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Academic literature on the topic 'Microwaves'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Microwaves"

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Horikoshi, Satoshi, Yuhei Arai, and Nick Serpone. "In Search of the Driving Factor for the Microwave Curing of Epoxy Adhesives and for the Protection of the Base Substrate against Thermal Damage." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082240.

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This study used controlled microwaves to elucidate the response of adhesive components to microwaves and examined the advantages of microwave radiation in curing epoxy adhesives. Curing of adhesives with microwaves proceeded very rapidly, even though each component of the adhesive was not efficiently heated by the microwaves. The reason the adhesive cured rapidly is that microwave heating was enhanced by the electrically charged (ionic) intermediates produced by the curing reaction. In contrast, the cured adhesive displayed lower microwave absorption and lower heating efficiency, suggesting that the cured adhesive stopped heating even if it continued to be exposed to microwaves. This is a definite advantage in the curing of adhesives with microwaves, as, for example, adhesives dropped onto polystyrene could be cured using microwave heating without degrading the polystyrene base substrate.
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Li, Guolin, Ting Shu, Chengwei Yuan, Jun Zhu, Jing Liu, Bing Wang, and Jun Zhang. "Simultaneous operation of X band gigawatt level high power microwaves." Laser and Particle Beams 28, no. 1 (January 21, 2010): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034609990541.

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AbstractAs the pulse power and high power microwave source technologies gradually matured, technologies for enhancing the output capacities of high power microwaves are becoming more and more attractive. In this paper, two different methods for the increasing of X band microwave powers are discussed: diplexers based on microwave filter and photonic crystal. For the case of diplexer based on microwave filter, the dual channel X band microwaves transmit through the filters with high efficiencies, the polarization and radiation directions for the microwaves are the same. With the application of metal photonic crystal, the reflection and transmission of TE/TM polarized X band microwaves are realized simultaneously; thus, the dual channel microwaves have the same radiation direction. A pulse of 25 ns, 3.9 GW has been successfully obtained. However, according to the experimental results, the internal breakdown in these devices limits their power handling capacities when the peak power and pulse duration of the microwaves increase. In the end, several methods for enhancing the power handling capacities the diplexer have been proposed.
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Qu, Ming Zhe. "Research on the Applications and Measurements of the Microwave Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 3176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.3176.

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Microwave technology is extensively used for point-to-point telecommunications. Microwaves are especially suitable for this use since they are more easily focused into narrower beams than radio waves, allowing frequency reuse; their comparatively higher frequencies allow broad bandwidth and high data transmission rates, and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower frequencies because antenna size is inversely proportional to transmitted frequency. Microwaves are used in spacecraft communication, and much of the world’s data, TV, and telephone communications are transmitted long distances by microwaves between ground stations and communications satellites. Microwaves are also employed in microwave ovens and in radar technology. The prefix “micro-” in “microwave” indicates that microwaves are “small” compared to waves used in typical radio broadcasting, in that they have shorter wavelengths. The boundaries between far infrared light, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields of study.
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Saito, Yukie, Kousuke Nakano, Satoshi Shida, Tomoaki Soma, and Takanori Arima. "Microwave-enhanced release of formaldehyde from plywood." Holzforschung 58, no. 5 (August 1, 2004): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.083.

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Abstract The release of formaldehyde from plywood has been greatly reduced by treatment with microwave radiation. Formaldehyde emission in the air was measured before, during, and after 2.45-GHz microwave treatment. The concentration of formaldehyde released increased with microwave irradiation and, after the microwave treatment, decreased to a level below that of nontreated material. Microwaves were effective in releasing free formaldehyde from the plywood, which is preferable to it being emitted as “potential formaldehyde” via hydrolysis. Microwaves released formaldehyde from plywood samples more effectively compared to samples subjected to thermal energy from external heating. This suggests that microwaves directly activate free formaldehyde molecules, which have a polarity that is susceptible to microwaves. Microwave treatment is expected to be an effective way to reduce free formaldehyde emissions from wood-based materials containing resins.
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Ikeda, Yuji, and Joey Kim Soriano. "Volumetric Image Analysis Of Pulsed Non-Thermal Plasma Produced By Microwave." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 21 (July 8, 2024): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.21st.81.

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We have been developing microwave pulsed mode ignition system using 2.45 GHz microwaves. This technology has shown improvements in the lean combustion limit and fuel efficiency using a real engine with propane using a microwave discharged igniter (MDI). However, the MDI’s expensive parts are a major drawback when compared to common igniters. For practicality, we shifted to a more economical flat spiral igniter to generate plasma enabling stable and sustained non-equilibrium plasma in the atmosphere. Incorporating semiconductor elements, we miniaturized the microwave generator system, enhancing compactness and increasing its efficiency. Initial plasma was generated by the partial energy from the microwaves (1 mJ) and the sustained plasma was maintained in the atmosphere by the rest of the microwave’s energy. We varied long to short-pulsed modes, changed microwave pulse widths, increasing repetition rates which affecting plasma volume and stability. Our findings highlight the significance of microwave input patterns and the transition from thermal to non-equilibrium plasma. Future discussions should focus on the ignition mechanisms of various fuels and the transition from plasma source to initialization region. Our work contributes to the understanding and practical application of non-thermal plasma in combustion systems.
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Grygierzec, Beata, Krzysztof Słowiński, Stanisław Mazur, Sylwester Tabor, Angelika Kliszcz, Agnieszka Synowiec, Dariusz Roman Ropek, and Lidia Luty. "Condition of Young Japanese Knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) Offshoots in Response to Microwave Radiation of Their Rhizomes." Agronomy 13, no. 11 (November 18, 2023): 2838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112838.

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Invasive Japanese knotweed is one of Poland’s most aggressive and difficult-to-control species. New methods of control are of utmost importance. This study aimed to analyze young knotweed offshoots’ regeneration and physiological condition after treatment of their rhizomes with microwaves of high frequency. The fresh rhizomes were microwaved in the laboratory once for different times (from 5 to 60 s, interval 5 s). Next, in the greenhouse, the growth of offshoots and their biochemical state (spectrophotometry of leaves) were recorded in three measurement series. It was shown that the microwave treatment for 35 s directly destroys knotweed rhizomes of a diameter of 1–3 cm, so it does not produce new offsprings. The treatment times from 5–25 s delay offspring regeneration and growth and development of leaves. The leaves initiate the mechanisms of protection against microwave stress in offshoots grown from the rhizomes exposed to microwaves for 10 s (increase in the anthocyanin index) and the 5 or 20 s treatments (higher values of the photochemical reflectance index). Based on the effective dose (ED50) analysis, the threshold of harmful effects of microwaves on the growth and development of Reynoutria japonica rhizomes was assumed to be 17–19 s.
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Zhao, Li, Chuanfu Yao, Hui Wang, Ji Dong, Jing Zhang, Xinping Xu, Haoyu Wang, et al. "Immune Responses to Multi-Frequencies of 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz Microwave Exposure in Rats: Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 6949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23136949.

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With the rapidly increasing application of microwave technologies, the anxiety and speculation about microwave induced potential health hazards has been attracting more and more attention. In our daily life, people are exposed to complex environments with multi-frequency microwaves, especially L band and C band microwaves, which are commonly used in communications. In this study, we exposed rats to 1.5 GHz (L10), 4.3 GHz (C10) or multi-frequency (LC10) microwaves at an average power density of 10 mW/cm2. Both single and multi-frequency microwaves induced slight pathological changes in the thymus and spleen. Additionally, the white blood cells (WBCs) and lymphocytes in peripheral blood were decreased at 6 h and 7 d after exposure, suggesting immune suppressive responses were induced. Among lymphocytes, the B lymphocytes were increased while the T lymphocytes were decreased at 7 d after exposure in the C10 and LC10 groups, but not in the L10 group. Moreover, multi-frequency microwaves regulated the B and T lymphocytes more strongly than the C band microwave. The results of transcriptomics and proteomics showed that both single and multi-frequency microwaves regulated numerous genes associated with immune regulation and cellular metabolism in peripheral blood and in the spleen. However, multi-frequency microwaves altered the expression of many more genes and proteins. Moreover, multi-frequency microwaves down-regulated T lymphocytes’ development, differentiation and activation-associated genes, while they up-regulated B lymphocytes’ activation-related genes. In conclusion, multi-frequency microwaves of 1.5 GHz and 4.3 GHz produced immune suppressive responses via regulating immune regulation and cellular metabolism-associated genes. Our findings provide meaningful information for exploring potential mechanisms underlying multi-frequency induced immune suppression.
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Yao, Chuanfu, Hui Wang, Liu Sun, Ke Ren, Ji Dong, Haoyu Wang, Jing Zhang, et al. "The Biological Effects of Compound Microwave Exposure with 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz on Immune System: Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis." Cells 11, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 3849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11233849.

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It is well-known that microwaves produce both thermal and nonthermal effects. Microwave ablation can produce thermal effects to activate the body’s immune system and has been widely used in cancer therapy. However, the nonthermal effects of microwaves on the immune system are still largely unexplored. In the present study, we exposed rats to multifrequency microwaves of 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz with an average power density of 10 mW/cm2, which are widely used in our daily life, to investigate the biological effects on the immune system and its potential mechanisms. Both single-frequency microwaves and multifrequency microwaves caused obvious pathological alterations in the thymus and spleen at seven days after exposure, while multifrequency microwaves produced more pronounced injuries. Unexpectedly, multifrequency microwave exposure increased the number of both leukocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and upregulated the proportion of B lymphocytes among the total lymphocytes, indicating activation of the immune response. Our data also showed that the cytokines associated with the proliferation and activation of B lymphocytes, including interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β and IL-4, were elevated at six hours after exposure, which might contribute to the increase in B lymphocytes at seven days after exposure. Moreover, multifrequency microwave exposure upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of B cell activation-associated genes in peripheral blood. In addition to immune-associated genes, multifrequency microwaves mainly affected the expression of genes related to DNA duplication, cellular metabolism and signal transduction in the peripheral blood and spleen. In conclusion, multifrequency microwaves with 2.8 GHz and 9.3 GHz caused reversible injuries of the thymus and spleen but activated immune cells in the peripheral blood by upregulating mRNA and protein expression, as well as cytokine release. These results not only uncovered the biological effects of multifrequency microwave on the immune system, but also provide critical clues to explore the potential mechanisms.
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Yuchen, Li. "Application of Microwave Technology in Different Fields for Energy Saving and Emission Reduction." Chinese Sustainable Development Review 2, no. 2 (June 28, 2023): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.48014/csdr.20230406001.

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In today's world, security of energy supply and greenhouse gas emissions due to rising energy demand are seriously threatening sustainable energy development, and it is urgent to promote energy structure reform. Microwave, as a clean and environmentally friendly green energy source, has developed rapidly in recent years. Unlike traditional heating methods, microwave heating generates heat through the random motion of polar molecules. This results in microwave heating having the advantages of selective heating, fast temperature rise, easy control and high heating efficiency. This allows microwaves to make a contribution in advancing the reform. of the energy mix. This paper investigates the use of microwave technology in different industries to save energy and reduce emissions. It finds that in the ironmaking industry, microwaves can speed up the reduction time of iron ore, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, while making iron ore more easier to crush and magnetically sort during iron ore pretreatment process. In the food industry, microwaves can reduce the time required to cook and dry, and maximise the retention of nutrients in food. In the field of waste recycling, microwaves reduce the volume of bottom radioactive waste in a shorter time and improve the efficiency of desulphurisation of waste rubber. In the Budur reaction, microwaves reduce the temperature required for the reaction and increase the conversion of carbon dioxide. After summarising the advantages of microwave technology, this paper also analyses the current shortcomings of microwave technology, introduces microwave-related patents and concludes with an outlook on the future of microwave technology.
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Milojevic, Natasa, D. Stanisavljev, Biljana Nikolic, M. Beljanski, Ljiljana Kolar-Anic, and Jelena Knezevic-Vukcevic. "Bacteriophage λ proliferation in Escherichia coli under the influence of microwave irradiation." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 4 (2010): 935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1004935m.

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The influence of microwaves on bacterial metabolism was investigated using the proliferation of bacteriophage ? in Escherichia coli cells as a model system. All experiments were performed under the same microwave absorption rate and constant temperature. Microwave treatment had no effect on bacterial or phage viability, or on phage adsorption. Microwaves significantly influenced phage proliferation but the effects depended on the experimental temperature. The kinetics of phage proliferation decreased with irradiation at the optimal temperature and increased at the suboptimal temperature. This result could be ascribed to the specific thermal effects of microwaves.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Microwaves"

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Hopkins, Glenn Daniel. "Empirical characterization of a plated-through-hole interconnect for a multilayer stripline assembly at microwave frequencies." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15658.

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Daian, Mihai Stelian. "Thedevelopment and evaluation of new microwave equipment and its suitability for wood modification." Swinburne Research Bank, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.3/38305.

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Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, 2006.
[A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy], Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-165)
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Matasane, Matasane Clement. "Investigation into the monitoring of microwaves in microwave cavities using optical techniques." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1076.

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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2002.
Tne purpose of this research or study was to perform an investigation in the use of optical fibers as sensor elements in order to develop a millimetre wave instrument capable of measuring microwave power within microwave cavities. Included in the scope of the project was an investigation of microwaves and microwave power measurements techniques. The emphasis of the research work was to develop expertise in photonics, by modeling and developing a measuring technique using optical techniques. This was deemed to be highly beneficial in laboratory experimentation and for possible use by microwave technicians. The implementation was amongst others, done by means of computer simulation and associated hardware, together with fiber-optic accessories. In order to conduct this research a literature and technology survey of current non-optical microwave power measurement technique was done. With this a review different power measurements systems and their relationship towards microwave power measurements was conducted. Within the scope of the project, a study of fiber optics sensors and its components was also conducted, which enabled models for a Mach-Zehnder microwave sensor to be developed. This resulted in the development of inexpensive electronic signal conditioning and detection techniques to enable measurements that employed a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer for this sensor technique. Finally, as microwaves are difficult to measure with pure electronic equipment, different approaches were made to investigate the temperature changes and other parameters on optical fiber to avoid damage to it. The specifications of hardware and circuitry suitable to measure these effects were determined.
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Zimmer, Aline Katharina. "Investigation of the impact of turbine blade geometry on near-field microwave blade tip time of arrival measurements." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26558.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Jagoda, Jechiel; Committee Co-Chair: Jacobs, Laurence; Committee Member: Seitzman, Jerry. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Ikiades, Aristidis Anthony. "Optical generation of microwaves." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334037.

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Bienfait, Audrey. "Magnetic resonance with quantum microwaves." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS297/document.

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Dans une expérience classique de résonance paramagnétique électronique (RPE), le couplage entre les spins et leur environnement électromagnétique est faible, limitant considérablement la sensibilité de la mesure. Grâce à l’utilisation combinée d'un amplificateur paramétrique Josephson et de micro-résonateurs supraconductuers de hauts facteurs de qualité refroidis à quelques millikelvins, ce travail rapporte la conception et la mise en œuvre d’un spectromètre RPE dont la sensibilité de détection est limitée par les fluctuations quantiques du champ électromagnétique au lieu d’un bruit d’origine thermique ou technique. Des mesures de RPE pulsée sur un ensemble de doneurs Bismuth dans le silicium permettent de démontrer une sensibilité de 1700 spins détectés par écho de Hahn avec un signal-sur-bruit unitaire. La sensibilité est encore améliorée en générant un état de vide comprimé dans le guide d'onde de détection, ce qui réduit les fluctuations quantiques au-delà de la limite quantique. Les hauts facteurs de qualité et le petit volume de mode du résonateur supraconducteur développés pour une sensibilité accrue accroit également le couplage spin-résonateur jusqu'au point où les fluctuations quantiques ont un effet dramatique sur la dynamique des spins. En effet, l’émission spontanée de photons dans le résonateur micro-onde est considérablement renforcée par l'effet Purcell, ce qui en fait le mécanisme de relaxation de spin dominant. Le taux de relaxation est augmenté de trois ordres de grandeur lorsque les spins sont accordés à résonance, démontrant que la relaxation de spin peut-être contrôlée sur demande. Nos résultats fournissent une méthode nouvelle et universelle pour initialiser des systèmes de spin dans leur état fondamental, avec des applications en résonance magnétique et en information quantique
In usual electron-spin resonance (ESR) experiments, the coupling between spins and their electromagnetic environment is quite weak, severely limiting the sensitivity of the measurements. Using a Josephson parametric microwave amplifier combined with high-quality factor superconducting micro-resonators cooled at millikelvin temperatures, this work reports the design and implementation of an ESR setup where the detection sensitivity is limited by quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field instead of thermal or technical noise. Pulsed ESR measurements on an ensemble of Bismuth donors in Silicon spins demonstrate a sensitivity of 1700 spins within a single Hahn echo with unit signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. The sensitivity of the setup is improved one step further by generating squeezed vacuum in the detection waveguide, reducing the amount of noise beyond the quantum limit. The high-quality factors and small mode volume superconducting microwave ESR resonator developed for enhanced sensitivity also enhances the spin-resonator coupling up to the point where quantum fluctuations have a dramatic effect on the spin dynamics. As a consequence, the spin spontaneous emission of microwave photons in the resonator is dramatically enhanced by the Purcell effect, making it the dominant spin relaxation mechanism. The relaxation rate is increased by three orders of magnitude when the spins are tuned to resonance, showing that spin relaxation can be engineered and controlled on-demand. Our results provide a novel and general way to initialize spin systems into their ground state, with applications in magnetic resonance and quantum information processing
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Antonio, Christian. "Characterisation and optimisation of the variable frequency microwave technique and its application to microfabrication." Australian Digital Thesis Program, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20070220.122922/index.html.

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Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, Industrial Research Institute Swinburne - 2006.
A thesis submitted to the Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Swinburne University of Technology in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy - 2006. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-193).
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Kim, Jang-Yong. "Novel tantalate-niobate films for microwaves." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Microelectronics and Information Technology, IMIT, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-489.

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Microwave materials have been widely used in a variety of applications ranging from communication devices to military satellite services, and the study of materials properties at microwave frequencies and the development of functional microwave materials have always been among the most active areas in solid-state physics, materials science, and electrical and electronic engineering. In recent years, the increasing requirements for the development of high speed, high frequency circuits and systems require complete understanding of the properties of materials function at microwave frequencies.

Ferroelectric materials usually have high dielectric constants, and their dielectric properties are temperature and electric field dependent. The change in permittivity as a function of electric field is the key to a wide range of applications. Ferroelectric materials can be used in fabrication capacitors for electronic industry because of their high dielectric constants, and this is important in the trend toward miniaturization and high functionality of electronic products. The simple tunable passive component based on ferroelectric films is a varactor which can be made as a planar structure, and electrically tunable microwave integrated circuits using ferroelectric thin films can be developed. Therefore, it is very important to characterize the dielectric constant and tunability of ferroelectric thin films.

This thesis shows experimental results for growth, crystalline properties and microwave characterization of Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN), AgTa0.5Nb0.5O3 (ATN), Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) as well as AgTaO3 (ATO), AgNbO3 (ANO) thin films. The films were grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) and rf-magnetron sputtering of a stoichiometric, high density, ceramic NKN, ATN, BST target onto single crystal LaAlO3(LAO), Al2O3 (sapphire), and Nd:YAlO3, and amorphous glass substrates. By x-ray diffractometry, NKN, ATN, BST films on LAO substrates were found to grow epitaxially, whereas films on r-cut sapphire substrates were found to be preferentially (00l) oriented.

Coplanar waveguide interdigital capacitor (CPWIDC) structures were fabricated by standard photolithography processing and metal lift-off technique. Microwave properties of the NKN/Sapphire and ATN/Sapphire with CPW structures were characterized using on-wafer microwave measurement technique. Measurement setup is composed of network analyzer, probe station, and microwave G-S-G probes. External electric field through the connection between network analyzer and power supply was applied to measure voltage tunability. Measured S-parameter were used for the calculation of capacitance, loss tanδ, tunability and K-factor.

The NKN films interdigital capacitors with 2 μm finger gap on Nd:YAlO3 showed superior performance compared to ATN in the microwave range from 1 to 40 GHz. Within this range, the voltage tunability (40V, 200 kV/cm) was about 29%, loss tangent ∼ 0.13, K-factor = tunability/tanδ from 152% @ 10GHz to 46% @ 40GHz.

The microwave performance of ATN film CPWIDC with 2 μm finger gap on sapphire substrate in the microwave range from 1 to 40 GHz showed that frequency dispersion is about 4.3%, voltage tunability was 4.7% @ 20GHz and 200 kV/cm, loss tangent ∼ 0.068 @ 20GHz, K-factor = tunability/tanδ is ranged from 124% @ 10GHz to 35% @ 40GHz.

The BST films CPWIDC with 2μmfinger gap on Al2O3 substrate showed frequency dispersion of capacitance in the microwave range from 1 to 40 GHz about 17%, voltage tunability = 1 - C(40V)/C(0) ∼ 22.2%, loss tangent ∼ 0.137 @ 20GHz, and K-factor = tunability/tanδ from 281% @ 10GHz to 95% @ 40GHz.

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Kim, Jang Yong. "Novel tantalate-niobate films for microwaves /." Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-489.

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Johansson, Jan. "Property predictions of wood using microwaves." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-16986.

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Internal properties of wood are an area of great interest in the worldwide wood industry. Higher demands on quality and productivity create needs for cheap and fast non-destructive methods for measuring the internal properties of wood. This work was carried out in order to investigate the possibility of using microwaves to predict the internal properties of sawn timber. The work consists of two parts. The first part has been to develop a scanner system based on a microwave camera (Satimo 9.4 GHz). The second part has been to develop prediction models for density, moisture content and strength properties of sawn timber using multivariate calibration. The primary result from this work is a well-functioning apparatus for microwave scanning of wood in a laboratory environment. The results also show that this technique is well suited to predicting density and moisture content of sawn timber and has a potential for strength property measurements.
Godkänd; 2001; 20070314 (ysko)
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Books on the topic "Microwaves"

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Scott, Allan W. Understanding microwaves. New York: Wiley, 1993.

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Fuller, A. J. Baden. Microwaves: An introduction to microwave theory and techniques. 3rd ed. Oxford [England]: Pergamon Press, 1990.

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Ishii, T. Koryu. Microwave engineering. 2nd ed. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.

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Bryant, G. H. Principles of microwave measurements. London: P. Peregrinus Ltd. on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1988.

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Veley, Victor F. C. Modern microwave technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1987.

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Günter, Käs, and Pauli Peter, eds. Mikrowellentechnik: Grundlagen, Anwendung, Messtechnik. München: Franzis-Verlag, 1991.

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Matteo, Pastorino, and Research Signpost (Trivandrum India), eds. Microwave nondestructive evaluation and imaging. Trivandrum: Research Signpost, 2002.

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Wolff, Edward A. Microwave engineering and systems applications. New York: Wiley, 1988.

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Collin, Robert E. Foundations for microwave engineering. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.

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Chatterjee, Rajeswari. Advanced microwave engineering: Special advanced topics. Chichester [England]: E. Horwood, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Microwaves"

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Qin, Juehang, and A. Hubler. "Reducing Microwave Absorption with Chaotic Microwaves." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 119–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52621-8_11.

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Chaturvedi, Prakash Kumar. "Introduction to Microwaves." In Microwave, Radar & RF Engineering, 1–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7965-8_1.

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Dale, Sara E. C., Richard G. Compton, and Frank Marken. "Microwaves and Electrochemistry." In Microwaves in Organic Synthesis, 525–39. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527651313.ch12.

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Moglestue, C. "Alternating Current, Microwaves." In Monte Carlo Simulation of Semiconductor Devices, 202–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8133-2_9.

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Buffler, Charles R. "Introduction to Microwaves." In Microwave Cooking and Processing, 1–13. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5833-7_1.

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Horikoshi, Satoshi, and Nick Serpone. "General Introduction to Microwave Chemistry." In Microwaves in Catalysis, 1–28. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527688111.ch1.

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Cho, Hyejin, Christian Schäfer, and Béla Török. "Microwave-Assisted Solid Acid Catalysis." In Microwaves in Catalysis, 193–212. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527688111.ch10.

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Yoshimura, Takeo, Shigeru Mineki, and Shokichi Ohuchi. "Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Reactions." In Microwaves in Catalysis, 213–38. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527688111.ch11.

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Kustov, Leonid M. "Effects of Microwave Activation in Hydrogenation-Dehydrogenation Reactions." In Microwaves in Catalysis, 239–58. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527688111.ch12.

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Horikoshi, Satoshi, and Nick Serpone. "Hydrogen Evolution from Organic Hydrides through Microwave Selective Heating in Heterogeneous Catalytic Systems." In Microwaves in Catalysis, 259–80. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527688111.ch13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Microwaves"

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Davies, J. Brian. "Computational methods in microwaves applicable to optoelectronics." In Integrated Photonics Research. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ipr.1991.wd3.

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Microwaves are distinctive—physically by their concern with waves whose wavelengths are comparable with dimension of the components—and by their applications, mainly to radar and to communications. Component design and analysis at microwaves often follows from the above first property, that it operates around the resonance region, which sits between the optical region and the low-frequency region (to use the language of scattering). But it is equally true in optoelectronics that relevant physical dimensions are comparable with the operating wavelength. So, as much of communications has shifted from the microwave to the optical region, it is natural than many, although not all, microwave techniques will follow this upward shift of frequency.
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Wong, W. L. E., and M. Gupta. "Development of Metallic Materials Using Hybrid Microwave Assisted Rapid Sintering." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82502.

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Powder metallurgy is a highly established method for fabricating metals and metal matrix composites. An innovative hybrid sintering technique involving the use of microwaves and radiant heating is currently proposed. The use of microwaves to heat metallic materials is not common because it is a well known fact that bulk metals reflect microwaves and causes arching when placed inside a microwave oven. Microwave heating of materials is fundamentally different from conventional resistance heating and offer many benefits over conventional heating. In this study, aluminum, magnesium and a lead-free solder were selected as candidate materials and sintered using conventional sintering as well as a novel hybrid microwave assisted sintering. The sintered materials were hot extruded and characterized primarily in terms of physical and mechanical properties. An overall superior combination of hardness and tensile properties were realized in the case of microwave sintered samples when compared to the conventionally sintered samples.
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Ryszard, Parosa. "SUBCRITICAL HYDROTHERMAL CONVERSION (SHC) PROCESS SUPPORTED BY MICROWAVES." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9626.

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Ryszard Parosa PROMIS-TECH, Poland Subcritical Hydrothermal Conversion (SHC) process can be used for utilization of wet biomass with recovery of energetic gases and diesel-like fluids. Process is carried out in high pressure (over 200 Barr) and wet biomass is heated up to 350°C. In our research we have apply microwave system to heat wet biomass in high pressure vessel – with control of the most important process parameters like temperature, pressure, microwave power and reflection coefficient. In the first stage process was tested with use of small metallic vessel connected to microwave line (rectangular waveguide) by special ceramic window. Microwave generator 2.45 GHz with controlled output power in range of 200 W to 3 kW was applied. Sewage sludges with moisture content up to 60% were heated by microwaves to temperature from 250°C to 350°C with pressure ca 300 Barr. After heating by 15 - 20 minutes inside of vessel fluid like oil was obtained with solid particles in form of carbon black. Fluid after separation of water contains hydrocarbons – with biodiesel structure. The similar process with conventional heating by metallic walls of vessel needs much longer time – about 40 minutes, and higher energy consumption.In the next stage a semi-industrial system was designed with process reactor in form of ceramic tube located inside of metallic cavity with two single mode microwave radiators connected to microwave generators of 2.45 GHz and with output power 3 kW (CW) each.Heating process is provided in stop/flow system: biomass inside of high pressure cavity is heated by microwaves to adjusted temperature (280 -350°C) and product is transported by heat exchanger to separator. At the same time next portion of biomass is injected to the cavity. During the process reflected microwave power was recorded. When treated material was in very high pressure, close to subcritical state, specific fluctuations of reflected power level ware observed. Water in subcritical condition lose polar structure and dielectric constants change, but in the hydrothermal conversion process another chemical compounds are formed (for example diesel like hydrocarbons) and treated material still effectively absorb microwaves. In the described system ca 60 – 80 kg of wet biomass (with 50 – 55% of water) was treated and ca 8 – 15 kg of diesel – like fluid was obtained. Basing on the preliminary results a new industrial scale system was designed and actually is under construction. In industrial scale installation a microwave heating system of 60 kW, 915 MHz is planned, with two radiators installed along ceramic tube. Estimated efficiency of the system is in range of 200 to 400 kg of biomass treated in hour.
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Horikoshi, Satoshi. "ELUCIDATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE EFFECT AND OUTGOING OF FUTURE TREND IN MICROWAVE CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9783.

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The German chemist Theodor Grotthuss was the first to formulate the first law of photochemistry in 1817; he postulated that a reaction could be driven by light when the energy of light is absorbed by molecules [1]. After that, photochemistry has greatly contributed to the development of photography. In addition, second laws of photochemistry (Stark-Einstein law) was enacted, and these two laws have elevated photochemistry as an academic (science) discipline over the last one hundred years. In addition, because of advances in light sources and various devices (engineering), such materials and processes as photocatalysts, organic solar cells, photopolymerization, quantum dots, and photochromism (among others) are currently being applied in various other fields. The next significant surge in chemistry is microwave chemistry wherein microwaves, which represent electromagnetic waves other than light, were introduced as a driving force in the chemical reaction domain in the late 1980s. There are three characteristics in this chemistry when using microwaves. The first is the high heating efficiency caused by the energy of the microwaves that directly reach and are absorbed by the substance. The second is the selectivity with which a specific substrate is heated, while the third characteristic is the enhancement of chemical syntheses by the microwaves’ electromagnetic wave energy, often referred to as the microwave effect (or non-thermal effect). The phenomenon of the microwave effect (third characteristic) impacting chemical reactions has been summarized in much of the relevant literature, however, the reason why the microwave effect has not been clarified to anyone’s satisfaction is that the term microwave effect in microwave chemistry includes numerous factors. In order to fix microwaves in the chemical field, it is urgent to develop laws of “microwavechemistry”, and to do it is necessary to systematization against the phenomenas of electromagnetic waves for materials and reactions. One of the reasons for the dramatic growth in photochemistry is the development of high power laser technology. In recent years, coherent semiconductor generator with the generating high power microwaves have become easy to get, so “microwavechemistry” can proceed to the next stage. We examined that the phenomena as microwave electromagnetic waves in chemical reactions by using a semiconductor generator and a power sensor. And, it clarified that the reaction rate and yield of a very small part of the chemical reaction change with the unique phenomenon to electromagnetic waves [2]. On the other hand, generally, as plants, enzymes, biological substances temperature rises, it inhibits growth and reaction. This phenomenon was used to overcome the electromagnetic wave effect. We have succeeded in improving these activities by irradiating weak microwaves which do not increase these temperatures [3]. If microwave heating is given to them, it will work negatively. In this invited presentation, it introduces the possibility of electromagnetic wave effect(s) in these and explain its industrial application.
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Andres, Ana, Ruth De los Reyes, Mariola Sansano, D. Alcañiz, Ana Heredia, and Elias De los Reyes. "Innovative microwave technologies for food drying processes." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7725.

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It is well known that microwaves can assist most of food drying processes; but despite its benefits, microwave energy has not yet been exploited to its potential in the industrial applications. Some of the reasons are because available microwave technology (tubes and valves) cannot offer a homogeneous heating, causing hot/cold spots depending on product geometry and distribution in the chamber or tunnel. Particularly in drying processes, when available water decreases, the efficiency of the process will decrease. If the microwave power is not adjusted at this point of the drying process, the electromagnetic field strength increases and thermal runaway, arcing, or plasma formation can be created. Currently, the solid-state microwave heating (S2MH) technology is considered one of the most promising options to avoid the ancient problems preserving the known advantages. The new S2MH features include frequency and phase variability and control, low input-voltage requirements, compactness and rigidity, reliability, and better compatibility with other electronic possibilities (Internet-of-Things). The first notable advantaged is the S2MH system ability to assess feedback from forward and reflected signal. This allows the application to easily measure and track the energy levels being put into the load, which can avoid the mentioned final drying problem, together with many others related to monitoring needs. On the other hand, almost all energy consumption and CO2 generation in drying processes correspond to air heating stage. To tackle this problem, Advanced Materials for Microwaves based Heating (AM2H) have been developed for transducing electromagnetic energy into heat, which is transferred to air by using high contact surface ceramic structures. The aim of this work is to review Microwaves Assisted Drying Processes and to present the advantages offered by two innovative microwave technologies: Solid-State Microwave Heating (S2MH) technology and Advanced Materials for Microwaves based Heating (AM2H).
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Tioni, Estevan, and Pascal Rousseaux. "BRINGING TOGETHER MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9901.

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It is nowadays admitted that microwaves are frequently used in organic chemistry labs [1] (even if not as much as it was predicted 20 years ago, one must say [2]). On the other side it is also certain that this technology has not yet found its place in chemical industry: application at a production scale are very scarce [3][4] and this despite the potential advantages of the technology (selective heating, high heating rate, low thermal inertia…). The point is that mastering all the aspects of microwaves assisted synthesis at industrial scale demands a lot of different skills to work together: chemistry, process engineering, microwave engineering, materials science. This is so challenging that tools and methodologies for quantification of industrial microwave interest and scaling-up of lab results are missing. In this work we present our contributions to the deployment of microwaves for synthesis in the chemical industry which are mainly The development of small pilot reactors (1 L) in stainless steel, capable to withstand temperature and pressureThe application of a chemical engineering methodology to microwave assisted synthesisAn example of intensification (see table) of an industrially interesting reaction using microwave to access NPW (high temperature and pressure)A tentative of rationalization of process criteria to identify a priori the interest of microwave heating for a specific application [1]. Diaz-Ortiz et al., Chem. Rec. 2019, 19, 85–97 [2]. Kappe, Chem. Rec. 2019, 19, 15–39 [3]. Aldivia, brevet WO2004/066683A1 [4]. https://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i36/Microwaving-ton.html
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Aguilar-Garib, Juan Antonio, Osvaldo Tijerina-García, and Javier Garza-Guajardo. "SINTERING OF MLCC’S BARIUM TITANATE WITH MICROWAVES." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9919.

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A comparison of microwave and conventional, in an electric resistance furnace, sintered layers of dielectric base barium titanate (BaTiO3) of the kind employed for multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) was performed. Two kinds of samples were used for each processing method; the layers alone without electrodes, and the green MLCC with the layers and electrodes interdigitated. Samples were exposed to microwaves for 20 minutes and heated up to 1050°C and 1150°C for sintering in a crucible with graphite that acted as reduction agent and microwave susceptor. Conventional sintering was performed in the same arrangement but lasted 120 minutes since it was found that 20 minutes was not enough time to achieve sintering. Heating rate in both cases was 10 °C/min. It was observed that the layers without the electrodes achieve about the same densification for both processes, while in the case of the green MLCC’s the results were variable, ranging from sample that became dust, to cracked samples and some well sintered ones. At least in the microwave case, it is possible that the variability of the results is due to the importance of the location of the sample in the cavity that in turn affects the electric field pattern, especially because the presence of the electrodes that can cause overheating around them.
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Deleu, Willem Peter Rien, Vincent Goovaerts, and Carlo Groffils. "Hybrid microwave with heat recovery for an efficient drying process." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9870.

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Microwave technology has come a long way from the sixties when the first microwave ovens were developed. This first generation of microwave ovens uses only microwaves to heat the substrate and with an efficiency of around 63% in converting electrical energy to microwaves, this means 37% of the electric energy is lost as heat. The first improvement to this system “second generation” is using hybrid heating with both microwaves and hot air. The hot air in this case is simply the air used to cool the magnetron and transformers that is blown into the microwave cavity. The 37% of lost energy can thus be reused. The first role of the hot air current is to remove moisture from the cavity to avoid condensation on the (cold) cavity walls. The second role is to insulate the hot product from the cold environment and prevent energy loss. The third role is increasing evaporation speed; this decreases drying time and can also keep the drying temperature low through evaporative cooling. Low drying temperatures are favored in many processes especially with food as it delivers a superior dry product.The “third generation” utilizes an additional heat exchange to further increase the system’s efficiency. The hot (wet) exhaust air is not fully saturated yet so it can be used to preheat the substrate before it enters the microwave cavity. A good example is thawing and preheating frozen starting material. If water cooled magnetrons are used, the hot air is replaced by hot water instead for the heat exchange. Microwave processes are generally much faster resulting in smaller machines and reduced operational area. When designing a microwave process all these factors need to be taken into account to result in the cheapest and most robust process. As heat exchange generally takes a long time, it should only be done to a degree that it does not slow down the microwave process.
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Yao, Lu, and Yun-Feng Xiao. "Photonics microwave genenration using soliton microcombs in billion Q optical microresonator." In Nonlinear Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlo.2023.th1a.5.

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We report the soliton microwave oscillators using oversized billion Q optical microresonator. The synthesized X-band microwaves features an absolute phase noise level of -107(-133) dBc/Hz at 1(10) kHz offset frequency.
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Thostenson, Erik T., and Tsu-Wei Chou. "Application of Microwave Heating for Adhesive Joining." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0137.

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Abstract In conventional joining of composite materials and sandwich structures, reductions in processing time are limited by inefficient heat transfer. In conventional processing the thermal energy must diffuse through the composite layers to heat the joint interface and cure the thermosetting adhesive, and this outside-in process of heating results in excessive processing times and wasted energy. The purpose of the current work is to examine microwave heating as an alternative to conventional heating for joining of composite structures. Through proper material selection, microwaves are able to penetrate the substrate materials and cure the adhesives in-situ. Selective heating with microwaves is achieved by incorporating interlayer materials that have high dielectric loss properties relative to the substrate materials. In this study, a processing window for elevated temperature curing of an epoxy paste adhesive system (HYSOL EA 9359.3) was developed and composite joint systems were manufactured using conventional and microwave techniques and tested in shear. Microwave curing resulted in both enhanced shear strength and less scatter in experimental data.
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Reports on the topic "Microwaves"

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Kues, Henry. Effects of Microwave Radiation on Humans. Monkeys Exposed to 1.25 GHZ pulsed Microwaves. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada249997.

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Tricoles, G., E. L. Rope, and J. L. Nilles. Real Time Imaging with Radio Waves and Microwaves. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada175515.

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Manheimer, Wallace M. High Power Microwaves for Defense and Accelerator Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada223550.

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Remillard, Stephen. Generating and Sustaining Microplasma with Microwaves Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1887846.

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Walling, Eileen M. High Power Microwaves: Strategic and Operational Implications for Warfare. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425472.

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Simakov, Evgenya I. Using photonic band gap structures for accelerators, microwaves and THz. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1110307.

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Decker, Franz-Josef. Impact of Microwaves on the Electron Cloud and Incoherent Effects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/800004.

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Swicord, Mays L. A Study of the Effects of High Power Pulsed 2450 MHz Microwaves, ELF modulated Microwaves, and ELF Fields on Human Lymphocytes and Selected Cell Lines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada269070.

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Fenstermacher, M. Comparison of propagation and absorption of FEL-generated microwaves with theory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7185289.

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Huebschman, Benjamin D. Calibration and Verification Procedures at ARL for the Focus Microwaves Load Pull System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada458331.

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