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Journal articles on the topic 'MID-IR photothermal beam deflection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 September 2022

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1

Palmer, Richard A., and Matthew J. Smith. "Rapid-scanning Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with photothermal beam-deflection (mirage effect) detection at the solid–liquid interface." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1086–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-187.

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Photothermal beam-deflection (mirage effect) detection in the mid-infrared with a commercial scanning Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer has been used to characterize various solid–liquid interface and surface-bound species. The inherently unfavorable ambient noise level and relatively high Fourier (photothermal modulation) frequencies associated with commercial scanning instrumentation are compensated by the thermal and refractive properties of the liquid beam-deflection medium, which enhance the signal. Preliminary results described illustrate the potential of the technique for infrared (IR) studies of electrochemistry, catalysis, corrosion, and other surface modifications, as well as for polarized IR single-crystal spectra.

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2

Varlashkin, P. G., and M. J. D. Low. "IR spectral depth profiling using fourier transform photothermal beam deflection." Infrared Physics 26, no. 3 (May 1986): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0891(86)90020-5.

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3

Varlashkin, P. G., and M. J. D. Low. "FT-IR Photothermal Beam Deflection Spectroscopy of Solids Submerged in Liquids." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 8 (November 1986): 1170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864507783.

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FT-IR photothermal beam deflection (PBD) spectra were recorded of solids submerged in liquid CCl4 and in C2Cl4. Some PBD effects are described. Submerging the sample leads to PBD signals 40 times larger than those found with the sample in air, but the signal-to-noise ratio of FT-IR/PBD spectra is only increased by a factor of ten. Certain aspects of the technique and its utility are discussed.

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4

Younes, J., Z. Harajli, M. Soueidan, D. Fabrègue, Y. Zaatar, and M. Kazan. "Mid-IR photothermal beam deflection technique for fast measurement of thermal diffusivity and highly sensitive subsurface imaging." Journal of Applied Physics 127, no. 17 (May 7, 2020): 173101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5144174.

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5

Varlashkin, P. G., and M. J. D. Low. "FT-IR Photothermal Beam Deflection Spectroscopy of Black Inks on Paper." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 4 (May 1986): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864508999.

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Infrared spectra of several different black inks on paper were obtained by FT-IR photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PBDS). Even though the manuscript samples contained about 0.1–0.5 μg of ink solid, spectra of sufficient quality were obtained to enable us to tell which inks contain carbon and to permit some differentiation between similar black inks to be made. However, the identification of an unknown ink is not feasible at present. Spectra of the ink printed on two stamps, and of the black print of a dollar bill, were also recorded. IR/PBDS studies of manuscript and print are totally nondestructive, and may prove to be useful in the fields of forensics and art history.

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6

Low, M. J. D., and C. Morterra. "Infrared Surface Studies of Opaque or Scattering Materials Using Photothermal Beam Deflection Spectroscopy." Adsorption Science & Technology 2, no. 2 (June 1985): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361748500200206.

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Infrared (IR) photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PBDS) is briefly described and some of its applications to studies of carbons and highly scattering materials are reviewed. PBDS is especially useful for the study of materials which absorb IR radiation very strongly or act as strong IR scatterers, so that conventional IR techniques fail. Application of PBDS to study the thermal degradation of a phenol-formaldehyde resin, the reaction of NH3 and H2O with the surfaces of intermediate-temperature chars, the effect of Fe3+ on the charring of cellulose, the dehydration of titanyl sulphate, and TiO2 pigments, are described.

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7

Smith, Matthew J., and Richard A. Palmer. "The Reverse Mirage Effect: Catching the Thermal Wave at the Solid/Liquid Interface." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 7 (September 1987): 1106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874447437.

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Detection of species at the solid/liquid interface using infrared spectroscopy is severely limited by the opacity of most liquids to the infrared beam. In this work we use a variant of the photothermal beam deflection (“mirage effect”) method to avoid this problem. With this variant of the method (the “reverse mirage effect”), the IR beam passes through a transparent solid first, and then is absorbed by a liquid medium or by chromophoric species at the solid/liquid interface. The probe laser beam grazes the nonilluminated (back) surface of the solid and is deflected by the thermal gradient in the liquid. Results are presented that were obtained with the use of the reverse mirage technique with single-crystal silicon as the transparent solid and the use of pure acetonitrile as the absorbing sample and beam deflection medium. Studies of the position of the laser probe beam center with respect to the Si/CH3CN interface reveal interesting qualities about photothermal detection within the absorbing medium. The resulting spectra are analyzed in terms of the Rosencwaig-Gersho model.

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8

Einsiedel, Heiko, Maximilian Kreiter, Mario Leclerc, and Silvia Mittler-Neher. "Photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy in the near IR on poly[3-alkylthiophene]s." Optical Materials 10, no. 1 (March 1998): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-3467(97)00141-9.

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9

Peoples, Margie E., Matthew J. Smith, and Richard A. Palmer. "FT-IR Photothermal Beam Deflection Spectroscopy (PBDS) Studies of Polymer-Modified Graphite Electrodes." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 7 (September 1987): 1257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702874447608.

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10

Varlashkin, P. G., M. J. D. Low, G. A. Parodi, and C. Morterra. "A Comparison of FT-IR/PA and FT-IR/PBD Spectra of Powders." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 5 (July 1986): 636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864508539.

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FT-IR photoacoustic (PA) and also photothermal beam deflection (PBD) spectra were recorded with the same particulate samples (graphite, charcoal, aspirin, and silica) under the same conditions in order to compare the quality of the spectra obtainable with the two techniques. A PA cell fitted with windows for the PBD laser probe beam was used, and PA and PBD spectra of each sample were recorded at 8 cm−1 resolution at each of the four different interferometer scan velocities. Although the overall aspects of FT-IR/PA and FT-IR/PBD spectra are the same, the signal-to-noise ratios of PA spectra are appreciably better than those of PBD spectra because PBD detection is more prone to disturbance by vibration than is PA detection. Absorption bands appear at the same wavenumbers in PA and PBD spectra. However, the relative intensities of bands of PBD spectra depend on the absorptive properties of the powdered solids; with weak absorbers, some bands may not be detected at all. PAS can be used with all powders. PBDS is of little or no use for the examination of weakly absorbing powders unless they scatter IR radiation extensively.

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11

Low, M. J. D., and C. Morterra. "Some Practical Aspects of FT-IR/PBDS. Part II: Sample Handling Procedures." Applied Spectroscopy 41, no. 2 (February 1987): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370287774986813.

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FT-IR photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy (PBDS) is truly nondestructive in that none of the sample preparation methods needed for the IR examination of solids are mandated. Such nondestructive examination is, however, inefficient—in that long scanning times are frequently needed—and is not really required with many samples. If it is permissible to subject the sample to a simple hand grinding, efficiency can be greatly improved. Sample preparation and handling are discussed, and the peculiarities of certain samples are described. Particular emphasis is placed on the necessity of proper sample handling for surface studies, data of the vacuum pyrolysis of polyvinyledene being used as example.

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12

Low, M. J. D. "Some Practical Aspects of FT-IR/PBDS Part I: Vibrational Noise." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 7 (September 1986): 1011–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864508052.

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FT-IR photothermal beam deflection (PBD) signals are several orders of magnitude smaller than PBD signals generated in other spectral regions and by other means, so that vibrational rather than electronic noise is important to the production of FT-IR/PBD spectra at present. The interferometer of the PBD spectrometer produces mechanical vibrations, but the most serious disturbances arise in the environment and are of unknown origin and uncontrollable. The mechanical vibrations imposed on the optics lead to random, broad-band noise which can be decreased by multiple scanning, as well as to noise at discrete frequencies which can be nonrandom and consequently not be diminished by multiple scanning. Some types of such noise and their effects are described and discussed.

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13

Salnick, Alex O., and Werner Faubel. "Photoacoustic FT-IR Spectroscopy of Natural Copper Patina." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 10 (October 1995): 1516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953965461.

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Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FT-IR/PAS) has proved to be a useful tool for nondestructive testing of copper corrosion layer (patina) formed in the atmosphere. The samples cut from a piece of the roof of the Stockholm City Hall were examined without any additional pretreatment. The components of the patina—brochantite Cu4(OH)6SO4, antlerite Cu3(OH)4SO4, and basic cupric carbonate Cu2CO3(OH)6 · H2O—as well as some other minerals were identified. The photothermal beam deflection (PBD) method was used for independent photoacoustic characterization of the samples. The depth profiling capability of FT-IR/PAS was used to determine the degree of photoacoustic saturation of the spectral bands and to evaluate the depth distribution of the main patina components. The technique thus compares favorably with more common approaches of patina examination which are more expensive and require special sample preparation.

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14

Vodišek, Nives, Andraž Šuligoj, Dorota Korte, and Urška Lavrenčič Štangar. "Transparent Photocatalytic Thin Films on Flexible Polymer Substrates." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101945.

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Self-cleaning and/or photocatalytic films on polymer substrates have found numerous applications during the past decades. However, the common demand for high-temperature post synthesis treatment limits the application to temperature resistant substrates only. Herein, we prepared self-cleaning photocatalytic films on four thermosensitive polymeric substrates: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and acryl coated polyester (PES) fabric (D2) with poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) containing lacquer (D1). TiO2 was prepared via a low-temperature sol-gel process using titanium(IV) isopropoxide and zirconium(IV) butoxide as precursors with various loading levels of Zr; 0, 5, 10, and 20 mol.%, and deposited on the substrates by using a SiO2 binder in form of thin films (ca. 200 nm thick) via dip-coating. The films were characterized by SEM, hardness test, UV-Vis, photothermal beam deflection spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy, while photocatalytic activity was measured by the fluorescence-based method of the terephthalic acid probe and wetting by contact angle measurements. Films containing 10 mol.% of Zr showed the best compromise regarding photocatalytic activity and mechanical stability while from substrates point of view PVC performed the best, followed by PMMA, D1, and D2. The beneficial role of SiO2 binder was not only guaranteeing excellent mechanical stability, but also to prevent the D1 polymer from deterioration; the latter was found to be labile to long-term solar-light exposure due to degradation of the top PVDF layer.

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15

Bai, Yeran, Delong Zhang, Lu Lan, Yimin Huang, Kerry Maize, Ali Shakouri, and Ji-Xin Cheng. "Ultrafast chemical imaging by widefield photothermal sensing of infrared absorption." Science Advances 5, no. 7 (July 2019): eaav7127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav7127.

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Infrared (IR) imaging has become a viable tool for visualizing various chemical bonds in a specimen. The performance, however, is limited in terms of spatial resolution and imaging speed. Here, instead of measuring the loss of the IR beam, we use a pulsed visible light for high-throughput, widefield sensing of the transient photothermal effect induced by absorption of single mid-IR pulses. To extract these transient signals, we built a virtual lock-in camera synchronized to the visible probe and IR light pulses with precisely controlled delays, allowing submicrosecond temporal resolution determined by the probe pulse width. Our widefield photothermal sensing microscope enabled chemical imaging at a speed up to 1250 frames/s, with high spectral fidelity, while offering submicrometer spatial resolution. With the capability of imaging living cells and nanometer-scale polymer films, widefield photothermal microscopy opens a new way for high-throughput characterization of biological and material specimens.

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16

Ataei, Abtin, Paul McManamon, Cullen Bradley, Michael Wagner, and Edward Ruff. "Determining the Quadratic Electro-Optic Coefficients for Polycrystalline Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) Using a Polarization-Independent Electro-Optical Laser Beam Steerer." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 3313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083313.

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A polarization-independent electro-optical (EO) laser beam steerer based on a bulk relaxor ferroelectric polycrystalline Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) was developed in this study to steer light ranging from visible to mid-IR wavelengths. A large number of the resolvable spots was achieved with this EO steerer. A Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to determine the refractive index of the polycrystalline PMN-PT over a wide range of optical wavelengths. Besides measuring the transmission of this material, the capacitance bridge analysis was used to characterize the effect of temperature on the dielectric constant of PMN-PT. The performance of the steerer over a variety of wavelengths was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics. The deflection angle for the wavelengths of 532, 632.8, 1550, and 4500 nm was measured in the lab in terms of mrad.mm/kV at two different temperatures and compared to the simulation results. The quadratic Kerr electro-optic coefficient and the halfwave electric field were determined for those four wavelengths at two different temperatures. The results showed polycrystalline PMN-PT has a large quadratic EO coefficient for visible light, almost as large in the near IR, but drops significantly in the mid-IR. No significant temperature dependency for the EO coefficients was observed for any of those four wavelengths.

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17

Song, Rui-Rui, Qin-Ling Deng, and Shao-Lin Zhou. "Photonic meta-switch based on phase change and catenary-enabled continuous phase regulation." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 2 (2022): 029101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211538.

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Aiming at the characteristics of passive and discrete phase regulations inherent in current metasurfaces, we combine optimized isowidth catenary with non-volatile phase change dielectrics and explore a type of bistable phase-change-based wavefront meta-switch of continuous phase tuning and active switching. First, the switchable wavefront deflector is demonstrated in the mid-IR range between 9 µm and 10 µm. Upon phase transition between crystalline state and amorphous state, the incident wave can be switched into anomalous reflection and regular reflection, i.e. the “on” state and “off ” state of wave deflection. Further, a type of dynamically tunable Bessel beam switch is demonstrated. In the amorphous state, the polarization conversion efficiency approaches to 100% with an incident wave of 9.6 µm in wavelength. Therefore, the normal geometrical phase and the second-order Bessel focus are switched “on”. However, the cross-polarization and geometrical phase are switched “off ” upon phase changing into crystallized state. Intrinsically, non-dispersive spin-orbit interaction ensures that this kind of device possesses the broadband characteristics. Such a devise has great potential applications in active optoelectronic integration, optical communications, etc.

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18

Sharma, Ramesh C., Subodh Kumar, Abhishek Parmar, Mohit Mann, Satya Prakash, and Surya N. Thakur. "Standoff pump-probe photothermal detection of hazardous chemicals." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (September 14, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71937-4.

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Abstract A novel pump-probe Photothermal methodology using Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF) detector has been demonstrated for the first time. A tunable mid-IR Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) and a CW fixed wavelength visible laser have been used as the pump and probe beam respectively. The developed Photothermal (PT) technique is based on Quartz Tuning Fork (QTF) detector for the detection of hazardous/explosive molecules adsorbed on plastic surface and also in aerosols form. PT spectra of various trace molecules in the fingerprinting mid- infrared spectral band 7–9 µm from distance of 25 m have been recorded. The PT spectra of explosives RDX, TNT and Acetone have been recorded at very low quantities. Acetone is the precursor of explosive Tri-Acetone Tri-Phosphate (TATP). The experimentations using pump and probe lasers, exhibit detection sensitivity of less than 5 μg/cm2 for RDX, TNT powders and of ~ 200 nl quantity for Nitrobenzene (NB) and Acetone (in liquid form) adsorbed on surfaces, from a distance of ~ 25 m. The sensitivity of the same order achieved from a distance of 15 m by using only a mid-IR tunable pump laser coupled to QTF detector. Thus the pump-probe PT technique is more sensitive in comparison to single tunable QCL pump beam technique and it is better suited for standoff detection of hazardous chemicals for homeland security as well as for forensic applications.

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