Relevant bibliographies by topics / Middle class – history

Academic literature on the topic 'Middle class – history'

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Published: 25 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Middle class – history"

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Goldman, Marshall I. "Russia's Middle Class Muddle." Current History 105, no. 693 (October 1, 2006): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2006.105.693.321.

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Suh, D. "Middle-Class Formation and Class Alliance." Social Science History 26, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01455532-26-1-105.

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Suh, Doowon. "Middle-Class Formation and Class Alliance." Social Science History 26, no. 1 (2002): 105–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001230x.

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The fact that white-collar workers share relatively similar experiences of economic hardship and proletarianization across nations but develop clearly different types of trade unionism renders the theoretical relevance of formalist and economist approaches to the class location and class character of whitecollar workers questionable. According to this perspective, notwithstanding ideological and logical variants, social class reflects an occupational conglomerate, and class constituents' consciousness, disposition, and action are determined by their position in the social structure. Analysis of social class becomes a simple task of filling empty strata with workers and debate centers on the demarcation lines within the occupational structure, generating theories of class structure without attention to class agents (Bourdieu 1984). By contrast, historico-cultural, ethnographic approaches to social class, pioneered by E. P. Thompson's monumental work in 1963, turn formalist, economist theories on their head by bringing class agents back in. The process by which workers become class members is considered complex, contingent, and relational: lifestyles, dispositions, modes of collective action, and political orientations blend at a historical juncture in such a way that a class character substantially distinct and sustained enough forms and becomes an important dimension of social structure.
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Gilbert, James, and Joan Shelley Rubin. "Midcult, Middlebrow, Middle Class." Reviews in American History 20, no. 4 (December 1992): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2702873.

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McWilliams, James E. "Marketing Middle-Class Morality." Reviews in American History 34, no. 2 (2006): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2006.0028.

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Nash, Logan. "Middle-Class Castle." Journal of Urban History 39, no. 5 (March 6, 2013): 909–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144213479320.

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Green, James L., and Robert Murray Davis. "A Lower-Middle-Class Education." History of Education Quarterly 37, no. 4 (1997): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/369884.

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Rodgers, Daniel T., and John S. Gilkeson. "Middle-Class Providence, 1820-1940." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19, no. 2 (1988): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204705.

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Johnson, Paul, and John S. Gilkeson. "Middle-Class Providence, 1820-1940." Journal of American History 74, no. 2 (September 1987): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1900079.

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Chambers, Thomas A., and Timothy R. Mahoney. "Provincial Lives: Middle-Class Experience in the Antebellum Middle West." Michigan Historical Review 27, no. 2 (2001): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20173939.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Middle class – history"

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Wilson, Karen. "Aspects of solidarity between middle-class and working-class women 1880-1903." Thesis, Keele University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293991.

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Bell, J. Gregory Dossey John A. "A history of mathematics class for middle school teachers." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1992. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9234458.

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Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 1992.
Title from title page screen, viewed January 19, 2006. Dissertation Committee: John A. Dossey (chair), Lynn H. Brown, Franklin G. Lewis, Albert D. Otto, Charles L. VanderEynden. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 644-648) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Hall, Catherine. "White, male and middle class : explorations in feminism and history." Thesis, University of East London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532374.

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North, David L. "Middle-class suburban lifestyles and culture in England, 1919-1939." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302935.

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Prendergast, Neil. "American Holidays, A Natural History." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204910.

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This dissertation examines the production and consumption of nature in middle-class American holidays. Focusing on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it follows the creation of new symbols and practices associated with Easter, the Fourth of July, Thanksgiving and Christmas. In each of these holidays, members of the middle class used nature to narrate their new identity as Americans belonging less to local, regional, or ethnic communities and more to the nuclear family and the nation. In Thanksgiving, the turkey became an important symbol in the antebellum era, the same period in which the Easter rabbit was born, the Fourth of July picnic became popular, and the Christmas tree rose to prominence. These trends resulted from the middle-class desire to make the home an idealized private life complete with its own rituals and symbols that separated it from the public life of the street. While the middle class retreated into its imagined private sphere, it did so while simultaneously claiming that their families represented the core building blocks of the nation. By conflating family and nation, the middle class generated a large demand for the physical goods that made such symbolic meaning manifest--in particular, Thanksgiving turkeys and Christmas trees. Reproducing these plants and animals, however, created agroecological problems, including crop diseases. While middle-class family holidays reinforce the scales of popular culture and mass agriculture, they do so only tenuously.
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Pettit, Harry. "Without hope there is no life : class, affect, and meritocracy in middle class Cairo." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3673/.

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This thesis examines the lives of a group of young middle-class Egyptian men who experience a mismatch between their aspirations and their chances of realising them. It analyses the historical emergence of an under-recognised ‘falling’ middle-class in contemporary Egypt, by comparing their relative fall with another middle-class population which has experienced a dramatic rise in wealth and status in the aftermath of neoliberal economic change. I contribute to literature examining the rise of the middle-classes across the Global South in recent years. First, I reveal the importance of historically-owned rural land, cultural privilege, the legal and political remnants of state socialism, and international migration in the socio-economic rise of an Egyptian middle-class. Second, I move away from a predominant focus on consumption, and instead highlight how educational markers, and ‘character’ differences enable the exercise of a new form of ‘open-minded’ middle-class distinction. But finally, I challenge existing literature by uncovering the emergence of an alternative, less-celebratory middle-class in the late-20th and early-21st century, one which has experienced relative decline as the public sector jobs, education, and subsidies they relied on to forge their middle-class lives have been stripped away. The rest of the thesis uses eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork stretched over two years to delve into the lives of a group of young men in this falling middle-class category as they attempt to make the transition from education to ‘aspired to’ employment. It first establishes the existence of a rupture in the Bourdieu-like congruence between their aspirations for a globalised middle-class life, and their ability to reach it. The three main empirical chapters analyse the consequences of this ‘mismatch.’ By applying affect theory to the study of class immobility, I recast existing understandings of how people navigate conditions of ‘waithood,’ in particular through reintroducing a focus on stability and power. I argue that these young men survive their classed and aged immobility through forming a ‘cruel attachment’ to a discursive and material terrain of Egyptianised meritocracy that affects them with hope for the future. This terrain was continuously extended by certain labour market industries and institutions, such as training centres, recruitment agencies, and an entrepreneurship ‘scene,’ that constituted part of Cairo’s ‘hopeful city.’ The thesis therefore demonstrates how Egypt’s capitalistauthoritarian regime also survives, securing the compliance of young middle-class men, despite denying them access to respectable middle-class living, by continually regurgitating a hopeful promise of future fulfilment.
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Byrne, Frank J. "Becoming bourgeois : merchant culture in the antebellum and confederate south /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488203158828259.

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Loiacano, Catherine Lynn. "Casualties of a Radicalizing Cuban Revolution: Middle-Class Opposition and Exile, 1961-1968." NCSU, 2010. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03262010-104219/.

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This study explores the major factors contributing to the exodus of the Cuban middle class from 1961 to 1968. For the purpose of this study, the heterogeneous middle class is broken up into middle-class students, professionals, and businessmen. Each of these groups had slightly different values and motivations, yet large percentages of each left Cuba as the revolution radicalized, changing economic, political and social life for all Cubans. In explaining this phenomenon, this paper follows the relationship between Cuba and the United States, focusing particularly on the conflictive dialogue that emerged between Fidel Castro and the US presidents of the 1960âs. In addition, the role of each government in facilitating the exodus must be considered, necessitating attention to US special treatment toward Cuban immigrants. Ultimately, this study asserts that various radicalizations in revolutionary Cuba from the declaration of socialism in April 1961 to the final revolutionary offensive of 1968 pushed the middle class to the United States. Unlike the middles classes of 1940s Costa Rica and Guatemala, they chose to leave in order to retain their standard of living rather than to sacrifice in order for the lower classes to benefit.
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Borenstein, Bonnie Jill. "Perspectives on British middle class pleasure travel to Italy and Switzerland, 1860-1914." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37192.pdf.

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Labosier, James Bruce. "Motion Picture Exhibition and the Development of a Middle-class Clientele: Portland, Oregon, 1894-1915." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4952.

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For about the first fifteen years after its commercial introduction motion picture entertainment throughout the United States was supported almost entirely by the mass of urban industrial workers, immigrants and their families. Beginning a few years before 1910 motion pictures began acquiring regular support from a limited element of the more affluent citizens until by the end of 1916 they constituted motion pictures' primary audience. This paper examines the audience development and conversion as it occurred in the downtown theaters of Portland, Oregon. Motion pictures were shown to two diverse audiences in Portland during the 1890s, regularly on a mass level to the lower income strata and sporadically to regular stage theater audiences. Their expectations differed greatly. Urban workers craved entertainment for the sake of diversion while middle and upper class audiences required responsibility and purpose in their entertainments. After the turn of the century when big time vaudeville established itself in Portland films were supported almost entirely by the lower class element in arcades and vaudeville theaters. Motion pictures in these venues catered to their audiences' tastes. During the 4-5 year period after nickelodeons developed in 1906 a small number of Portland's middle class became regular patrons, due partially to national imposition of licensing and establishment of a censorship board fostering a more respectable image. After 1910, when national support for motion pictures had been proven permanent and unsatisfied, large movie palaces emerged in Portland. These theaters and their amenities created atmospheres consistent with those of stage theaters, providing comfortable and familiar surroundings for middle class audiences. Industrywide developments such as increased story length, better quality productions and evidence of social responsibility enhanced the ease of middle class transition from the stage theater to the movie theater.
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Books on the topic "Middle class – history"

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James, Lawrence. The middle class: A history. London: Abacus, 2008.

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James, Lawrence. The middle class: A history. London: Little, Brown, 2006.

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Corey, Lewis. The crisis of the middle class. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.

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A, Mangan J., ed. Reformers, sport, modernizers: Middle-class revolutionaries. London: F. Cass, 2002.

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D, Balzer Harley, ed. Russia's missing middle class: The professions in Russian history. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 1996.

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Jackson, Alan Arthur. The middle classes, 1900-1950. [Nairn]: David St. John Thomas, 1991.

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Rachel, Bell, ed. Middle classes: Their rise and sprawl. London: Cassell, 2002.

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Ellis, Goldberg, ed. The social history of labor in the Middle East. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1996.

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Mahoney, Timothy R. Provincial lives: Middle-class experience in the antebellum Middle West. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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Ingrid, Mittenzwei, Reinalter Helmut 1943-, and Gerlach Karlheinz, eds. Staat und Bürgertum im 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert: Studien zur Frankreich, Deutschland und Österreich : Ingrid Mittenzwei zum 65. Geburtstag. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Middle class – history"

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Reay, Diane, Gill Crozier, and David James. "Family History, Class Practices and Habitus." In White Middle-Class Identities and Urban Schooling, 23–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230302501_3.

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Stenton, Doris Mary. "The Eighteenth Century The New Middle Class." In The English Woman in History, 278–311. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003273608-10.

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Darity, William. "Understanding the subaltern native middle class." In History, Methodology and Identity for a 21st Century Social Economics, 89–98. Abingdon, Oxon ; NewYork, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge advances in social economics: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429200748-6.

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Stabel, Peter, and Anke De Meyer. "Craft Guilds as Vectors of Middle-Class Values." In Studies in European Urban History (1100-1800), 271–87. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.seuh-eb.5.120450.

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Gehmacher, Johanna. "Become a Translator! Formations of an Im/Possible Persona." In Translation History, 43–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42763-3_2.

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AbstractDrawing both on the history of women’s education and on the interdisciplinary concept of the persona, this chapter discusses the discourses and practices that framed and limited young middle-class women’s chances of studying and becoming a learned person in late nineteenth-century Europe. It argues that in connection with the middle-class ideology of a woman’s place, a double standard of male and female scholarship prevailed. Considering the links between accepted models of femininity and new forms of professional identity, the chapter shows the development of new, if hidden, female personae at the fringes of academe, for example the persona of the supportive wife of a male academic or of the translator.
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Haytock, Jennifer. "History, Normalcy, and Daily Life: Margaret Ayer Barnes and Jessie Redmon Fauset." In The Middle Class in the Great Depression, 15–46. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137347206_2.

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Aspinall, Robert W. "The history of boys' schools and secondary education for the middle classes in England and Japan." In Middle-Class Boys’ Schools in England and Japan, 33–55. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003343417-3.

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Driscoll, Lawrence. "Classless Fictions?: Middle-Class History/Working-Class Subjects in Martin Amis, Peter Ackroyd, and Hanif Kureishi." In Evading Class in Contemporary British Literature, 97–131. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230622487_4.

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Lassiter, Matthew D. "The Suburban Origins of “Color-Blind” Conservatism: Middle-Class Consciousness in the Charlotte Busing Crisis." In The Best American History Essays 2006, 263–93. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06580-3_11.

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Cohen, Gary B. "Jews Among Vienna's Educated Middle Class Elements at the Turn of the Century:." In A Social and Economic History of Central European Jewry, 179–89. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429334535-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Middle class – history"

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Smith, David, and Gorham Bird. "History Lives On: Interdisciplinary Design to Uplift Rural Communities." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005115.

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Starting as a partnership between Booker T. Washington and Julius Rosenwald in 1914, a grassroots movement to educate black children grew into over 5000 school buildings throughout the segregated deep south of the United States by 1932. Today, less than 600 of these “Rosenwald School” structures remain nationally, and most are in a state of great decay. These schools represent the education of a new generation of African American thinkers and are considered by economists to have created the African American middle class. This paper will explore the methodologies used to curate, design, and fabricate an exhibit, “History Lives On—Preserving Alabama’s Rosenwald Schools,” aimed at increasing public engagement and awareness of the history of the school building program. The exhibition project serves to educate the public and bring history to life by illustrating the inequities that existed in the educational system of the Jim Crow South.
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Madi, Jamal A., and Elhadi M. Belhadj. "Unconventional Shale Play in Oman: Preliminary Assessment of the Shale Oil / Shale Gas Potential of the Silurian Hot Shale of the Southern Rub al-Khali Basin." In SPE Middle East Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-172966-ms.

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Abstract Oman's petroleum systems are related to four known source rocks: the Precambrian-Lower Cambrian Huqf, the Lower Silurian Sahmah, the Late Jurassic Shuaiba-Tuwaiq and the Cretaceous Natih. The Huqf and the Natih have sourced almost all the discovered fields in the country. This study examines the shale-gas and shale-oil potential of the Lower Silurian Sahmah in the Omani side of the Rub al Khali basin along the Saudi border. The prospective area exceeds 12,000 square miles (31,300 km2). The Silurian hot shale at the base of the Sahmah shale is equivalent to the known world-class source rock, widespread throughout North Africa (Tannezouft) and the Arabian Peninsula (Sahmah/Qusaiba). Both thickness and thermal maturities increase northward toward Saudi Arabia, with an apparent depocentre extending southward into Oman Block 36 where the hot shale is up to 55 m thick and reached 1.4% vitrinite reflectance (in Burkanah-1 and ATA-1 wells). The present-day measured TOC and estimated from log signatures range from 0.8 to 9%. 1D thermal modeling and burial history of the Sahmah source rock in some wells indicate that, depending on the used kinetics, hydrocarbon generation/expulsion began from the Early Jurassic (ca 160 M.a.b.p) to Cretaceous. Shale oil/gas resource density estimates, particularly in countries and plays outside North America remain highly uncertain, due to the lack of geochemical data, the lack of history of shale oil/gas production, and the valuation method undertaken. Based on available geological and geochemical data, we applied both Jarvie (2007) and Talukdar (2010) methods for the resource estimation of: (1) the amount of hydrocarbon generated and expelled into conventional reservoirs and (2) the amount of hydrocarbon retained within the Silurian hot shale. Preliminary results show that the hydrocarbon potential is distributed equally between wet natural gas and oil within an area of 11,000 square mile. The Silurian Sahmah shale has generated and expelled (and/or partly lost) about 116.8 billion of oil and 275.6 TCF of gas. Likewise, our estimates indicate that 56 billion of oil and 273.4 TCF of gas are potentially retained within the Sahmah source rock, making this interval a future unconventional resource play. The average calculated retained oil and gas yields are estimated to be 6 MMbbl/mi2 (or 117 bbl oil/ac-ft) and 25.3 bcf/mi2 (or 403 mcf gas/ac-ft) respectively. To better compare our estimates with Advanced Resources International (EIA/ARI) studies on several Silurian shale plays, we also carried out estimates based on the volumetric method. The total oil in-place is 50.2 billion barrels, while the total gas in-place is 107.6 TCF. The average oil and gas yield is respectively 7 MMbbl/mi2 and 15.5 bcf/mi2. Our findings, in term of oil and gas concentration, are in line or often smaller than all the shale oil/gas plays assessed by EIA/ARI and others.
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Abdelaal, Khaled, Ken Atere, Keith LeRoy, Aaron Eddy, and Russell Smith. "Holistic Real-Time Drilling Parameters Optimization Delivers Best-in-Class Drilling Performance and Preserves Bit Condition - A Case History from an Integrated Project in the Middle East." In SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208958-ms.

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Abstract After drilling in the Gulf area of Middle East for approximately nine months, the operation’s project team struggled to find a consistent and repeatable roadmap for significant rate of penetration (ROP) improvements. The team was relying on the driller to manually control the ROP, weight on bit (WOB), differential pressure, pump pressure, and torque. Regardless of the driller’s experience, it is difficult for a single person to successfully monitor and adjust for multiple and continuously changing variables in real time. Extreme variation and lack of control on drilling parameters (such as WOB, torque, and differential pressure) prevented repeatable ROP improvements, despite having a sound drilling plan. To solve this problem, the team tasked a third party to 1) deploy its electronic drilling recorder (EDR) to improve data quality, 2) integrate its multi-parameter DAS™ system into the rig’s programmable logic controls (PLC) system, and 3) deploy drilling optimization software solutions in real time. The overall objective was to build a decision-supporting tool to overcome the main ROP limiters through proper identification and mitigation, thus yielding higher ROP and creating newly optimized drilling parameters for future wells. A pilot program consisting of two rigs and six wells per rig (12 wells in total) was executed utilizing this new approach. Over each section of each well, the team followed a traditional continuous improvement cycle of "Identify– Plan – Execute – Review". The EDR was able to accurately identify and record the drilling control limits (such as for ROP, WOB, torque, or differential pressure). The DAS system was also able to demonstrate improved control of WOB, ROP and, torque limits, and target differential pressures. Delivering this information in real time encouraged conversations around modifications to the existing well plan. During post-well analysis, the data allowed the optimization team to clearly identify the limiter of each hole section for changes in future well planning. A flexible dashboard platform was utilized to assist the optimization team by developing enhanced graphics to improve the visibility and accuracy of the real-time performance monitoring. These dashboards target critical operations and allow more data to be taken into consideration, thus providing a more holistic and structured decision-making process. The pilot program showed measurable improvement in several areas. Overall, on-bottom ROP improved by 10.5%, shoe track drill-out times were reduced by 31%, and physical inspections showed significant reductions in bit wear. Additionally, the higher quality of data recording contributed to a noticeable improvement on processing multiple data-analytics modules. This paper describes the challenges and step-by-step chronology of solutions deployed to achieve continuous improvement and to maximize ROP by effectively focusing on process execution. The knowledge required to execute a fit-for-purpose drilling optimization plan was the objective to the solution described in this work. This paper also provides a holistic view of the entire drilling system, along with insight into drilling parameters that can improve efficiency from planning to the execution phase.
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Shroff, Meherzad B., and Amit Srivastava. "Hotel Australia to Oberoi Adelaide: The Transnational History of an Adelaide Hotel." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3996p40wb.

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In the decades following the war, the spread of international luxury chain hotels was instrumental in shaping the global image of modernity. It was not simply the export of modernist architecture as a style, but rather a process which brought about an overall transformation of the industry and culture surrounding modern domesticity. For Adelaide, well before the arrival of large brand hotel chains like Hilton and Hyatt, this process was initiated by the construction of its first international style hotel in 1960 – Australia Hotel. The proposed paper traces the history of this structure and its impact not only on local design and construction industries but also on domestic culture and lifestyle after the shadow period of recovery after the war. This paper looks at three specific enduring legacies of this structure that went well beyond the modernist aesthetics employed by its original designers, the local firm of Lucas, Parker and Partners. The hotel was one of the first to employ the new technology of lift-slab construction and was recognised by the Head of Architecture at the University of Adelaide, Professor Jensen, as the outstanding building of 1960. It is argued that it was the engagement with such technological and process innovations that has allowed the building to endure through several renovation attempts. In her study of Hilton International hotels, Annabelle Wharton argues how architecture was used for America’s expansion to global economic and political power. Following on from her arguments, this paper explores the implications of the acquisition of the Australia Hotel by the Indian hotel chain Oberoi Hotels in the late 1970s when it became Oberoi Adelaide. The patronage of Indian hotelier Mohan Singh Oberoi came alongside the parallel acquisition of Hotel Windsor in Melbourne, heralding a new era of engagement with Asia. Finally, the paper also highlights the broader impact of this hotel, as a leisure venue for the burgeoning middle class, on the evolving domestic culture of Adelaide.
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Negreponti-Delivanis, Maria, and Ioana Panagoreţ. "Dangerous Demographic Change Reinforces Europe’s Declining Image." In G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/14.

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Currently, one of the main factors that shows us a picture of Europe's decline is that of demographic change. This process of decline of the West is marked by more than five decades of several indicators and evolutions that show us that although the time of Western civilization is beginning to run out, a new one appears, namely that of the East. This process of decline in which there is an extreme and unprecedented form of capitalism appears more pronounced in Europe compared to the United States and is characterized by: corruption, alienation of peoples from their roots, religion, history, low birth rates, massive flows of migrants and refugees, the totalitarian tendency of governments. Although the signs of decline are numerous, in this paper we will analyze certain demographic developments observed mainly in Europe and which we consider from several points of view dangerous. In addition to these developments, which we consider quite dangerous, globalization is the most important. The paper is structured in four parts, in the first part being presented the basic trends and variations from the population's perspective. In the second and third part are presented the main causes and effects of these variations of the populations and in the fourth part the conclusions of this study. Most of the interpretive analysis of this unwanted stagnation process is based on demographic erosion, population aging, low middle class rates, the invasion of migrants and refugees that change the cultures of the host nations.
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de Juca Vasconcellos, Mucio Cesar, and Yuri Nascimento Paes da Costa. "REABILITAÇÃO DE EDIFICAÇÕES EM ÁREAS CENTRAIS. Contribuições do research by design para o Edifício Sulamérica (Recife)." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Grup de Recerca en Urbanisme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.12648.

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The emptying of central areas in Brazilian cities is part of an urban growth process that pushed the most vulnerable population towards the peripheries, while the middle and upper-class population began to occupy new areas of real estate expansion. As a result, there was a decrease in the number of residents in the central areas, the emptying of buildings and the degradation of historical heritage. Since the 1940s, Recife, the territory of study, has faced the emptying of its historic center. The study entitled Moradia no Centro (Habitat Brazil, 2018) demonstrates, for example, the existence of 112 buildings with more than five floors in some state of abandonment in just one of the historical neighborhoods of Recife. Based on this data, since 2019 the authors of this research have focused on the theme, seeking to understand how the situation is advancing and what are the possible alternatives to the issue.Keywords: housing in central areas, rehabilitation, social housing, research by design. O esvaziamento das áreas centrais nas cidades brasileiras está inserido em um processo de crescimento urbano que empurrou a população mais vulnerável em direção às periferias, enquanto a população de classe média e alta passou a ocupar novas áreas de expansão imobiliária, também distantes do centro das cidades. Como resultado, houve uma diminuição do número de moradores das áreas centrais, o esvaziamento de imóveis e degradação do patrimônio histórico. Recife, território de estudo, enfrenta desde a década de 1940 o esvaziamento de seu centro histórico. O estudo Moradia no Centro (Habitat Brasil, 2018) demonstra, por exemplo, a existência de 112 imóveis com mais de 05 pavimentos em algum estado de abandono em apenas um dos bairros do centro histórico (Santo Antônio). A partir deste dado, desde 2019 os autores desta pesquisa se debruçam sobre a temática buscando compreender como a situação está avançando e quais as alternativas possíveis à questão.Palavras-chave: habitação em áreas centrais, reabilitação, habitação social, research by design.
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Reports on the topic "Middle class – history"

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.
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Haddad, J., L. A. Horta Nogueira, Germano Lambert-Torres, and L. E. Borges da Silva. Energy Efficiency and Smart Grids for Low Carbon and Green Growth in Brazil: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007001.

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The Brazilian continental dimensions and diversified natural resources are proportional to the challenges to develop its infrastructure sustainably and supply proper public services to more than 200 million inhabitants. Energy consumption has doubled since 1990, fostered by economic growth and the expansion of middle class. In this context, promote energy efficiency, in a broad sense, is urgent and rational. Brazil has a relatively long history in promoting energy efficiency at final user level. A landmark of this process is the Brazilian Labeling Program, launched in 1984, as direct consequence of high prices of energy at that time. This program was coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality, which sets standards for evaluation, ranks the performance of energy equipment and imposes a classificatory labeling to inform consumers, with a label similar to other countries. The National Electricity Conservation Program was created in 1985 by MME and is executed by ELETROBRÁS. The energy saving induced by this program in 2013 is equivalent to 2.1% of the total electric energy consumption in the period, corresponding to the annual energy consumption of about 5 million Brazilian households. In 2001, Federal Law 10,295, also known as the Energy Efficiency Law, was approved to reinforce those energy efficiency programs, allowing the Brazilian government to establish Minimum Energy Performance Standards for appliances and energy equipment, prohibiting the commercialization of low efficiency models and promoting the progressive withdrawal of low-efficiency models. According to the National Energy Plan 2030, up to 15.5 GW of electricity generation could be saved as a result of energy efficiency in the next 20 years. The Smart Grids, adopting modern technologies in electricity distribution has been proposed in Brazil improve the quality provided in the low voltage service, reduce losses, and reduce operating costs, among others. Several regulations related to this subject, dealing with grid connection for distributed small-scale generation, the establishment of the 'hourly tariff', with the regulation of the use of PLC; and with the compulsory use of Geographic Information System. Currently, dozens pilot projects on Smart Grids are underway in the country. Two projects are presented in detail: CEMIG and AES Eletropaulo, two Brazilian power utilities.
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