Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Middle Cla'

L’obiettivo della presente ricerca è di investigare le trasformazioni delle rappresentazioni e narrazioni dei ruoli di genere di due campioni di uomini e donne iraniani/e della classe media di Tehran, appartenenti a due generazioni differenti: il primo gruppo è composto da individui nati tra il 1960 e il 1969, ed appartenenti perciò a quella che la letteratura scientifica internazionale definisce Generazione X. Il secondo gruppo include giovani donne e uomini nate/i tra il 1990 e il 1999, definiti come membri della Generazione Millennial. Avvalendosi di una metodologia di ricerca mista, composta da analisi documentaria, un’analisi secondaria di dati statistici e interviste narrative con uomini e donne di entrambe le generazioni, questo studio ha permesso di analizzare le complessità e contraddizioni insite nei processi di elaborazione e negoziazione delle identità di genere di questi/e attori e attrici sociali. A d una interpretazione spesso semplicistica e sterotipizzata del mutamento sociale come ineluttabile e lineare processo da modelli e comportamenti “tradizionali” ad uno non meglio identificata nozione di “modernità”, la ricerca contrappone una lettura basata sul concetto di “bricolage culturale post-moderno”: un creativo processo di costruzione di significati attraverso la rielaborazione di elementi ed istanze precedenti e nuove, in cui il soggetto può operare scelte innovative e consapevoli in accordo con le proprie condizioni ed attitudini.
The aim of the present research is to investigate the transformations of the representations and narrations of gender roles among two samples of Iranian men and women of Tehran’s middle class, belonging to two different generations: the first group is composed of individuals born between 1960 and 1969, and therefore belonging to what the international scientific literature defines Generation X. The second group includes young women and men born between 1990 and 1999, defined as members of the Millennial Generation. Using a mixed research methodology, consisting of documentary analysis, a secondary analysis of statistical data and narrative interviews with men and women of both generations, this study allowed us to deepen the complexities and contradictions intrinsic of the processes of elaboration and negotiation of gender identity among these social actors. Instead of an often simplistic and sterotyped interpretation of social change as an ineluctable and linear process from "traditional" models and behaviors to an unidentified notion of "modernity", the research contrasts the concept of "post-modern cultural bricolage": a creative process of construction of meanings through the rielaboration of previous and new elements and instances, in which the subject can make innovative and conscious choices in accordance with his/her own conditions and attitudes.

The present study was an investigation of the effects of a CBA model on mathematical achievement of middle school students. Nine subjects in the seventh and eighth grades were selected to participate in the study. A multiple baseline single subject design was used. Results indicated that a CBA model designed in the form of a pullout program can be very effective in identifying and remediating problems in mathematics for middle school students who are at-risk for failing mathematics. Implications of the current findings for the use of a CBA model were discussed. The use of a CBA model for students identified as at-risk for failing mathematics in middle school was supported.

A bioeconomic simulation model of the middle Atlantic surf clam (Spisula solidissima) fishery has been developed from a survey of biological and econometric relationships. While identifying the biological input parameters available in the literature, the economic submodel of the fishery has been developed with price and landings time series data, and with data obtained through the use of survey questionnaires and interviews with surf clam fishermen and processors. Alternative management scenarios in the fishery have been evaluated from industry costs in both the harvesting and processing sectors and analysis of the demand for raw product confronting surf clam fishermen. Multiple regression analysis of time series data indicates that surf clam ex-vessel prices may be negatively related to surf clam landings whereas hard clam prices are positively related to ex-vessel ocean quahog prices and ex-vessel oyster prices. The strength of this relationship confirms the status of ocean quahogs as very close substitutes for surf clams. The results of case studies using the model suggest that the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council has followed a prudent course of action in managing the surf clam fishery. The model also projects that, (1) larger yield quotas may be possible in the immediate future without jeopardizing surf clam population stability, (2) overcapitalization in the fishery appears to remain a problem, and (3) the economic outlook for the operators of small vessels remains relatively bleak.

Both Chinese and Islamic glazed ceramics played a significant role in the history of ancient ceramic production. Moreover, it was innovation in glazes that made the Chinese and Islamic ceramics constantly innovative in various categories with different manufacturing techniques. This study applies chemical and isotopic analyses to investigate the manufacturing techniques and provenances of different types of glazes from Northern China and the Middle East, and extends the use of Sr isotopic analysis to investigate raw materials and glaze recipes used to making lime/alkaline glazes in Northern China and the Middle East for the first time. By chemical compositions of the lead glazes, the glazing techniques used to produce Chinese Tang Sancai lead glazes and splashed lead glazes from the Middle East have been identified. The mixture of lead oxide plus quartz/quartz sand was used for making both Chinese Tang Sancai glazes and Islamic splashed lead glazes. Besides, for the Chinese lead glazes, the trace element and lead isotopic analyses of them have been effective in grouping glazes made in different production kiln sites, and hence associating the Tang Sancai wares excavated from archaeological sites of unknown origin with their production centres. Furthermore, by comparing the lead isotopic ratios of Islamic lead glazes and those of lead ore deposits, the possible sources of lead used for making lead glazes can be determined, although more than one source was suggested due to the overlap of Pb isotopic ratios of different lead ore sources in some cases. This study is the first time that Sr isotopic analysis has been applied to the lime/alkaline glazes from Northern China and the Middle East. It has revealed that Sr isotopic compositions of lime/alkaline glazes from Northern China and the Middle East have been very effective in providing information on the glaze recipes and characteristics of raw materials used for making them. Based on Sr isotopic compositions, the case study of Nothern Chinese lime glaze has identified that the Yaozhou celadon glaze was probably produced by local ‘Fuping glaze stone’ combined with botanic ash. Besides, the case study of the Middle East alkaline glaze has suggested that the Raqqa ware glaze was probably made by ‘Cenozoic sand’ containing a certain content of limestone grains and feldspar and that botanic ash was used as a flux.

Though some researchers have argued that the Big Barrens grasslands of Kentucky were the product of anthropogenic land clearing practices by Native Americans, heretofore, this hypothesis had not been tested archaeologically. More work was needed to refine chronologies of fire activity in the region, determine the extent to which humans played a role in the process, and integrate these findings with the paleoenvironmental and archaeological record. With these goals in mind, I conducted archaeological and geoarchaeological investigations at Crumps Sink in the Sinkhole Plain of Kentucky. The archaeological record and site formation history of Crumps Sink were compared with environmental and archaeological data from the Interior Low Plateaus and Southern Appalachian Mountains for an understanding of how the site fits into the larger story of human-environmental interactions in the Eastern Woodlands. Based on the data recovered, I argue that through land burning Archaic hunter-gatherers were active managers of ecosystems to a greater degree than previously acknowledged. Excavations at Crumps Sink revealed stratified archaeological deposits spanning the late Middle Archaic to Terminal Late Archaic periods. Radiocarbon dates and an analysis of projectile point typologies provided information on the chronological and cultural history of the site. Magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, plant available phosphorous, and soil micromorphological analyses were conducted to examine landform dynamics in response to environmental change and to trace the anthropogenic signature created by human activities at the site. Masses of lithic debitage, animal bone, and burned sediment nodules per ten-cm-level provide an indication of human occupation intensity and shifting activities over time. Radiocarbon dates were used to reconstruct rates of sediment accumulation in the sink. These varying datasets were considered together for a holistic understanding of localized environmental and anthropogenic impacts on the landform. Between 7200 and 5600 cal. BP, during the Middle Holocene Thermal Maximum and corresponding with the late Middle Archaic period, sediment accumulation was sustained with one identifiable episode of very weak soil development. Background magnetic and chemical signatures in the soils were greater than they were at pre-occupation levels, demonstrating that human activities left a lasting imprint in soils as early as the late Middle Archaic period. Between 5600 and 3900 cal. BP, periods of diminished sedimentation led to more pronounced episodes of soil formation. However, these soil horizons are interposed by pulses of enhanced sediment accumulation. These soil data may signal shifting environmental regimes during the Middle to Late Holocene transition. Between 5600 and 3900 cal. BP scattered plant ash, elevated masses of burned sediment nodules, and pestle fragments in Late Archaic deposits suggest that hunter-gatherers were intensively processing nut mast, potentially in association with early forest clearance and silviculture. Botanical assemblages from a coincident archaeological sequence at the Carlston Annis site in the nearby middle Green River region has demonstrated woodland disturbance and potential silviculture in central Kentucky during this time. During the Late Archaic and Terminal Late Archaic periods (3900-3000 cal. BP), substantial plant ash deposition occurred in a stratum that accumulated relatively quickly. Very low burned sediment nodule masses in this deposit indicate that combustion features were not common in the immediate vicinity and that elevated frequencies of plant ash were the result of burning on a broader expanse of the surrounding landform. Chronologically, the zone with enhanced plant ash deposition is coeval with previously demonstrated occurrences of increased forest fires, grassland expansion, and a shift to early horticultural economies throughout the region. Soil development occurred after 3000 cal. BP, and this episode of landform stability may have lasted for over two millennia until being capped by sediment accumulation from historic agriculture. The late Middle Archaic through Terminal Late Archaic data from Crumps Sink demonstrate that hunter-gatherer activities left lasting signatures in soils in Kentucky. The data from the Late Archaic to Terminal Late Archaic periods (ca. 5600-3000 cal. BP) may indicate intentional land burning by hunter-gatherers to create anthropogenic environments, first for silviculture and then for early plant domestication. This forces a rethinking of labor and subsistence systems within hunter-gatherer societies. Thus, if hunter-gatherers were utilizing long-term forest management methods, they were employing a delayed-return economic system relying on labor investment and negotiated understandings about land tenure. Further characterization of the origin of fire management activities will help us to elucidate the nature of incipient indigenous plant domestication in the Eastern Woodlands.

Minerals and clay minerals in continental sedimentary successions are valuable tools for reconstructing past environmental conditions. Given the state of preservation of clays minerals, it is possible to identify how they were formed, providing clues about continental weathering conditions (inherited minerals) and geochemical conditions in the water column (neoformed or transformed). This study presents new mineralogical data from the Baskil section, a highly preserved middle Eocene succession in the Neo-Tethys (central Turkey). A gradual shift from a well-crystalline illite and chlorite interval (subsection I) to a detrital smectite dominant interval (subsection II) characterizes a change in source area from metamorphic to igneous rocks and changes from physical to chemical weathering conditions on land. This period coincides with the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO), indicating a mineralogical signature of the event. Higher content of terrigenous input being deposited from 40.5 to 40 Ma caused a dilution effect of the carbonate materials as calcite and dolomite significantly decreases. Authigenic palygorskite showed an increasing trend from the middle to the uppermost portion of the section, indicating favorable conditions in the water column for its formation. We assume that conditions in the ocean circulation changed after 40 Ma, forming a stratified water column with warmer and saline conditions at greater depths, favoring palygorskite and possibly authigenic dolomite precipitation. The mineralogical evolution of the Baskil section reflects how sources and weathering regimes changed through time, and how these changes can be related to global (i.e. MECO) and/or local to regional processes.
Minerais e argilominerais em sucessões sedimentares são excelente ferramentas para a reconstrução de condições ambientais. Dado o estado de preservação dos argilominerais, é possível identificar como eles foram formados, fornecendo informação sobre as condições de intemperismo no continente e sobre condições geoquímicas na coluna d\'água. Este estudo apresenta novos dados mineralógicos da seção de Baskil, uma sucessão do Eoceno médio altamente preservada no Neo-Tethys (Turquia central). Uma mudança na assembléia mineralógica com maiores concentrações de ilita e clorita (subseção I) para um intervalo dominante de esmectita detrítica (subseção II) caracteriza uma mudança na área de fonte de rochas metamórficas para rochas ígneas e mudanças de condições de intemperismo físico para intemperismo químico. Este período coincide com o Ótimo Climático do Eoceno Médio (MECO), indicando uma assinatura mineralógica do evento. A paligorsquita autigênica teve um aumento na porção media e superior da seção, indicando condições favoráveis na coluna de água para a sua formação. Possívelmente as condições na circulação do oceano naquela região mudaram após 40 Ma, formando uma coluna de água estratificada com condições mais quentes e salinas em profundidades maiores, favorecendo precipitação de paligorsquita e dolomita. A evolução mineralógica da seção de Baskil reflete como as fontes e os regimes de intemperismo mudaram ao longo do tempo, e como essas mudanças podem estar relacionadas aos processos globais (e.g. MECO) e /ou a processos locais e regionais.

Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo obtener un mayor conocimiento de las mujeres de la prehistoria, con especial atención a sus condiciones de vida durante el neolítico medio en el noreste de la Península Ibérica, así como las relaciones que tenían con otros individuos (principalmente hombres) y el rol que tenían en su comunidad, a través del estudio de datos arqueológicos disponibles. El objetivo es también contribuir a una mayor comprensión de las comunidades del noreste de la Península Ibérica en su conjunto, en un momento, el neolítico medio, durante el cual los materiales circulaban, a veces, largas distancias, lo que refleja la existencia de complejas redes de intercambio. Estas redes parecen estar relacionadas, en Europa occidental, con la generalización de disimetrías sociales acompañadas por el enriquecimiento y la toma de poder por ciertos individuos o grupos de individuos. La existencia de estas disimetrías ya se ha considerado para el noreste de la Península Ibérica pero, ¿era el sexo una variable que influía en la naturaleza de las desigualdades jerárquicas? Para lograr estos objetivos, me he interesado particularmente en el registro funerario, ya que los contextos de hábitat son poco conocidos debido a su mal estado de conservación. Se ha realizado un registro compuesto de 278 estructuras distribuidas entre 45 yacimientos, para un total de 370 individuos. Una tipología se ha llevado a cabo tomando como principal variable la autenticidad del carácter funerario de estas estructuras, con el fin de poner de relieve diferentes prácticas que podrían haber coincidido con diferentes realidades sociales y cronológicas. Con el fin de aclarar las cuestiones específicas de esta investigación, se realizaron análisis transversales a partir de la información procedente de los tres principales aspectos considerados en este estudio: la estructura, el ajuar funerario y el propio individuo. Los resultados obtenidos han permitido distinguir una variedad de situaciones relacionadas con la cronología, el contexto global, el grado de participación de los diversos grupos humanos en las redes de intercambio y, probablemente, a particularidades regionales. Las desigualdades han sido destacadas en varios niveles: entre las regiones, entre yacimientos y entre individuos de un mismo yacimiento. La organización de estas sociedades habría sido, entonces, jerárquica. Algunos individuos, en su mayoría hombres, se distinguieron no solamente en relación con las mujeres sino también con otros hombres. Parece ser, también, que tenían una estrecha relación con las redes de intercambio sobre las cuales habrían ejercido un tipo de control. Sin embargo, a pesar de la identificación de diferencias entre hombres y mujeres, el sexo no tenía que ser el principal factor de disimetría entre los individuos en este contexto. Así mismo, los datos disponibles no sugieren que un grupo humano hubiese sido explotado debido al sexo de sus miembros.
Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif de participer à l’obtention d’une meilleure connaissance des femmes de la Préhistoire, en s’intéressant tout particulièrement à leurs conditions de vie durant le Néolithique moyen au nord-est de la péninsule Ibérique, aux relations qu’elles entretenaient avec les autres individus (principalement les hommes) et à la place qu’elles occupaient dans leur communauté, et ce par le biais de l’étude des données archéologiques disponibles. Le but est également de contribuer à une plus grande compréhension des communautés du nord-est de la péninsule Ibérique dans leur ensemble à un moment, le Néolithique moyen, où des matériaux circulent parfois sur de longues distances, reflétant l’existence de réseaux d’échanges complexes. Ces réseaux semblent liés, en Europe de l’ouest, à la généralisation de dissymétries sociales, elles-mêmes accompagnées de l’enrichissement et de la prise de pouvoir par certains individus ou groupes humains. L’existence de ces dissymétries a déjà été envisagée pour le nord-est de la péninsule Ibérique, mais le sexe des individus était-il une variable influençant la nature d’inégalités hiérarchiques ? Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, je me suis intéressée spécifiquement au domaine funéraire, les contextes d’habitat étant peu connus du fait de leur mauvaise conservation. Un corpus a été élaboré, composé de 278 structures réparties entre 45 sites, pour un total de 370 individus. Une typologie a été effectuée en prenant comme variable principale l’authenticité du caractère funéraire de ces structures, de manière à mettre en évidence différentes pratiques, qui pourraient correspondre à différentes réalités sociales ou chronologiques. En vue d’éclairer la problématique propre à cette recherche, des analyses transversales ont été menées à partir de l’information provenant des trois aspects principaux pris en considération dans cette étude : la structure, le mobilier funéraire et l’individu en lui-même. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de distinguer une diversité de situations, liées à la chronologie, au contexte global, au degré de participation des divers groupes humains aux réseaux d’échanges, et sans doute à des particularités régionales. Des inégalités ont été mises en évidence sur différentes échelles : entre régions, entre sites, entre individus d’un même site. L’organisation de ces sociétés serait donc bien hiérarchisée, et certains individus, principalement de sexe masculin, se distinguent non seulement par rapport aux femmes, mais aussi par rapport aux autres hommes. Ils sembleraient avoir un lien étroit avec les réseaux d’échanges, sur lesquels ils devaient exercer une forme de contrôle. Cependant, malgré la mise en évidence de différences entre hommes et femmes, le sexe ne devait pas être le principal facteur de dissymétries entre individus dans ce contexte, et les données disponibles ne permettent pas de dire qu’un groupe humain était exploité à cause du sexe des sujets le composant.
The purpose of this research is to contribute to the acquisition of a better knowledge of Prehistoric women, paying particular attention to their living conditions during the Middle Neolithic in the northeast of the Iberian peninsula, to the relations they had with the other individuals (especially men), and the place they occupied in their community, through the study of the available archaeological data. The goal is also to contribute to a greater understanding of the communities of the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula as a whole at a time, the Middle Neolithic, when raw materials and artifacts sometimes traveled long-distances, reflecting the existence of complex exchange networks. In Western Europe, these networks seem to be linked to the spread of social dissymmetry, which is itself accompanied by an enrichment and a power takeover by certain individuals or groups of people. The existence of this dissymmetry has already been envisaged for the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, but was the sex of the individuals a variable influencing the nature of hierarchical inequalities? In order to explore these issues, I focus my research on funerary contexts. Indeed, settlement contexts are not well-known because of their poor conservation. A corpus of mortuary structures was elaborated, consisting of 45 sites, 278 structures and 370 individuals. A typology was constructed, taking as the main variable how reliable is a structure as a funerary context, so as to highlight different practices that could correspond to different social or chronological realities. In order to shed light on the issues specific to this research, transversal analyzes were carried out. Theses analyzes were based on the information coming from the three main aspects taken into account in this study: the burial structure, the grave goods and the dead individual. The results obtained made it possible to distinguish a variety of patterns, linked to the chronology, to the overall context, to the degree of participation of the various human groups in the exchange networks, and probably to regional particularities. Inequalities have been revealed on different scales: among regions, among sites and among individuals of the same site. The organization of these societies seems to have been hierarchized, and some individuals, mainly males, are distinguished not only in relation to women but also in relation to other men. They seem to have a close connection with the exchange networks, on which they could exercise some form of control. However, despite the evidence of gender differences, sex was probably not the main factor of dissymmetry among individuals in this context, and the available data does not allow for the conclusion that one human group was being exploited by another because of the sex of these individuals.

Då antagonismen mellan öst och väst forstätter att eskalera i vårt postindustriella samhälle är det viktigt att ta reda på de bidragande faktorer som leder till en fortsatt motsättning. Det är min uppfattning att Hollywood är en bidragande faktor till denna antagonism. Det är även min åsikt att Hollywood blir påverkade av USA:s Mellanösternpolitik i utformandet av de filmer där människor från Mellanöstern och islam porträtteras.Syftet med studien är att utifrån teorier såsom orientalism, stereotypering, representation och common-sense antaganden analysera nio utvalda Hollywoodfilmer. Tre från 1960-talet, tre från 1990-talet och tre från 2000-talet för att klarlägga hur människor från Mellanöstern framställs och hur islam representeras.Syftet är även att med hjälp av Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys belysa hur samhället påverkar Hollywoods produktioner och hur dessa i sin tur påverkar samhället. Mot bakgrund av detta är Faircloughs trestegsmodell lämplig för att tydligöra det dialektiska samspel som existerar mellan samhälle och produktionen av film.Utifrån de teorier och metod som har presenterats har jag funnit att de nio utvalda filmerna framställer människor från Mellanöstern och islam på ett negativt sätt. Det har även varit möjligt att med hjälp av Faircloughs trestegsmodell tydligöra ett dialektiskt samspel mellan USA:s Mellanösternpolitik och Hollywood.
In a time when antagonistic feelings continue to escalate in our postindustrial society, it tends to be vital to look for the contributing factors to why opposition seems to continue. It is my understanding that Hollywood is one of several factors to the ongoing animosity. It is also my belief that the ongoing US Middle Eastern policy has an influence on Hollywood, which has a direct impact on the production of movies that represent people of the Middle East and Islam.The purpose if this paper is to analyze nine selected Hollywood movies using theories such as Orentalism, stereotypes, representation and common-sense assumptions. The films will be taken from three separate decades, from the 1960s, 1990s and the 2000s. The function of the investigation is to determine how people of the Middle East and Islam are being represented.Another purpose is also to establish an understanding on how society affects Hollywood productions but also how these productions in turn affect society; this will be done by using Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis. Fairclough’s framework for CDA is ideal in determenating the ongoing dialectical relationship between society and the production of movies.By using the theories and method formerly presented, I have concluded that when analyzing the nine selected movies, people of the Middle East and Islam are being represented in a negative manner. It has also been possible to establish that there exists a dialectical relationship between US Middle Eastern policy and Hollywood by using Fairclough’s framework for CDA.

The present study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the revised version of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28), following adjustment of the wording of items such that they were appropriate to assess Coping Skills in an educational setting. A sample of middle school students (n = 1,037) completed the revised inventory. An initial confirmatory factor analysis led to the hypothesis of a better fitting model with two items removed. Reliability of the subscales and the instrument as a whole was acceptable. Items were examined for sex invariance with differential item functioning (DIF) using item response theory, and five items were flagged for significant sex non-invariance. Following removal of these items, comparison of the mean differences between male and female coping scores revealed that there was no significant difference between the two groups. Further examination of the generalizability of the coping construct and the potential transfer of psychosocial skills between athletic and academic settings are warranted.

Im Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurden die Hangkarbonate von zwei miozänen heterozoischen Karbonatsystemen näher untersucht: die Malta Inselgruppe (zentrales Mittelmeer) und das Marion Plateau (Nordost Australien, ODP Leg 194). Die Auswirkungen der mittelmiozänen Abkühlung (Mi3), die auf 13.6 Ma datiert wird und starken Einfluß auf die Sauerstoffisotopenkurve hatte, in den oben genannten Flachwassersystemen stellten das Ziel dieser Arbeit dar. Dieses Abkühlungsereignis beeinflußte außerdem sehr stark die ozeanographischen und klimatischen Muster, die im weiteren Verlauf zum modernen Eishausklima führten. So steht insbesondere die Vereisung von Ostantarktika mit diesem Ereignis in Verbindung. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Einfluß dieses Ereignisses auf Flachwassersysteme, um vorliegende Untersuchungen in Tiefwassersystemen zu ergänzen und so zum globalen Verständnis des miozänen Klimawechsels beizutragen.

Die Profile auf der Maltainselgruppe wurden mit Hilfe von Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffisotopen Auswertungen im Gesamtgestein, Gesamtgesteinmineralogie, Tonmineralanalyse und organischer Geochemie untersucht. Durch einen Wechsel von karbonatischeren zu tonigeren Sedimenten beeinflußte das mittelmiozäne Abkühlungsereignis die Sedimentation in diesem Gebiet sehr stark. Weiterhin wurde beobachtet, daß jede Phase der antarktischen Vereisung, nicht nur das mittelmiozäne Hauptereignis, zu einem erhöhten terrigenen Eintrag in den Hangsedimenten der Maltainselgruppe führte. Akkumulationsraten zeigen, daß dieser erhöhte terrigene Eintrag den einzelnen Vereisungsperioden zusammenhängt und die karbonatischen Sedimente durch tonreiche Sedimente “verunreinigt” wurden. Das daraufhin entwickelte Modell erklärt diesen erhöhten terrigenen Eintrag mit einer nordwärtigen Verlagerung der innertropischen Konvergenzzone durch die Bildung von kalten, dichten Luftmassen, die zu verstärkten Niederschlägen in Nordafrika führten. Diese verstärkten Niederschläge (oder verstärkter afrikanischer Monsun) beeinflußten die kontinentale Verwitterung und den Eintrag, mit der Folge, daß verstärkt terrigene Sedimente im Bereich der Hangsedimente der Maltainselgruppe abgelagert wurden. Die tonreichen Intervalle weisen Ähnlichkeiten zu sapropelischen Ablagerungen auf, was mit Hilfe der Spektral analyse des Karbonatgehalts und der geochemischen Analyse des organischen Materials gezeigt wurde.

Auf dem Marion Plateau wurden die Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoffisotopenkurven anhand von Foraminiferen der Gattung Cibicidoides spp. rekonstruiert. Der Karbonatgehalt wurde mit Hilfe einer chemischen Methode (Coulometer) ermittelt. Genauso wie die Sedimente der Maltainselgruppe beeinflußte das mittelmiozäne Abkühlungsereignis (Mi3) auch die Sedimente auf dem Marion Plateau. So kam es bei 13,8 Ma, in etwa zur Zeit der Vereisung von Ostantarktika, zu einem Abfall der Karbonatakkumulationsraten. Weiterhin traten Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Sedimente auf, so nehmen neritische Karbonatfragmente ab, der planktische Foraminiferengehalt nimmt zu und es wurden verstärkt Quarz und Glaukonit abgelagert. Ein überraschendes Ergebnis ist die Tatsache, daß der große N12-N14 Meeresspiegelabfall um 11,5 Ma die Akkumulationsraten der Karbonate auf dem Hang nicht beeinflußte. Dieses Ergebnis ist umso erstaunlicher, da Karbonatplattformen normalerweise sehr sensitiv auf Meeresspiegeländerungen reagieren. Der Grund, warum sich die Karbonatakkumulationsraten schon um 13,6 Ma (Mi3) und nicht erst um 11,5 Ma (N12-N14) verringerten, liegt in der Tatsache, daß die ozeanischen Strömungen die Karbonatsedimentation auf dem Hang des Marion Plateau schon im Miozän kontrollierten. Das mittelmiozäne Ereignis (Mi3) erhöhte die Stärke diese Strömungen und als eine Ursache wurde die Karbonatakkumulation auf den Hängen reduziert. Die Amplitude des N12-N14 Meeresspiegelabfalls liegt bei 90 m unter der Berücksichtigung der Sauerstoffisotopendaten aus der Tiefsee und Berechnungen des Meeresspiegels anhand des “coastal onlaps”, die während Leg 194 gemacht wurden. Die Isotopendaten dieser Arbeit weisen hingegen auf einen verringerten Meeresspiegelabfall von 70 m hin.

Als allgemeine Schlußfolgerung kann gesagt werden, daß der mittelmiozäne Klimaumschwung die Karbonatsysteme zumindest an den beiden untersuchten Lokalitäten beeinflußt hat. Allerdings waren die Auswirkungen sehr von den unterschiedlichen lokalen Gegebenheiten abhängig. Insbesondere wirkten sich die Anwesenheit einer Landmasse (Malta) und die Abwesenheit einer Barriere vor den Einflüssen des offenen Ozeans (Marion Plateau) stark auf die Ablagerung der Karbonate aus.
This study investigated the slope carbonates of two Miocene carbonate systems: the Maltese Islands (in the Central Mediterranean) and the Marion Plateau (Northeastern Australia, drilled during ODP Leg 194). The aim of the study was to trace the impact of the Miocene cooling steps (events Mi1-Mi6) in these carbonate systems, especially the Mi3 event, which took place around 13.6 Ma and deeply impacted the marine oxygen isotope record. This event also profoundly impacted oceanographic and climatic patterns, eventually leading to the establishment of the modern ice-house world. In particular, East Antarctica became ice covered at that period. The rational behind the present study was to investigate the impact that this event had on shallow water systems in order to complement the deep-sea record and hence acquire a more global perspective on Miocene climate change.

The Maltese Islands were investigated for trends in bulk-rock carbon and oxygen isotopes, as well as bulk-rock mineralogy, clay minerals analysis and organic geochemisty. Results showed that the mid Miocene cooling event deeply impacted sedimentation at that location by changing sedimentation from carbonate to clay-rich sediments. Moreover, it was discovered that each phase of Antarctic glaciation, not just the major mid Miocene event, resulted in higher terrigenous input on Malta. Mass accumulation rates revealed that this was linked to increased runoff during periods when Antarctica was glaciated, and thus that the carbonate sediments were “diluted” by clay-rich sediments. The model subsequently developed to explain this implies feedback from Antarctic glaciations creating cold, dense air masses that push the ITCZ Northward, thus increasing precipitation on the North African subcontinent. Increased precipitation (or stronger African monsoon) accelerated continental weathering and runoff, thus bringing more terrigenous sediment to the paleo-location of the slope sediments of Malta. Spectral analysis of carbonate content and organic matter geochemical analysis furthermore suggest that the clay-rich intervals are similar to sapropelic deposits.

On the Marion Plateau, trends in oxygen and carbon isotopes were obtained by measuring Cibicidoides spp foraminifers. Moreover, carbonate content was reconstructed using a chemical method (coulometer). Results show that the mid Miocene cooling step profoundly affected this system: a major drop in accumulation rates of carbonates occurs precisely at 13.8 Ma, around the time of the East Antarctic ice sheet formation. Moreover, sedimentation changes occurred at that time, carbonate fragments coming from neritic environments becoming less abundant, planktonic foraminifer content increasing and quartz and reworked glauconite being deposited. Conversely, a surprising result is that the major N12-N14 sea-level fall occurring around 11.5 Ma did not impact the accumulation of carbonates on the slope. This was unexpected since carbonate platform are very sensitive to sea-level changes. The model developed to explain that mass accumulation rates of carbonates diminished around 13.6 Ma (Mi3 Event) instead of 11.5 Ma (N12-N14 event), suggests that oceanic currents were controlling slope carbonate deposition on the Marion Plateau prior to the mid-Miocene, and that the mid Miocene event considerably increase their strength, hence reducing the amount of carbonate being deposited on slope sites. Moreover, by combining results from deep-sea oxygen isotopes with sea-level estimates based on coastal onlaps made during Leg 194, we constrain the amplitude of the N12-N14 sea-level fall to 90 meters. When integrating isotopic results from this study, this amplitude is lowered to 70 meters.

A general conclusion of this work is that the mid Miocene climatic shift did impact carbonate systems, at least at the two locations studied. However, the nature of this response was highly dependant on the regional settings, in particular the presence of land mass (Malta) and the absence of a barrier to shelter from the effects of open ocean (Marion Plateau).

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
物理學系在職進修專班
91
The study of the influence of CAL software on middle school students'''' learning of buoyancy concept Abstract The purpose of this study was to learn the influence of a CAL software on the study of buoyancy concept. The sample students were 9th graders, who had learned the concept before, with poor understanding on the concept . The influences of the CAL software on learning achievement were studied through the data including pre-test, post-test, interview, and questionnaire. Five students with the most high pre-test scores and five with most low scores were interviewed to analysis their learning process and their attitude to the CAL. Whether or not the students made conceptual changes were also studied. Five conclusions were found in this study as follows: 1. There were no significant differences on achievement improvement after using this software in all sample students and higher-score students, however, the achievements were obvious enhanced in lower-score students. 2. There were no significant differences on achievement improvement after using this software in different sexes. 3. Students who used the software more often or longer time indeed enhance their learning achievement. 4. The low achievers made more conceptual changes than the high achievers, but both changes were not significant .Some still owned misconceptions after learning through CAL software. 5. All students showed high learning attitude toward the using of this software.

碩士
台北海洋科技大學
食品科技與行銷系碩士班
106
The Consumer Behavior in Dietary Supplement in Middle-Aged and Elderly People : A Case Study of Clam Essence ABSTRACT Nowadays, consumers are no longer passively ill, but hope to be more proactive in maintaining their health. Therefore, health food products have emerged under such demand. The increase in consumer spending on health care has increased year by year, and the growth of the global health food market has shown a boom in the health food market. Looking at the research on health foods in China, although there are some research topics related to health foods among middle-aged and elderly people, there is no survey on consumer behaviors with sputum (ingot) as the main axis. Therefore, this study believes that the consumption behavior of health foods among middle-aged people is necessary for further discussion, especially for related products such as clam essence products. Based on the above, this study uses a quantitative questionnaire survey to explore the issues of health care food consumption behavior among middle-aged and elderly people, and takes clam essence product as an example. The results of the study pointed out that the motivation for the consumption of antimony ingots is the main focus of the "product cognition" and "purchase situation", while the lowest recognition is the "personal" facet. Select the bismuth ingot. This also means that there is still room for efforts on the attractiveness of the ingots, but the recommendation through the media and the Internet is a well-received channel. On the other hand, the consumer demand for antimony ingots has the highest recognition with the "convenience" facet, while the lowest with the "price" facet is "the real and cheap price of the ingots is needed." This also means that the professionalism of selling antimony ingots is more valued by respondents than the price of antimony ingots; for different backgrounds, the analysis of motives of antimony ingots shows that respondents with different academic qualifications will influence The perception of “social culture” in consumer motivation, among which respondents with high school and college (scholarship) qualifications are higher than those with junior high school education or below; have experienced the experience of sputum ingots? It will affect the respondents' recognition of "product cognition" and "purchase situation" in consumer motivation; as for the analysis of the demand for antimony ingots from different backgrounds, it can be seen that respondents of different genders will affect their consumption. The perception of "brand", "price" and "function" in the demand; whether the experience of eating oysters has affected the respondents' recognition of "function" and "convenience" in consumer demand. Finally, hope that the results of this study can provide some benefits and suggestions for this topic. Keywords: Middle-Aged and Elderly People, Clam Essence Products, Consumption Behavior, Consumption Motivation, Consumption Needs

Schipperfrakturen finden sich nur selten im archäologischen Knochenmaterial. Dies verwundert, da in prähistorischer und historischer Zeit in Europa umfangreiche Erdbaumaßnahmen erfolgten. In dem Beitrag wird ein Fall aus dem sächsischen Gräberfeld um St. Kilian in Höxter (8. Jh.; Teegen/Schultz 2003) vorgestellt. Differentialdiagnosen werden diskutiert.
Clay-shoveller’s fractures are rarely known in the osteoarchaeological record. Due to large earth movements during prehistory, this type of fracture seems to be underrepresented. In this paper, a case from the Saxon cemetery around St. Kilian at Höxter (8. cent. AD; Teegen/Schultz 2003) will be presented. Differential diagnoses will be discussed.