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Journal articles on the topic 'Mid-hills'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

DEV, INDER, SUDESH RADOTRA, ASHA RAM, J. P. SINGH, D. DEB, M. M. ROY, M. SRIVASTAVA, PARDEEP KUMAR, SUHEEL AHMAD, and R. S. CHAURASIA. "Species richness, productivity and quality assessment of grassland resources in hill agroecosystem of western Himalaya." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88, no. 10 (October 22, 2018): 1167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i10.84145.

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Livestock contribution in agricultural economy is significantly higher in hilly regions of India. A detailed study was carried out to assess the productivity, species richness and diversity of grasses of the grasslands in different hill agro-ecosystems of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh in western Himalaya. Saccharum spontaneum (low hills), Chrysopogon echinulatus (mid hills) and Festuca spp. (high hills) were observed as the most dominant species in hill agro-ecosystems. Productivity assessment was done at five locations, viz. open forest area; enclosed forest area; community land; farmers’ field; and wasteland in each hill zone. High species richness and diversity was observed in mid hill zone as compared to low and high hills. The mean production level was recorded highest in low hills closely followed by mid hills; much less in high hills. Amongst the land-use systems, highest biomass production was recorded at farmers’ field followed by community land and least in wasteland situation. The average herbage production obtained through six cuts at periodic intervals (March to December) was 3,202 DM kg/ha, while in single harvest it was 2,249 DM kg/ha (low-hill conditions); 2,893 and 1,924 DM kg/ha (mid-hill conditions) and 1,399 and 850 DM kg/ha (high-hill conditions), respectively. Averaged over the different locations, 6.01, 6.64 and 10.87% crude protein (CP) was observed (in multicut situation) in low, mid and high hills respectively. Average herbage production obtained through six cuts at periodical intervals (March-December) was consistently higher as compared to single harvest in all the three zones.

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2

Kharel, Rekha, and Sushim Ranjan Baral. "Mitigating fodder deficits in the Mid Hills." Banko Janakari 10, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v10i2.17609.

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3

Wilks, Brian. "There is a Spot Mid Barren Hills." Brontë Society Transactions 19, no. 7 (January 1989): 310–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030977689796446050.

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4

Giri, Y. P., R. B. Thapa, N. Dangi, S. Aryal, S. M. Shrestha, S. B. Pradhan, and M. Sporleder. "Distribution and Seasonal Abundance of Potato Tuber Moth: Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 3 (September 25, 2014): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10794.

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Annual monitoring of potato tuber moth (PTM) was made in 2008/09 in15 districts of Nepal to understand the distribution and seasonal abundance. The locally made pheromone trap was installed and observed in 24 hours intervals. The activity of PTM was observed in plain, mid hills (below 2200 masl) and high hill districts. The population of PTM was found more in mid-hills than in plain whereas PTM was absent in high hill districts. The highest average number of PTM was observed in May (480±238 moth/month) with no adult moths in October to December in plain whereas 522±174 moth/month was observed in July and 18±4 moth/month in December in mid-hills of Nepal. The seasonal abundance of PTM observed from March to July (74±63 to 126±100 moth/month) in Plain and March to October (191±157 to 104±60 moth/month) in mid-hills. The understanding of PTM population dynamics could be useful to make suitable management decision. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i3.10794 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(3): 270-274

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Gupta, Arun, Anuradha Bhartiya, Gyanendra Singh, Vinay Mahajan, and J. C. Bhatt. "Altitudinal diversity in horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) landraces collected from Himalayan hill region." Plant Genetic Resources 8, no. 3 (July 9, 2010): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262110000213.

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A total of 54 horsegram landraces collected from three altitudinal zones (lower hills, mid hills and higher hills) of Himalayan region were characterized and evaluated for nine quantitative characters. Accessions collected from lower and higher hills were more diverse and differed significantly from mid hills accessions for characters viz., days to flowering, days to physiological maturity, plant height and grain yield per plant. The plotting of first and second principal component axes scores revealed that there was dispersion among the accessions collected from different altitudinal groups. It reveals a less variability among the landraces collected from same altitudinal group but high variability among the landraces collected from different altitudes. This suggests that the horsegram landraces are adapted to specific zone due to different selection pressure practiced by the farmers at different altitudes. Farmers in lower and higher hills select the landraces having high grain yield coupled with less reproductive phase duration and taller in nature.

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6

Jha, R. K., S. K. Baral, R. Aryal, and H. B. Thapa. "Restoration of degraded sites with suitable tree species in the Mid-hills of Nepal." Banko Janakari 23, no. 2 (August 12, 2016): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v23i2.15461.

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Land degradation is a major challenge in Nepal. A lot of degraded land is available within the Community Forests in the Mid-hills which are being aimed to be utilized for ecological restoration as well as supporting livelihoods of the local people. In this context, the study was conducted in the Chautaradanda Community Forest (27°44’05’’ N and 85o04’60’’ E) of Thakre Village Development Committee of Dhading District in the lower Mid-hills of Central Nepal to test the survival capacity and growth performance of different tree species (native, naturalized as well as exotic) that can be used for the rehabilitation of degraded sites. Firstly, Stylo (Stylosanthes spp.), a leguminous grass, was introduced on a degraded site for enriching nutrients in June 2008. Secondly, six different native, naturalized as well as exotic tree species (Sapindus mukorossi, Prunus cerasoides, Choerospondias axillaris, Melia azedarach, Pinus patula and Robinia pseudoacacia) were planted in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks (6 species × 4 blocks) in July 2008. The results showed that the growth and survival rate of exotic species, P. patula was outstanding; however, the performance of its native and naturalised counterparts P. cerasoides, C. axillaris and M. azedarach was found to be satisfactory. R. pseudoacacia was not found to be a suitable species for rehabilitating degraded sites in the lower Mid-hills of Nepal. Therefore, it would be wise to select the native or naturalized species for the rehabilitation of degraded sites in the Mid-hills, as sometimes the introduction of exotic species may have pessimistic ecological consequences; however, P. patula can be used as it has not shown any invasive nature since its introduction (around 1980s) in the Mid-hills of Nepal. Hence, the study shows the possibility of introducing the tree species such as P. cerasoides, M. azedarach and C. axillaris for ecological restoration of degraded sites in the Community Forests in the Mid-hills of Nepal.Banko Janakari, Vol. 23, No. 2

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7

Adhikari, Subodh, and Nar B. Ranabhat. "Bee flora in mid hills of Central Nepal." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 8 (March 2, 2012): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5558.

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Beekeeping is one of the promising ventures for economically poor families in Nepal. Knowledge about the bee flora of a certain area is very crucial for the farmers. A study was conducted in mid hills of Central Nepal during 2003-04 and 2008-09 to monitor the common plant species visited by bees with their visiting time and seasons. The flowering period of those plant species were also observed. Observations were made on the bees’ activities on flowers of different plant species. Relevant information was also collected through informal key informant interviews. The plant species visited by the bees and the bee species (mainly Apis cerena with some Apis melifera) themselves were collected, preserved and identified. Plants were categorized as major, medium and minor sources of pollen and/or nectar. The pollen and nectar statuses in different plants were also determined. A total of 158 plant species were identified as main bee flora in the study area. Among them, 19 species were horticultural plants, 42 species were crop plants, 15 species were ornamental plants and 82 species were wild plants. In total, 38 species were recognized as major, 35 as medium and 30 as minor sources for both nectar and pollen. Months from March to May and August to October were the honey flow periods. Species of Brassica, Citrus, Pyrus, Berberis, Rubus, Callistemon, Bombox and Artemisia were some of the important plants which bloomed during those months. Winter (mid November to January) and rainy (June and July) seasons were identified as the dearth periods for bees to collect honey. Some of the plants that bloom during winter were Pisum sativum, Ipomoea batata and Eupatorium sp. Similarly, Lagerstroemia sp., Impatiens balsamina, Sesamum indicum, Zea mays and many cucurbits bloomed during rainy season. Study has shown that mid-hills of Central Nepal is rich in bee flora and has great potential for beekeeping as many plants bloomed even in dearth periods.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5558 Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2011) 8: 45-56

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8

Bhatta, Gopal Datt, and Nilhari Neupane. "Simulating farm income under the current soil management regime in the mid-hills of Nepal." Himalayan Journal of Sciences 6, no. 8 (June 24, 2011): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v6i8.3243.

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Farmers in the mid-hills of Nepal follow diverse farming systems. The peri-urban area of this region, where population density is higher, faces several problems in farming. While hills suffer from erosion because they are erodible, the peri-urban areas face the problem of decline in factor productivity, particularly in intensively cultivated farmlands. The present study is concerned with simulating farm income on a regional scale based on soil management practices. Spatial explicit simulation shows that the loss of farm income due to degradation is substantially higher in hills while it is lower in valley bottoms. Strategy formulation and testing in the spatial environment indicates that Geographic Information System is an appropriate methodological tool for simulating the consequences of particular interventions. Key words: Mid hills, Nepal, spatial modeling, soil quality index, farm income DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hjs.v6i8.3243 Himalayan Journal of Sciences Vol.6 Issue 8 2010 pp.27-34

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9

Thakur, Vijeta, Mohan Singh, and Satish Kumar Bhardwaj. "Evaluation of Soil Properties under Different Forests in Mid Hills of Himachal Himalayas." SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences 6, no. 5 (September 2020): 2660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ssr-iijls.2020.6.5.3.

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10

Gurung, Anup, Sanot Adhikari, Raju Chauhan, Sudeep Thakuri, Selina Nakarmi, Sarita Ghale, Bhawani S. Dongol, and Deepak Rijal. "Water crises in a water-rich country: case studies from rural watersheds of Nepal's mid-hills." Water Policy 21, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 826–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.245.

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Abstract The main objective of this paper is to assess the water crisis in Nepal by conducting a series of case studies in rural watersheds in the mid-hills. This was achieved through the applied qualitative method, especially combinations of desk study/structured searches, consultation, and field observation. The ground survey revealed that most of the rural communities in the mid-hills have an unreliable water supply. According to the local stakeholders, 20–25% of water resources have dried up as compared to 20 years ago. Drying up of water resources disproportionately affects women and girls in rural areas as women are responsible for household chores, including fetching drinking water. The findings also revealed that low-income households bear a disproportionate coping burden as compared to elite groups, as they often engage in coping strategies such as collecting water from distant water sources, which is labor- and time-intensive, and also yields smaller quantities of water. Assuming that unreliable water supplies will continue to exist in rural areas of the mid-hills for the foreseeable future, there is a critical need to consider which, if any, coping strategies will be most effective in ensuring that poor households will have access to safe and sufficient water supply.

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11

Pilbeam, C. J., B. P. Tripathi, D. P. Sherchan, P. J. Gregory, and J. Gaunt. "Nitrogen balances for households in the mid-hills of Nepal." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 79, no. 1 (June 2000): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(99)00143-7.

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12

Hoemsen, Brittney M., Iain D. Phillips, Dale W. Parker, Aaron J. Bell, Jordyn A. Bergsveinson, James S. Armstrong, and Douglas P. Chivers. "Extended family: a caddisfly new to Saskatchewan, Canada with notes on the life history ofNeophylax splendens(Trichoptera: Thremmatidae)." Canadian Entomologist 147, no. 4 (August 4, 2014): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2014.46.

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AbstractStreams draining the Cypress Hills support unique and understudied macroinvertebrate communities in Saskatchewan, Canada. Here, we report the discovery of a species of caddisfly new to the Cypress Hills and Saskatchewan,Neophylax splendensDenning (Trichoptera: Thremmatidae). Larvae were collected early in May 2012, and are found to enter pre-pupal diapause in mid-June until mid-September. Larvae were identified asN. splendensby morphological characters and verified with genetic analysis. Its occurrence strengthens the biogeographical link between the montane regions in British Columbia, Canada and Utah, United States of America with the southwest corner of Saskatchewan. This study highlights the importance of seasonal sampling, resolute species level identifications in biological surveys and the use of genetic analyses to obtain this level of identification.

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13

Gautam, Ishwori Prasad, Navin Gopal Pradhan, Binod Prasad Luitel, and Sujan Subedi. "Evaluation of Onion Genotypes for Growth and Bulb Yield in Mid Hill of Nepal." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 5 (April 28, 2019): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v5i1.23805.

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Experiments were conducted at Horticulture Research Division (HRD), Khumaltar, Lalitpur; and Horticulture Research Station (HRS), Kimugaun, Dailekh in 2017/18 to evaluate the high yielding open pollinated genotypes of onion in mid hills of both locations. Five onion genotypes namely AVON-1016, AVON-1027, AVON-1028, AVON-1052, AVON-1074 and AVON-1103 received from Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre were evaluated with local check variety and recommended variety Red Creole in both locations in randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The main objective of the experiment is to findout the high yielding open pollinated onion genotypes for mid hill condition.The pooled analysis of data over locations showed significant differences on plant height, neck diameter, bulb diameter, weight of bulbs and adjusted bulb yield per hectare. Introduced genotypes AVON 1027 (38.83 t/ha), AVON 1052 (31.97 t/ha) and AVON 1028 (31.48 t/ha) produced significantly higher yield than recommended and commercially cultivated check variety Red Creole (27.04 t/ha). Therefore the genotype AVON 1027 can be selected as the best genotype for growing in mid hills of Nepal

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Bardsley, Douglas K., Edwin Cedamon, Naya S. Paudel, and Ian Nuberg. "Education and sustainable forest management in the mid-hills of Nepal." Journal of Environmental Management 319 (October 2022): 115698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115698.

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15

R. PRASAD and R. S. RANA. "Weather relations of rice blast in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh." Journal of Agrometeorology 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2002): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v4i2.459.

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16

Rawat, Laxmi, Mahesh Balaso Gaikwad, and Akshit Kukreti. "Insect fauna associated with small millets in mid hills of Uttarakhand." Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2021.v9.i1u.8350.

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17

Sharma, Ram P., Shes K. Bhandari, and Ram Bahadur BK. "Allometric Bark Biomass Model forDaphne bholuain the Mid-Hills of Nepal." Mountain Research and Development 37, no. 2 (May 2017): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-16-00052.1.

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18

Gotame, Bharat. "Sustainable Resin Collection and trade Practices in Mid Hills of Nepal." Initiation 5 (April 19, 2014): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10262.

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Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in mountains are one of the enormously valued ecosystem services due to their contribution to the livelihood of people. Pine resin is one of the viable NTFP in middle mountain of Nepal which is tapped from Pinus roxbhurghii tree and can be used in paints, varnishes, stimulant, anti-spasmodic, astringent, diuretic and anti-pathogenic and so on. This piece of work is an attempt to review the current status of pine resin collection enterprise in Nepalese Community Forests and its contribution to the livelihood of Community forest users in mid-hill region. Typically, existing legislations and guidelines have high potential to endure the sustainable livelihood promotion by resin tapping enterprise but the endeavors of revitalizing the financial benefit sharing and governance system is still far. The valued contribution of resin enterprise to sustainable livelihood of users is not impossible but it needs greater effort of all stakeholders. For example, partial intervention to market, involvement of poorer households, improve the local and regional governance and so on. Participatory monitoring of collection work and proper enforcement of sustainable harvesting procedure both have to be improved in state of arts that could finally recognize the rational benefit sharing mechanism among various value chain actors from collector to international traders which is indispensable. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10262 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 128-137

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19

Neupane, Bipin, Ankur Poudel, and Pradeep Wagle. "Varietal evaluation of promising maize genotypes in mid hills of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v3i2.32491.

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The varietal evaluation of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes with desired performance is one of the main objectives of maize breeding program. Fourteen hybrid maize genotypes were evaluated for 17 quantitative and nine qualitative traits in randomized complete block design with three replications at Sundarbazar, Lamjung, Nepal during May to September, 2019. The major objective was to identify superior genotypes based on genotypic and phenotypic variability, heritability, genetic advance, and correlation between grain yield and yield associated traits. We observed significant differences for 17 quantitative traits among the tested genotypes. Large variation was observed for grain yield among genotypes. Genotype RL-24-0/ RL-111 had the lowest yield (5.53 mt/ha) and Pioneer had the highest yield (11.98 mt/ha) whereas check variety Rampur Hybrid-10 yielded of 8.23 mt/ha. Grain yield showed highly significant positive correlations with stem girth (r= 0.67) and number of ears (r=0.6), but significant negative correlation with anthesis-silking interval (r= -0.55). The dendrogram grouped 14 genotypes into four clusters. Cluster I incorporated the highest number (five) of genotypes, which also had highest cluster mean (average yield of ~10 mt/ha) for grain yield. Traits namely test weight, ear aspect, anthesis-silking interval, number of ears, and tassel branching had high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations, and heritability along with high genetic advances, indicating that these traits can be considered for maize breeding program.

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Acharya, Umesh, and D. Adhikari. "Chinese Citrus Fly (Bactrocera minax) Management in Mid Hills of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 20 (July 26, 2019): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v20i0.25007.

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21

Acharya, M. P., S. K. Adhikari, H. Awasthi, A. Jha, and U. M. Singh. "Field Verification Trial of ND I-2 Vaccine in Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 36 (December 1, 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27748.

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A study was conducted to assess the overall performance of ND I-2 vaccine in Nepalese context to prevent Newcastle disease (ND) particularly in backyard chicken. The experimental studies were conducted at Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), NARC and field verification were carried out in different eco-zones of the country. Experiments were divided in three segments: evaluation of thermostability, longevity and field verification trial in backyard chickens. The ND I-2 vaccine was prepared at Central Biological Production Laboratory (CBPL), Tripureshwor. In thermostability evaluation antibody titer and mortality percentage showed that ND I-2 vaccine exposed up to 30°C for seven days was found effective in prevention of Newcastle Disease in village chickens. Evaluation of longevity of immunity showed that till 90 days there was protective immunity against ND and in field trials when vaccine delivered without maintaining cold chain, the vaccine gave protective immunity in mid hills and high hills region but not enough immunity in the terai region where the temperature was above 30° Celsius. This study clearly indicated that thermostable ND I-2 vaccine can be used without cold chain in high hills and mid hills in all seasons and only in winter season in the terai region of Nepal (temp. less than 30°C). In summer season, vaccination in the terai region could not give protective immunity (temp. more than 30°C) without maintaining cold chain.

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Remin, Zbyszek, Michał Cyglicki, and Mariusz Niechwedowicz. "Deep vs. shallow – two contrasting theories? A tectonically activated Late Cretaceous deltaic system in the axial part of the Mid-Polish Trough: a case study from southeast Poland." Solid Earth 13, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 681–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-13-681-2022.

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Abstract. The Polish Basin is a part of a trans-European sedimentary basin comprising the Central European Basin System and stretching from Denmark through Germany to southeastern Poland, and even further to the south into Ukraine. It experienced uplift during the Late Cretaceous, which consequently resulted in the inversion of its axial part (i.e., the Mid-Polish Trough) and development into the Mid-Polish Anticlinorium. In many existing paleotectonic interpretations, southeast Poland – i.e., the subsurface San Anticlinorium and the present-day Roztocze Hills – was included in the Mid-Polish Trough during the Late Cretaceous, representing its axial, most subsiding part. This paleotectonic model was the basis for facies and bathymetric interpretations that assumed Upper Cretaceous sediments, deposited close to the axial part of the Mid-Polish Trough (e.g., in the Roztocze Hills), constituted the deepest facies. In recent years, several studies have contradicted this notion. A growing body of data suggests that this area (southeast Poland) was already a landmass by the Coniacian and Santonian – and certainly in the Campanian and Maastrichtian – rather than forming the deepest part of the Polish Basin. The shallow marginal marine, cyclic middle Campanian, marly to sandy deposits, recently discovered in the Roztocze Hills, were interpreted to be of deltaic origin. This has led to the adoption of new facies and bathymetric models, which – notably – are in stark opposition to most previous interpretations. Notably, the new interpretation implies the presence of a landmass in the place where, in prior frameworks, the deepest and most subsiding part of the Polish Basin (i.e., Mid-Polish Trough) was located during the Cretaceous. Here, we document this Late Cretaceous depositional system – the Szozdy delta developed in the axial part of the Mid-Polish Trough. These middle Campanian deposits crop out extensively in the Roztocze Hills region, close to the village of Szozdy, and exhibit coarsening-upward tripartite cyclothems. Three facies associations have been distinguished: (1) dark grey calcareous mudstones, (2) a yellow calcareous sandstone, and (3) calcareous gaize lithofacies. The sequence, as a whole, was accumulated via the repeated progradation and abandonment of deltaic complexes on the delta front platform setting, with the primary transport direction originating from the axis of the inverting Mid-Polish Trough (thus from the subsurface San Anticlinorium) toward the northeast. This interpretation is supported by a suite of sedimentological, palynofacies, and heavy mineral data. The development of the Szozdy delta system is framed in the context of the dynamic tectonic processes operating contemporaneously in southeast Poland: that is, tectonic inversion (uplift) on one hand, and the generation of new accommodation space via enhanced subsidence on the other. This discovery sheds new light on our understanding of Late Cretaceous facies distribution, bathymetry, and paleogeography and might potentially suggest a different burial history than assumed so far.

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23

Neupane, Bijaya, Bijaya Dhami, Shristee Panthee, Alyssa B. Stewart, Thakur Silwal, and Hem Bahadur Katuwal. "Forest Management Practice Influences Bird Diversity in the Mid-Hills of Nepal." Animals 12, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 2681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192681.

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Forest management practice plays a critical role in conserving biodiversity. However, there are few studies on how forest management practice affects bird communities. Here, we compare the effectiveness of the Panchase Protection Forest (PPF; protected forest with government administration) and the Tibrekot Community Forest (TCF; community forest with community forest users’ group administration) in hosting bird diversity in the mid-hills of Nepal. We examined 96 point count stations during summer and winter in 2019 and recorded 160 species of birds with three globally threatened vultures (red-headed vulture Sarcogyps calvus, slender-billed vulture Gyps tenuirostris, and white-rumped vulture Gyps bengalensis). Forest management practice, season, and elevation all influenced the richness and abundance of birds. The diversity, richness, and abundance of birds and the most common feeding guilds (insectivore, omnivore, and carnivore) were higher in TCF than in PPF; however, globally threatened species were only recorded in PPF. We also recorded a higher bird species turnover (beta diversity) in TCF than in PPF. Our study indicates that community-managed forests can also provide quality habitats similar to those of protected forests managed by the government, and provide refuge to various bird species and guilds. However, we recommend more comparative studies in other tropical and sub-tropical areas to understand how different forest management practices influence bird diversity.

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Bhandari, B. S., M. Grant, and D. Pokharel. "Sustainable community water: managing supply systems in the mid-hills of Nepal." Water Policy 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0013.

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This study examines the sustainability of rural drinking water supply (DWS) projects installed by non government organizations (NGOs), international non government organizations (INGOs) and government organizations (GOs) in two districts in the mid-hill region of Nepal. Comparative analyses of different systems installed by NGOs, INGOs and GOs, which portray the work and improvements needed for sustainability, are determined. This study shows that INGO installed projects are moving forward to sustainability in terms of performance compared to NGOs and GOs. One of the prime reasons of failure to maintain sustainability is poor involvement of women from the projects' early stages. A systematic random household survey was conducted of selected projects in the study area and this showed that most of the rural DWS projects need to improve management practices and gender equality during planning as well as operation and maintenance phases. Rural people are satisfied with DWS project water availability in their communities. Results indicate that water accessibility fails to have significant impacts on rural livelihood especially for the rural poor.

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Baral, P., R. Paudel, B. B. Adhikari, M. Sudedi, and M. Jaishi. "Effectiveness of Extension Methods: A Case of Western Mid-Hills in Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 35, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v35i1.22513.

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A study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the extension methods used by IRRI-STRASA project in three municipalities namely Bhanu, Rainas and Sundarbazar of Lamjung and Tanahun districts. 101 sample households were taken purposively from beneficiaries of the project and survey design with structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The study showed that the participation of farmers in project was in increasing trend; mainly for technical support and assistance from the project. The group extension method was highly preferred by the farmers and it was found that the extension personnel contact under the project was satisfactory with methods like minikit, demonstrations and trainings having higher contact, thus helping in increasing social network of farmers. About 39 percent of study household had women participation at decision making level and 8 percent had socially mobilized level which was due to awareness and participation in the project activities. The adoption of the improved varieties was about 95 percent in the households, the reason for such high adoption being increased yield, lower cost of production, climate adaptability, higher pest resistance and higher grain quality. Finally, the overall effectiveness index of project was assessed using five indicators and was found 0.64 implying that the project was effective and the methods were classified into two groups: effective methods (trainings, study visits and tours, minikit, group and demonstrations) and moderately effective methods (PVS, FFS and ICTs).

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Sharma, Apurva, Shalini Chauhan, and S. K. Bhardwaj. "Carrying Capacity Assessment of Ecotourism Sites in Mid-Hills of Himachal Pradesh." Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 8, no. 1 (2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-642x.2020.00005.8.

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Anhorn, Johannes, Thomas Lennartz, and Marcus Nüsser. "Rapid urban growth and earthquake risk in Musikot, mid-western Hills, Nepal." Erdkunde 69, no. 4 (December 16, 2015): 307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2015.04.02.

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Dhital, Bigya, Sulav Shrestha, Krishna Kaphle, and Rameshwor Pudasaini. "Distribution of the cattle ticks from mid hills to plains of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 1, no. 1 (December 9, 2018): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v1i1.22235.

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Ticks cause serious economic losses in livestock production worldwide. A study was conducted in 2017/18 to determine the abundance of tick population on different geographical regions and body parts of cattle. Three study sites were taken from mid hill, inner terai and terai region of Nepal. A total of 45 dairy cattle (15 from each region) were included randomly for the study. Regarding the distribution of ticks in cattle body part, higher number of ticks were recorded on dewlap (38.61%) followed by perineum and udder (25.10%), ear base (15.06%), tail base (9.07%), abdomen (7.34%) and withers (4.83%). Similarly, highest numbers of ticks were recorded in Chitwan (19.46 ticks on an average) cattle followed by Dang (9.13 ticks on an average) and least in Lamjung (5.73 ticks on an average) cattle. This result indicates that higher tick infestation was found in warm, moist, hidden sites with good vascular supply and thin skin in cattle body. Similarly, more tick were recorded in cattle keeping with poor animal husbandry practices.

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Biggs, E. M., E. L. Tompkins, J. Allen, C. Moon, and R. Allen. "Agricultural adaptation to climate change: observations from the Mid-Hills of Nepal." Climate and Development 5, no. 2 (April 2013): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2013.789791.

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30

Goodrich, Chanda Gurung, and Chhaya Vani Namchu. "Identities, affiliations and gendered vulnerabilities in the Mid-hills of West Bengal." Environmental Development 31 (September 2019): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.11.006.

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Pilbeam, Colin J., Sudarshan B. Mathema, Peter J. Gregory, and Padma B. Shakya. "Soil fertility management in the mid-hills of Nepal: Practices and perceptions." Agriculture and Human Values 22, no. 2 (June 2005): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10460-004-8284-y.

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32

Rijal, Arun. "Surviving on Knowledge: Ethnobotany of Chepang community from mid-hills of Nepal." Ethnobotany Research and Applications 9 (May 17, 2011): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/era.9.0.181-215.

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Timsina, Krishna Prasad, Yuga Nath Ghimire, and Jeevan Lamichhane. "Maize production in mid hills of Nepal: from food to feed security." Journal of Maize Research and Development 2, no. 1 (December 23, 2016): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmrd.v2i1.16212.

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This study was undertaken in 2016 to analyze the production and utilization of maize in Nepal. Sixty maize growers from Kavre and Lamjung districts were selected using purposive, cluster and simple random sampling techniques. Similarly, six feed industries and five maize experts from Chitwan district were also interviewed. Study shows 56% of the total areas were used for maize production and 50% of the maize areas were covered by hybrid maize. There was no practice of contract maize production. The results revealed that 60%, 25% and 3% of the grain were used for animal feed, food and seed respectively in hill districts. Whereas the remaining amount of the maize (12%) was sold to the different buyers. The proportion of maize feed supply to different animals in the study area was varying. Result shows that at least 1.5 million tons of maize is required only to the feed industries affiliated with national feed industry association in Nepal. Similarly, out of total maize used in feed production, 87% of the maize was imported from India each year by feed industries. Analysis shows negative correlation between scale of feed production and use of domestic maize due to unavailability of required quantity of maize in time. The major pre-condition of feed industries for maize buying was moisture content which must be equal or less than 14%. Very little or no inert materials and physical injury, free from fungal attack and bigger size were also the criteria for maize buying. However, some of the feed industries were also thinking about protein and amino acid contents. Result shows 13% and 8.5% increasing demand of poultry feed and animal feed, respectively over the last five year in Nepal. Most likely, maize is known as a means of food security in Nepal, however, in the context of changing utilization patterns at the farm level and also tremendous increasing demand of maize at the industry level suggest to give more focus on development and dissemination of maize varieties that can contribute to the feed security issues as well.

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Pariyar, Bishnu, Jon C. Lovett, and Carolyn Snell. "Inequality of access in irrigation systems of the mid-hills of Nepal." Area Development and Policy 3, no. 1 (August 14, 2017): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2017.1353886.

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Rijal, Arun. "The Chepang and forest conservation in the central mid-hills of Nepal." Biodiversity 11, no. 1-2 (September 2010): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2010.9712650.

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36

Acharya, G. P., B. P. Tripathi, R. M. Gardner, K. J. Mawdesley, and M. A. Mcdonald. "Sustainability of sloping land cultivation systems in the mid-hills of Nepal." Land Degradation & Development 19, no. 5 (September 2008): 530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.858.

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Sharma, Deepika, Arti Shukla, and Meenu Gupta. "Wilt in Cucumber-An Emerging Disease in Mid Hills of Himachal Pradesh." Journal of Krishi Vigyan 11, no. 1 (2022): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2349-4433.2022.00169.6.

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38

Eccles, D. Roy, Larry M. Heaman, and Arthur R. Sweet. "Kimberlite-sourced bentonite, its paleoenvironment and implications for the Late Cretaceous K14 kimberlite cluster, northern AlbertaThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Geology of northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta: diamonds, shallow gas, gravel, and glaciers." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 45, no. 5 (May 2008): 531–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e07-065.

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Kimberlite-sourced bentonite layers have been discovered in Late Cretaceous sedimentary drill cores located within the Buffalo Head Hills kimberlite field, north-central Alberta. Two bentonites are unambiguously differentiated from “common” intermediate to felsic volcanic-derived Alberta bentonite by having similar whole-rock geochemical composition to ultramafic rocks from the Buffalo Head Hills kimberlite field and worldwide crater-facies kimberlite. The results demonstrate that the geochemical analysis of bentonite can provide a quick, cost-effective means of testing for low-volume kimberlite volcanism. The kimberlite-sourced bentonite is associated with a cluster of Buffalo Head Hills kimberlites known as the K14 complex. The K14A kimberlite occurrence has a previously reported 206Pb/238U perovskite emplacement age of 86.8 ± 2.1 Ma. This age is compatible with early or mid-Cenomanian (∼99–96 Ma) and mid-Coniacian to Santonian (∼88–84 Ma) palynological results for mudstone underlying and bracketing the K14A and K14B kimberlites, respectively. Conversely, biostratigraphically significant palynomorphs in host rock cores bracketing the K14C kimberlite indicate emplacement during the Cenomanian or Turonian (∼96–92 Ma). U–Pb detrital zircon ages from syndepositional kimberlite-sourced bentonite directly adjacent to the K14C kimberlite contains a high frequency of young (∼99–92 Ma) zircon with a best maximum 206Pb/238U depositional age of 91.7 ± 2.9 Ma. Thus, this innovative approach may provide evidence of multiple episodes of kimberlite emplacement within or near the K14 complex.

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Shrestha, Gita, and Resham B. Thapa. "Tea pests and pesticide problems and integrated management." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 16 (June 1, 2015): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v16i0.19852.

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Tea is one of the most popular beverage and main cash crops of Nepal with a very high export potential. Its plantation has expanded over 19000 ha with production of nearly 21 million kg per annum providing employment opportunity to 12000 farmers and many traders in Nepal. This plant suffers from more than 300 recognized pests, of which 25-30 insect pests occur regularly in poorly managed tea garden and some of them are major ones causing significant crop loss. Their recognition of field occurrence and incidence helps in devising management options to reduce crop loss. Therefore, a study was conducted to monitor insect pests, ascertain their nature of incidence and time of occurrence in tea garden in terai (Bhadrapur), foot-hill (Barne) and mid- hill (Kanyam) of eastern Nepal. Information was gathered by interacting with local tea gardeners, close observation in the field, collection of species and their identification in the laboratory, which showed that both terai and foot-hills with warmer climate harbored higher number of species than mid-hills. Their integrated management is essential for sustainable tea production.

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40

Spaulding, Nicole E., Vandy B. Spikes, Gordon S. Hamilton, Paul A. Mayewski, Nelia W. Dunbar, Ralph P. Harvey, John Schutt, and Andrei V. Kurbatov. "Ice motion and mass balance at the Allan Hills blue-ice area, Antarctica, with implications for paleoclimate reconstructions." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 208 (2012): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog11j176.

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AbstractWe present a new surface-balance and ice-motion dataset derived from high-precision GPS measurements from a network of steel poles within three icefields of the Allan Hills blue-ice area, Antarctica. The surveys were conducted over a 14 year time period. Ice-flow velocities and mass- balance estimates for the main icefield (MIF) are consistent with those from pre-GPS era measurements but have much smaller uncertainties. The current study also extends these measurements through the near-western icefield (NWIF) to the eastern edge of the mid-western icefield (MWIF). The new dataset includes, for the first time, well-constrained evidence of upward motion within the Allan Hills MIF, indicating that old ice should be present at the surface. These data and terrestrial meteorite ages suggest that paleoclimate reconstructions using the surface record within the Allan Hills MIF could potentially extend the ice-core-based record beyond the 800 000 years currently available in the EPICA Dome C core.

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41

Pande, Rachna, Samarendra Hazarika, Sandip Patra, and I. G. Ramkrushna. "Wax moths and their parasitoid apanteles galleriae wilkinson from mid-hills of meghalaya." Indian Journal of Entomology 82, no. 4 (2020): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2020.00096.6.

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Lalruatsangi, K., Ajit Tripura, ML Chatterjee, and Sandip Patra. "Newer Insecticides against Major Insect-Pests of Tomato in Mid-Hills of Meghalaya." Pesticide Research Journal 30, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-524x.2018.00001.8.

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43

Singh, Ajay K., Kushel Verma, Amit Guleria, Shalini Puri, Ankit Sharma, and Vaishali Sharma. "Evaluating substance use in an urbanizing town of mid hills of Northern India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 3611. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20204238.

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Background: Substance use is emerging as a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the world. Solan, a fast urbanizing town of India has witnessed mushrooming of industries and educational institutes. A surge in the persons booked under the Narcotic Drug and Psychoactive Substance Act 1985 led us to look into the determinants of the substance use in this region.Methods: We undertook a cross sectional study of one year secondary data analysis of 750 substance users screened at the de-addiction centre of Solan Hospital. The data mining was done by the cluster analysis technique. SPSS 16 and STATA 13 software were employed.Results: Mean age of users was 31 years with dominance of males (89.20 %), two third of total users were married, 75% were unemployed, 42% had upper school level education. About 60 and 38% were using cannabis and chitta (a synthetic opioid) respectively. Only 2% were consuming tobacco and alcohol. 62% of substance users had the fear of legal action and 44% had no family history of substance use. 39% had only single parent, 54% had started substance use under peer pressure and duration of use varied between 6 to 24 months. Alcohol and cannabis were used more in urban and rural areas respectively. 63 and 70% had family history and experience of peer pressure respectively.Conclusions: Cluster analysis has generated substance specific socio-demographic determinants of substance use which would help in planning appropriate substance use alleviation strategies.

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44

Biswas, Debanand, and N. S. Azad Thakur. "Seasonal Incidence of Major Insect Pests of Apple in Mid Hills of Meghalaya." Indian Journal of Entomology 83, no. 3 (2021): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2020.00204.7.

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45

Kumar, Sanjeev, Daulat Bhardwaj, Naresh Kumar, Bhalendra Rajput, and Dinesh Gupta. "Soil Physicochemical properties under Bamboos in lower and Mid hills of Himachal Pradesh." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2020-ucb394.

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The present investigation was carried out in low and mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh which represent the wet sub-temperate zone, humid sub-temperate zone, humid sub-tropical zone, and sub-humid tropical zones of the state. A detailed survey of the bamboo growing areas of Himachal Pradesh was carried out and then the study area was divided into four altitudinal ranges. Composite soil samples were collected from bamboo groves at each site from 0-30 cm (L1) and 30-60 cm (L2) soil depth for analyzing physice-chemical properties of soil. It is concluded that bamboo has the potential to rehabilitate the degraded lands by improving the physical and chemical properties of soil within a short period.

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46

Thakur, Vijeta, Mohan Singh, and S. K. Bhardwaj. "Soil organic carbon stock under different forests in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh." Journal of Natural Resource Conservation and Management 1, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.51396/anrcm.1.2.2020.131-136.

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47

Chettri, Ramesh, Rajeev Joshi, Sandip Rijal, and Saroj Adhikari. "Climate Change: Vulnerability Assessment of Vanishing Springs in the Mid-Hills of Nepal." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.03031.

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Springs are the major source of water supply for domestic and agricultural uses in the mid-hills of Nepal. Therefore, these resources must be preserved and protected for the benefit of the ecology, environment, economic wellbeing and quality of life. This study aimed to assess the community perception and vulnerability assessment of spring water. Based on the participatory methods, views and experiences of communities were analyzed to understand their perception towards climate change. On the other hand, vulnerability assessment was carried out to analyze the situation of water availability in springs. The study reveals that water consumer communities have experienced changing patterns of local climate which correlates with the long-term rainfall and temperature data. Vulnerability ranged from 0.10 to 0.67. Moreover, meager water resources and low discharge during summer have resulted a lot of hardship to the people. The findings will assist policymakers and development agencies to plan and implement their projects more effectively at the local and national levels.

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48

Veena, A. M., Ajaya Paliwal, J. C. Thilak, Himani Rana, and S. C. Pant. "Combining Ability Studies in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Mid Hills of Uttarakhand." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 02 (February 10, 2019): 1725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.203.

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49

Choudhary, V. K. "Assessment of soil fertility using Ageratum conyzoides in mid-hills of Arunachal Pradesh." Indian Journal of Weed Science 51, no. 1 (2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2019.00013.3.

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50

Ghimire, Prakash, Khem Raj Dahal, Santosh Marahatta, Krishna Devkota, and Buddhi Raj Ghimire. "Site-Specific Nutrient Management for Rainfed Maize in Western Mid-Hills of Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 2 (June 25, 2015): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i2.12538.

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On-farm experiment was conducted in eight farmers’ field, of Khasyoli village development committee (952 to 1415 masl), Nepal, from April to September, 2011 to address the major constraint (nutrient management) to maize production through site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) as this approach is popular among scientists. The experiment comprised three nutrient omission plots (0N, 0P, and 0K), an ample NPK plot, and a farmers’ fertilization practice (FFP) plot, arranged in randomized complete block design. Farmers planted open pollinated variety (Manakamana-3) and managed in their way. Field-specific NPK application rates were calculated by considering nutrient demand, indigenous NPK supply and recovery efficiency of fertilizers. Grain yield in FFP (2.32 Mg/ha) and 0N (1.79 Mg/ha) plots differed significantly from each other and rest of the treatments, but was statistically similar among 0P (3.18 Mg/ha), 0K (3.40 Mg/ha) and ample NPK (3.38 Mg/ha) plots. Post-harvest grain and stover analysis revealed that indigenous NPK supply (20-71 kg N, 19-68 kg P2O5 and 51-164 kg K2O/ha) of soil vary among the farmers’ field. Moreover, soil was poor in indigenous N supply (42 kg/ha), but rich in indigenous P2O5 (35 kg/ha) and K2O (90 kg/ha) supply, on an average. As per the principles of SSNM, the initial fertilizer recommendation made can vary from 40-222 kg N, 0- 93 kg P2O5, and 0-50 kg K2O/ha. On an average, farmers may apply no or lower dose of P2O5 (18 kg/ha) and K2O (3 kg/ha) but need to significantly increase dose of N (143 kg/ha) fertilizer for enhancing soil and maize productivity.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(2): 227-231 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i2.12538

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