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BASU, S., U. RISÉRUS, A. TURPEINEN, and B. VESSBY. "Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in men with abdominal obesity." Clinical Science 99, no. 6 (November 7, 2000): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0990511.
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Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown in experimental studies to have chemoprotective properties, and may decrease the deposition of body fat. CLA is prone to oxidation, and it has been suggested that increased lipid oxidation may contribute to the anti-tumorigenic effects of this agent. The present study investigates the urinary levels of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), a major isoprostane, and of 15-oxo-dihydro-PGF2α, a major metabolite of PGF2α, as indicators of non-enzymic and enzymic arachidonic acid oxidation respectively after dietary supplementation with CLA in middle-aged men (mean age 53 years) with abdominal obesity for 1 month in a randomized controlled trial. Significant increases in the levels of both 8-iso-PGF2α and 15-oxo-dihydro-PGF2α in urine (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0013 respectively) were observed after 1 month of daily CLA intake (4.2 g/day) as compared with the control group. The lipid peroxidation parameters had returned to their basal levels at 2 weeks after the cessation of CLA intake, and remained at the same levels for a further 2 weeks until the end of the study. CLA had no effect on serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol levels, or on the urinary levels of 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B2. Thus CLA may induce both non-enzymic and enzymic lipid peroxidation in vivo in middle-aged men with abdominal obesity, without any side effects. The consequences of the increased lipid peroxidation after CLA supplementation are unknown.
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Listos, Piotr, Magdalena Gryzinska, Marcin Martychiewicz, Stephen Pointing, Albrecht Barton, and Malgorzata Dylewska. "Caseous Lymphadenitis in Sheep in the Falkland Islands." Acta Veterinaria 66, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acve-2016-0034.
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AbstractCaseous lymphadenitis (CLA), also called pseudotuberculosis, is a chronic and highly infectious disease of sheep and goats, subject to obligatory registration in the European Union. The EU law also applies to special territories, which include the Falkland Islands. On the Falkland Islands 99% of sheep and goats are slaughtered in one slaughterhouse, overseen by veterinary authorities, and approved for export to EU countries (mainly the UK). The export season begins about the middle of January and usually lasts 3-4 months. In the years 2013-2015 were examined 162 317 sheep, including 39 971 lambs, 35 357 yearlings and 86 989 mature rams. During the study lung tissue clippings were collected. During the 2013 season lesions were observed in 8 025 of animals (13.9% CLA). In 2014 lesions were noted in 7716 with CLA accounting for 13.91% and in 2015 lesions were noted in 5743 with CLA accounting for 11.7%. Further analysis of cases of CLA on the Falkland Islands seems interesting, as they are British overseas territories and therefore part of the European Union.
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Briones, Claudia. "Research through Collaborative Relationships: A Middle Ground for Reciprocal Transformations and Translations?" Collaborative Anthropologies 9, no. 1-2 (2016): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cla.2016.0010.
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Holdaway, Marcelle. "Field work in potential gas fields, middle ground or war zone: enhancing accountability by shining a light on difference." foresight 20, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-07-2017-0036.
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Purpose As a key element of corporate accountability, social and environmental accounting (SEA) has failed to yield significant results in terms of firms embracing goals other than financial profitability. Influenced by the work of critical accountants on dialogic accounting, the study rejects binary frameworks and aims to contribute to an essential element of SEA, stakeholder engagement. Design/methodology/approach Business concerned with unconventional gas (UCG) extraction was chosen from numerous vehicles suited to examining multiple views on contested issues. The research explores perspectives expressed by community, while also including perspectives of one gas firm. Research is viewed through the lens of critical futures theory and methodology causal layered analysis (CLA) in the analysis of the interviews at the case study site in Australia. In addition, to broaden the understanding of “accountability”, participants captured their own views through images that they interpreted in the interviews. This methodology is known as photovoice. Findings Findings suggest that CLA enables access to multiple, complex and nuanced perspectives and various ways of knowing, some of which are less conscious. Research limitations/implications Accessing multiple perspectives, including marginalized voices, gives rise to the potential to then collaboratively develop a more inclusive set of solutions to critically examine, and the CLA methodology appears to provide a fuller story, address “blindness” and enable a clearer “seeing”. This suggests access to new understandings. These two potentials should be further explored through follow up research. Practical implications This practice-based methodology involving civil society could provide SEA accounting practitioners with a greater range of possibilities; they would therefore benefit from incorporating “CLA thinking” as a basis in developing a pluralist, democratic and transformative approach to stakeholder engagement. Social implications The study is an initial contribution in an ambitious task of democratizing accounting and accountability. Originality/value The study addresses a gap in accounting and accountability research by applying a critical futures theory and a practice-based method.
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Minkkinen, Matti, Sirkka Heinonen, and Marjukka Parkkinen. "Drilling and Blasting to Learn Scenario Construction: Experimenting with Causal Layered Analysis as a Disruption of Scenario Work." World Futures Review 11, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1946756718774940.
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Scenario thinking is one of the key elements of futures studies, and therefore, “Scenario Thinking” is one of the first compulsory courses in the Master’s Degree Programme in Futures Studies at the University of Turku. Scenario methods are continuously evolving, and our educational practices must reflect recent developments while giving a clear outline of the big picture. Furthermore, increasing interest is being taken in hybrid methods, and such hybridity can also be introduced to teaching scenario thinking. This article discusses an experiment of using causal layered analysis (CLA) to complement and deepen scenarios made by student groups for a Finnish company during an introductory course on scenario thinking. During a first-year master’s degree course, a two-hour CLA session was conducted, and student groups were instructed to include the results into their scenario reports. From a methodological point of view, we discuss using CLA as a disruption in the middle of the scenario process to increase reflexivity. From a pedagogical point of view, we discuss how a relatively complex method combination (CLA and scenarios) can be made accessible to first-year master’s students conducting their first scenario study. As material, we use our own firsthand experiences from the scenario course and the CLA session as well as a subsequent survey with students. The intention of the paper is to quickly distribute educational practices for assessment by the futures education community and, thus, contribute to improving the state of futures studies and foresight education.
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Mack, Ines, Mike Sharland, Janneke M. Brussee, Sophia Rehm, Katharina Rentsch, and Julia Bielicki. "Insufficient Stability of Clavulanic Acid in Widely Used Child-Appropriate Formulations." Antibiotics 10, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10020225.
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Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) belongs to the WHO Essential Medicines List for children, but for optimal antimicrobial effectiveness, reconstituted dry powder suspensions need to be stored in a refrigerated environment. Many patients in low- and middle-income countries who are sold AMC suspensions would be expected not to keep to the specified storage conditions. We aimed to assess the stability of both ingredients in liquid formulations and dispersible tablets, combined with nationally representative data on access to appropriate storage. Degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic-acid (CLA) was measured in suspensions and dispersible tablets commercially available in Switzerland at different ambient temperatures (8 °C vs. 28 °C over 7 days, and 23 °C vs. 28 °C over 24 h, respectively). Data on access to refrigeration and electricity were assessed from the USAID-funded Demographic and Health Survey program. In suspensions, CLA degraded to a maximum of 12.9% (95% CI −55.7%, +29.9%) at 8°C and 72.3% (95% CI −82.8%, −61.8%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature during an observation period of 7 days. Dispersible tablets were observed during 24 h and CLA degraded to 15.4% (95% CI −51.9%, +21.2%) at 23 °C and 21.7% (−28.2%, −15.1%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature. There is relevant degradation of CLA in suspensions during a 7-day course. To overcome the stability challenges for all active components, durable child-appropriate formulations are needed. Until then, prescribers of AMC suspensions or pharmacists who sell the drug need to create awareness for the importance of proper storage conditions regarding effectiveness of both antibiotics and this recommendation should be reflected in the WHO Essential Medicines List for children.
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Oh, Seung-Lyul, Sang-Rok Lee, Andy V. Khamoui, Edward Jo, Bong-Sup Park, Michael J. Ormsbee, Lynn B. Panton, et al. "Effects Of CLA/n-3 and Resistance Training on Muscle Quality in Middle-aged Mice During High-fat Diet." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000495233.08381.58.
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Rubin, Diana, Julia Herrmann, Daniela Much, Maria Pfeuffer, C. Laue, P. Winkler, Ulf Helwig, et al. "Influence of different CLA isomers on insulin resistance and adipocytokines in pre-diabetic, middle-aged men with PPARγ2 Pro12Ala polymorphism." Genes & Nutrition 7, no. 4 (March 8, 2012): 499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12263-012-0289-3.
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Claes, Jeroen. "Cognitive and geographic constraints on morphosyntactic variation." Current trends in analyzing syntactic variation 31 (December 31, 2017): 30–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00002.cla.
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Abstract In this paper, I examine whether the variation patterns of haber pluralization (e.g., hubo/hubieron fiestas ‘there was/were parties’) in Peninsular Spanish corroborate the hypothesis elaborated in earlier work that the phenomenon constitutes a competition between two variants of the presentational construction with haber that is constrained by domain-general cognitive constraints on spreading activation. In addition, this paper examines whether haber pluralization is incrementing in frequency in particular Peninsular regions and whether or not the phenomenon is spreading geographically. To meet these objectives, I analyze a dataset of more than 7,500 cases of haber + plural NP, which were culled from two publicly available data sources: the Corpus Oral y Sonoro del Español Rural (which represents only rural speakers born before the 1940s; Fernández-Ordóñez 2005-) and Twitter (which represents mainly young and middle-aged speakers). The results of a mixed-effects logistic regression analysis that tests the effects of tense, the absence/presence of negation, typical action-chain position of the noun, the regional origin of the examples, and the data sources support the competition hypothesis. This model also supports that pluralized haber is spreading westward from its epicenters (Valencia, Barcelona, and Murcia), while also incrementing in frequency in northern, eastern and southern Spain. However, its frequency appears to be declining in central Spain. A geographically more detailed, but similar picture is obtained with three generalized additive mixed models that test the effects of geography on the total dataset as well as on each of the two subcorpora.
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Miremadi, Tahereh. "Transitional foresight: MLP as the theoretical underpinning of CLA: the case of the water sector of Iran." foresight 23, no. 4 (February 26, 2021): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-04-2020-0043.
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Purpose The paper aims to complement the six pillars analysis with the multi-level perspective to make it more systematic and policy relevant. Design/methodology/approach Take the innovation system foresight as the exemplar; the paper asks if the other systemic approaches to innovation can function as the middle range theory and underpin critical future studies. To answer, the paper combines the six-pillar approach (SPA) with the multilevel perspective (MLP) and builds “transitional foresight”. Then it takes the fourth pillar; transitional causal layered analysis and applies it to a case study: water stress in Iran. The paper concludes noting that in transitional foresight, the borderlines, the players and the orientations of the foresight are clearer than the six-pillar analysis. Findings The SPA and MLP-integrated framework make a powerful research instrument for transitional foresight. Research limitations/implications The paper applied the integrated framework to a case “water system in Iran”. But the framework should be applied in different cases in different countries to test its applicability. Practical implications The suggested framework can be used as a heuristics for the students and researchers who want to engage with the emancipatory perspective of the six-pillar approach and need to have an academic methodology with rigor and granularity. Originality/value The six-pillar approach of Sohail Inayatullah and the multilevel perspective of Geels can combine to make a powerful heuristic for transitional foresight.
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Firdaus, Caesar, Wahyudin Wahyudin, and Eddy Prasetyo Nugroho. "Monitoring System with Two Central Facilities Protocol." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v2i1.5986.
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The security of data and information on government’s information system required proper way of defending against threat. Security aspect can be achieved by using cryptography algorithm, applying information hiding concept, and implementing security protocol. In this research, two central facilities protocol was implemented on Research and Development Center of Mineral and Coal Technology’s Cooperation Contract Monitoring System by utilizing AES and whitespace manipulation algorithm. Adjustment on the protocol by creating several rule of validation ID’s generation and checking processes could fulfill two of four cryptography objectives, consist of authentication and non-repudiation. The solid collaboration between central legitimization agency (CLA), central tabulating facility (CTF), and client is the main idea in two central facilities protocol. The utilization of AES algorithm could defend the data on transmission from man in the middle attack scenario. On the other hand, whitespace manipulation algorithm provided data integrity aspect of the document that is uploaded to the system itself. Both of the algorithm fulfill confidentiality, data integrity, and authentication.
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Risérus, U., L. Berglund, and B. Vessby. "Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduced abdominal adipose tissue in obese middle-aged men with signs of the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial." International Journal of Obesity 25, no. 8 (August 2001): 1129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801659.
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Bagattini, Ângela, Martha Martinez-Silveira, Ana Zara, Valeska Stempliuk, and Cristiana Toscano. "PP34 Costs Of Healthcare-Associated Infections In Latin America." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, S1 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319001971.
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IntroductionHealthcare-associated infections (HAI) are among the most common preventable health adverse event, associated with significant burden globally. Limited data on HAI costs in lower and middle-income countries is available. The aim of this study is to assess the cost, additional length-of-stay (LOS) and extra-mortality of HAI in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) Region.MethodsWe searched Medline/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Lilacs, Cochrane, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, EconLit, and gray literature published in any language without restriction of date till July 2017. We included observational studies addressing the outcomes of interest, in which hospitalized patients with HAI are compared to those without HAI. The following study designs were included: quasi-experimental, controlled before-after, prospective and retrospective comparative cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. We considered the following HAI-sites: surgical site infections (SSI), catheter-associated urinary-tract infections (CA-UTI), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLA-BSI), as well as cross-infection (CI). Screening of citations, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted in duplicate by independent reviewers, according to the study protocol registered on PROSPERO. Reported costs were converted to USD considering official exchange rates.ResultsWe identified 4,339 citations. After removing duplicates, a total of 3,029 citations were screened for eligibility. A total of 87 studies from 17 countries were included. The majority (27.4 percent) reported on VAP, followed by CLA-BSI (21.2 percent), SSI (16.4 percent), and CA-UTI (14.4 percent). Most studies (46.7 percent) reported on incremental LOS, with an average of 14.8 days (range 0.9-49 days). Costs were reported by 25 percent of studies, with average incremental costs of USD 3,460 (range 49-12,155). Average extra-mortality of 15.6 percent (range -2.8-45.2 percent) was reported by 12.6 percent of studies.ConclusionsAvailable evidence from the LAC Region reports significant economic burden of HAI. This information will be useful for cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions aimed at reducing HAI economic and health burden.
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Ptak, Anna, Ewa L. Gregoraszczuk, and J. Rząsa. "Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I action on progesterone secretion by porcine corpora lutea isolated at various periods of the luteal phase." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 51, no. 2 (March 1, 2003): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.51.2003.2.8.
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This study was conducted to investigate the interactions between growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on progesterone (P4) secretion by porcine luteal cells cultured in vitro. Cells isolated from corpora lutea (CL) collected at three different periods of the luteal phase (CL1 - early luteal phase; CL2 - middle luteal phase and CL3 - late luteal phase) were incubated with different doses of GH (10, 100 or 200 ng/ml). After 48 h cultures were terminated and the media were frozen until further P4 concentration analysis. GH (100 ng/ml) increased P4 secretion by CL1 and CL2 and had no effect on CL3. In separate studies these cells were treated for 48 h with IGF-I alone or with GH combined with IGF-I. IGF-I alone increased basal P4 secretion only by cells collected from CL1 while concurrent treatment with GH had no effect on P4 secretion by any type of CL. To investigate the possible mechanism of GH and IGF-I mediated induction of P4 secretion, an inhibitory study was conducted. In this experiment, luteal cells collected from CL1 were cultured in the absence or presence of cycloheximide (an inhibitor of protein synthesis) or actinomycin D (an inhibitor of DNA transcription). Cycloheximide or actinomycin D completely blocked the stimulatory effect of both GH and IGF-I on P4 production but did not reduce basal progesterone secretion suggesting involvement of gene transcription and translation in the GH and IGF-I action on luteal cells. Additionally, the activity of 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3ß-HSD) under the influence of GH added alone or together with IGF was measured by the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. Stimulation of P4 secretion in P5-treated cells in GH-stimulated cultures was not observed, however, high stimulatory effect was noted in IGF-I treated cultures. In conclusion, the present studies indicate that there is direct and cycle stage dependent influence of GH and IGF-I on steroidogenesis in porcine luteal cells. It is suggested that both IGF and GH may exert some regulatory action during CL development in the pig.
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Ogawa, Shotaro, Fukutaro Ohgaki, Ryosuke Mizuta, Yasuyuki Furuta, Shigeta Fujitani, So Fujimoto, and Takahiro Ota. "Two cases of symptomatic common carotid artery occlusion treated by carotid endarterectomy with L-shaped ministernotomy." Surgical Neurology International 11 (January 3, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_463_2019.
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Background: Common carotid artery occlusion (CCAO) is rare. Symptomatic lesions are resistant to medical treatment and revascularization are often required, but there is no consensus on the treatment of CCAO. In this paper, two cases of symptomatic CCAO treated by carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with L-shaped ministernotomy, in which the lesions extended to the beginning part of the CCA, are reported. Case Description: Case 1 involved a 74-year-old man who presented with transient left limb numbness and an abnormal right visual field. Cerebrovascular angiography showed that the right CCA was occluded immediately after its origin and blood was supplied from the posterior circulation. CEA was performed with an L-shaped ministernotomy that allowed exposure of the CCA origin with minimal invasion. There were no complications associated with the sternal incision and he was discharged with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0. Case 2 involved a 70-year-old man who presented with left half-blindness. Magnetic resonance imaging showed infarction in the right posterior cerebral artery region and neck echo showed CCA pseudo occlusion just before the carotid bulb. A new infarction in the right middle cerebral artery region developed during hospitalization. CEA with partial sternotomy was performed. The patient was rehabilitated with no deterioration of neurological findings and transferred with an mRS score of 3. Conclusion: There were no complications resulting from partial sternotomy in the two cases presented. CEA with partial sternotomy could be an effective treatment option for CCAO in which the internal carotid artery is patent and thrombus extends to the proximal CCA.
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Shang, Q. H., X. Zhao, Y. Y. Li, Z. K. Xie, and R. Y. Wang. "First Report of Fusarium tricinctum Causing Stem and Root Rot on Lanzhou Lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) in China." Plant Disease 98, no. 7 (July 2014): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-13-1146-pdn.
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Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor Cotton) is an important bulb edible crop which mostly distributes in middle area of Gansu Province in China (2). Recently, plants of Lanzhou lily developed symptoms of severe wilting. In early autumn of 2012 to 2013, a survey of Lanzhou lily disease was carried out in Yuanjiawan, Caoyuan, Xiguoyuan, and Hutan villages of Lanzhou City and Xuding and Guanshan villages of Linxia Prefecture. Disease symptoms included stem and root rot, vessels showed a brown to dark brown discoloration, plus a progressive yellowing and wilting of leaves from the base. Small pieces of symptomatic leaves, stems, and roots were surface disinfected with 75% ethanol for 30 s, 3% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min, and then washed three times in sterile distilled water. The tissues were placed on Martin Agar at 25°C for 7 days. Three isolates were consistently isolated from diseased tissues and all isolates with morphology similar to Fusarium spp. Isolates were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA) and incubated at 25°C in darkness. These isolates grew rapidly on PDA and formed abundant dense aerial mycelium, initially white, that became deep pink with age and formed red pigments in the medium. On CLA, macroconidia with 3 to 5 septa were abundant, relatively slender, and curved to lunate. Microconidia were abundant, oval and 0 to 1 septa. Chlamydospores were globose with a smooth outer wall in chains. The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region comprising ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rDNA was amplified using primers ITS-1 and ITS-4 (3) and sequenced. On the basis of a comparison of 563 bp, all the three isolates had the identical sequence (GenBank Accession No. KF728675). BLASTn analysis of the sequence showed 100% match with the ITS sequences of those F. tricinctum sequences in GenBank (Accession Nos. FJ233196, AY188923, and JF776663). Pathogenicity test was performed by transplanting 2-month-old tissue culture seedlings to plastic pots in a sterile mixture of vermiculite and torf substrate at 1:3 (v/v). Seedlings were inoculated with 6 ml of the conidial suspension (104 conidia/ml) on the roots of plant in each pot, three plants per pot, and three replicates for each treatment. Seedlings treated with sterile water served as controls. The seedlings were placed in a plant growth chamber maintained at 22 ± 3°C, relative humidity >70%, 16 h light per day, and irrigated with sterile water. After 4 weeks, inoculated plants exhibited wilting foliage that with symptoms similar to those observed in the field, while the control plants remained healthy. F. tricinctum was re-isolated from all inoculated plants. The disease has been reported previously in ornamental lily in China (1). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of F. tricinctum causing wilt on edible Lanzhou lily in China and the disease must be taken into consideration of current disease management. This work supported by NSFC No. 31370447 and Hundred Talents Program of CAS “Molecular mechanism of biological control on plant diseases.” References: (1) Y. Y. Li et al. Plant Dis. 97:993, 2013. (2) R. Y. Wang et al. Virol. J. 7:34, 2010. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
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Carlhoff, Selina, Akin Duli, Kathrin Nägele, Muhammad Nur, Laurits Skov, Iwan Sumantri, Adhi Agus Oktaviana, et al. "Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea." Nature 596, no. 7873 (August 25, 2021): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6.
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AbstractMuch remains unknown about the population history of early modern humans in southeast Asia, where the archaeological record is sparse and the tropical climate is inimical to the preservation of ancient human DNA1. So far, only two low-coverage pre-Neolithic human genomes have been sequenced from this region. Both are from mainland Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherer sites: Pha Faen in Laos, dated to 7939–7751 calibrated years before present (yr cal bp; present taken as ad 1950), and Gua Cha in Malaysia (4.4–4.2 kyr cal bp)1. Here we report, to our knowledge, the first ancient human genome from Wallacea, the oceanic island zone between the Sunda Shelf (comprising mainland southeast Asia and the continental islands of western Indonesia) and Pleistocene Sahul (Australia–New Guinea). We extracted DNA from the petrous bone of a young female hunter-gatherer buried 7.3–7.2 kyr cal bp at the limestone cave of Leang Panninge2 in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Genetic analyses show that this pre-Neolithic forager, who is associated with the ‘Toalean’ technocomplex3,4, shares most genetic drift and morphological similarities with present-day Papuan and Indigenous Australian groups, yet represents a previously unknown divergent human lineage that branched off around the time of the split between these populations approximately 37,000 years ago5. We also describe Denisovan and deep Asian-related ancestries in the Leang Panninge genome, and infer their large-scale displacement from the region today.
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Tankersley, Kenneth Barnett, Nicholas P. Dunning, Lewis A. Owen, and Janine Sparks. "GEOCHRONOLOGY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE OLDEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE (7800–7900 cal BP) IN THE WEST INDIES, BANWARI TRACE, TRINIDAD." Latin American Antiquity 29, no. 4 (September 21, 2018): 681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2018.49.
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Banwari Trace, a well-stratified shell midden located in southeastern Trinidad, provides the oldest known archaeological evidence of human settlement in the West Indies and has been crucial to our understanding of the initial peopling of the greater Caribbean region. Detailed excavation profile descriptions, soil and faunal analyses, accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating, and stable carbon isotope analyses provide an accurate chronology and paleoenvironmental framework for the natural and anthropogenic depositional history of this significant archaeological site. Our findings support the recognition of three Middle Holocene strata at Banwari Trace, which represent significant periods of midden deposition and environmental change at: ~7800–7900 cal BP (Level 3); ~6900–7400 cal BP (Level 2); and ~5500–6200 cal BP (Level 1). Stable carbon isotope analyses show the landscape was dominated by C3vegetation throughout the Middle Holocene with a possible drying episode near the end of the Middle Holocene climatic optimum. Cedrosan potsherds discovered in the uppermost 25 cm (Level 0) suggest that a Late Holocene radiocarbon age of ~2770–2200 cal BP for charcoal from this stratum is valid and possibly contemporary with an apparently intrusive human burial recovered in 1971 at a depth of ~20 cm.
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BONOS (Ε. ΜΠΟΝΟΣ), E., E. CHRISTAKI (Ε. ΧΡΗΣΤΑΚΗ), and P. FLOROU-PANERI (Π. ΦΛΩΡΟΥ-ΠΑΝΕΡΗ). "The sunflower oil and the sunflower meal in animal nutrition." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 62, no. 1 (November 10, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14836.
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The sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus) is an annual herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family. It is grown primarily for its seeds, the sunflower oil and the sunflower meal obtained from it, but also as an ornamental plant, as feed and as fuel. The sunflower seed is comprised from the husk on the outside and the kernel on the inside, whereas depending on the oil content it is categorised in two varieties, one with low oil content (average 25%) and another with high oil content (40% - 51%). The sunflower oil is high in unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E and plant sterols and low in saturated fatty acids. The fatty acids composition of the sunflower oil depends mainly on the variety of the sunflower seeds and thus the sunflower oil is categorised in linoleic sunflower oil or classic (with high polyunsaturated fatty acids content), oleic sunflower oil or High-oleic (with a high monounsaturated fatty acids content) and middle oleic sunflower oil or NuSun (with an intermediate oleic acid content). It is marketed as raw oil or refined oil. The sunflower oil is added to the rations of farm animals in order to increase their energy content and to meet their essential fatty acids needs. Nowadays, many researchers study its effect on the composition of milk, meat and eggs produced from farm animals, in order to obtain characteristics more desirable for the human consumers, such as higher concentration of unsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as well as higher concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The sunflower meal is the main byproduct of the sunflower seeds after oil extraction. Sunflower meal may differ in color and texture, as well as in their chemical composition, depending on the variety of the sunflower, the degree of hull removal and the method of treatment. The crude fiber content varies from 12% to 32%, the crude protein from 24% to 44% and the ether extract from 1% to 10%. It also contains a significant amount of vitamins and non-starch polysaccharides. The sunflower oil and the sunflower meal can be used in the nutrition of both monogastric animals and ruminants.
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Zhang, Yekun, Shengmin Huang, Weiju Chen, Fang Qin, Xiaodong Pu, Wenheng Wei, Miaomiao Huang, Rachel Wood, and Tim Denham. "Early Holocene phytolith records for three shell midden sites, Yongjiang River, Guangxi Province, China." Holocene 31, no. 1 (October 10, 2020): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620961483.
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Phytolith records from three proximal freshwater shell midden sites document plant exploitation and local palaeoecological changes during the early Holocene in present-day Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China. Radiocarbon dating of freshwater gastropod shells indicates the midden sites formed sequentially, with variable chronological overlaps: Baozitou at 12,000-11,130 cal BP, Shichuantou at 11,250-10,500 cal BP and Nabeizui at 11,060-9560 cal BP. Palaeoecological data are inferred to show variable trends of forest reduction or recovery during the formation of each midden, suggesting different intensities of site use and impacts upon the local environment. Significantly, palms (Arecaceae) became more frequent during the middle period of formation at each site, which is interpreted to represent resource intensification and selective exploitation of palms by the communities who created each midden.
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Doboş, Adrian, and Valentin Dumitraşcu. "News on old sites: the Middle Palaeolithic occupation at Cheia – La Izvor (Southeastern Romania)." Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã) 18, no. 1 (2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mcarh.2022.2263.
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Articolul de față prezintă noi date despre situl paleolitic de la Cheia – La Izvor. Au fost obținute noi date radiocarbon care confirmă vârsta sitului în jur de 36 ka BP (cca 40 ka cal BP). Analiza faunistică arată că peștera pare să fi funcționat ca un adăpost pentru carnivore, ursul de peșteră fiind predominant. La acumularea oaselor au contribuit cel mai probabil și alte carnivore, precum hienele de peșteră, lupii și vulpile care au introdus elemente de la animale de talie mare, medie și mică. Pe oase nu au fost identificate urme antropice. Industria litică, restrânsă numeric dar conținând aproape exclusiv unelte, indică una sau mai multe ocupări de scurtă durată.
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Hamer, Forrest. "In the Middle." Callaloo 27, no. 4 (2004): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2004.0147.
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Hamer, Forrest. "In the Middle." Callaloo 23, no. 1 (2000): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2000.0027.
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Hamer, Forrest. "In the Middle." Callaloo 24, no. 3 (2001): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2001.0144.
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Shpiro, Shlomo. "The CIA as middle east peace broker?" Survival 45, no. 2 (June 2003): 91–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396330312331343516.
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Kim, Hee-Kyu, and Young Hyeo Joo. "An Analysis of Teachers’ Perception on the Creative Experience Activities in Korean middle schools." Korean Society for Holistic Convergence Education 26, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35184/kshce.2022.26.3.49.
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status and actual conditions of the Creative Experience Activities (CEA) based on the perceptions of middle school teachers and to draw implications for the improvement of the CEA. To this end, we devised a survey tool consisting of 11 questions in four areas such as overall perception of the CEA, organization and operation of the CEA, curriculum linkage, and linkage of human and physical capital inside and outside the school. A survey was conducted on 102 middle school teachers nationwide. The results of the survey are as follows. First, the degree of the achievement and purpose of the CEA in middle school was generally positive. Second, respondents were generally positive about the degree of school autonomy in organizing and operating the CEA in middle school, and they recognized the creative experience plan of nearby schools as important in selecting club activities, educational contents and activities for the first year of middle school. Third, it was generally positive about the degree of subject linkage of the CEA in middle school and 46.5% of the linked subjects were concentrated on arts and physical education subjects. Finally, respondents considered the time per subject for each teacher in assigning teachers for the CEA, and it was confirmed that the previous case of school was used for collecting information and utilizing human resources in the school. Based on these research results, this study suggested plans for improving the curriculum for the CEA in middle schools
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Lin, Wen-Chuan, Yueh-Wern Wu, Tung-Yuan Lai, and Ming-Cheng Liau. "Effect of CDA-II, Urinary Preparation on Lipofuscin, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Systems in Young and Middle-Aged Rat Brain." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 29, no. 01 (January 2001): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x01000101.
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The levels of lipofuscin and lipid peroxidation reflect the degree of free radical-induced oxidative damage in the brain. We examined the effects of CDA-ll, a preparation of human urine, on lipofuscin and lipid peroxidation in the brain of young (3.5 months) and middle-aged rats (17 months). The rats were given CDA-ll orally at dosages of 0.3 or 1.0 g/kg daily for 8 weeks. CDA-ll significantly suppressed the contents of lipofuscin and lipid peroxidation in both young and middle-aged rats. CDA-ll also elevated the activity of superoxide dismutase, and the amounts of glutathione and ascorbic acid in the middle-aged rats, but not in the young ones. Our results suggest that the protection against oxidative damage by CDA-ll in the young rat brain may be due to its scavenging activity against free radicals. In the middle-aged rats, in addition to the scavenging activity, the levels of endogenous antioxidants were also enhanced by the CDA-ll treatment.
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Bessonova, Valentina, and Svitlana Yakovlieva-Nosar. "Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in Pinus pallasiana D. Don needles under different forest growth conditions of ravine anti-erosion plantations." Folia Forestalia Polonica 64, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2022-0004.
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Abstract The research was aimed at analysing the peculiarities of non-structural carbohydrate metabolism in the needles of Pinus pallasiana D. Don in anti-erosion plantations on the slope and in the thalweg of the Viyskovyi ravine under different forest growth conditions. The ravine is located in the Dnipropetrovsk region and belongs to the southern geographical variant of ravine forests. The studied plants grew at three experimental sites of man-made plantation: in the thalweg (forest growth conditions – mesophilic, fresh, CL2), in the middle part of the slope of the southern exposure (mesoxerophilic, somewhat dry, or semi-arid, CL1) and on the upper part of this slope (xerophilic, arid, CL0–1). Changes in glucose, fructose, reducing sugars, sucrose and starch during the period from May to October were studied. The concentration of osmotically active substances (glucose, sucrose) increases in the months with the most unfavourable hydrothermal parameters, especially in plants of mesoxerophilic and xerophilic forest growth conditions. The dynamics of fructose content revealed two maxima (July and October), when the concentration of glucose tends to increase steadily, with the highest values found in October. During the study period, the level of fructose in the needles under the arid conditions of the upper and middle parts of the slope was much lower than under the fresh conditions of the thalweg. The dynamics curve of the starch content tends to decrease from the maximum values in May to the first minimum in August. It is followed by some increase in the concentration of this polysaccharide that does not reach the previous values. The second minimum is registered in October. Such changes in the level of starch in the needles of plants are observed under all forest growth conditions. The decrease in polysaccharide content is consistent with the increase in glucose and sucrose, especially in August. A more significant increase in the concentration of soluble osmoprotective sugars (glucose, sucrose) in P. pallasiana needles under unfavourable hydrothermal conditions compared to normal moisture conditions indicates the ability of plants to adapt to mesoxerophilic and xerophilic conditions.
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Konishi, Takamitsu, Kenji Endo, Takato Aihara, Hidekazu Suzuki, Yuji Matsuoka, Hirosuke Nishimura, Taichiro Takamatsu, et al. "Global sagittal spinal alignment at cervical flexion in patients with dropped head syndrome." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 28, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 230949902094826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499020948266.
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Purpose: Dropped head syndrome (DHS) is characterized by the passively correctable chin-on-chest deformity. The characteristic feature is emphasized in the cervical flexion position. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of cervical flexion on sagittal spinal alignment in patients with DHS. Methods: The study included 15 DHS subjects and 55 cervical spondylosis (CS) subjects as the control group. The following parameters were analyzed: cervical sagittal vertical axis (C-SVA), occipitoaxial angle (O–C2A), C2 slope (C2S), C2–C7 angle (C2–C7A), T1 slope (T1S), sagittal vertical axis, T1–T4 angle (T1–T4A), T5–T8 angle (T5–T8A), T9–T12 angle, lumbar lordosis, sacral slope, and pelvic tilt, in cervical flexion and neutral positions. Results: The values of C-SVA, O–C2A, C2S, and T1S were significantly different between CS and DHS at cervical neutral and flexion positions. C2–C7A showed significant difference in cervical neutral position, but the difference disappeared in flexion position. T1–T4A did not present a significant difference, but T5–T8A showed a difference in neutral and flexion positions. Conclusions: Malalignment of DHS extended not only to cervical spine but also to cranio-cervical junction and thoracic spine, except T1–T4. It is known that global sagittal spinal alignment is correlated with adjacent parameters, although in DHS the reciprocal change was lost from cranio-cervical junction to the middle part of thoracic spine at cervical flexion.
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Boltz, William. "Characters and words in Middle Chinese: Lexical data of the Middle Chinese rime dictionaries." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale 36, no. 1 (2007): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clao.2007.1828.
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Müller, Behnke, and Walter. "Veränderungen zerebrovaskulärer Perfusionsindices nach Karotis-Thrombendarterektomie." Vasa 28, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526.28.4.279.
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Background: To study the pattern of cerebral blood flow velocity and cerebral resistance changes after carotid endarterectomy. Patients and methods: In 81 patients (mean age ± SD, 64 ± 8 years) with unilateral carotid endarterectomy (CEA) the systolic, diastolic and mean blood velocities, and the pulsatility index (PI) were recorded in both middle cerebral arteries preoperatively and repetitively postoperatively with the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD). Results: In the middle cerebral artery ipsilateral to CEA mean blood velocity was increased 6 hours (64 ± 25 cm/sec; p < 0.005) and 7 days (54 ± 15 cm/sec; p < 0.05) after CEA and had returned to the preoperative level (49 ± 11 cm/sec) after 3 months. Compared to preoperatively (0.86 ±. 22), the PI was significantly increased at 6 hours examination (1.03 ±. 23, p < 0.005), and remained increased thereafter. A pathologically increased mean blood velocity (> 83 cm/sec) 6 hours after CEA occurred in 11 patients, two of them developed a slight hyperperfusion syndrome. In the contralateral middle cerebral artery, only the diastolic blood velocity showed significant changes (preoperatively, 35 ± 12 cm/sec; 3 months after CEA, 33 ± 8 cm/sec; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Using TCD, hemodynamic changes occur predominantly in the middle cerebral arteries ipsilateral to CEA. Early postoperative TCD studies may be of help to identify patients at risk to develop a hyperperfusion syndrome.
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Lee, Jeon Mi, Sung Huhn Kim, and Jae Young Choi. "Remnant cartilage in the middle ear." Congenital Anomalies 57, no. 3 (April 24, 2017): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cga.12178.
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Sharara, Ala I. "Introduction to Middle East Collaboration Issue." Clinical Liver Disease 14, no. 6 (December 2019): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cld.891.
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Giebink, G. Scott, Margaret K. Hostetter, Barbara A. Carlson, Chap T. Le, Seth V. Hetherington, and S. K. Juhn. "Bacterial and Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Contribution to Middle Ear Inflammation in Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 94, no. 4 (July 1985): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348948509400414.
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Bacteria can be cultured from approximately one third of chronic middle ear effusions, yet the contribution of these bacteria to the pathogenesis of chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) is not clear due to the absence of signs and symptoms of acute infection in most children with this disease. To explore the role of bacteria in chronic OME, lysozyme, lactoferrin, serum complement factors C3 and C5a, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) chemotaxin content was measured in 21 chronic middle ear effusion samples. Concentrations of lysozyme, lactoferrin, and chemotaxin were significantly higher in culture-positive than in sterile effusions. Lysozyme appeared to be contributed by both PMNL and non-PMNL sources in the middle ear space. These non-PMNL sources, presumably middle ear epithelial cells, accounted for 50% to 80% of the lysozyme variation in middle ear effusion. Although C3 and C5a were present in effusion, chemotaxin content correlated poorly with the C3 and C5a content, suggesting that chemotaxins were derived from bacterial peptides rather than from complement activation products. These results suggest that bacteria contribute to chronic middle ear inflammation with effusion. The eradication of bacteria from chronic middle ear effusion might disrupt the host responses which maintain chronic OME.
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Waters, Michael R., and John C. Ravesloot. "Late Quaternary Geology of the Middle Gila River, Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona." Quaternary Research 54, no. 1 (July 2000): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2151.
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Stratigraphy and dating provide an 18,000 yr record of erosion and deposition by the middle Gila River. Prior to 18,000 cal yr B.P., the Gila River cut into its floodplain and created a deep, wide channel. Sand and gravel accumulated within this channel until 4250–4400 cal yr B.P. By this time, the channel of the Gila River was narrow and deep. Around 5000 cal yr B.P., fine-grained sediments began to accumulate on the floodplain. At 800–950 cal yr B.P., there was a major period of channel widening. After this erosional episode, the channel again narrowed as it filled with sand and gravel until around 200 cal yr B.P. On the floodplain, deposition continued from about 5000 cal yr B.P. to 500 cal yr B.P. A period of stability and soil formation occurred on the floodplain between 500 and 200 cal yr B.P., after which overbank deposition resumed and buried the soil. Channel widening again occurred in the late 19th century. The changes observed in the sedimentologic history of the Gila River show that during the late Pleistocene, the Gila River was a competent stream capable of carrying and depositing coarse sediment loads. Later deposition of sand and gravel during the first half of the Holocene implies an increase in sediment yield from upstream watersheds. Changes during the last 4000 years reflect the response of the river to climatic perturbations, the timing of large floods, internal landscape thresholds, and human impacts.
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Mroczkowska, Agnieszka, Dominik Pawłowski, Emilie Gauthier, Andrey Mazurkevich, Tomi P. Luoto, Odile Peyron, Bartosz Kotrys, et al. "Middle Holocene Climate Oscillations Recorded in the Western Dvina Lakeland." Water 13, no. 11 (June 7, 2021): 1611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111611.
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Although extensive archeological research works have been conducted in the Serteya region in recent years, the Holocene climate history in the Western Dvina Lakeland in Western Russia is still poorly understood. The Neolithic human occupation of the Serteyka lake–river system responded to climate oscillations, resulting in the development of a pile-dwelling settlement between 5.9 and 4.2 ka cal BP. In this paper, we present the quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions of the Northgrippian stage (8.2–4.2 ka cal BP) from the Great Serteya Palaeolake Basin. The reconstructions were created based on a multiproxy (Chironomidae, pollen and Cladocera) approach. The mean July air temperature remained at 17–20 °C, which is similar to the present temperature in the Smolensk Upland. The summer temperature revealed only weak oscillations during 5.9 and 4.2 ka cal BP. A more remarkable feature during those events was an increase in continentality, manifested by a lower winter temperature and lower annual precipitation. During the third, intermediate oscillation in 5.0–4.7 ka cal BP, a rise in summer temperature and stronger shifts in continental air masses were recorded. It is still unclear if the above-described climate fluctuations are linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation and can be interpreted as an indication of Bond events because only a few high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstructions from the region have been presented and these reconstructions do not demonstrate explicit oscillations in the period of 5.9 and 4.2 ka cal BP.
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Lee, Hoil, Jin-Young Lee, and Seungwon Shin. "Middle Holocene Coastal Environmental and Climate Change on the Southern Coast of Korea." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010230.
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We obtained a 15 m drill core from Deukryang Bay on the southwest coast of Korea, which is now an area of reclaimed land used for agriculture. We investigated changes in the depositional environment and hydrological climate responses to sea level changes using sedimentary facies, radiocarbon ages, grain-size analysis, total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), and stable carbon isotopes (δ13C). Sediment deposition began at 12,000 cal yr BP and was divided into four stages based on changes from fluvial to intertidal environments related to Holocene marine transgression events. Stage 1 (>10,000 cal yr BP) is represented by fluvial sediments; Stage 2 (10,000–7080 cal yr BP) is represented by the deposition of mud facies in an intertidal zone in response to sea level rise; Stage 3 (7080–3300 cal yr BP) was a period of gradually descending sea level following the Holocene maximum sea level and is characterized by gradual changes in TOC, TS, and C/S ratios compared with the mud facies of Stage 2. Stage 4 (3300 to present) was deposited in a supratidal zone and contains low TS and an abundance of TOC. Based on our TS and C/S ratio results, the south coast of Korea was mainly affected by sea level rise between 7000 and 3000 cal yr BP, during the middle Holocene. At 3000 cal yr BP, sea level began to stabilize or gradually decrease. In addition, changes in δ13C values are clearly observed since ca. 5000 cal yr BP, in particular, large hydrological changes via freshwater input are confirmed in 4000–3000 cal yr BP. We consider these shifts in freshwater input indicators of an increased influence of El Niño and La Niña conditions, related to the weakening of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and changes in sea surface temperature (SST) of the Western Pacific Ocean during the middle Holocene climatic optimum (between 7800 and 5000 cal yr BP). The cooling periods of SST in East Asia between 8400 and 6600 cal yr BP reported from the west coast of Korea are related closely to changes in vegetation (as evidenced by δ13C) from 7700 cal yrs BP to the present in the southwest coast of Korea. We interpret the freshwater input events at 4000–3000 cal yr BP to be related to changes in SST in response to the weakening of the EASM on the southwest coast of Korea. However, additional research is needed to study the southward migration effect of the westerly jet related to SST and atmospheric circulation controlling terrestrial climate in the middle Holocene.
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Lespez, Laurent, Arthur Glais, José-Antonio Lopez-Saez, Yann Le Drezen, Zoï Tsirtsoni, Robert Davidson, Laetitia Biree, and Dimitra Malamidou. "Middle Holocene rapid environmental changes and human adaptation in Greece." Quaternary Research 85, no. 2 (March 2016): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2016.02.002.
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Numerous researchers discuss of the collapse of civilizations in response to abrupt climate change in the Mediterranean region. The period between 6500 and 5000 cal yr BP is one of the least studied episodes of rapid climate change at the end of the Late Neolithic. This period is characterized by a dramatic decline in settlement and a cultural break in the Balkans. High-resolution paleoenvironmental proxy data obtained in the Lower Angitis Valley enables an examination of the societal responses to rapid climatic change in Greece. Development of a lasting fluvio-lacustrine environment followed by enhanced fluvial activity is evident from 6000 cal yr BP. Paleoecological data show a succession of dry events at 5800–5700, 5450 and 5000–4900 cal yr BP. These events correspond to incursion of cold air masses to the eastern Mediterranean, confirming the climatic instability of the middle Holocene climate transition. Two periods with farming and pastural activities (6300–5600 and 5100–4700 cal BP) are evident. The intervening period is marked by environmental changes, but the continuous occurrence of anthropogenic taxa suggests the persistence of human activities despite the absence of archaeological evidence. The environmental factors alone were not sufficient to trigger the observed societal changes.
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Mensing, Scott A., Larry V. Benson, Michaele Kashgarian, and Steve Lund. "A Holocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA." Quaternary Research 62, no. 1 (July 2004): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2004.04.002.
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Pollen and algae microfossils preserved in sediments from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, provide evidence for periods of persistent drought during the Holocene age. We analyzed one hundred nineteen 1-cm-thick samples for pollen and algae from a set of cores that span the past 7630 years. The early middle Holocene, 7600 to 6300 cal yr B.P., was found to be the driest period, although it included one short but intense wet phase. We suggest that Lake Tahoe was below its rim for most of this period, greatly reducing the volume and depth of Pyramid Lake. Middle Holocene aridity eased between 5000 and 3500 cal yr B.P. and climate became variable with distinct wet and dry phases. Lake Tahoe probably spilled intermittently during this time. No core was recovered that represented the period between 3500 and 2600 cal yr B.P. The past 2500 years appear to have had recurrent persistent droughts. The timing and magnitude of droughts identified in the pollen record compares favorably with previously published δ18O data from Pyramid Lake. The timing of these droughts also agrees with the ages of submerged rooted stumps in the Eastern Sierra Nevada and woodrat midden data from central Nevada. Prolonged drought episodes appear to correspond with the timing of ice drift minima (solar maxima) identified from North Atlantic marine sediments, suggesting that changes in solar irradiance may be a possible mechanism influencing century-scale drought in the western Great Basin.
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Hepp, Guy David. "Radiocarbon Evidence for Initial Early Formative Period Occupation in Coastal Oaxaca, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 30, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2019.25.
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Seven AMS radiocarbon dates (1950–1525 cal BC) from controlled contexts demonstrate Early Formative period occupation in coastal Oaxaca, Mexico. These dated elements from the site of La Consentida include hearths, occupational surfaces, carbon adhering to pottery from a midden, and human bone collagen processed with XAD purification. They were excavated from primary contexts and do not represent redeposited materials. An eighth sample, dated to the Middle Formative period, is considered postoccupational. The diversity of dated deposits and features, their distribution, and their overlapping calibrated ranges indicate settlement by an initial Early Formative period village.
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WILFORD, HUGH. "American Friends of the Middle East: The CIA, US Citizens, and the Secret Battle for American Public Opinion in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1967." Journal of American Studies 51, no. 1 (September 14, 2015): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875815001255.
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In 1951, the CIA secretly funded the creation of an ostensibly private group of US citizens called the American Friends of the Middle East (AFME). Pro-Arab and anti-Zionist in orientation, AFME was repeatedly attacked by pro-Israel groups before seeing its links to the CIA exposed by investigative journalists in 1967. Drawing on recent scholarship about “state–private networks” and the cultural history of US–Middle East relations, this article examines the origins of AFME, its characteristic values and relations with the CIA, and the reasons for the decline of its influence vis-à-vis the emergent “Israel lobby.”
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Aurenche, O., P. Galet, E. Régagnon-Caroline, and J. Évin. "Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic Cultures in the Middle East—the Birth of Agriculture, Livestock Raising, and Ceramics: a Calibrated 14C Chronology 12,500-5500 cal BC." Radiocarbon 43, no. 3 (2001): 1191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200038480.
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We present for the first time a fully calibrated radiocarbon chronology of Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic cultures in the Middle East covering the time range from 12,500 to 5500 cal BC. A total of 1300 14C dates were evaluated, leading to the selection of 731 reliable dates. These were calibrated in a special collective approach presented in a series of graphs. The 14C dates are derived from 160 sites across the Middle East. The period with Proto-Neolithic cultures began around 12500 cal BC and lasted for more than 4000 years. The true Neolithic, with agriculture and livestock breeding, appeared just before 8000 cal BC, subsequently spreading across a wide area within just a few hundred years. Ceramics first occurred around 7000 cal BC. The Mesopotamian cultures that emerged around 6000 cal BC started the urban revolution.
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Elkina, G. Y., E. M. Lapteva, L. A. Likhanova, and Yu V. Kholopov. "Organic matter transformation in post-agrogenic soils of the Middle Taiga zone." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 152 (February 18, 2020): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2019-3-152-100-107.
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Objective. The purpose is to study the organic matter transformation in Podzols from the middle taiga zone.Methods. The study materials are arable lands from the central regions of the Komi Republic. These lands are not agriculturally used since the early 90-ies of the former century. The soil analyses are done according to the common methods.Results. The study allows for the humus profile structure of Podzols along with the following successive stages as meadow idle land young forest dwarf shrub-green moss spruce forest. It also describes the mechanisms of post-agrogenic humus transformation in agricultural sod Podzols due to the self restoring succession.Conclusion. Initially, the post-agrogenic soils normally repeat agrozems by characteristics. The upper soil part forms a thin grey-humus (sod) horizon. It contains large amounts of humus, exchangeable cations, and nutrition elements. The specific synthesis and destruction processes of humic substances at the meadow idle land stage change the qualitative humus composition. In contrast with arable lands, the humus composition is dominated with fulvic acids as being best appropriate to the concerned bioclimatic zone. The humuc-fulvic humus composition holds only in the upper old-arable soil part of the meadow idle land. The appearance of pioneer tree species increases the dominating position of FAs and the Cha/Cfa ratio resembles that for forest soil. The organic matter is poor in nitrogen compounds, especially at the young forest stage. By the C/N ratio, the post-agrogenic soils also gradually get close to naturally formed soils under virgin forest.
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Quamar, Mohammad Firoze, Anoop K. Singh, Lalit M. Joshi, Bahadur S. Kotlia, Dhruv Sen Singh, Corina Anca Simion, Tiberiu Sava, and Nagendra Prasad. "Vegetation Dynamics and Hydro-Climatic Changes during the Middle Holocene from the Central Himalaya, India." Quaternary 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat6010011.
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Understanding the spatiotemporal monsoonal variability during the Holocene helps in understanding the rise and fall of many civilizations. In this study, a 2.65 m high palaeo lake sedimentary profile from the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, Uttarakhand State, India was pollen analysed to reconstruct the variability in the monsoonal precipitation during the Middle Holocene. The study revealed that between ~7522 and 7216 cal yr BP, conifers dominated mixed broad-leaved forests occurred around the landscape of the study area, indicating a less cold and dry climate with decreased monsoon precipitation. Broad-leaved taxa during this phase show increased values considerably, indicating amelioration in climatic condition, which could be, in global perspective, broadly falling within the time-interval of the Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO; 7000–4000 BP). Between ~7216 and 6526 cal yr BP, dense conifers-dominated mixed broad-leaved forests transformed the conifers-dominated broad-leaved forests around the study area under a cold and drier climate with further reduction in monsoon precipitation. Subsequently, between ~6526 and 5987 cal yr BP, conifers-dominated broad-leaved forests continued to grow, but with lesser frequencies, around the study area under a comparatively less cold and dry climate with reduced monsoon precipitation. Finally, between ~5987 and 5817 cal yr BP, the frequencies of conifers-dominated broad-leaved forests further decreased around the landscape of the study area under a comparatively lesser cold and dry climate, probably indicating decreased monsoonal precipitation. Hence, the present study mainly showed the dominance of conifers forests around the study area between ~7522 and 7216 cal yr BP, ~7216 and 6526 cal yr BP, ~6526 and 5987 cal yr BP and between ~5987 and 5817 cal yr BP; however, broad-leaved forests also demonstrated increasing tendency between ~7522 and 7216 cal yr BP in the milieu of cold and dry climates. Moreover, the study also revealed that a lake was formed around 7522 cal yr BP along the Kulur River, a tributary of Saryu River around the study area and existed until 5817 cal yr BP.
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Mikishin, Yu A., and I. G. Gvozdeva. "Ранний - средний голоцен северного Сахалина." Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34078/1814-0998-2021-1-50-65.
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New palynological and radiocarbon data obtained from sections of two ancient peatbogs permitted to specify the landscape and climatic changes in the nature of the first half of the Holocene on the southern outskirts of North Sakhalin. The Early Holocene was generally colder and drier in comparison with modern climatic conditions. The vegetation cover was dominated by larch/birch forests with the shrub birch undergrowth. In the middle of the Boreal Period (9000-8400 yrs. BP / 10,100-9300 Cal. yrs. BP), the climate became significantly warmer and slightly wetter, yet remaining drier than the modern one. Birch forests with the presence of broad-leaved and dark coniferous tree species were widespread. In the initial phase of the Atlantic Period (probably 7800-7500 yrs. BP / 8800-8300 Cal. yrs. BP), in the climatic conditions warmer and much more humid than modern ones, the first expansion of spruce/fir forests occurred. The second half of the early and first half of the middle phase of the Atlantic Period (7500-6500 yrs. BP / 8300-7400 Cal. yrs. BP) were distinguished by decreased humidity and further warming of the climate, which resulted in dominating birch forests, subordinate spruce/fir taiga, and a lot of deciduous forests. There were two cold episodes at the beginning and in the middle of this stage. The first of them, about 7300 yrs. BP / 8100 Cal. yrs. BP, was dry and provided the return of birch/larch forests. The second, about 7100 yrs. BP / 7900 Cal. yrs. BP, had a more humid climate, which caused an increase in the role of dark coniferous taiga and a weakening of birch forests. In the second half of the middle and, possibly, the beginning of the late phase of the period (probably 6500-5400 yrs. BP / 7400-6200 Cal. yrs. BP), spruce/fir forests with participation of broad-leaved tree spread. They developed in a warmer and more humid climate, similar to the current climate in the south of the Sakhalin Island and close to the optimal climatic conditions of the post-glacial time. The middle of the Late Atlantic Period, about 5300 yrs. BP / 6100 Cal. yrs. BP, was marked by the second, maximum expansion of spruce/ fir forests, due to the onset of the cool and, possibly, the wettest episode in the Middle Holocene.
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Ueda, Yusuke, Akimoto Nimura, Keisuke Matsuki, Kumiko Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Sugaya, and Keiichi Akita. "Morphology of the Undersurface of the Anterolateral Acromion and Its Relationship to Surrounding Structures." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 232596712097748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120977485.
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Background: A better understanding of the morphology underneath the acromion is needed to prevent complications after arthroscopic subacromial decompression. The precise correlations between the morphologic features underneath the acromion and the surrounding structures including the attachment of the coracoacromial ligament (CAL) and the origin of the deltoid middle head have not yet been determined in the absence of artifacts on the bony surface caused by dissection techniques. Moreover, anatomic findings in previous studies using only older-aged cadavers or dried bones may not reflect the morphologic features of younger and healthy specimens. Purpose: To characterize the anterolateral structures morphologically in the inferior aspect of the acromion, assess the relationships of these structures with surrounding structures without dissection artifacts on the bony surface, and verify the cadaveric data in the asymptomatic shoulders of living middle-aged patients. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: We initially analyzed the relationship between the morphology of the anterolateral structures and surrounding structures in 18 cadaveric shoulders (mean age, 81.8 years), 15 of which were subjected to macroscopic investigation of the CAL attachment and 3-dimensional micro—computed tomography investigation with radiopaque markers and 3 of which were subjected to histologic examination. We also analyzed the morphology underneath the anterolateral acromion in 24 asymptomatic shoulders of middle-aged patients (mean age, 54.8 years) to verify the cadaveric data. In both the cadaveric shoulders and the asymptomatic shoulders of live patients, the long axis, width, and height of the anterolateral prominence were measured by use of 3-dimensional CT imaging. Results: In cadavers, the anterolateral prominence underneath the acromion corresponded to the attachment of the CAL. Histologic evaluation revealed that the CAL was continuous to the deep layer of the deltoid middle head in the lateral acromion. The study in asymptomatic shoulders of middle-aged patients revealed bony prominences similar to those observed in cadavers. Conclusion: The anterolateral prominence, which corresponds to the attachment of the CAL below the acromion, may be a native structure below the acromion. Moreover, the CAL is continuous to the deep layer of the deltoid middle head in the lateral acromion.
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Heyer, Eric J., Joanna L. Mergeche, and E. Sander Connolly. "Middle cerebral artery pulsatility index and cognitive improvement after carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic stenosis." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 1 (January 2014): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.8.jns13931.
Full textAbstract:
Object Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is frequently used to evaluate peripheral cerebral resistance and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the middle cerebral artery prior to and during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis may have reduced peripheral cerebral resistance to compensate for inadequate CBF. The authors aim to determine whether symptomatic patients with reduced peripheral cerebral resistance prior to CEA demonstrate increased CBF and cognitive improvement as early as 1 day after CEA. Methods Fifty-three patients with symptomatic CEA were included in this observational study. All patients underwent neuropsychometric evaluation 24 hours or less preoperatively and 1 day postoperatively. The MCA was evaluated using TCD for CBF mean velocity (MV) and pulsatility index (PI). Pulsatility index ≤ 0.80 was used as a cutoff for reduced peripheral cerebral resistance. Results Significantly more patients with baseline PI ≤ 0.80 exhibited cognitive improvement 1 day after CEA than those with PI > 0.80 (35.0% vs 6.1%, p = 0.007). Patients with cognitive improvement had a significantly greater increase in CBF MV than patients without cognitive improvement (13.4 ± 17.1 cm/sec vs 4.3 ± 9.9 cm/sec, p = 0.03). In multivariate regression model, a baseline PI ≤ 0.80 was significantly associated with increased odds of cognitive improvement (OR 7.32 [1.40–59.49], p = 0.02). Conclusions Symptomatic CEA patients with reduced peripheral cerebral resistance, measured as PI ≤ 0.80, are likely to have increased CBF and improved cognitive performance as early as 1 day after CEA for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Revascularization in this cohort may afford benefits beyond prevention of future stroke. Clinical trial registration no: NCT00597883 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Braje, Todd, and Jon Erlandson. "Mollusks and Mass Harvesting in the Middle Holocene." California Archaeology 1, no. 2 (December 2009): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cal.2009.1.2.269.
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Vybornov, Alexander Alexeevich, Marianna Alexeevna Kulkova, Konstantin Andreev, and Eugeny Nesterov. "Radiocarbon chronology of the Neolithic in the Povolzhye (Russian Eastern Europe)." Documenta Praehistorica 44 (January 4, 2018): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.14.
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The radiocarbon dates obtained on materials from archaeological sites of the Low and Middle Povolzhye are presented in this article. The analysis of the complex of radiocarbon dates allowed a determination of the most appropriate dates for forming chronological schemes of cultural development in this region. The chronological frameworks of the Early Neolithic in the Low Povolzhye were determined from 6600–5500 cal BC; in the Middle Povolzhye they are from 6500 to 4600 cal BC.
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Vybornov, Alexander Alexeevich, Marianna Alexeevna Kulkova, Konstantin Andreev, and Eugeny Nesterov. "Radiocarbon chronology of the Neolithic in the Povolzhye (Russian Eastern Europe)." Documenta Praehistorica 44 (January 4, 2018): 224–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.44.14.
Full textAbstract:
The radiocarbon dates obtained on materials from archaeological sites of the Low and Middle Povolzhye are presented in this article. The analysis of the complex of radiocarbon dates allowed a determination of the most appropriate dates for forming chronological schemes of cultural development in this region. The chronological frameworks of the Early Neolithic in the Low Povolzhye were determined from 6600–5500 cal BC; in the Middle Povolzhye they are from 6500 to 4600 cal BC.