Journal articles: 'Microwave sensing'

1

Parry, J. T. "Satellite microwave remote sensing." Photogrammetria 40, no. 1 (September 1985): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-8663(85)90048-1.

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Gawarecki, S. J. "Satellite microwave remote sensing." Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 9, no. 3 (August 1985): 316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0265(85)90027-2.

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Croom, D. L. "Satellite Microwave Remote Sensing." IEE Proceedings F Communications, Radar and Signal Processing 132, no. 2 (1985): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-1.1985.0030.

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Krohn, M. D. "Satellite microwave remote sensing." Earth-Science Reviews 22, no. 3 (November 1985): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(85)90072-8.

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Makhnovskiy, Dmitriy, Arkadi Zhukov, V. Zhukova, and J. Gonzalez. "Tunable and Self-Sensing Microwave Composite Materials Incorporating Ferromagnetic Microwires." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.201.

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New types of stress sensitive and magnetic field tunable microwave composite materials are discussed where embedded short ferromagnetic microwire inclusions are used as controllable radiative elements. The dc external magnetic field is applied to the whole composite structure. And, the local stress is transferred to the individual microwires through the accommodating composite matrix. The spatial and angular distributions of microwires can be random, partly ordered, or completely ordered. For a wide frequency range, the free-space microwave response of a wire-filled composite can be characterized by a complex effective permittivity with resonance frequency dispersion. The latter depends on the conductive and magnetic properties of the microwire inclusions that contribute to the ac microwire magnetoimpedance (MI). In the vicinity of the so-called antenna resonance frequency, which is defined by the length of microwires and matrix dielectric constant, any variations in the MI of the microwires will result in large changes of the effective permittivity, and hence the reflection and transmission coefficients for an incident microwave. The field or stress dependence of the effective permittivity arises from the corresponding field or stress sensitivity of the MI in the ferromagnetic microwires with induced circumferential or helical magnetic anisotropy, respectively. The strong field tunable effect in the proposed composite materials can be utilized to introduce reconfigurable microwave properties in coatings, absorbers, and randomizers, and also in new media such as microwave metamaterials and bandgap wire structures. A maximum field tunability of 30 dB was achieved for free-space transmission measurements when the external magnetic field changed from zero to ~40 Oe. The stress sensitivity of reflection and transmission coefficients opens up new possibilities for the distant non-destructive testing and evaluation of composite materials both in the laboratory environment and large scale applications. The stress tunability of transmission coefficient may reach up to 5-8 dB within the elastic limit. The reflection coefficient usually demonstrates less tunability in both cases (field and stress dependent) and may require a multilayer structure to achieve better results, but it is always strong enough for the stress sensing applications.

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Tai, Tzu-Chun, Hung-Wei Wu, Cheng-Yuan Hung, and Yeong-Her Wang. "Food Security Sensing System Using a Waveguide Antenna Microwave Imaging through an Example of an Egg." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030699.

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In this paper, we present a form of food security sensing using a waveguide antenna microwave imaging system through an example of an egg. A waveguide antenna system with a frequency range of 7–13 GHz and a maximum gain of 17.37 dBi was proposed. The maximum scanning area of the waveguide antenna microwave imaging sensing system is 30 × 30 cm2. In order to study the resolution and sensitivity of the waveguide antenna microwave imaging sensing system, the circular and triangular high-k materials (with the same thickness but with different dielectric constants of the materials) were used as the testing sample for observing the microwave images. By using the proposed waveguide antenna microwave imaging sensing system, the high-k materials with different dielectric constants and shapes could be easily sensed. Therefore, the waveguide antenna microwave imaging sensing system could be potentially used for applications in rapid, non-destructive food security sensing. Regarding the example of an egg, the proposed waveguide antenna microwave imaging sensing system could effectively identify the health status of many eggs very quickly. The proposed waveguide antenna microwave imaging sensing system provides a simple, non-destructive, effective, and rapid method for food security applications.

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Opaluch, Oliver Roman, Nimba Oshnik, Richard Nelz, and Elke Neu. "Optimized Planar Microwave Antenna for Nitrogen Vacancy Center Based Sensing Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082108.

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Individual nitrogen vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond are versatile, spin-based quantum sensors. Coherently controlling the spin of NV centers using microwaves in a typical frequency range between 2.5 and 3.5 GHz is necessary for sensing applications. In this work, we present a stripline-based, planar, Ω-shaped microwave antenna that enables one to reliably manipulate NV spins. We found an optimal antenna design using finite integral simulations. We fabricated our antennas on low-cost, transparent glass substrate. We created highly uniform microwave fields in areas of roughly 400 × 400 μm2 while realizing high Rabi frequencies of up to 10 MHz in an ensemble of NV centers.

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Carver, K. R., C. Elachi, and F. T. Ulaby. "Microwave remote sensing from space." Proceedings of the IEEE 73, no. 6 (1985): 970–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/proc.1985.13230.

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Graham, Alastair J. "Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing." Photogrammetric Record 24, no. 126 (June 2009): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2009.00531_1.x.

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Zhang, Kunyi, Reza K. Amineh, Ziqian Dong, and David Nadler. "Microwave Sensing of Water Quality." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 69481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2918996.

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Fathy, Aly, and Arye Rosen. "Microwave motion sensing (review of, "microwave noncontact motion sensing and analysis") [book\/software reviews]." IEEE Microwave Magazine 15, no. 2 (March 2014): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2013.2296392.

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Schlüter, Norbert, and Georg Heygster. "Remote sensing of Antarctic clouds with infrared and passive microwave sensors." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 11, no. 1 (March 5, 2002): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2002/0011-0021.

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Lin, Mingsen, and Yongjun Jia. "Past, Present and Future Marine Microwave Satellite Missions in China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061330.

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Over the past 60 years, China has made fruitful achievements in the field of ocean microwave remote sensing satellite technology. A long-term plan has now been formulated for the development of Chinese ocean satellites, as well as the construction of a constellation of ocean dynamic environmental and ocean surveillance satellites. These will gradually form China’s ocean monitoring network from space, thereby playing important roles in future ocean resource and environmental monitoring, marine disaster prevention and reduction, and global climate change. In this review manuscript, the developmental history of ocean microwave satellites and the development status of oceanic microwave remote sensing satellites in China are reviewed. In addition, China’s achievements in the field of oceanic microwave remote sensing satellite technology are summarized, and the future development of China’s ocean microwave remote sensing satellite program is analysed.

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Barsukov, I. A., V. V. Boldyrev, M. I. Gavrilov, G. E. Evseev, A. N. Egorov, P. A. Il’gasov, V. Yu Pantsov, et al. "Satellite Microwave Radiometry for Earth Remote Sensing." Rocket-space device engineering and information systems 8, no. 1 (2021): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30894/issn2409-0239.2021.8.1.11.23.

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The issues of development of the direction of satellite microwave radiometry in Russia in the interests of operational meteorology and oceanography are considered. The analysis of the current state of Russian and foreign radiometric ERS equipment in the microwave range is carried out. The technical characteristics of onboard multichannel microwave radiometers, combining the functions of a scanner and a sounder, are analyzed. The issues of metrological support of microwave measurements of equipment installed on Russian satellites of the Meteor-M series are considered. The original method of internal calibration of the MTVZA-GYA microwave scanner/sounding device is analyzed in detail in order to form the antenna temperature scale. The MTVZA-GYA calibration unit measures the radiation intensity of two matched loads with known brightness temperatures (“hot” and “cold”). An on-board calibrator is used as a “hot” load, it serves as an imitator of an absolutely black body, its brightness temperature of which is in the range of 240–300 K. Absolute (external) calibration is a transition from antenna to brightness temperatures and is performed using high-precision radiation calculations for specially selected natural testing sites. The issues of preliminary processing of MTVZA-GYA data are considered and examples of microwave images of the Earth in the scale of brightness temperatures are given.

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Gopalakrishnan, Keerthy, Aakriti Adhikari, Namratha Pallipamu, Mansunderbir Singh, Tasin Nusrat, Sunil Gaddam, Poulami Samaddar, et al. "Applications of Microwaves in Medicine Leveraging Artificial Intelligence: Future Perspectives." Electronics 12, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051101.

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Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with waves of electrical and magnetic energy transmitted at different frequencies. They are widely used in various industries, including the food industry, telecommunications, weather forecasting, and in the field of medicine. Microwave applications in medicine are relatively a new field of growing interest, with a significant trend in healthcare research and development. The first application of microwaves in medicine dates to the 1980s in the treatment of cancer via ablation therapy; since then, their applications have been expanded. Significant advances have been made in reconstructing microwave data for imaging and sensing applications in the field of healthcare. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled microwave systems can be developed to augment healthcare, including clinical decision making, guiding treatment, and increasing resource-efficient facilities. An overview of recent developments in several areas of microwave applications in medicine, namely microwave imaging, dielectric spectroscopy for tissue classification, molecular diagnostics, telemetry, biohazard waste management, diagnostic pathology, biomedical sensor design, drug delivery, ablation treatment, and radiometry, are summarized. In this contribution, we outline the current literature regarding microwave applications and trends across the medical industry and how it sets a platform for creating AI-based microwave solutions for future advancements from both clinical and technical aspects to enhance patient care.

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SATHIYAMOORTHY, V., B. SIMON, and P. C. JOSHI. "Application of microwave remote sensing data for Indian summer monsoon studies." MAUSAM 54, no. 1 (January 18, 2022): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v54i1.1504.

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Microwave remote sensing is increasingly being used for studying the atmospheric and oceanic processes for the last few decades. Advantage of the microwave sensors is that they can see through the clouds and to some extent rain. Monsoon studies received considerable thrust from microwave remote sensing because clouds cover most parts of Asia during the summer monsoon season and the visible and infrared sensors poorly perform over this region. This paper summarizes the significant results obtained towards the understanding and forecasting of Indian summer monsoon especially monsoon onset, intraseasonal oscillation of monsoon, diurnal variability of rainfall and boundary layer fluxes with the help of microwave remote sensing.

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Li, Liwei, Xiaoke Yi, Shijie Song, Suen Xin Chew, Robert Minasian, and Linh Nguyen. "Microwave Photonic Signal Processing and Sensing Based on Optical Filtering." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010163.

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Microwave photonics, based on optical filtering techniques, are attractive for wideband signal processing and high-performance sensing applications, since it brings significant benefits to the fields by overcoming inherent limitations in electronic approaches and by providing immunity to electromagnetic interference. Recent developments in optical filtering based microwave photonics techniques are presented in this paper. We present single sideband modulation schemes to eliminate dispersion induced power fading in microwave optical links and to provide high-resolution spectral characterization functions, single passband microwave photonic filters to address the challenges of eliminating the spectral periodicity in microwave photonic signal processors, and review the approaches for high-performance sensing through implementing microwave photonics filters or optoelectronic oscillators to enhance measurement resolution.

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Gradov, Oleg V., and Margaret A. Gradova. "Microwave Enthrakometric Labs-On-A-Chip and On-Chip Enthrakometric Catalymetry: From Non-Conventional Chemotronics Towards Microwave-Assisted Chemosensors." Chemosensors 7, no. 4 (October 17, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors7040048.

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A unique chemical analytical approach is proposed based on the integration of chemical radiophysics with electrochemistry at the catalytically-active surface. This approach includes integration of: radiofrequency modulation polarography with platinum electrodes, applied as film enthrakometers for microwave measurements; microwave thermal analysis performed on enthrakometers as bolometric sensors; catalytic measurements, including registration of chemical self-oscillations on the surface of a platinum enthrakometer as the chemosensor; measurements on the Pt chemosensor implemented as an electrochemical chip with the enthrakometer walls acting as the chip walls; chemotron measurements and data processing in real time on the surface of the enthrakometric chip; microwave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements using an enthrakometer both as a substrate and a microwave power meter; microwave acceleration of chemical reactions and microwave catalysis оn the Pt surface; chemical generation of radio- and microwaves, and microwave spin catalysis; and magnetic isotope measurements on the enthrakometric chip. The above approach allows one to perform multiparametric physical and electrochemical sensing on a single active enthrakometric surface, combining the properties of the selective electrochemical sensor and an additive physical detector.

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Barber, David G. "Passive microwave remote sensing of oceans." Limnology and Oceanography 44, no. 3 (May 1999): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.3.0738.

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Koike, Tosio, and Tomoyuki Suhama. "Passive-microwave remote sensing of snow." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500011691.

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The radiative-transfer theory and the Rayleigh scattering model were used to obtain the microwave brightness temperatures from dry snowpacks on the ground, which was modelled by a scattering dielectric layer and an underlying homogeneous half-space. The total radio brightness at the radiometer was the sum of the direct and diffuse radiation field intensities. The result of the model application was in good agreement with the observational data, which were obtained through the airborne experiments for the MOS-1 Verification Program around Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan, in February 1988.

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Liao, S., N. Gopalsami, A. Heifetz, T. Elmer, P. Fiflis, E. R. Koehl, H. T. Chien, and A. C. Raptis. "Microwave Remote Sensing of Ionized Air." IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 8, no. 4 (July 2011): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lgrs.2010.2098016.

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KOIKE, Tosio, Iwao GOTO, and Tomoyuki SUHAMA. "Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpacks." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 35 (1991): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.35.33.

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Perticaroli, S., V. Varlamava, and F. Palma. "Microwave sensing of nanostructured semiconductor surfaces." Applied Physics Letters 104, no. 1 (January 6, 2014): 013110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4861424.

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Schumann, Guy J. P., and Delwyn K. Moller. "Microwave remote sensing of flood inundation." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 83-84 (2015): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2015.05.002.

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25

Koike, Tosio, and Tomoyuki Suhama. "Passive-microwave remote sensing of snow." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500011691.

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The radiative-transfer theory and the Rayleigh scattering model were used to obtain the microwave brightness temperatures from dry snowpacks on the ground, which was modelled by a scattering dielectric layer and an underlying homogeneous half-space. The total radio brightness at the radiometer was the sum of the direct and diffuse radiation field intensities. The result of the model application was in good agreement with the observational data, which were obtained through the airborne experiments for the MOS-1 Verification Program around Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan, in February 1988.

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Bakır, M., M. Karaaslan, E. Unal, O. Akgol, and C. Sabah. "Microwave metamaterial absorber for sensing applications." Opto-Electronics Review 25, no. 4 (December 2017): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.opelre.2017.10.002.

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SABER, M. "MICROWAVE SENSING TECHNIQUE FOR GAS MOLECULES." International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology 4, ASAT CONFERENCE (May 1, 1991): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/asat.1991.25680.

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Magi, Brian I., Thomas Winesett, and Daniel J. Cecil. "Estimating Lightning from Microwave Remote Sensing Data." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 9 (September 2016): 2021–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0306.1.

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AbstractThis study evaluates a method for estimating the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash rate from microwave remote sensing data. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites have been in operation since 1987 and include global-viewing microwave sensors that capture thunderstorms as brightness temperature depressions. The National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) has monitored CG lightning in the United States since 1997. This study investigates the relationship between CG lightning and microwave brightness temperature fields for the contiguous United States from April to September for the years 2005–12. The findings suggest that an exponential function, empirically fit to the NLDN and SSM/I data, provides lightning count measurements that agree to within 60%–70% with NLDN lightning, but with substantial misses and false alarms in the predictions. The discrepancies seem to be attributable to regional differences in thunderstorm characteristics that require a detailed study at smaller spatial scales to truly resolve, but snow at higher elevations also produces some anomalous microwave temperature depressions similar to those of thunderstorms. The results for the contiguous United States in this study are a step toward potentially using SSM/I data to estimate CG lightning around the world, although the sensitivity of the results to regional differences related to meteorological regimes would need further study.

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Zhang, Meng, Guangxin Huo, Juncheng Bao, Tomislav Markovic, Patrick Van Dijck, and Bart Nauwelaers. "Microwave Interferometric Cytometry for Signal Analysis of Single Yeast Cells." Chemosensors 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2022): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10080318.

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Microwave dielectric sensing offers a rapid, label-free, and non-invasive way of characterization and sensing of biological materials at the microfluidic scale. In this work, a dielectric sensing is achieved with a microwave interferometric setup that is applied to cytometric applications. A fast way to analyze and design an interferometric system at microwave frequencies in software tools is proposed together with a novel manufacturing and assembly process, which enables a short recovery time and avoids extensive microwave-microfluidic chip fabrication. The simulation and measurement results of the interferometric setup are in agreement with an excellent match at levels below S21 = −60 dB. The sensitive microwave setup is evaluated on measurements of 3 µm polystyrene spheres and finally applied for characterization of a widely used laboratory Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, the S288C, in a frequency range from 4 to 18 GHz.

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Kumar, Suresh, and Vijay Bhagat. "Remote Sensing Satellites for Land Applications: A Review." Remote Sensing of Land 2, no. 2 (July 4, 2019): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj1.18020203.

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Satellite remote sensing offers a unique opportunity in deriving various components of land information by integrating with ground based observation. Currently several remote sensing satellites are providing multispectral, hyperspectral and microwave data to cater the need of various land applications. Several old age remote sensing satellites have been updated with new generation satellites offering high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. Microwave remote sensing data is now available with high spatial resolution and providing land information in cloudy weather condition that strengthening availability of remote sensing data in all days. Spatial resolution has significantly improved over the decades and temporal resolution has improved from months to daily. Indian Remote Sensing programs are providing state of the art satellite data in optical and microwave wavelength regions to meet large land applications in the country. Today several remote sensing data is available as open data sources. Upcoming satellite remote sensing data will help in precise characterization and quantification of land resources to support in sustainable land development planning to meet future challenges.

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Buliya, Asha, K. C. Pancholi, R. K. Paliwal, and S. P. Bhatnagar. "Dielectric Properties of Clay Loam Soil at Lower Microwave Frequencies." Solid State Phenomena 209 (November 2013): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.209.229.

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Real and Imaginary parts ( ) of the Complex Dielectric Permittivity (ε*) of Clay Loam soil collected from Nanta Farm, CAD, Kota, Rajasthan have been measured using a Vector Network Analyzer with varied Moisture contents and Salinity levels in the frequency range 150 MHz to 2.2 GHz. Both and are observed to be strongly dependent on moisture content. The Reflection coefficient(R) , Emissivity(e) and Brightness temperature(T_B) of Microwaves for the soil sample were also calculated from the measured permittivity data. These parameters have their own importance in remote sensing of soil moisture using Microwave signals and show expected variations with soil salinity and Microwave frequencies used.

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Rostokin, I. N., E. V. Fedoseeva, E. A. Rostokina, and G. G. Shchukin. "Application of radiophotonics methods and devices in multifrequency microwave remote sensing radiometric systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2388, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2388/1/012087.

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Abstract The article considers the possibility of using methods and devices of radio-photonics in the composition of microwave radiometric systems for remote sensing of the atmosphere in order to significantly improve the basic tactical and technical characteristics of microwave radio-measuring equipment. The analysis of possible options for the use of radio photonics devices as part of multi-frequency microwave radiometric systems is carried out. The results of the structural study of a promising microwave radiometric system for remote sensing of the atmosphere are presented.

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Kaushik, Kavita, and Deepak Kumar. "Forest Disturbance Mapping with Microwave Remote Sensing." Journal of Landscape Ecology 13, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 95–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jlecol-2020-0012.

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AbstractIt is pre-requisite to conserve and protect the forest cover, therefore mapping of the forest distribution and monitoring of their temporal changes are also necessary. In the field of forestry, radar datasets have a high potential due to its ability to derive/extract information from the surface, sub-surface and even from the depth. The current work tries to utilize the capability of C-band radar datasets provided by Sentinel 1A/B mission to derive the required information for sensing the disturbances in the forest areas. Application of SAR or microwave remote sensing for forest disturbance mapping with dual-polarization is partially developed and have been attempted by limited researchers to process and interpret the derived results. Microwave datasets can map the areas with frequent cloud-cover due to its cloud penetrating capabilities in day-night operation mode. The present work tries to identify and locate the disturbances in forest areas to organize better understanding of detailed information for further analysis with the help of open archive microwave datasets incoherent to optical datasets.

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Saeed, Umer, Syed Aziz Shah, Muhammad Zakir Khan, Abdullah Alhumaidi Alotaibi, Turke Althobaiti, Naeem Ramzan, and Qammer H. Abbasi. "Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Based Non-LOS Human Activity Recognition for Next-Generation 6G-Enabled Healthcare System." Sensors 22, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 7175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197175.

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Human activity monitoring is a fascinating area of research to support autonomous living in the aged and disabled community. Cameras, sensors, wearables, and non-contact microwave sensing have all been suggested in the past as methods for identifying distinct human activities. Microwave sensing is an approach that has lately attracted much interest since it has the potential to address privacy problems caused by cameras and discomfort caused by wearables, especially in the healthcare domain. A fundamental drawback of the current microwave sensing methods is non-line-of-sight environments. They need precise and regulated conditions to detect activity with high precision. In this paper, we suggest the intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) to assure high accuracy activity monitoring in complicated environments where traditional microwave sensing is ineffective. This work is based on reconfigurable IRS that can perform beam-forming/beam-steering and intelligent machine learning algorithms that can accurately recognise several human activities. For experimentation, the transmitter and receiver are positioned on two separate floors of a building. A complicated multi-floor scenario is created in order to test the IRS. Multiple activities such as sitting, standing, and walking are performed on the floor of the building by two individuals, a male and a female. It has been proven through an experiment that IRS technology increases detection accuracy by around 30% compared to conventional microwave sensing without IRS technology.

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Bernier, P. Y. "Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties: Potential and Limitations." Hydrology Research 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1987.0001.

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This review explores from a user's viewpoint the possibilities and limitations of microwave-based techniques for the remote sensing of snowpack properties. Mapping of dry snowpacks and detection of melt onset can be achieved with combinations of readings taken at different frequencies with passive microwave sensors. A combination of readings from both passive and active sensors coupled with ground truth data will be required to estimate snow water equivalent under most snow conditions. Snowpack structure and overlying vegetation still present major problems in the estimation of snowpack water equivalent from microwave remote sensing devices.

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Gentile, Carmelo, and Antonella Saisi. "Dynamic Testing of Masonry Towers Using the Microwave Interferometry." Key Engineering Materials 628 (August 2014): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.628.198.

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Microwave remote sensing is the most recent experimental methodology suitable to the non-contact measurement of deflections on large structures, in static or dynamic conditions. After a brief description of the radar measurement system, the paper addresses the application of microwave remote sensing in ambient vibration testing of two historic masonry towers.

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Hua, Liwei, Xuran Zhu, Baokai Cheng, Yang Song, Qi Zhang, Yongji Wu, Lawrence C. Murdoch, Erin R. Dauson, Carly M. Donahue, and Hai Xiao. "Distributed Acoustic Sensing Based on Coherent Microwave Photonics Interferometry." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 6784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206784.

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A microwave photonics method has been developed for measuring distributed acoustic signals. This method uses microwave-modulated low coherence light as a probe to interrogate distributed in-fiber interferometers, which are used to measure acoustic-induced strain. By sweeping the microwave frequency at a constant rate, the acoustic signals are encoded into the complex microwave spectrum. The microwave spectrum is transformed into the joint time–frequency domain and further processed to obtain the distributed acoustic signals. The method is first evaluated using an intrinsic Fabry Perot interferometer (IFPI). Acoustic signals of frequency up to 15.6 kHz were detected. The method was further demonstrated using an array of in-fiber weak reflectors and an external Michelson interferometer. Two piezoceramic cylinders (PCCs) driven at frequencies of 1700 Hz and 3430 Hz were used as acoustic sources. The experiment results show that the sensing system can locate multiple acoustic sources. The system resolves 20 nε when the spatial resolution is 5 cm. The recovered acoustic signals match the excitation signals in frequency, amplitude, and phase, indicating an excellent potential for distributed acoustic sensing (DAS).

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Martínez-Ros, Alejandro Javier, and Armando Fernandez-Prieto. "Passive Planar Microwave Devices." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 4444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094444.

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Pelletier, Mathew, John Wanjura, and Greg Holt. "Microwave Moisture Sensing of Seedcotton: Part 1: Seedcotton Microwave Material Properties." Sensors 16, no. 11 (November 2, 2016): 1843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16111843.

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CALLA, OPN, KISHANLAL GADRI, RAHUL SHARMA, SUNILKUMAR AGRAHARI, ABHISHEK KALLA, and GAURAV RATHORE. "Microwave remote sensing application for monitoring of floods." MAUSAM 65, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v65i2.955.

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Many times heavy and continuous rains give rise to flooding in the rivers. Devastating floods occurred in rivers Ganga and Kosi in Bihar (India) and in Damodar and Hooghly rivers in West Bengal (India) during 2011. In the present paper, passive microwave remote sensing data is utilized for detection and monitoring of floods that occurred in Darbhanga (Bihar) and Midnapore (West Bengal) India, in the year 2011during monsoon season. Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS) brightness temperature (Tb) data at 19 GHz & 91 GHz in both vertical and horizontal polarisations and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Tb data at 1.4 GHz are used to detect and monitor the flood occurrences. An attempt has been made to detect and monitor the flood events using 19 GHz Tb, difference of 19 and 91 GHz Tbs, and 1.4 GHz Tb, with both horizontal and vertical polarizations. Highest sensitivity to flood occurrence is observed for (19 GHz - 91 GHz) Tbs in horizontal polarization. Flood affected areas are mapped using (19 GHz - 91 GHz) Tbhs (Brightness temperatures with horizontal polarisation) values and compared with the Radarsat-1 images to show a general agreement between passive and active microwave remote sensing data. The comparison also shows an over-estimation of flooded area from passive microwave data.

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Gao, Xiao Liu, and Hui Hui Zhang. "Experimental Study of C Band Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.624.

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Passive microwave remote sensing is one of the most effective methods for inversing soil moisture. Under the condition of laboratory, firstly, C band microwave radiation was used to achieve the trial of ground-based remote sensing soil moisture, and then regression analysis was carried out according to the data measured, finally, got the C band experience regression model of soil moisture inversion. The results showed that: in the level-off state of soil surface, soil humidity and soil microwave emission rate is linear negative correlation, in the other words, soil microwave emission rate decreased while the soil moisture increased. Besides, with the increasing of soil surface roughness, both the value of microwave polarization index (MPDI) and microwave emission rate polarization difference Δe have the same trend of quick drop, stabilization and slow raise, and it presented the relationship of quadratic curve with the change of roughness.

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Amoah, Papa K., Zeinab Mohammed Hassan, Rhonda R. Franklin, Helmut Baumgart, Engelbert Redel, and Yaw S. Obeng. "Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopic Detection of Aliphatic Alcohol Vapors with Surface-Mounted HKUST-1 MOFs as Sensing Media." Chemosensors 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10100408.

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We leveraged chemical-induced changes to microwave signal propagation characteristics (i.e., S-parameters) to characterize the detection of aliphatic alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol) vapors using TCNQ-doped HKUST-1 metal-organic-framework films as the sensing material, at temperatures under 100 °C. We show that the sensitivity of aliphatic alcohol detection depends on the oxidation potential of the analyte, and the impedance of the detection setup depends on the analyte-loading of the sensing medium. The microwaves-based detection technique can also afford new mechanistic insights into VOC detection, with surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks (SURMOFs), which is inaccessible with the traditional coulometric (i.e., resistance-based) measurements.

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Korostynska, O., A. Mason, and A. Al-Shamma'a. "Microwave sensors for the non-invasive monitoring of industrial and medical applications." Sensor Review 34, no. 2 (March 17, 2014): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-11-2012-725.

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Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the general principles behind the microwave sensing and demonstrates the potential of cavity microwave resonator device in real-time monitoring for: environmental monitoring with the focus on wastewater pollution, a system for oil/gas/water content evaluation in a dynamic pipeline, a system for real-time determination of bacteria concentration and a method for non-invasive glucose determination. Design/methodology/approach – Microwave sensing is a rapidly developing technology which has been successfully used for various industrial applications including water level measurements, material moisture content, in construction industry for non-invasive evaluation of structures and even in the healthcare industry for non-invasive real-time monitoring of glucose in diabetic patients. Novel microwave cavities designed and tested for specific applications are presented. Findings – The paper provides experimental results of testing the novel microwave sensing systems in a range of industrial and healthcare applications and discusses the potential of these systems for real-time monitoring of processes and parameters. Research limitations/implications – The concept of real-time microwave sensing was successfully tested, but further experiments are required to account for possible interference mechanisms before it can be used commercially on a large-scale. Practical implications – It is suggested that a novel approach to wastewater monitoring, namely using specially designed microwave cavity sensors, could lead to a successful development of an advanced platform capable of providing for a real-time detection of water content with superior sensitivity. Also, a system for real-time multiphase fluid composition monitoring is reported, which is essential for sustainable oil industry operation. Originality/value – The paper illustrated the potential of microwave sensing as a real-time monitoring platform for a broad spectrum of commercial applications, with a focus on system developed by the authors, namely, for the monitoring of a multiphase fluid flow in a dynamic oil pipeline, for real-time monitoring of nutrients concentration in wastewater and for healthcare industry, in particular for real-time non-invasive determination of the glucose levels and bacteria concentration.

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Paloscia, Simonetta, Paolo Pampaloni, and Emanuele Santi. "Radiometric Microwave Indices for Remote Sensing of Land Surfaces." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2018): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121859.

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This work presents an overview of the potential of microwave indices obtained from multi-frequency/polarization radiometry in detecting the characteristics of land surfaces, in particular soil covered by vegetation or snow and agricultural bare soils. Experimental results obtained with ground-based radiometers on different types of natural surfaces by the Microwave Remote Sensing Group of IFAC-CNR starting from ‘80s, are summarized and interpreted by means of theoretical models. It has been pointed out that, with respect to single frequency/polarization observations, microwave indices revealed a higher sensitivity to some significant parameters, which characterize the hydrological cycle, namely: soil moisture, vegetation biomass and snow depth or snow water equivalent. Electromagnetic models have then been used for simulating brightness temperature and microwave indices from land surfaces. As per vegetation covered soils, the well-known tau-omega (τ-ω) model based on the radiative transfer theory has been used, whereas terrestrial snow cover has been simulated using a multi-layer dense-medium radiative transfer model (DMRT). On the basis of these results, operational inversion algorithms for the retrieval of those hydrological quantities have been successfully implemented using multi-channel data from the microwave radiometric sensors operating from satellite.

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Ghelsingher, Daniel Cristian, Ionel Dănuț Savu, and Sorin Vasile Savu. "Microwave Technology for Hybrid Fabrication Processes." Advanced Engineering Forum 42 (September 7, 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.42.85.

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This paper aims to present how the microwave technology can be used in the development of hybrid joining and microjoining technologies for composites materials in order to increase productivity and quality of the welds. The paper is mainly focused on conceptualization of various types of hybrid processes by coupling a microwave beam with conventional thermal source such as arc welding, laser welding, 3D printing and others. The concepts presented in this paper will be completed with sensing solution for sensing and automation of the processes.

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Liu, Siyu, Ruochong Zhang, Zesheng Zheng, and Yuanjin Zheng. "Electromagnetic–Acoustic Sensing for Biomedical Applications." Sensors 18, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103203.

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This paper reviews the theories and applications of electromagnetic–acoustic (EMA) techniques (covering light-induced photoacoustic, microwave-induced thermoacoustic, magnetic-modulated thermoacoustic, and X-ray-induced thermoacoustic) belonging to the more general area of electromagnetic (EM) hybrid techniques. The theories cover excitation of high-power EM field (laser, microwave, magnetic field, and X-ray) and subsequent acoustic wave generation. The applications of EMA methods include structural imaging, blood flowmetry, thermometry, dosimetry for radiation therapy, hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) sensing, fingerprint imaging and sensing, glucose sensing, pH sensing, etc. Several other EM-related acoustic methods, including magnetoacoustic, magnetomotive ultrasound, and magnetomotive photoacoustic are also described. It is believed that EMA has great potential in both pre-clinical research and medical practice.

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Palombo, Angelo, Stefano Pignatti, Angela Perrone, Francesco Soldovieri, Tony Alfredo Stabile, and Simone Pascucci. "Noninvasive Remote Sensing Techniques for Infrastructures Diagnostics." International Journal of Geophysics 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/204976.

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The present paper aims at analyzing the potentialities of noninvasive remote sensing techniques used for detecting the conservation status of infrastructures. The applied remote sensing techniques are ground-based microwave radar interferometer and InfraRed Thermography (IRT) to study a particular structure planned and made in the framework of the ISTIMES project (funded by the European Commission in the frame of a joint Call “ICT and Security” of the Seventh Framework Programme). To exploit the effectiveness of the high-resolution remote sensing techniques applied we will use the high-frequency thermal camera to measure the structures oscillations by high-frequency analysis and ground-based microwave radar interferometer to measure the dynamic displacement of several points belonging to a large structure. The paper describes the preliminary research results and discusses on the future applicability and techniques developments for integrating high-frequency time series data of the thermal imagery and ground-based microwave radar interferometer data.

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Zhu, Chen, and Yiyang Zhuang. "Microwave Photonic Fiber Ring Resonator." Sensors 22, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 3771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103771.

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In this article, a new concept of microwave photonic (MWP) fiber ring resonator is introduced. In particular, the complex transmission spectra of the resonator in the microwave domain, including magnitude and phase spectra, are measured and characterized. Multiple resonance peaks are obtained in the magnitude spectrum; rapid variations in phase near resonance (i.e., enhanced group delay) are observed in the phase spectrum. We also experimentally demonstrate that the MWP fiber ring resonator can be potentially employed as a novel optical fiber sensor for macro-bending and fiber length change sensing (strain sensing). The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

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KaiYu, LIAO, TU HaiTao, ZHANG XinDing, YAN Hui, and ZHU ShiLiang. "Rydberg atom based microwave sensing and communication." SCIENTIA SINICA Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica 51, no. 7 (March 23, 2021): 074202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/sspma-2020-0218.

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Cataldo, Andrea, Egidio De Benedetto, Raissa Schiavoni, Giuseppina Monti, Annarita Tedesco, Antonio Masciullo, Emanuele Piuzzi, and Luciano Tarricone. "Portable Microwave Reflectometry System for Skin Sensing." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 71 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2022.3154804.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Microwave sensing'

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