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Journal articles on the topic 'Middle-class America'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

PETERSON, W. "Class warfare and middle class decline in America." Journal of Income Distribution 7, no. 2 (1997): 175–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6437(99)80044-4.

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2

Srole, Carole, and Cindy Sondik Aron. "Middle-Class Formation in Victorian America." Reviews in American History 16, no. 1 (March 1988): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2702063.

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3

Datta, Y. "A Brief History of the American Middle Class." Journal of Economics and Public Finance 8, no. 3 (September 3, 2022): p127. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v8n3p127.

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The credit for the birth of the American middle class in 1914 goes to Henry Ford.Reckless speculation in the New York Stock Market led to the Great Depression of 1929: the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by America, that led to an amazing level of unemployment that lasted till 1939.Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was elected as President in 1933, instituted New Deal: a series of programs--the most important of which was the G.I. Bill.The baby boom, increasing consumer income, affordability of cars and homes--coupled with the new interstate highway system—all worked together, that then led to a mass migration of the middle class from the inner cities to suburbia.The years 1947-1973 are considered the golden years of America’s middle class: an age the U.S. will never experience again. The foundation of this goldilocks economy was the social covenant of shared prosperity between big business and big labor.The 1980-2008 period marks ‘America in decline’ largely because America took a sharp turn toward unfettered capitalism and greed.This led to a massive growth of the Financial Services Industry.Income inequality has steadily been increasing in America for 45 years from 1974-2018, and by 2007 it touched or exceeded the lofty heights of 1928.A socio-economic class lifestyle profile of America includes three groups: The Upper Class, The Middle Class, and The Lower Class, each with two classes, making it a total of six.Finally, a look into the forces that led to the stock market crash of 2008.
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4

Minujin, Alberto. "Squeezed: the middle-class in Latin America." Environment and Urbanization 7, no. 2 (October 1, 1995): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1630/095624795101287130.

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5

Fishman, Robert, and Paul Lyons. "Class of `66: Living in Suburban Middle America." American Historical Review 101, no. 2 (April 1996): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170596.

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6

Archer, Melanie, and Judith R. Blau. "Class Formation in Nineteenth-Century America: The Case of the Middle Class." Annual Review of Sociology 19, no. 1 (August 1993): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.000313.

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7

Thomas, Norman D. "Dual Barrios and Social Class Development in Middle America." Ethnology 27, no. 2 (April 1988): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3773628.

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8

Lassonde, Stephen. "Authority, disciplinary intimacy & parenting in middle-class America." European Journal of Developmental Psychology 14, no. 6 (March 13, 2017): 714–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.1300577.

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9

Wilson, Lisa, and Shawn Johansen. "Family Men: Middle-Class Fatherhood in Early Industrializing America." Journal of the Early Republic 22, no. 1 (2002): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3124883.

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10

Roberts, Brian, and Shawn Johansen. "Family Men: Middle-Class Fatherhood in Early Industrializing America." Journal of American History 89, no. 3 (December 2002): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3092378.

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11

Vinovskis, Maris A. "Stalking the Elusive Middle Class in Nineteenth-Century America." Comparative Studies in Society and History 33, no. 3 (July 1991): 582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500017187.

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12

Ong, Aihwa. "Dislocazioni del lavoro. Mobilitŕ e flessibilitŕ nel nuovo mercato globale della conoscenza." SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, no. 115 (December 2009): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2009-115010.

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- The outsourcing of work is today, for the American middle class, cause of a real obsession. The middle-class, for the first time, fears, from a point of view of working, of being left to drift. The author of this essay tells the complex, and far from obvious, dynamics of purchase of labor between the United States of America and the great new emerging powers (India and China, first of all) in the knowledge economy.
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13

Hwang, Sean-Shong, Kevin M. Fitzpatrick, and David Helms. "Class Differences in Racial Attitudes: A Divided Black America?" Sociological Perspectives 41, no. 2 (June 1998): 367–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389482.

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Class differences in racial attitudes among blacks were examined using the 1979–1980 National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA). We examined two perspectives—class realignment and ethnic competition—as possible explanations for attitudinal differences between middle- and lower-class blacks. The majority of our findings supported the ethnic competition perspective which predicts a more critical attitude among middle- than lower-class blacks toward the stratification system. However, we found no significant class differences in blacks' attitudinal orientation towards whites. In addition, a clear difference between classes with respect to political action was found. In general, the results provide qualified support for Wilson's class polarization thesis.
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14

Durant, Thomas J., and Joyce S. Louden. "The Black Middle Class in America: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives." Phylon (1960-) 47, no. 4 (1986): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/274621.

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15

Lee, Heajeong. "Biden’s America First: A Foreign Policy for the Middle Class." Journal of Korean Politics 30, no. 3 (October 31, 2021): 225–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35656/jkp.30.3.9.

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16

Holman, Andrew. ""Cultivation" and the Middle-Class Self in Nineteenth-Century America." Canadian Review of American Studies 23, no. 2 (September 1992): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras-023-02-09.

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17

Daunton, M. J. "Middle-Class Voluntarism and the City in Britain and America." Journal of Urban History 22, no. 2 (January 1996): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614429602200204.

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18

Hemphill, C. D. "Middle Class Rising in Revolutionary America: The Evidence from Manners." Journal of Social History 30, no. 2 (December 1, 1996): 317–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/30.2.317.

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19

Callahan, Mary Beth. "Middle-class America and transplantation: wishin', hopin', thinkin', and prayin'." Dialysis & Transplantation 39, no. 6 (June 18, 2010): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dat.20453.

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20

STAVE, BRUCE M. "Wesleyan University, 1910-1970: Academic Ambition and Middle-Class America." Connecticut History Review 54, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44370314.

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21

Glenn, Myra C., and John C. Spurlock. "Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860." Journal of the Early Republic 9, no. 4 (1989): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3123774.

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22

Franco, Rolando, Martín Hopenhayn, and Arturo León. "The growing and changing middle class in Latin America: An update." CEPAL Review 2011, no. 103 (August 2, 2011): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/824df8fb-en.

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23

Dill, Elizabeth, and Mary Louise Kete. "Sentimental Collaborations: Mourning and Middle-Class Identity in Nineteenth-Century America." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 55, no. 1 (2001): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1348166.

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24

Hoffert, Sylvia D., and John C. Spurlock. "Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860." American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1990): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163685.

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25

Grossberg, Michael, and John C. Spurlock. "Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860." Journal of American History 77, no. 1 (June 1990): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078689.

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26

McCall, Laura, and Mary Louise Kete. "Sentimental Collaborations: Mourning and Middle-Class Identity in Nineteenth-Century America." Journal of the Early Republic 21, no. 3 (2001): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3125292.

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27

Corning, Peter. "WELL-BEING IN AMERICA: The Continuing Decline of the Middle Class." Indicators 2, no. 4 (October 2003): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15357449.2003.11069181.

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28

Hyra, Derek S. "Racial Uplift? Intra‐Racial Class Conflict and the Economic Revitalization of Harlem and Bronzeville." City & Community 5, no. 1 (March 2006): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2006.00156.x.

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The study of revitalizing African American urban neighborhoods is needed to understand how race, class, and politics influence community development. While numerous investigations of urban neighborhoods stress inter‐racial conflict, few explore intra‐racial class discord. Class antagonism within black America is a controversial and debated topic. Several scholars claim that the common experience of racism has led to social and political unity among African Americans. However, others predict that with greater economic differentiation, shared feelings of social and political commonality will decrease. The economic transformation of Harlem in New York City and Bronzeville in Chicago, two historic African American communities, provides valuable insight into the importance of class conflict to community change. After decades of economic abandonment, these areas are experiencing a resurgence of residential and commercial investments, triggered, in part, by the return of the black middle class. Based on a 4‐year, comparative ethnographic investigation, using extensive participant observation, interviews, and archival data, this study reveals the conflict between lower‐ and upper‐income residents. I highlight the process by which members of the black middle class translate their preferences for community improvement, through local organizations, by advocating for the removal of the poor from these once low‐income neighborhoods. I argue that intra‐racial class antagonism plays a critical role in the economic development of these communities, and assess whether the redevelopment of Harlem and Bronzeville can be considered “racial uplift.” This study supports the notion that class conflict is essential for understanding community change and the black experience in urban America.
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29

Weinstein, Barbara. "“They don't even look like women workers”: Femininity and Class in Twentieth-Century Latin America." International Labor and Working-Class History 69, no. 1 (March 2006): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547906000093.

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Recent research on consumer culture and working-class femininity in the United States has argued that attention to fashionable clothing and dime novels did not undermine female working-class identities, but rather provided key resources for creating those identities. In this essay I consider whether we can see a similar process of appropriation by working-class women in Latin America. There women employed in factories had to contend with widespread denigration of the female factory worker. Looking first at the employer-run “Centers for Domestic Instruction” in São Paulo, I argue that “proper femininity” in these centers—frequented by large numbers of working-class women—reflected middle-class notions of the skilled housewife, and situated working-class women as nearly middle class. What we see is a process of “approximation,” not appropriation. I then look at the case of Argentina (especially Greater Buenos Aires) where Peronism also promoted “traditional” roles for working-class women but where Eva Perón emerges as a working-class heroine. The figure of Evita—widely reviled by women of the middle and upper classes—becomes a means to construct an alternative, class-based femininity for working-class women.
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30

Macleod, David, J. A. Mangan, and James Walvin. "Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940." History of Education Quarterly 29, no. 3 (1989): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/368938.

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31

Boris, E. "Standard of Living: The Measure of the Middle Class in Modern America." Journal of American History 93, no. 3 (December 1, 2006): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4486514.

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32

Fishman, Aleisa. "Standard of Living: The Measure of the Middle Class in Modern America." History: Reviews of New Books 33, no. 4 (January 2005): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2005.10526629.

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33

Parker, David S. "Middle-Class Mobilization and the Language of Orders in Urban Latin America." Journal of Urban History 31, no. 3 (March 2005): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144204272420.

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34

Ferry, E. "Review: Middle-Class Culture in the Nineteenth Century: America, Australia and Britain." Journal of Design History 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jdh/17.2.195.

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35

Martin, Jay. "Standard of Living: The Measure of the Middle Class in Modern America." Journal of American Culture 28, no. 4 (December 2005): 451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-734x.2005.00262.x.

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36

Ellis, Jacqueline. "Revolutionary Spaces: Photographs of Working-class Women by Esther Bubley 1940–1943." Feminist Review 53, no. 1 (July 1996): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.1996.18.

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This article had several purposes. First, I wanted to highlight the work of Esther Bubley, an American photographer whose documentary work for the Farm Security Administration and the Office of War Information in the early 1940s is largely unknown. Second, I wanted to show how her images complicated and undermined the traditional themes of Depression era photography in the United States, Third, by looking at her images of women, my intention was to reveal how she worked against depictions of femininity during the Depression, and in confrontation with one-dimensional portrayals of women as America entered the Second World Wan In conclusion, I contend that Bubley's images were fundamentally portrayals of working-class femininity represented as being an individual – rather than a symbolic – experience. Most specifically in the images I have examined, Bubley deconstructs an ideological image of female working-class identity which was central to documentary photography in 1930s America. For example, unlike in photographs by Dorothea Lange, Bubley did not portray working-class women as metaphoric sites of passive endurance which would eventually lead to the rejuvenation of American nationalism. Rather, she showed working-class women to be potentially subversive in the ways they defined themselves against the legacy of 1930s photography and in opposition to the ideological impositions of wartime propaganda. As a result, Bubley's images of working-class women waiting in bars for lonely soldiers, or looking for a future beyond the confines of their boarding house existences while remaining outside the middle-class boundaries defined by capitalist consumerism, set out a pictorial foundation for working-class female identity which exists beyond the context in which the photographs were taken. Consequently, Bubley's work highlights individual self-identity, personal empowerment and self-conscious desire in working-class women which was – and still is – confined and repressed by economic disadvantage and systematic marginalization from an American society defined from a middle-class point of view.
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37

Koehrsen, Jens. "Religious Tastes and Styles as Markers of Class Belonging: A Bourdieuian Perspective on Pentecostalism in South America." Sociology 52, no. 6 (September 12, 2017): 1237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038517722288.

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Studies on the relationship between social class and religion tend to highlight the demographic dimension of class, but neglect its symbolic dimension. By addressing the symbolic dimensions through a Bourdieuian approach, this article contends that religious tastes and styles can be employed as class markers within the sphere of religion. A case study on Argentinean Pentecostalism and in-depth analysis of a lower and middle class church illustrate how symbolic class differences are cultivated in the form of distinctive religious styles. While the lower class church displays a style marked by emotional expressiveness and the search for life improvement through spiritual practices, the middle class church performs a sober and calm style of Pentecostalism. The study highlights the role of styles in the reproduction of class boundaries, while shedding a critical light on the importance of tastes.
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38

Al-Khalili, Raja Khaleel. "The Application of Bakhtin’s “Heteroglossia” to Tennessee Williams’s A Streetcar Named Desire." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 9, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.9n.6p.223.

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Tennessee William in A Streetcar Named Desire shows the struggles of middle class Americans as they undergo socio-ideological contradictions. The research applies Bakhtin’s theory that is defined in his book The Dialogic Imagination and specifically applies heteroglossia on A Streetcar Named Desire. Edward Said’s concept of “orientalism” is useful because Said’s concept explains the link between the problems of American society and its heterogeneous structure. Theplay explores the effects of diversity on American society. The characters in the play perceive their lives as a reflection of their linguistically diverse surrounding which is closely tied to the American experience. The play also shows how diversity is seen as a negative presence in America. The research shows how the play is heteroglot by examining the characters’ stories. The play’s narratives reflect the two faces of how the middle class white Americans see the diversity of American culture. The research recommends that the analysis of plays based on the concept of “heteroglossia” could yield more insight into the other plays by Williams.
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39

WILSON, KRISTINA DUROCHER. "Seduced, Abandoned, and Reborn: Visions of Youth in Middle Class America 1780–1850." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 73, no. 3 (2006): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27778745.

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40

Linden-Ward, Blanche, and Donald Katz. "Home Fires: An Intimate Portrait of One Middle-Class Family in Postwar America." Journal of American History 81, no. 1 (June 1994): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081138.

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41

WILSON, KRISTINA DUROCHER. "Seduced, Abandoned, and Reborn: Visions of Youth in Middle Class America 1780–1850." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 73, no. 3 (2006): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/pennhistory.73.3.0364.

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42

Weiner, Lynn Y., and Cindy Sondik Aron. "Ladies and Gentlemen of the Civil Service: Middle-Class Workers in Victorian America." American Historical Review 93, no. 3 (June 1988): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1868264.

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43

Murphy, Peter. "Book review: The Anxiety of Ascent: Middle-Class Narratives in Germany and America." Thesis Eleven 155, no. 1 (November 11, 2019): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513619888697.

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44

Deluzio, Crista. "Seduced, Abandoned, and Reborn: Visions of Youth in Middle-class America, 1780–1850." History: Reviews of New Books 34, no. 1 (January 2005): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2005.10526715.

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45

Roosevelt, Frank. "The Middle Class Fights Back: How Progressive Movements Can Restore Democracy in America." Review of Political Economy 26, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2013.874196.

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46

Gilkeson, John S., and Cindy Sondik Aron. "Ladies and Gentlemen of the Civil Service: Middle-Class Workers in Victorian America." Journal of American History 75, no. 1 (June 1988): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1889742.

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47

Tohill, Joseph. "Middle Class Union: Organizing the “Consuming Public” in Post–World War I America." Journal of American History 105, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jay081.

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48

Carson, Mina. "Reviews of Books:Family Men: Middle-Class Fatherhood in Early Industrializing America Shawn Johansen." American Historical Review 108, no. 5 (December 2003): 1449–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/530012.

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49

Jacobson, Lisa. "Standard of Living: The Measure of the Middle Class in Modern America (review)." Technology and Culture 47, no. 2 (2006): 440–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2006.0129.

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50

Fishel, Leslie H. "A Special Angle: The Northern Black Middle Class in Late-Nineteenth-Century America." Reviews in American History 25, no. 1 (1997): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.1997.0009.

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