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1
Nistor, Adela, and Diana Reianu. "Determinants of housing prices: evidence from Ontario cities, 2001-2011." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-08-2017-0078.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a panel data econometric model of the main determinants of house prices in the ten largest census metropolitan areas (CMA) in Ontario, Canada, for the years 2001, 2006 and 2011. The impact of immigration on the housing market in Canada is little researched; however, immigration plays an important role into the economy of Canada. According to Statistics Canada, not only is immigration key to Canada’s population growth but also without immigration, in the next 20 years, Canada’s population growth will be zero. The motivation for this study is the bursting of housing bubbles in some developed countries (e.g. USA). The authors analyze variables that are related to the immigration policy in Canada, accounting also for the impact of the interest rate, income, unemployment, household size and housing supply to analyze housing price determinants. The study investigates the magnitude of the impact of the top three leading categories of immigrants to Canada, namely, Chinese, Indian and Filipino, on the housing prices in Ontario’s largest cities. The results show the main factors that explain home prices over time that are interest rate, immigration, unemployment rate, household size and income. Over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, immigration grew by 400 per cent in Toronto CMA, the largest receiving area in Ontario, while the nonimmigrant population grew by 14 per cent. For Toronto CMA, immigrants, income, unemployment rate and interest rate explain the CA$158,875 average home price increase over the 2001-2011 time period. Out of this, the three categories of immigrants’ share of total home price increase is 54.57 per cent, with the corresponding interest rate share 58.60 per cent and income share 11.32 per cent of the total price growth. Unemployment rate contributes negatively to the housing price and its share of the total price increase is 24.49 per cent. Design/methodology/approach The framework for the empirical analysis applies the hedonic pricing model theory to housing sales prices for the ten largest CMAs in Ontario over the years 2001-2011. Following Akbari and Aydede (2012) and O’Meara (2015), market clearing in the housing market results in the housing price as a function of several housing attributes. The authors selected the housing attributes based on data availability for the Canadian Census years of 2001, 2006 and 2011 and the variables that have been most used in the literature. The model has the average housing prices as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are: immigrants per dwelling (Chinese, Indian, and Filipino), unemployment rate, average employment income, household size, housing supply and the interest rate. To capture the relative scarcity of dwellings, the independent variable immigrants per dwelling was used. Findings This study seems to suggest that one cause of high prices in Ontario is large inflows of immigrants together with low mortgage interest rate. The authors focused their attention on Toronto CMA, as it is the main destination of immigrants and comprises the largest cities, including Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton and Oakville. Looking over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, the authors can see the factors that impact the home prices in Toronto CMA: immigration, unemployment rate, household size, interest rate and income. Over the period of 10 years from 2001 to 2011, immigrants’ group from China, India and the Philippines account for CA$86,701 increase in the home price (54.57 per cent share of the total increase). Income accounts for CA$17,986 increase in the home price (11.32 per cent share); interest rate accounts for CA$93,103 of the average home price increase in Toronto CMA (58.60 per cent share); and unemployment rate accounts for CA$38,916 decrease in the Toronto average home prices (24.49 per cent share). Household size remain stable over time in Toronto (2.8 average household size) and does not have a contribution to home price change. All these four factors, interest rate, immigrants, unemployment rate and income, together explain CA$158,875 increase in home prices in Toronto CMA between 2001 and 2011. Practical implications The housing market price analysis may be more complex, and there may be factors impacting the housing prices extending beyond immigration, interest rate, income and household size. Finally, the results of this paper can be extended to include the most recent census data for the year 2016 to reflect more accurately the price situation in the housing market for Ontario cities. Social implications The fact that currently, in 2017, the young working population cannot afford buying a property in the Toronto CMA area means there is a problem with this market and a corresponding decrease in the quality of life. According to The Globe and Mail (July 2017), a new pool in 2017 suggested that two in five Canadians believe housing in this country is not affordable for them. Further, 38 per cent of respondents who consider themselves middle or upper class believe in no affordability of housing. The Trudeau Government promised Canadians a national housing strategy for affordable housing. Designing a national housing strategy may be challenging because it has to account for the differential income ranges across regions. Municipal leaders are asking the government to prioritize repair and construct new affordable housing. Another reason discussed in the media of the unaffordability of housing in Toronto and Vancouver is foreign buyers. The Canadian Government recently implemented a tax measure on what it may seem the housing bubble problem: foreign buyers. Following Vancouver, in April 2017, Ontario Government imposed a 15 per cent tax on foreign buyers who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents. This tax is levied on houses purchased in the area stretching from Niagara Region and Greater Toronto to Peterborough. Originality/value Few studies use Canadian data to explain house prices and analyze the effect of immigration on housing prices. There is not much research on the effect of the immigrants and immigrants’ ethnicity (e.g., Chinese, Indian and Filipino immigrants), on the housing prices in Canada cities. This study investigates the impact of the most prevalent immigrant races (e.g., from China, India and the Philippines) on housing prices, using data for Canadian major cities in Ontario within a panel data econometric framework. This paper fills this gap and contributes to the literature, which analyzes the determinants of housing prices based on a panel of cities in the Canadian province of Ontario.
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Krakoff, Isabel L. "Colourblind coverage: Mainstream media erasure of intersectionality in large-scale cases of anti-LGBTQ violence." Queer Studies in Media & Popular Culture 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/qsmpc_00049_1.
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Despite extensive critique calling for greater acknowledgement of intersectionality, the LGBTQ community in North America continues to foster a White, upper- and middle-class, gender-normative culture. Media discourse has perpetuated these narratives by downplaying the racism inherent in events centring homophobic violence against racialized LBGTQ people. Through a content analysis and discourse analysis of national and local news sources in the United States and Canada, this study explores the hesitation of journalists to explicitly acknowledge the intersectionality of race and LGBTQ identity in two North American instances of large-scale anti-LGBTQ violence targeting predominantly racialized members of the community. The Bruce McArthur case in Toronto, Ontario involved the serial murder of mostly racialized gay men, while the Pulse nightclub shooting in Orlando, Florida was a mass shooting that took place on Latinx night at an LGBTQ nightclub. In both cases, despite superficial acknowledgement of the victims’ demographics, journalists minimized the racial aspect of the violence in order to present more palatable politicized narratives.
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Budd, Brian. "The People’s Champ: Doug Ford and Neoliberal Right-Wing Populism in the 2018 Ontario Provincial Election." Politics and Governance 8, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i1.2468.
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The 2018 Ontario provincial election marked a decisive shift in the political direction of Canada’s most populous province. The election brought an end to the long reign of the Ontario Liberal Party (2003–2018), whose government devolved into a series of scandals that resulted in a third-place finish. The Liberal’s defeat came at the hands of the Progressive Conservative Party led by former Toronto city councillor, Doug Ford. The Progressive Conservative’s victory was propelled on the back of Ford’s deeply populist campaign where he promised to reassert the interests of ‘the people,’ expel the influence of elites and special interests, and clean up government corruption. This campaign discourse led many political opponents and media pundits to accuse Ford of importing the nativist, xenophobic, and divisive rhetoric of other radical right-wing populist leaders. This article advances the argument that rather than representing the importation of ‘Trumpism’ or other types of radical right-wing populism, Ford’s campaign is better understood within the tradition of Canadian populism defined by an overarching ideological commitment to neoliberalism. In appealing to voters, Ford avoided the nativist and xenophobic rhetoric of populist leaders in the United States and Western Europe, offering a conception of ‘the people’ using an economic and anti-cosmopolitan discourse centred upon middle class taxpayers. This article makes a contribution to both the literatures on Canadian elections and populism, demonstrating the lineage of Ford’s ideological commitment to populism within recent Canadian electoral history, as well as Ford’s place within the international genealogy of right-wing populism.
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Allen, Upton D., Michael Braudo, and Stanley E. Read. "Acute Rheumatic Fever: Findings of a Hospital-Based Study and an Overview of Reported Outbreaks." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1, no. 3 (1990): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1990/132185.
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To review the characteristics of reported outbreaks of acute rheumatic fever in the United States, and to determine if there is an increase in the incidence of acute rheumatic fever in the population served by the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, the authors conducted a literature search and a retrospective review of inpatients and outpatients, satisfying the revised Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever, from 1972 to 1988. Patients satisfying the revised Jones criteria for the time period 1972–88 were included in the study. There have been eight articles reporting an increase in acute rheumatic fever in the United States. In three, the majority of children were white and from middle class suburban/rural communities in different geographic locations. Mucoid strains of group A streptococci were implicated but not confirmed as being associated with the outbreaks in three. The results of the chart review at the Hospital for Sick Children revealed that 83 cases satisfied the revised Jones criteria. The number of cases per 100,000 children (aged 18 years or less) per year, decreased progressively over the study period. Polyarthritis was the most frequently seen major criterion occurring in 73% of patients (61 of 83). The most frequently affected ethnic groups were Italians 23%, Afro-Canadians 19% and Orientals 8%. The reported outbreaks in the United States are multifocal and predominantly confined to white middle class children residing in suburban/rural communities. There was no evidence of an increase in the number of cases of acute rheumatic fever seen in the population served by the Hospital for Sick Children; there was a progressive decline in number of cases over the study period. The results facilitate the characterization of acute rheumatic fever within North America into three different patterns of occurrence.
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Karrow, Paul F. "Interglacial Beds at Toronto, Ontario." Articles 44, no. 3 (December 18, 2007): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032830ar.
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ABSTRACT Interglacial sediments have been known to occur at Toronto for about a century. There have been two main periods of attention: first by A. P. Coleman in the early twentieth century; and second mostly by the author and co-workers in the past quarter century. Attention was focussed early on the Don Formation because of its rich fossil assemblages. The Don Formation, consisting of gravel, sand, and clay, is commonly 6 to 9 m thick and has been encountered in outcrop only along the DonValley. However, excavations and borings indicate its presence under much of southern Metropolitan Toronto; it may continue northward along the Laurentian River Valley. Its only continuing, accessible exposure has been the Don Valley Brickyard. Early paleontological study emphasized molluscs, wood, leaves, and a few bones, which suggested a climate warmer than present. More recent studies have stressed microfossils. including pollen, diatoms, ostracodes. molluscs, Cladocera, insects, plant macrofossils, and microvertebrates. Altogether about 500 species have been identified, and the list is growing. Climatic indicators show that the Don Formation represents the declining temperatures of the waning half of an interglaciation. Although the Don Formation is beyond the range of radiocarbon dates and is undated, amino acid analysis on wood and shells support assignment to Sangamonian time. The overlying Scarborough Formation clay and sand, and the Pottery Road Formation sand contain mainly cold-climate fossils. These are in turn overlain by Early, Middle, and Late Wisconsinan tills and interbedded lacustrine sediments with corresponding radiocarbon and thermoluminescence (TL) dates.
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Chambers, Lori. "Families in Canadian History: A Review of Four Recent MonographsFamilies in Transition: Industry and Population in Nineteenth-Century Saint-Hyacinthe. Peter Gossage. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s, 1999.A Sense of Their Duty: Middle-Class Formation in Victorian Ontario Towns. Andrew Holman. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s, 2000.Normalizing the Ideal: Psychology, Schooling and the Family in Postwar Canada. Mona Gleason. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999.>Regulating Girls and Women: Sexuality, Family and the Law in Ontario, 1920-1960. Joan Sangster. Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2001." Journal of Canadian Studies 37, no. 1 (February 2002): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.37.1.225.
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Jardine, Pauline O. "An Urban Middle-Class Calling." Articles 17, no. 3 (August 5, 2013): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017630ar.
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This paper examines the prime factors in the emergence of modern nursing from 1881 to 1914 at Toronto General Hospital School for Nurses (TGH). Based on primary sources in the TGH archives and early issues of The Canadian Nurse, the paper reveals that ethical principles, academic achievement, and a new public image derived from the middle-class thrust in nursing education were the basic components that led to the evolution of the trained nurse. It further explores the extent to which the nursing profession in a major teaching hospital was influenced by educated middle-class women.
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Karrow, P. F., J. H. McAndrews, B. B. Miller, A. V. Morgan, K. L. Seymour, and O. L. White. "Illinoian to Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy at Woodbridge, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 921–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e00-108.
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Near Woodbridge, northwest of Toronto, Ontario, a 15 metre-high railroad cut and associated borrow pit, first excavated in 1962, exposed a multiple till sequence and intervening fossiliferous sediments. Work over the next 35 years revealed that Illinoian York Till, early Wisconsinan Sunnybrook Till, and late Wisconsinan Humber till, Halton Till, and Wildfield Till are interbedded with fossiliferous sediments equivalent to the Sangamonian Don Formation, early Wisconsinan Scarborough Formation (>50 ka BP), and middle Wisconsinan Thorncliffe Formation (45 ka BP). A complex periglacial record displays multistage fossil frost wedges, indicating intervals of severe climate in late Illinoian and early Wisconsinan time. Cored boreholes indicate deep gravel below and a till on Ordovician shale bedrock (Georgian Bay Formation). Vertebrates, molluscs, ostracodes, insects, and plants (diatoms, wood, seeds, pollen) indicate mostly cool conditions (boreal to tundra) for interstadial sediments. Interglacial conditions are represented by vertebrates, molluscs, and plants above York Till. Many taxa are new to the Quaternary of the Toronto area.
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Boudreau, Julie-Anne. "Megacity Toronto: Struggles Over Differing Aspects of Middle-Class Politics." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23, no. 4 (December 1999): 771–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00227.
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Nicolson, Murray W. "The Irish Experience in Ontario: Rural or Urban?" Articles 14, no. 1 (August 13, 2013): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017880ar.
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The purpose of this paper is to respond to several new theories which, if accepted, could alter the historical perception of the role played by urban centres in the adjustment of Irish Catholics in nineteenth century Ontario. Donald Akenson, a rural historian, believes that the Canadian experience of Irish immigrants is not comparable to the American one. Akenson contends that the numerical dominance of Protestants within the national group and the rural basis of the Irish community, negated the formation of urban ghettos and allowed for a relative ease in social mobility. In comparison the American Irish were dominantly Catholic urban dwelling and ghettoized. In addition the new labour historians believe that the rise of the Knights of Labor caused the Orange and Catholic Irish in Toronto to resolve their generational hatred and set about to form a common working-class culture. This theory must presume that Irish Catholic culture was of little value to be rejected with such ease. The writer contends that neither theory is valid. In the ghettos of Toronto the fusion of an Irish peasant culture with traditional Catholism produced a new, urban, ethno-religious vehicle — Irish Tridentine Catholism. This culture, spread from the city to the hinterland and, by means of metropolitan linkage, throughout Ontario. Privatism created a closed Irish society, one they were born into and left when they died. Irish Catholics co-operated in labour organizations for the sake of their family's future, but never shared in the development of a new working-class culture with their old Orange enemies.
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Marger, Martin N., and Constance A. Hoffman. "Ethnic Enterprise in Ontario: Immigrant Participation in the Small Business Sector." International Migration Review 26, no. 3 (September 1992): 968–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600310.
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Participation in the small business sector by immigrants in Ontario is examined, using a theoretical model that views immigrant enterprise as a product of class and ethnic resources in combination with a favorable opportunity structure. Hong Kong Chinese predominate among recent immigrant entrepreneurs and are concentrated in the Toronto metropolitan area. These patterns are attributed to strong push factors in the sending society and the existence of an institutionally complete Chinese community in the receiving society, supporting a well-developed ethnic subeconomy that has taken on many of the features of an ethnic enclave.
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Darroch, Gordon. "Scanty Fortunes and Rural Middle-Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century Central Ontario." Canadian Historical Review 79, no. 4 (December 1998): 621–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.79.4.621.
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Paterson, Ross. "Housing Finance in Early 20th Century Suburban Toronto." Articles 20, no. 2 (November 6, 2013): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019255ar.
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This study examines the financing of housing production and consumption in five early twentieth-century Toronto suburbs. The study areas range in status from upper-middle class to working class. Research findings include the persistence of a traditional pattern of finance characterized by high levels of cash transactions and private financing. Institutional lenders, while influential in financing high-status housing played a relatively minor role in the overall provision of mortgage funding. The study adds to our understanding of the role of housing finance during this formative period when the major element of modern suburbanization, including the emergence of a corporate land development industry, were being established.
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Tiempo Devorado, Redacción. "Antídoto islamista. Las nuevas clases medias musulmanas y el modelo turco." Tiempo devorado 3, no. 2 (October 23, 2016): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/tdevorado.80.
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Ley, David. "Gentrification and the Politics of the New Middle Class." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 12, no. 1 (February 1994): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d120053.
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Whereas authors have frequently alluded to an adversarial politics among the new middle class of professional and managerial workers, surveys and electoral returns confirm a generally conservative disposition in this group as a whole. In this paper I seek to specify a social location for left—liberal politics among a distinctive cadre of social and cultural professionals, the cultural new class. This cadre also bears a distinct geographical identity, with an overconcentration in the central cities of large metropolitan areas, not least in their gentrifying districts. The part played since 1968 by the cultural new class in these gentrifying districts in redefining the urban politics of Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver is examined. In particular, the role of a gentrifying middle class in challenging a postwar hegemony of growth boosterism practised by the conservative regimes in all three cities, and their parallel attempt to sustain an alternative regime of reform politics, are assessed.
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Goheen, Peter G. "The assertion of middle-class claims to public space in late Victorian Toronto." Journal of Historical Geography 29, no. 1 (January 2003): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.2002.0448.
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Glasco, Jeffrey. "Stephen Heathorn, For Home, Country, and Race: Constructing Gender, Class, and Englishness in the Elementary School, 1880–1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. 288 pp. $50.00 cloth." International Labor and Working-Class History 65 (April 2004): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547904310136.
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In For Home, Country, and Race, Stephen Heathorn sets out to explain the “how” of English nationalism at the turn of the twentieth century. Rejecting the imperial propagandist theme, Heathorn argues that nationalist agendas in English schools were the product of educators. Accordingly, Heathorn's research focuses on the classroom as the site of nationalist education. Heathorn argues that through educational activities, especially school readers, middle-class educators brought the English working class into their nationalist hegemony. As the book's title suggests, this hegemonic view also promoted class and gender subordination. As Heathorn concludes, the proof of the working class's acceptance of this nationalist hegemony is found in their willingness “to sacrifice their lives and loved ones” in the “cataclysmic clash of rival nationalisms that erupted in 1914” (218).
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Adams, Annmarie. "Eden Smith and the Canadian Domestic Revival." Articles 21, no. 2 (July 3, 2013): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1016794ar.
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The designer of more than 2500 detached houses in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Toronto, Eden Smith has been hailed as the author of a distinctly Canadian style of domestic architecture. Yet his self-promotion and the reception of his work in both the professional and popular presses of the time emphasize the Englishness of his houses. This paper considers the domestic architecture of Eden Smith as an index of attitudes held by Toronto's upper middle class toward Britain in the early twentieth century. What did the image of an "English house" represent in Edwardian Toronto? Why were these particular qualities attractive to Toronto's landed gentry? Eden Smith's architecture was both distinct and derivative. The language of the elevations was unmistakably British, while the plan of his houses was something completely new. Smith's popularity and his influence on subsequent generations of Canadian house-architects speak eloquently of the willingness of Toronto's middle class to try new things, but only clothed in the auspices of a British past.
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Dreimanis, Aleksis, Elsbet Liivrand, and Anto Raukas. "Glacially redeposited pollen in tills of southern Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-143.
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According to published opinion based on analytical data, the secondary pollen of subglacial till in the eastern Baltic region of Europe reflect the pollen assemblages of the preceding interstadial or interglacial sediment, including abundant thermo-philous pollen. Tills and glaciolacustrine sediments from 10 sites in southern Ontario, including the Don Valley Brickyard section at Toronto, where polynologically investigated to compare the pollen content in glacigenic deposits of various ages. Only one site (upper Bradtville till) contained a secondary pollen assemblage with abundant deciduous pollen, like those found in a Yarmouthian interglacial deposit in Indiana. In all the others, pine (Pinus) pollen dominate. This phenomenon is explained by glacial incorporation of sediments enriched in overproduced Pinus pollen, which had accumulated during either (i) a lengthy cool transitional period between the warm phase of the Sangamonian Interglacial and the first major Early Wisconsinan glacial advance, (ii) the interstadial Middle Wisconsinan, or (iii) the cool nonglacial episode of Illinoian and pre-Illinoian time. Therefore, the northern European model for distinguishing tills of different ages by their secondary pollen assemblages is applicable to southern Ontario only in exceptional cases. Pollen in the glaciolacustrine Early Wisconsinan Sunnybrook Drift sediments resembles those of Sunnybrook till, but are more variable in their preservation and composition and contain more pre-Quaternary palynomorphs.
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Li, Peter. "Calling Power to Account: Law, Reparations, and the Chinese Head Tax Case." Canadian Journal of Political Science 39, no. 4 (December 2006): 961–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423906299967.
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Calling Power to Account: Law, Reparations, and the Chinese Head Tax Case, David Dyzenhaus and May Moran, eds., Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005, pp. 471.This is a collection of fifteen essays that addresses different aspects of the Chinese head tax case. Edited by two law professors and written mostly by lawyers and law professors, the collection has a strong legal flavour. The book begins with the legal case of Mack vs. Attorney General of Canada. However, the book does not provide a succinct summary of the case. In brief, the case involves three Chinese Canadians, Shack Jang Mack, Quen Ying Lee and Yew Lee, filing a statement of claim through their attorney in December, 2000, in a class action on behalf of head tax payers in the Ontario Superior Court. In all, the case went through three courts, and the original ruling dismissing the claim of head tax payers was upheld by the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court.
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Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick. "The First Mrs. Rochester: Wrongful Confinement, Social Redundancy, and Commitment to the Private Asylum, 1883‑1923." Historical Papers 23, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030985ar.
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Abstract Historians have debated the growth of asylums as either a movement towards social control or as a benevolent reform; yet commitment was primarily initiated by kin. The rapid overcrowding of asylums reflected the success of institutions in responding to family crises. Through analysis of 1,134 case histories of a private asylum, the Homewood Retreat of Guelph, Ontario, the dynamics of the late Victorian and Edwardian middle-class household are evident in the circumstances which culminated in the decision to commit. Urban industrialization and the declining birth rate rendered households less able to care for the insane, while the permeation of capitalist relations into family life rendered the heads of households less willing to care for nonproductive adult members, particularly socially redundant women. The diagnosis of neurasthenia enabled members of the middle class to institutionalize kin for behaviour which, although not violent or destructive, was irritating and antagonistic, thereby reflecting the high standard of middle-class proprieties.
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Bain, Alison L. "Neighbourhood artistic disaffiliation in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada." Urban Studies 54, no. 13 (July 15, 2016): 2935–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016658390.
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This article argues that the creative drive of cultural workers to envision alternative urban futures and to make real changes in neighbourhoods in the urban present, while politically powerful and imaginatively seductive to urban decision-makers, contains destructive impulses. Such a drive can challenge, but also reinforce, the established social order and unequal power relations. This article critically examines the spatial politics of creative destruction that can unfold in the place-making wake of cultural workers. A case study is used from the mid-sized, industrial city of Hamilton of a deprived inner-city neighbourhood that is informally being reimagined as an arts district. In this neighbourhood, some cultural workers selectively practice middle-class disaffiliation. Individual acts of avoidance, control and destruction function as withdrawal strategies to help minimise the negative externalities of crime and social disorder and to realise a vision of this neighbourhood in their own image.
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Dekar, Paul R. "Freedom from Violence: Sectarian Nonresistance from the Middle Ages to the Great War. By Peter Brock. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 1991.x + 385 pp. $55.00." Church History 64, no. 3 (September 1995): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168994.
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Sharpe, David R., and Peter J. Barnett. "Significance of Sedimentological Studies on the Wisconsinan Stratigraphy of Southern Ontario." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 39, no. 3 (December 4, 2007): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032607ar.
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ABSTRACTDetailed facies mapping along Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Bluffs, plus other studies illustrate that sedimentological studies, especially those with geomorphic or landform control, have had three main effects on the Wisconsinan stratigraphy of Ontario: (1) improved understanding of depositional processes and environments of several major rock stratigraphic units, without altering the stratigraphic framework, (2) aided correlation of drift sequences, and (3) questioned previous interpretations and stratigraphic correlations of drift sequences. Thus sedimentological analysis can not be separated from stratigraphy because the interpretation of depositional environnments of many mapped strata relies on their geometry and the inclusion of regional data. The geomorphic control provided by sedimentological study of surface landforms is also important because assessment of older buried sediments such as those at the Scarborough Bluffs has been hampered by the failure to determine landform control. The Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy of Southern Ontario generally remains unchanged, except for questions on the role of climate versus ice margin dynamics. The pre-Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy is scarce and not well defined, yet sedimentary studies support the presence of glacial ice in the Ontario Lake basin for all of the Middle Wisconsinan and possibly earlier, including the formation of the Scarborough delta. Large channel cut and fill sequences in the Toronto area (Pottery Road Formation), initially interpreted as resulting from subaerial erosion, were probably formed by subaqueous or subglacial meltwater erosion. If so, the pre-Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy in southern Ontario changes because the Pottery Road Formation may not be an Early Wisconsinan correlative of the St. Pierre beds. The channel example illustrates that stratigraphie correlation without sedimentological investigations may be misleading.
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Bouchier, Nancy B. "Idealized Middle-Class Sport for a Young Nation: Lacrosse in Nineteenth-Century Ontario Towns, 1871-1891." Journal of Canadian Studies 29, no. 2 (May 1994): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.29.2.89.
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Sanford, Barbara. "The Political Economy of Land Development In Nineteenth Century Toronto." Articles 16, no. 1 (August 19, 2013): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017943ar.
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This paper challenges traditional ecological assumptions about urban growth and development by exploring the relationship between social structure and urban pattern. A neo-marxian analysis is used to examine the ways in which changing social, political and economic forces of Canadian society affected the distribution of social classes in urban space during three periods of Toronto's early growth; 1) the colonial period, 1791-1833; 2) the mercantile period, 1834-1850; and 3) the early industrial period, 1851-1881. The town's original land grants were allocated according to social status, physically expressing the hierarchical social structure of colonial life. Then, with the growing prosperity of local merchant capitalists, former regulations on land were abandoned in favour of speculative profits for individual property owners. Early street servicing and fire by-laws reinforced the existing micro-scale segregation. During capitalist industrialization the scale of segregation changed from the micro to the macro scale, with the development of working class districts and exclusive enclaves for the upper and middle classes. The latter were again reinforced with special provisions, suggesting that Toronto's social geography has historically been shaped by those with the power, wealth and position to protect and promote their own class interests.
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Gagan, David. "Reviews of Books:A Sense of Their Duty: Middle-Class Formation in Victorian Ontario Towns Andrew C. Holman." American Historical Review 107, no. 1 (February 2002): 176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/532126.
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Flessa, Joseph J. "Principals as Middle Managers: School Leadership During the Implementation of Primary Class Size Reduction Policy in Ontario." Leadership and Policy in Schools 11, no. 3 (July 2012): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2012.692429.
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Aurini, Janice, Rod Missaghian, and Roger Pizarro Milian. "Educational Status Hierarchies, After-School Activities, and Parenting Logics: Lessons from Canada." Sociology of Education 93, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038040720908173.
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This article draws from American research on ‘‘concerted cultivation’’ to compare the parenting logics of 41 upper-middle-class parents in Toronto, Canada. We consider not only how parents structure their children’s after-school time (what parents do) but also how the broader ecology of schooling informs their parenting logics (how they rationalize their actions). We find that parenting practices mirror American research. Upper-middle-class families enroll their children in multiple lessons and cultivate their children’s skills. However, unlike their American counterparts, Canadian parenting logics are not explicitly stratification oriented, guided by a desire to access elite universities. Canada’s relatively flat stratification system of higher education, where prestige differences between universities are minimal, prompts the emergence of a more expressive parenting ethos. Our findings draw attention to the macrofoundations of social behavior by articulating the connection between parenting logics and educational status hierarchies. We conclude by considering the implications of cross-national differences to theories of parenting and social stratification.
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MacDougall, Heather A. "The Genesis of Public Health Reform in Toronto, 1869-1890." Urban History Review 10, no. 3 (October 30, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019076ar.
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Between 1869 and 1890, the episodic arrangements which had characterized pre-Confederation public health work in Toronto slowly gave way to a more organized approach. However, the process of change involved continuous conflict between the supporters of privatism and growth and the advocates of intervention and amelioration. The catalyst for much of the debate was Dr. William Canniff who was Toronto's first, permanent salaried Medical Health Officer. His attempts to control disease and improve the quality of urban life were opposed by growth-oriented aldermen and their constituents but were supported by middle class lay and medical reformers as well as the federal and provincial governments. The interplay of these forces replicated the experiences of British and American public health enthusiasts and prefigured developments in other Canadian cities. But Canniff and his supporters were unable to resolve the dichotomy between public good and private interest and therefore bequeathed this legacy to their twentieth century successors.
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Cooper, Ashley L., Cassandra Carter, Hana McLeod, Marie Wright, Prithika Sritharan, Sandeep Tamber, Alex Wong, Catherine D. Carrillo, and Burton W. Blais. "Detection of carbapenem-resistance genes in bacteria isolated from wastewater in Ontario." FACETS 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 569–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0101.
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Bacterial carbapenem resistance is a major public health concern since these antimicrobials are often the last resort to treat serious human infections. To evaluate methodologies for detection of carbapenem resistance, carbapenem-tolerant bacteria were isolated from wastewater treatment plants in Toronto, Ottawa, and Arnprior, Ontario. A total of 135 carbapenem-tolerant bacteria were recovered. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated the presence of carbapenem hydrolysing enzymes KPC ( n = 10), GES ( n = 5), VIM ( n = 7), and IMP ( n = 1), and β-lactamases TEM ( n = 7), PER ( n = 1), and OXA-variants ( n = 16). A subset of 46 isolates were sequenced and analysed using ResFinder and CARD-RGI. Both programs detected carbapenem resistance genes in 35 sequenced isolates and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) conferring resistance to multiple class of other antibiotics. Where β-lactamase resistance genes were not initially identified, lowering the thresholds for ARG detection enabled identification of closely related β-lactamases. However, no known carbapenem resistance genes were found in seven sequenced Pseudomonas spp. isolates. Also of note was a multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Ottawa, which harboured resistance to seven antimicrobial classes including β-lactams. These results highlight the diversity of genes encoding carbapenem resistance in Ontario and the utility of whole genome sequencing over PCR for ARG detection where resistance may result from an assortment of genes.
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Sumner, Jennifer, and Hayley Lapalme. "The public plate in the transnational city: Tensions among food procurement, global trade and local legislation." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v6i1.268.
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Local food systems are crucial to sustainability, and one of the most effective ways to develop them is to harness the buying power of large public institutions, such as hospitals and universities. Steering public funds toward local food systems, however, is not as easy as it might appear. Institutions must navigate a maze of regulations that can become significant barriers to effecting change. In Ontario, for example, public institutions are squeezed between two contradictory policies: the Broader Public Sector Directive, which mandates a level playing field and prohibits preferential buying based on geography, and the Local Food Act, which aims to increase the consumption of local food (with a specific focus on procurement in Ontario public institutions) and to foster successful and resilient local food economies and systems. Adding to this tension, global trade treaties are drilling down to the local level, proscribing preferential procurement of local food as “protectionist” and a barrier to trade.
Public institutions are caught in the middle, wanting to purchase more local products but unwilling to risk reprisals. This paper investigates these tensions by reporting on a recent study of institutional buyers and government officials in the Toronto area to understand more thoroughly these barriers to operationalizing a local food system, while recognizing that sustainable food systems require a judicious combination of ‘local and green’ and ‘global and fair’ (Morgan 2008).
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SANDUL, PAUL J. P. "The Agriburb: Recalling The Suburban Side Of Ontario, California’s Agricultural Colonization." Agricultural History 84, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 195–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-84.2.195.
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Abstract This essay spotlights the development of Ontario, California, in the last decades of the nineteenth century. It demonstrates that many agricultural communities in California, particularly so-called agricultural colonies, represent a unique rural suburban type labeled here as "agriburbs." Agriburbs, such as Ontario, were communities consciously planned, developed, and promoted based on the drive for profit in emerging agricultural markets. Advertised as the perfect mix of rural and urban, they promised a superior middle-class lifestyle. On the one hand, agriburbs evoked the myths of agrarian security and virtue, a life on a farm in an environment that was good for both soil and soul. On the other hand, agriburbs were ideally urbane but not urban because of their many amenities that represented cultural symbols of modernity, refinement, and progress. An understanding of California’s agriburbs deepens an appreciation for both the growth and development of California at the turn of the twentieth century and the diversity of suburban types across the American landscape.
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Sangster, Joan. "“She Is Hostile to Our Ways”: First Nations Girls Sentenced to the Ontario Training School for Girls, 1933–1960." Law and History Review 20, no. 1 (2002): 59–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/744155.
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When industrial schools were initially proposed in late nineteenth-century Canada, they were perceived to be a common solution for the neglected and delinquent working-class boy of the urban slums and for the Aboriginal boy in need of similar education, discipline, and moral and vocational training. This undertaking briefly encapsulated the twinned aims of Canada's nation-building project: to civilize and acculturate both the poor and the colonized to middle-class, Western, white and Anglo norms. As John Comaroff and Jean Comaroff remark of nineteenth-century British imperialism, the taming of the “uncivilised and immoral” indigenous African and British slum dweller were overlapping projects, with the “primitive and the pauper” seen as “one in spirit. …the sacred task of the colonizing mission was to reconstruct the home lives of both” by inculcating in their daily lives the bourgeois values of “modern domesticity.”
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Kerr, Michael, and Nicholas Eyles. "Storm-deposited sandstones (tempestites) and related ichnofossils of the Late Ordovician Georgian Bay Formation, southern Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 266–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-026.
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The Late Ordovician Geogian Bay Formation of southern Ontario, Canada, comprises up to 250 m of grey to blue–grey shales interbedded with highly fossiliferous calcareous sandstones. These strata were deposited in equatorial paleolatitudes after 448 Ma in a shallow foreland basin created by overthrusting along the eastern margin of North America (the Taconic orogeny). The Georgian Bay Formation comprises the middle part of an upward-shallowing progradational sequence from deep-water transgressive shales of the underlying Whitby Formation to muddy tidal-flat sequences of the overlying Queenston Formation. Exposures in brickyard and river cuts near Toronto, and northwards along a narrow outcrop belt along the foot of the Niagara Escarpment, show laterally extensive (100 m+), sharp-based sheets of sandstone up to 1 m thick, with gutter casts and washed-out (hypichnial) trace fossils (dominantly Planolites and Paleophycus) on their lower bedding surfaces. Detailed examination of sandstone beds in outcrop and in three boreholes that penetrate the formation shows that the beds are composed internally of a basal fossil hash layer overlain by flat, hummocky, and wave-rippled divisions. Bed tops show a variety of wave-ripple forms and are heavily bioturbated (dominantly Bifungites, Conostichus, Diplocraterion, Didymaulichnus, Teichichnus). Sandstone sheets are interpreted as storm deposits (tempestites) resulting from tropical storms (hurricanes) transporting fine-grained suspended sediment from a delta plain onto a muddy shelf to the west.
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Morgan, Cecilia. "“An Embarrassingly and Severely Masculine Atmosphere”: Women, Gender and the Legal Profession at Osgoode Hall, 1920s–1960s." Canadian journal of law and society 11, no. 2 (1996): 19–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100004865.
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AbstractThis paper examines gender relations within Ontario's Osgoode Hall Law School from the 1920s to the 1960s, focussing on the women who entered the school during this period. It analyzes their backgrounds and motives for entering law school and it also examines their experiences at the school and as articling students. This paper argues that the legal profession's insistence on its masculine nature shaped women law students' attempts to construct their own professional identities and to reconcile their professionalism with their gender, ethnic and racial, and class backgrounds (the majority of these women were Anglo-Celtic and middle-class). Yet while masculinity was the norm for both the profession and the law school, it was not a static, monolithic construct; it was constructed and expressed in a number of ways by male students and instructors at Osgoode Hall, particularly in the pages of the student press and through the activities of O s goode's student organization. Such struggles to define male law students' identities invariably affected women law students; in turn, through the Women's Law Association of Ontario, they worked to create an alternative space where women lawyers and students could work for change and attempt to reconcile professionalism and middle-class femininity.
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Woodger, Kevin. "“We Speak for Those who Cannot Speak for Themselves”." Ontario History 105, no. 2 (July 30, 2018): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050731ar.
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This article examines the history of the Toronto Humane Society [THS] from 1887 to 1891. It argues that the THS drew on the discourses of earlier Humane Societies and SPCAs in Britain and the United States and concludes that, like other animal welfare organizations, the THS saw the moral reform of the working classes as one of its primary duties. To do this, the Humane Society is linked to the larger moral and social reform movement that permeated the city in the late-nineteenth century. Dominated by members of Toronto’s middle class, the THS inordinately targeted workers in its efforts to spread humane sentiments throughout the city.
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Fraser, Alison. "Urban Prophets: Creating Graffiti as a Means of Negotiating the Constructs of Urban Public Spaces." Stream: Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication 7, no. 2 (May 4, 2016): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21810/strm.v7i2.128.
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For this examination, graffiti and neo-graffiti have been compared to public art in order to reveal the ideological constructions of urban public spaces. How does graffiti interact with the construction of urban public spaces? How is graffiti similar to and different from public art? Which of these art forms better represents the public and city living? By comparing public art to (neo)graffiti in Toronto, Ontario and Los Angeles, California, the gendered, racialized, and class-based exclusions present in R. Florida's (2002) creative cities framework as theorized by authors such as N. Smith (1996), Sharon Zukin (1996), and G. Standing (2011) can be revealed. Urban public spaces are carefully shaped by those in control, the government and corporations, with the intention of creating spaces and citizens within those spaces that can be a functioning part of their neoliberal capitalist system. Graffiti and neo-graffiti act as a visual interruption to this system, which in turn can be thought of as physically represented by public art. In this way (neo)graffiti is created by a minority of citizens with the hopes of reclaiming their right to exist in urban public spaces despite layers of ideological exclusions.For this examination, graffiti and neo-graffiti have been compared to public art in order to reveal the ideological constructions of urban public spaces. How does graffiti interact with the construction of urban public spaces? How is graffiti similar to and different from public art? Which of these art forms better represents the public and city living? By comparing public art (neo)graffiti in Toronto, Ontario and Los Angeles California, the racialized and class-based exclusions present in R. Florida’s (2002) creative cities framework theorized by authors such as N. Smith (1996), Sharon Zukin (1996), and G. Standing (2011) can be revealed. Urban public spaces are carefully shaped by those in control (the government and corporations) with the intention of creating spaces and citizens within those spaces that can be a functioning part of their system. Graffiti and neo-graffiti act as a visual interruption to this system as represented by public art. In this way (neo)graffiti is created by a minority of citizens with the hopes of reclaiming their right to exist in urban public spaces despite the layers of exclusions.
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Battles, Heather T. "Differences in Polio Mortality by Socioeconomic Status in Two Southern Ontario Counties, 1900–1937." Social Science History 41, no. 2 (2017): 305–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.1.
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The collective polio literature of the mid-twentieth century developed a model centered on age at infection. In this model, known as the hygiene hypothesis, risk of severe polio increased with socioeconomic status (SES) because higher SES was associated with older age at infection. Rural residence was also linked to increased polio risk due to older age at infection. Crowding and larger family size were associated with earlier age at infection and thus reduced the risk of severe polio. In contrast, according to the intensive-exposure hypothesis proposed by Nielsen and colleagues (2001, 2002), exposure to the poliovirus within the home was linked to increased severity of infection, making larger family size and crowding important risk factors. Data for polio deaths in Wentworth and York counties, including the cities of Hamilton and Toronto, from 1900 to 1937 were gathered from a variety of archival sources and socioeconomic class was coded using the five-point composite score scale from Hauser (1982). The results provide support for the intensive-exposure hypothesis as an addition to the traditional polio model. Age at death increased with status score during the earlier 1900–1929 period, but not in the 1930–1937 period. The overall proportions of polio deaths in the various status scores were stable over both periods and disproportionately prevalent in status score three (skilled blue collar). This analysis of polio mortality provides a more nuanced picture of the disease and its relation to SES in a time of rapidly changing socioecological conditions.
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Schwarcz, Henry P., and Nicholas Eyles. "Laurentide Ice Sheet Extent Inferred from Stable Isotopic Composition (O,C) of Ostracodes at Toronto, Canada." Quaternary Research 35, no. 3-Part1 (May 1991): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90047-9.
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AbstractEarly and Middle Wisconsin glaciolacustrine sediments exposed at Scarborough Bluffs, Toronto, Canada, contain a low-diversity benthic ostracode fauna dominated by Candona subtringulata and C. caudata. We have studied the oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions of the two ostracode species from the base of the Scarborough section to its top immediately below a Late Wisconsin till. We find an upward decrease in δ18O in both species that is more marked in C. caudata. The shift in δ18O of ostracode calcite from interglacial values of −6 to −8‰, to values of −17‰ immediately below the Late Wisconsin till is the result of (1) lowering of δ18O of the lake as a result of addition of isotopically light meltwater from an advancing and thickening Laurentide Ice Sheet combined with (2) lowering of δ18O of local precipitation entering the lake, due to falling temperatures. In the last stages of the lake, δ18O of the lake water was between −17 and −21‰, corresponding to a lake body composed of between 35 and 55% glacial meltwater. The lake appears to have been isotopically and thermally stratified for part of its history. Differences in δ13C values between C. caudata and C. subtriangulata increase upward in the stratigraphic section. This may record enhanced partitioning of carbon isotopes between surface and bottom waters as a result of increased water depths, photosynthesis by algae, and changes in the input of dissolved organic carbon from the oxidation of organic matter. If the age assessments of these sediments are correct, then these data provide valuable information regarding the isotopic composition of ancestral Lake Ontario and also confirm that the basin was only fully glaciated during the Late Wisconsin.
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Conley, James. "Rethinking the Canadian Working ClassWORKING-CLASS EXPERIENCE: RETHINKING THE HISTORY OF CANADIAN LABOUR, 1800-1991. Bryan D. Palmer. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1992.SWEATSHOP STRIFE: CLASS, ETHNICITY, AND GENDER IN THE JEWISH LABOUR MOVEMENT OF TORONTO, 1900-1939. Ruth A. Frager. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992.IT’S A WORKING MAN’S TOWN: MALE WORKING-CLASS CULTURE IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO. Thomas W. Dunk. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1991." Journal of Canadian Studies 30, no. 3 (August 1995): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcs.30.3.214.
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Marquis, Greg. "Constructing an Urban Drug Ecology in 1970s Canada." Articles 42, no. 1 (February 3, 2014): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1022057ar.
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In 1970, youthful researchers carried out participant-observer studies of the drug scene in Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal, and Halifax. This ethnographic research, prepared for the federal Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs (the LeDain Commission), was part of the commission’s extensive series of unpublished studies. The commission, which released an initial report in 1970, one on cannabis in 1972 and a final report in 1973, adopted a broad approach to the issue of drugs and society. This article examines the unpublished studies as examples of social science “intelligence gathering” on urban social problems. The reports discussed the local market in illegal drugs, its geographic patterns and organizational features, the demographic characteristics of drug sellers and consumers, the culture of the drug scene, and the attitudes of users. Unlike earlier sociological and anthropological studies that focused on prisoners and lower-class “junkies” or more recent studies that examine marginalized inner-city populations, the city studies reflected the era’s fixation on middle-class youth culture and the addiction-treatment sphere’s growing concern with amphetamine abuse.
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Liboro, Renato M., Charles Fehr, and George Da Silva. "Kinky Sex and Deliberate Partner Negotiations: Case Studies of Canadian Transgender Men Who Have Sex with Men, Their HIV Risks, Safer Sex Practices, and Prevention Needs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 11382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811382.
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Growing research in the last two decades has begun to investigate the HIV risks and sexual health practices of transgender men, especially as a subpopulation of men who have sex with men (MSM) that likely shares certain HIV risks and sexual health practices with cisgender MSM, the sociodemographic group that continues to be at highest risk for HIV in many developed countries since the start of the epidemic. As part of our Community-Based Participatory Research project and larger strengths-based qualitative study that was dedicated to examine multiple factors that promote resilience to HIV utilizing the perspectives and lived experiences of middle-aged and older MSM, the case studies we present in this article feature the distinct insights and experiences of three HIV-negative transgender MSM from Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, who participated in our one-on-one interviews. The three case studies provide not only an enlightening snapshot of some of the specific contexts, HIV risks, safer sex practices, and HIV prevention needs of transgender MSM, but also a unique opportunity to critically reflect on the potential implications of the insights and experiences that were shared by our participants, particularly for adapting and developing current and future HIV services and programs to maximally benefit transgender MSM.
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Kennedy, Padraic. "An Irish Working Class: Explorations in Political Economy and Hegemony, 1800-1950, by Marilyn SilvermanAn Irish Working Class: Explorations in Political Economy and Hegemony, 1800-1950, by Marilyn Silverman. Anthropological Horizons series. Toronto, Ontario, University of Toronto Press, 2001. xiv, 566 pp. $85.00 Cdn (cloth)." Canadian Journal of History 38, no. 2 (August 2003): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.38.2.331.
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Wood, Lesley. "Breaking the Wave: Repression, Identity, and Seattle Tactics." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.12.4.a38x78203j3502q0.
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Using interviews with thirty-two direct action activists and field notes from the period, this article argues that repression limited the diffusion of the tactics used in the 1999 protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle to activists in New York City and Toronto. The tactics under review are affinity groups, blockading, jail solidarity, black bloc, and giant puppets. I argue that repression highlighted the ways that poor activists and activists of color were different from the archetypical white, middle-class, Seattle protester. Repression made it less likely that these activists would identify with the Seattle protesters, and less likely to deliberate about the tactics. Thus, repression and identity questions made incorporation of these tactics less likely. I also argue that repression, by limiting the diffusion of these tactics, interrupted the cycle of protest associated with the Seattle demonstrations.
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Vanderwel, Mark C., Hilary C. Thorpe, Jennifer L. Shuter, John P. Caspersen, and Sean C. Thomas. "Contrasting downed woody debris dynamics in managed and unmanaged northern hardwood stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 11 (November 2008): 2850–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-130.
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The reported effects of selection silviculture on downed woody debris (DWD) vary. To investigate the processes underlying potential management impacts on DWD stocks and fluxes, we conducted a repeated census of downed wood in selection-harvested, selectively harvested, and unmanaged (old-growth) stands in central Ontario. DWD was significantly more abundant in stands harvested within the last 20 years than in stands harvested earlier, and shifted towards more advanced decay classes over the first 20 years after harvest. These results are consistent with persistence of a harvest-related DWD pulse for up to two decades in managed stands. The transition of DWD from early and middle decay classes to more advanced decay classes proceeded more slowly in managed than unmanaged stands. Species type, identity of fungal fruiting bodies, presence of a cut surface, and plot moisture class were significant predictors of variation in decay dynamics within particular decay classes; however, these factors did not account for observed differences in decay-class transitions between managed and unmanaged stands. A decay class matrix model projected DWD half-lives of 19 years for unmanaged stands and 21 years for managed stands. Over the long term, slower decay dynamics may help somewhat in maintaining relatively high DWD abundances in stands managed under selection silviculture.
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Papastergiou, John, Michelle Donnelly, Terence Yuen, Wilson Li, and Bart van den Bemt. "Community pharmacy–based H. pylori screening for patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 153, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163520903065.
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Background: Helicobacter pylori is identified by the World Health Organization as a major risk factor of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinomas. As point-of-care screening technology becomes more widely available, pharmacists are ideally suited to use this tool to screen patients with H. pylori infection. Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of implementing point-of-care screening technology for H. pylori into community pharmacy practice and to assess the number of patients who are positively identified as a result of testing. Methods: Three pharmacies in Toronto, Ontario, offered H. pylori screening as part of their clinical programs. Pharmacists enrolled patients with symptoms of dyspepsia and/or receiving acid suppressant therapy for >6 weeks. Decision to screen was based on the Canadian Helicobacter Study Group Consensus (CHSG). Patients were screened using the Rapid Response H. pylori test. Results: Seventy-one patients were recruited, with a mean age of 46.3 years. Patients were ethnically diverse, with a significant proportion (59.2%) identified as being born outside of North America, including Asia (26.8%), Africa (9.9%), the Middle East (7%), Europe (9.9%) and South and Central America (5.6%). Overall, the detection rate of H. pylori infection was 21%. North Americans had the lowest incidence of an undiagnosed H. pylori infection (6.9%). Europeans (28.6%), Middle Easterners (20%) and Asians (21.1%) had a moderate incidence, followed by the highest prevalence in those of African descent (71.4%). Conclusion: These results highlight the readiness of community pharmacists to adopt H. pylori screening into practice and to leverage this novel technology to positively identify and treat undiagnosed H. pylori infection. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2020;153:xx-xx.
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Ghosh, Sutama. "‘I am the over-educated maid who must also earn a good living’: Exploring migration and sense of freedom among professional Indian women in Toronto." Ethnicities 20, no. 5 (March 27, 2019): 915–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468796819838537.
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Since the mid-1980s, several Indian women novelists have enriched mainstream English literature with stories of educated, middle-class, Indian women migrating to and settling in North America. The novels assert that by migrating to North America, the protagonists were able to find ‘freedom’. In this paper, I question whether international migration necessarily leads to ‘freedom’ for this cohort of Indian women and argue that it their histories and experiences of subjugation and emancipation are not necessarily in binary opposition, and that there may be a space for multiplicity. Based on their changing power positions, the respondents were placed simultaneously at the centre and at the margins in their own homes, at work and at the places of socialisation.
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Lofters, Aisha, Kimberly Devotta, Vijayshree Prakash, and Mandana Vahabi. "Understanding the Acceptability and Uptake of HPV Self-Sampling Amongst Women Under- or Never-Screened for Cervical Cancer in Toronto (Ontario, Canada): An Intervention Study Protocol." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 29, 2021): 9114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179114.
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Cervical cancer remains a global public health concern, even though scientific advancements have made the disease almost entirely preventable. With the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer, and the subsequent improvement in screening technology, there is potential to improve access and coverage of cervical screening with the introduction of HPV self-sampling. In Ontario, Canada, a province with a cytology-based screening program (i.e., Pap test), women who identify as South Asian, West Asian, Middle Eastern and North African have some of the lowest rates of screening, and research suggests they have a higher burden of cervical cancer. In this study, we will use both quantitative and qualitative methods to understand the acceptability and uptake of a take-home HPV self-sampling kit. Working with community champions—people with pre-existing connections with local groups—we will recruit women from these groups who are under- or never-screened for cervical cancer. Women will self-select whether they are in the group that tries HPV self-sampling or in the group that does not. We will aim for 100 women in each group. All participants will provide feedback on the feasibility, acceptability and preferences for cervical screening through a survey and phone follow-up. Women who self-select the HPV self-sampling group, will be followed up to find out if they followed through with self-sampling and to understand their experience using the device. Women who do not want to try self-sampling will be followed up to see if they went on to get a Pap test. The qualitative phase of this study consists of five focus groups with participants and semi-structured interviews with key informants in the community.
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Amayiri, Nisreen, Maisa Swaidan, Najiyah Abuirmeileh, Maysa Al-Hussaini, Tarik Tihan, James Drake, Awni Musharbash, et al. "Video-Teleconferencing in Pediatric Neuro-Oncology: Ten Years of Experience." Journal of Global Oncology, no. 4 (December 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2016.008276.
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Purpose The management of central nervous system tumors is challenging in low- and middle-income countries. Little is known about applicability of twinning initiatives with high-income countries in neuro-oncology. In 2004, a monthly neuro-oncology video-teleconference program was started between King Hussein Cancer Center (Amman, Jordan) and the Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto, Ontario, Canada). More than 100 conferences were held and > 400 cases were discussed. The aim of this work was to assess the sustainability of such an initiative and the evolution of the impact over time. Methods We divided the duration in to three eras according to the initial 2 to 3 years of work of three consecutive oncologists in charge of the neuro-oncology program at King Hussein Cancer Center. We retrospectively reviewed the written minutes and compared the preconference suggested plans with the postconference recommendations. Impact of changes on the patient care was recorded. Results Thirty-three sets of written minutes (covering 161 cases) in the middle era and 32 sets of written minutes (covering 122 cases) in the last era were compared with the initial experience (20 meetings, 72 cases). Running costs of these conferences has dropped from $360/h to < $40/h. Important concepts were introduced, such as multidisciplinary teamwork, second-look surgery, and early referral. Suggestions for plan changes have decreased from 44% to 30% and 24% in the respective consecutive eras. Most recommendations involved alternative intervention modalities or pathology review. Most of these recommendations were followed. Conclusion Video-teleconferencing in neuro-oncology is feasible and sustainable. With time, team experience is built while the percentage and the type of treatment modifications change. Commitment and motivation helped maintain this initiative rather than availability of financial resources. Improvement in patients’ care was achieved, in particular, with the implementation of a multidisciplinary team and the continuous effort to implement recommendations.