing rapport and communicating with their care team. There was a lack of evidence addressing implementation cost, penetration, and sustainability of telehealth, and about telehealth implementation at the health system level. Conclusions. Whereas telehealth use spiked after the beginning of the pandemic, the characteristics of patients using telehealth follow a pattern similar to that for other healthcare and digital health services. We found that the use of telehealth may be comparable to in-person care across different clinical and process outcomes. Telehealth implementation has addressed the needs of both patients and providers to some extent, even as clinical conditions, patient and provider characteristics, and type of assessment varied. Telehealth has provided a viable alternative mode of care delivery during the pandemic and holds promise for the future.

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Sims, Kate. Education, Girls’ Education and Climate Change. Institute of Development Studies, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.044.

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This Emerging Issue Report (EIR) explores research and evidence on the relationship between education, girls’ education and climate change. There is scientific consensus that climate change is real, manifested through increasing temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events, including drought, flooding and cyclones. Climate change, environmental degradation and climate vulnerability are closely linked. Climate change exacerbates environmental and land degradation, especially in areas with drylands and permafrost, river deltas and low-lying coastal areas. There is high confidence that people living in areas affected by environmental degradation are experiencing an increase in the negative effects of climate change. Gender, alongside other drivers of vulnerability and exclusion, is a key determinant of an individual’s vulnerability to the effects of climate change and environmental degradation and influences how climate change is experienced. It is estimated that at least 200 million adolescent girls living in the poorest communities face a heightened risk from the effects of climate change. Evidence and commentary on the role of education, and girls’ education, to address climate change through adaptation, resilience and mitigation is limited, albeit growing. This EIR identifies and summarises the evidence and key commentary around the following themes: links between education, particularly girls’ education, and climate change; how climate and environment matter for achieving gender equality; and why securing girls’ education is an important strategy in addressing climate change. The EIR draws on academic research and literature from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as policy frameworks and grey literature, media articles and blogs from the climate, education and gender fields.

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